Professional Documents
Culture Documents
The WDDTY
Good Sight
Guide
Contents
5
INTRODUCTION
7
1 CHILDREN’S EYE PROBLEMS
Common ailments • Eye testing
Alternatives to glasses • How to cure squint
17
2 MYOPIA AND FARSIGHTEDNESS
Radial keratotomy • Laser surgery • Contact lenses
Educational eye strain • Prevention • Alternative treatment
37
3 CATARACTS
How they develop • Risks from surgery
Types of cataract • The UV connection • Prevention
Nutritional cures • The Evans treatment
51
4 GLAUCOMA
What does it do? • Are you at risk? • Tests
Dangers of drug treatments • Surgical approaches
Drug-free approach • Exercise • Acupuncture
65
5 AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION (AMD)
Possible causes • The link with fats and minerals
The dangers of aspirin and other NSAIDs
Solutions from nature
77
6 COMMON COMPLAINTS
Dry eyes • Floaters • Blepharitis
Herbs for the eyes
87
7 THE BATES METHOD
Exercise your eyes back into shape
Techniques • Other vision programmes
Recommended reading
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Introduction
erhaps more than any other part of the body, doctors act as though
P eyes have a life of their own, disconnected from the rest of our
bodies. The medical profession tends to view eye problems as purely
mechanical—a retina that somehow got detached, a globe that became
misshapen or stubbornly refuses to stay straight or see correctly, a bad
toss of the dice that has somehow, without our having anything to do with
it, ‘just happened’.
Consequently, the prevailing medical approach is to surgically or chem-
ically get those errant lenses or muscles back into line—an approach that
attempts to correct vision by treating the symptoms, not the underlying
cause.
In most cases, the underlying cause isn’t understood and certainly never
connected to our diet or any drugs we may be taking.
What Doctors Don’t Tell You has amassed an increasing amount of
evidence showing the pitfalls of the orthodox approach to vision prob-
lems. This guide will show you why vision loss is not inevitable with age.
Growing old no longer means going blind.
It also reveals how popular procedures for common problems such as
strabismus (squint) and myopia (nearsightedness) are ineffective and to
be avoided at all costs.
Don’t assume that your vision will deteriorate with age, and don’t
assume that there isn’t anything you can do about it. The worse thing you
can do is become accustomed to having poor eyesight. There are steps
you can take now to prevent vision loss, and choices you can make about
treatment.
A positive approach and perception is the first step to seeing through
the fog of orthodox medicine for vision.
Our thanks go to the late British ophthalmologist Stanley Evans, whose
nutritional approach to many eye problems, as well as his analyses of
eye surgery, is covered throughout this booklet, and to Dr Harald Gaier,
WDDTY’s resident naturopath for his advice on herbs for the eyes. The
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First aid
✔ For babies, the traditional folk-medicine approach is to bathe the eyes
in milk, preferably breastmilk if available (the second choice is goat’s milk)
✔ Mixing one drop of the herb Euphrasia officinalis (eyebright) as an extract
with an eggcupful of cooled boiled water and applying it with an eye bath
or a dropper will usually help adults. When treating children, dilute the
extract and apply it with cottonwool
✔ Dr Alfred Vogel, in his book The Nature Doctor (Main Stream Publishing,
1996) suggests applying the white of an egg to your eye (assuming
you are not allergic to eggs)
✔ Take beta-carotene (4 mg per 30 cm of height) in divided doses throughout
the day (J Nutr Environ Med, 1995; 5: 235–42)
✔ For rh i n o v i rus (nose) infection involving the conjunctiva, take zinc
gluconate lozenges (containing 23 mg of elemental zinc) every two hours
while awake (J Antimicrob Chemother, 1997; 40: 483–93).
Homeopathy
✔ Rhus tox 6CH twice daily—if your eyes are sensitive to light and there
is pustular inflammation
✔ Staphysagria 3CH twice daily—for recurrent styes and if a pronounced heat is
felt in the eyeballs
✔ Arsenicum alb 12CH twice daily—for acrid tearful discharge and oedema
around the eyes
✔ Aconite 6CH twice daily—for grittiness and profuse watering of the eyes, ver-
tigo, and when the eyelids are swollen, hard and very red
✔ Mercurius 12CH twice daily—if you can see black ‘floaters’ after exposure to
ultraviolet light, and when there is a profuse, burning discharge with thick,
swollen lids (Boericke W. Pocket Manual of Homeopathic Materia Medica, 9th edn. Boericke
& Tafel, 1927).
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Western herbalism
✔ Apply warm compresses using extract of Euphrasia rostkoviana (another
species of the eyebright plant) or Arctium lappa (burdock as a herb, not
the root), or use Calendula officinalis (marigold) as an eye lotion.
✔ Take immune-boosting herbs such as garlic or Echinacea (Planta Med, 1973;
23: 324).
✔ Remember: never use straight herbal tinctures in the eye.
✔ Make sure you consult a qualified health professional if conjunctivitis
lasts for more than 48 hours, whenever there is a thick discharge, if vision is
affected or if light hurts the eyes.
Eye-testing
Medicine’s intervention starts pretty early, usually with the eye test. The
first eye test is far from unnecessary, although nothing much of use can
be gleaned before the age of four, as the eye is still developing.
Indeed, some argue that no eye test should take place before the child is
five years of age, when true seeing—when the eye and brain coordinate—is
first established.
But having measured the quality of your child’s vision, the practice of
annual tests after that is generally a waste of everyone’s time. A sensible
interval between eye tests is about four or five years. A child who took
an eye test at the age of four need not have another until age nine. The
only exception to this admittedly general rule would be if your child has
complained of blurred vision or difficulty seeing in the meantime. But
even in such cases, it is better to first suspect an infection or allergic
reaction than a sudden overall deterioration of the eye.
If your child has taken a ‘bad’ eye test, and the ophthalmologist or
optometrist suggests spectacles to correct vision, it’s advisable to have
your child take another test perhaps a month or so later, before immedi-
ately succumbing to a spectacle-wearing existence for your child.
Everyone, specialists included, seems to view the eye as an unvarying,
static organ whereas, of course, it is very much alive, with its own ‘off’
days like any other part of the body. Some days, our joints are a little stiff
or perhaps we have a headache, but nobody would dream of making us
wear a splint or a head bandage for the rest of our lives. This is because
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we know that tomorrow, or soon after that, these minor symptoms will
disappear.
Similarly, many things can affect our vision—stress, allergic reactions,
illness, smoke and so on—so if your child is unlucky enough to have an
eye test on an ‘off’ day, he could be condemned to eyeglasses for the rest
of his life.
Your child will not suffer any damage for waiting a little while longer
before wearing spectacles; conversely, his eyes could be permanently dam-
aged by wearing glasses that were not necessary.
‘Perfect’ eyesight, by the way, is popularly known as ‘20/20 vision’. It is
so called because it is measured as a ratio of that which can be seen against
that which should be seen. So someone who can see at 20 feet everything
he should see at that distance is said to have 20/20 vision. Someone with
20/60 vision would see at 20 feet what he should be able to see at 60 feet.
Although a child’s eyes are physically developed by the age of six
months to see with 20/20 vision, the interaction of the eye with the brain
is still being established, which means that 20/20 vision cannot be mea-
sured much before the age of five. So, a child of two will have about
20/70 vision, at three, 20/30 or 20/40 vision and, at four, 20/25.
Alternatives to spectacles
The most common reasons why people wear eyeglasses are because they
have myopia (short- or nearsightedness), hyperopia (farsightedness) or
astigmatism.
The conventional wisdom has it that visual problems have a purely
physical cause and are linked to the shape of the eyeball. A US
study (JAMA, 1994; 271: 1323–6) found that the eyes of children whose parents
are myopic are not spherical, but more elongated than those of children
with non-myopic parents. Given that the children of myopic parents are
more likely to develop myopia (Clin Vis Sci, 1993; 8: 337–44; Acta Ophthalmol,
1968; 98 [suppl]: 1–172; Hum Hered, 1985; 35: 232–9), these findings offer hope
that measuring axial length may provide a way to assess whether a child
is in the process of becoming myopic.
Nearsightedness is due to the fact that the distance between the cornea
and the retina is too great, forcing the eye to focus in front of the retina. If
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the distance between cornea and retina is too short, the eye has to focus
behind the retina, causing farsightedness. Astigmatism is when the cornea
or the lens is bumpy or irregular.
Farsightedness can improve after the age of 21, as all ophthalmologists
agree, and myopia will also stabilise at around that age.
But several schools of thought have had considerable success in treating
these common conditions without spectacles.
Nutrition
Another school of thought maintains that nutrition can help cure or
improve most eye ailments. While many nutritionists will argue that a
healthy diet can cure some ailments such as conjunctivitis, others go fur-
ther and maintain that even ‘permanent’ eye disorders can be successfully
treated with good nutrition.
The late Stanley Evans, a vision expert, based his research on the
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Autogenic training
As this involves visualisation and self-hypnosis, it may not suit all chil-
dren. However, the remarkable success of one doctor, who restored his
own vision despite having his iris destroyed, is inspirational, and throws
more light on what we call ‘seeing’.
Dr Kai Kermani had an incurable condition which leads to blindness.
One of his eyes was already blind, and the other was almost so when he
took up autogenic training, which he combined with reflexology, spiritual
healing and massage.
Miraculously, the discipline had almost restored the sight to both his
eyes when he suffered a severe injury to one eye which tore his eyeball,
destroying the iris. Nevertheless, within months, his eyesight returned
when he resumed the autogenic training.
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When one eye deviates from its normal position, the usual surgical
method to straighten the eye is to cut one or more of the muscles attached
to the eye responsible for moving the eye in the direction of the deviation,
and suturing it further back onto the surface of the eyeball so as to weak-
en its pull.
Alternatively, the muscle or muscles responsible for moving the eye
in the opposite direction may be cut and sutured further forward on the
surface of the eyeball so as to increase the pull and, thus, overcome the
deviation.
Frequently, both of these procedures are done, and it is very common
for the good eye as well as the deviating eye to be operated on.
The operation thus destroys the normal function of all the horizontally
acting muscles. Not only is the delicate relationship between the photo-
receptors in the retinas and the individual muscle fibres of all four eye
muscles disrupted, but the flexibility of all four muscles is seriously
impaired. The result is that normal eye movements are restricted in both
horizontal directions.
Furthermore, it is very rare for a patient to undergo a single operation.
Even when compound surgical procedures are adopted, these frequently
have to be repeated because the operation, by its very nature, has such a
high potential for inaccuracy. Indeed, the first operation may reduce the
deviation or cause one in the opposite direction, so that another operation
has to be done to correct the error of the first one, or repeated several times
until the eye appears straight.
In performing such an operation, the surgeon is confronted with a most
delicate task, and it is not possible to accurately forecast the result.
Often, the first operation is not expected to completely correct the devi-
ation; the surgeon will deliberately operate in stages, rather than attempt
to do it all at once.
This has to do with the scale of the surgery. The eyeball is a globe
less than one inch in diameter. Changing the position of a muscle inser-
tion by only one millimetre will change the position of the eye by approx-
imately five degrees of arc. Most operations are performed to correct
deviations this slight. Even when the most accurate apparatus possible is
used with the highest level of skill and experience, the kind of accuracy
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treated with an Excimer laser and found that 56 per cent (36 of 54 patients)
also had greatly reduced contrast sensitivity (Lancet, 2003; 361: 1225–6).
This loss of sensitivity appears to be permanent and untreatable, says
Dr William Jory, consultant ophthalmologist at the London Centre for
Refractive Surgery.
These findings have been supported by a further German study (ESCRS
[European Society of Cataract and Redfractive Surgeons], Brussels, 2000) and one from
Canada (Can J Ophthalmol, 2000; 35: 192–203). The Canadian federal govern-
ment in Ottawa has since advised all provincial governments to test
patients’ night vision after surgery before a driver’s licence is issued.
Advocates of laser eye surgery argue that many of these safety issues
relate to the PRK technique, which has since been superseded by LASEK
(laser subepithelial keratomileusis), a modification of PRK, and by LASIK
(laser in situ keratomileusis), now probably the most popular form of
laser eye surgery (Semin Ophthalmol, 2003; 18: 2–10).
With PRK, the surgeon applies the laser beam directly to the cornea
(the transparent tissue covering the front of the eye), and ‘shaves’ and
reshapes it. LASIK uses a special knife to lift a flap of tissue from the
surface of the cornea to reveal the corneal bed (stroma). The laser works
on this tissue, then the flap is replaced. The LASEK technique detaches the
outermost layer (epithelium) of the cornea, and reshapes the corneal sur-
face with the laser. The epithelium is then returned to its normal position.
There has been a range of concerns about the PRK technique, but one
that is rarely aired is the possibility of postoperative infection. One study
reviewed the records of 12 PRK patients who developed infectious kera-
titis, which can result in corneal ulceration. The researchers recommended
that just-in-case antibiotics be given to all PRK patients before surgery
(Ophthalmology, 2003; 110: 743–7).
Contrast sensitivity is also a major concern for PRK patients. Research-
ers at Moorfields Eye Hospital in London reported that 30 per cent of its
PRK patients suffered a loss of contrast sensitivity within two years of
surgery (Refractive Surgery Symposium, London 2001)—and the same symposium
heard that half of all LASIK patients suffered a similar loss, one year after
the operation.
The LASIK technique can cause the cornea to weaken in up to 40 per
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cent of all cases (Lancet, 2003; 361: 1225–6) and, sometimes, the weakened
cornea resumes its original shape—so the myopia returns.
One study reported on a variety of complications following LASIK
surgery. Of the 24 cases, 13 of the complications occurred during the pro-
cedure, and the rest afterwards. The technique, the researchers concluded,
could result in serious complications that can lead to visual loss (Eur J
Ophthalmol, 2003; 13: 139–45).
Patients may also have to go through a second, corrective operation.
In one study of 1306 LASIK patients, over 10 per cent had to undergo a
second operation, a likelihood that increases with age, the degree of initial
correction and the extent of astigmatism (Ophthalmology, 2003; 110: 748–54).
As with PRK, postoperative infection is also a concern for the LASIK
patient. One study found that keratitis could occur up to 450 days after
surgery, and was serious enough to threaten vision (Ophthalmology, 2003; 110:
503–10).
The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is equally unsure of the
LASIK technique. According to its website (www.fda.gov), LASIK is “an
option for risk takers”.
LASEK is a newer technique, so there are fewer studies into its efficacy
and safety. However, one study from Japan urges caution. After studying
the progress of 42 LASEK patients, the researchers reported postoperative
complications such as pain, delayed recovery of visual sharpness and
corneal haze (Nippon Ganka Gakkai Zasshi, 2003; 107: 249–56).
Compared with PRK, LASEK may result in less discomfort in the early
postoperative period, faster visual recovery and less haze, but these claims,
made by LASEK proponents, need to be vindicated in long-term trials, say
researchers at the University of Washington (Semin Ophthalmol, 2003; 18: 2–10).
In general, complications that can develop after any of these three pro-
cedures have included:
❖ Eye infections (Ophthalmology, 2003; 110: 743–7; J Cataract Refract Surg, 2002; 28:
722–4; J Cataract Refract Surg, 2001; 27: 471–3)
❖ Dry eye with compromised tear function (Am J Ophthalmol, 2001; 132: 1–7)
❖ Strabismus (‘cross-eyes’) (Yonsei Med J, 2000; 41: 404–6)
❖ Detached retina (Am J Ophthalmol, 1999; 128: 588–94)
❖ Macular damage (Am J Ophthalmol, 2001; 131: 666–7)
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❖ Vision disturbance due to optic nerve damage (Am J Ophthalmol, 2000; 129:
668–71)
❖ Irregular astigmatism (a misshapen cornea, causing blurred or distorted vision)
caused by surgical complications (Rev Optom, May 1999)
❖ Impaired night vision and loss of contrast sensitivity, making it hard to see
objects against a similarly coloured background (Med Post, 8 June 2000)
❖ Long-term weakening and thinning of the cornea, leading to a risk of further
myopia (Ophthalmology, 2001; 108: 666–72).
Corneal weakening and corneal distortion are ‘serious’ complications,
according to Dr Jory. They cause myopia that, in some cases, becomes
progressively worse. “No one knows the rate of risk or the timescale,” he
says.
With more and more ‘walk-in’ laser-surgery centres opening up, the
emphasis is on the benefits; very few mention the possible risks either
in their advertisements or during the face-to-face consultations before the
operation.
The Advertising Standards Authority, the UK’s advertising watchdog,
has upheld complaints against misleading advertising for LASIK surgery
which had been produced by Boots, Maxivision and Optimax, some of the
leading players in this lucrative field.
Such a misleading approach was a major concern of the patients,
according to a poll conducted by HealthWhich? earlier this year. Some
complications that doctors deemed ‘minor ’ can seriously affect people’s
lives and jobs. One patient complained she could no longer drive and now
fails to recognise people who are just 10 feet away. But because she can
still read an eye chart, her problem is not considered significant, the poll
said.
Some patients whose lives have been ruined by eye surgery have
taken on the task of providing a health warning to potential patients, and
also to provide help to those already affected. The Surgical Eyes
Foundation (www.surgicaleyes.org) is a US-based support group for peo-
ple with “longer-term complications from refractive surgery”. Their aim is
“to restore quality of life to the thousands who suffer from complications
of . . . refractive surgeries”.
Others are much more militant. In the UK, the Medical Defence Union,
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the biggest insurer of British doctors, said claims against surgeons per-
forming laser eye operations are soaring—because the expectations of the
patients don’t match their results. The MDU says doctors needed to warn
patients of the possibility of an “imperfect result and other complications”
before obtaining the appropriate consent for the procedure (The Guardian,
26 May 2003).
Unrealistic expectations, or perhaps expectations that have been put in
the patient’s mind by advertisements or during the preoperative discus-
sions, could be at the heart of the issue. Even if you are among those
who suffer no reactions or complications after surgery, you are still likely
to need to wear glasses for some tasks, eye surgeon David Gartry told the
BBC News (26 May 2003).
Quality of treatment can vary enormously from one clinic to another.
Yet, this information is rarely, if ever, made available to patients choosing
where to have their treatment.
Extraordinarily, any currently registered doctor can offer laser eye
surgery without the need for any special, formal qualifications. In the
main, surgeons receive just two or three days of training at best—and then
go on to develop and perfect their skills on you, the patient. Britain’s Royal
College of Ophthalmologists recommends that refractive surgeons should
be fully trained ophthalmologists and should have undergone additional
specialist training; they suggest that prospective patients should ask about
this when enquiring about surgery.
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The doctor may prescribe medication for any postoperative pain, but
many people feel no more than mild discomfort after LASIK, whereas
painkillers are often prescribed after a PRK procedure.
After the procedure, you will be advised to take proper rest. What
occurs after the surgery can affect your vision just as much as the opera-
tion itself.
You may be able to go to work the next day, but many doctors advise
a couple of days of rest instead. They also recommend no strenuous exer-
cise for up to a week afterwards, as this can traumatise the eye and affect
healing. Avoid rubbing your eye as there is a chance of dislodging the
corneal flap.
Laser eye surgery is costly and, at present, not normally available on the
UK’s National Health Service or under most health-insurance schemes
in the US.
A straw poll of clinics revealed variable prices—most charging upwards
of £1200 per eye, or more in the small number of centres offering the more
advanced wavefront technology (see below). In the US, the Los Angeles
Times reports a typical price of between $1500 and $2000 per eye. Potential
patients need to check whether the prices include aftercare, and any nec-
essary repair or retreatment in case of disappointing results.
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new forms of laser surgery “were minimally employed but appear poised to be
the wave of the future” (J Refract Surg, 2003, 1: 357–63).
Science magazine (14 March 2003) describes new developments in eye exam-
ination that peer into the eye, rather than assessing the information that comes
back from it. ‘Adaptive optics’ again uses space-honed technology on the
human eye to examine single cells deep in the eye. The world’s first and only
scanning laser ophthalmoscope can look at the
retina at different depths, and “each layer of the retina tells its own story”, says
Science. This has enormous potential for a range of eye diseases and conditions.
Presbyopia—diminished elasticity of the lens due to ageing—can some-
times be treated with laser surgery using a treatment known as ‘mono-
vision’. The laser is used to deliberately make one eye slightly shortsight-
ed—the resulting imbalance aims to improve vision for close objects. It’s
usual to advise a prospective patient to first try contact lenses or spectacles
to see if this imbalance in the eyes works, as the surgery is not reversible.
So, does this new technology offer a safer way forward? It’s just too
early to say. Watchful waiting has to be the best approach at the moment.
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❖ inability to wear contact lenses, particularly rigid gas permeables (if you devel -
op any complications of eye surgery, these lenses may be the only ones you can
wear to correct your vision)
❖ cataracts
❖ tendency to dry eyes (exacerbated after surgery).
Contact lenses
A common concern with contact lenses—particularly extended-wear
lenses—is the risk of infection. All contact-lens wearers are at some such
risk, as all types of contact lenses reduce the amount of oxygen that reach-
es your cornea—the clear membrane over-lying the pupil and iris—and
less oxygen can promote infection. However, studies show that the inci-
dence of eye infections is higher among people who sleep in their lenses.
In the 1980s, when extended-wear lenses first came out, a four- to 15-
fold increase in the risk of infection was seen when lenses were worn
overnight, rather than just during the day (Br J Opthalmol, 2000; 84; 327-8).
Users of extended-wear lenses who wore them overnight had a 10- to 15-
times greater risk of ulcerative keratitis (inflammation and ulceration of
the cornea) compared with those who didn't sleep in their lenses (N Engl J
Med, 1989; 321: 773-8). Ulcerative keratitis is considered the most serious
adverse effect of contact lenses as it can lead to scarring and blindness.
As a result of these findings, the US Food and Drug Administration
(FDA) recommended that lenses approved for extended wear should be
worn for no more than one week. And many worried eyecare physicians
discouraged patients from sleeping in their lenses.
Recently, however—thanks to highly permeable silicone hydrogel, or
‘SiHy’—extended-wear lenses have made a comeback. Lenses made from
SiHy allow more oxygen to reach the eye than conventional soft lenses,
making overnight wear safer than before. In fact, they deliver so much
oxygen to the cornea that some brands of SiHy lenses are approved for 30
days of continuous wear.
CIBA Vision's Night and Day are among the 30-day lenses now on the
market. In more than 6000 people who wore these lenses for up to 30
nights consecutively, the incidence of bacterial or fungal infection of the
eye was low, around 18/10,000 users. Also, the rate of microbial infection
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resulting in loss of visual acuity was only about 3.6/10,000 wearers (Oph-
thalmology, 2005; 112: 2172-9).
However, these rates are still higher than with daily-wear lenses, and
SiHy lenses on a daily-wear basis have fewer adverse events than when
wearing them continuously (Eye Contact Lens, 2007; 33: 288-92). One study con-
cluded that “extended wear with even these newer [SiHy lenses] is still a
risk factor in the development of microbial keratitis [corneal inflamma-
tion]” (Br J Ophthalmol, 2002; 86: 355-7).
Other pointers:
◆ Listen to your eyes: they should look well and feel comfortable, and vision
should be clear
◆ If you have a problem, immediately remove your lenses and contact your eye -
care professional
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ing distance and increased neck flexion (Nippon Ganka Gakkai Zasshi, 1997;
101: 393–9). These data are, of course, also relevant for adults who work
or study under similarly unfavourable conditions.
What has received less research attention is the subject of electromag-
netic fields (EMFs) and eye damage. Ann Silk is a retired optician and
member of the Royal Society of Medicine who has made a special study of
the effects of EMFs on eye function. Her findings were published in a two-
part series in the Journal of Electromagnetic Hazard and Therapy (1998, 8: 10–11;
1998; 9: 8–9).
Ms Silk confirms through her research that EMFs can cause eye damage
both directly and indirectly. For instance, low-level microwaves—such as
those found in everyday communications equipment—have been shown
to cause direct damage to the retina, iris and macula. She also reports that
dopamine loss, which can be triggered by external electrical fields, can lead
to blurred vision. Dopamine is a hormone essential for the development
and maintenance of the health of the eye.
According to conventional wisdom, reduced night vision comes with
age, or with wearing certain types of corrective lenses. However, according
to Ms Silk, “Reduced night vision, or night myopia, can have a nutritional
cause, usually a zinc deficiency. But it can also be caused by sitting in a
magnetic field all day.”
Research into indirect causes of eye damage has proved more challeng-
ing to obtain. But researchers in Tokyo have investigated the growth of
both Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis bacterial species in a stronger-than-
normal magnetic field. Their findings indicated that not only was bacteri-
al growth gre a t e r, but also the bacterial cell death rate
was inhibited. Research at the University of California at Los Angeles in
the US has also shown that fungi proliferate in electromagnetic fields.
The polymers used in the manufacture of contact lenses can also be
affected by emissions from VDUs such as computer screens. Ongoing
studies quoted by Ms Silk have shown that lenses can develop minute
holes which can irritate and affect the health of the eye.
Now is the time to sit back and watch as many of those who have had
laser eye surgery within the last 10 years approach the point when long-
term adverse effects may begin to reveal themselves.
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Preventing myopia
◆ Myopia may be linked to an increased intake of refined carbohydrates,
according to a study carried out on hunter–gatherer societies and on
recently Westernised hunter–gatherer groups (Acta Ophthalmol Scand, 2002;
80: 125–35). The researchers speculate that, when hunter–gatherer soci-
eties change their lifestyles, and introduce grains and carbohydrates
into their diet, they rapidly develop nearsightedness rates that equal or
exceed those seen in Western societies.
◆ Children who develop myopia by the age of 10 have a diet that is lower
in energy intake, protein, fat, vitamins B1, B2 and C, phosphorus, iron
and cholesterol (Optom Vis Sci, 1996; 73: 638–43).
◆ A further hypothesis linking diet to the development of myopia comes
f rom ophthalmologist William Jory (bmj.com/cgi/eletters/324/7347/
1195#22422). He bases his work on his own studies done in North West
British Columbia on teenagers, contrasting both their high prevalence
of myopia and greater height with their better-sighted, stockier parents.
He suggests that this increase in long-bone measurement happened
along with an increase in the axial length of the eye, causing myopia,
and both were due to a sudden change of diet from high-protein
meat and fish to a high-carbohydrate Western-style diet in a single
generation. It was noteworthy, he says, that the further these tribes lived
from a Western-style fast-food outlet, the lower the incidence of near-
sightedness.
◆ Wearing rigid, gas-permeable contact lenses may slow the development
of myopia. Several studies have indicated that children given this type
of contact lens benefit from a slowing of the expected progression of
shortsightedness. However, a major three-year trial, the CLAMP study,
carried out by scientists at Ohio State University College of Optometry
showed that, although myopia progressed more slowly, their results did
not indicate that rigid gas-permeable lenses should be prescribed solely
for myopia control (Arch Ophthalmol, 2004; 122: 1760–6).
◆ There are claims that eye exercises—and there are a number of different
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and after glare (J Fr Ophthalmol, 1988; 11: 452–60; Bull Soc Ophthalmol Fr, 1988;
88: 173–4, 177–9).
In another small study, 85.7 per cent of myopic patients taking Vitis
vinifera grape seed experienced significant improvement—and 40 per
cent showed remarkable improvement—as determined by retinal mea-
surements (Ann Aft Clin Ocul, 1988; 114: 85–93).
◆ Rule out chemicals and other toxins. Heavy-metal poisoning may
contribute to visual problems, as can household toxins and pollutants.
The link between chemicals and eyesight was publicised in the medical
press in the 1990s when the fashion for ‘foam parties’ led to several eye-
sight problems (N Engl J Med, 1996; 334: 474). The foam used was alkaline
and probably not far removed from the kind of chemicals and deter-
gents used in the average home.
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Cataracts 3
he conventional wisdom among ophthalmologists tells us that, if
T you live long enough, you will get cataracts. Eye doctors believe
that this clouding of the lens is an inevitable part of ageing, and that
surgical removal of the lens is the only solution for regaining your sight.
If your cataract is at such an advanced stage that it obstructs your
vision and significantly impacts on your quality of life, cataract surgery
may be the only solution. However, what many doctors don’t tell you is
that it is possible to prevent early developing cataracts from getting worse
and, if caught soon enough, it can even be reversed.
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probe. This technique involves a much smaller incision (2–3 mm) and no
stitches are required. Healing is also much faster, with patients regaining
clear vision after only a day or two.
Given these technological advances, cataract surgery is now thought to
have low complication rates and better outcomes. This has led to many
patients being operated on earlier than before, as there is no longer any
need to wait for the cataract to ‘ripen’ as they would have done in the past.
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● 3 Cataracts
Types of cataract
According to the late Stanley Evans, an ophthalmologist who cured many
eye problems such as glaucoma and cataracts using a nutritional approach,
of the number of different types of cataract, the one most commonly seen
in the US is known as senile cataract. This usually begins after the age
of 50, and is usually regarded as a normal consequence of ageing (com-
parable to having gray hair).
Other forms of cataract are caused by metabolic disorders such as
diabetes, or by outside influences such as toxins, trauma, radiation, pres-
cription and over-the-counter medications, alcohol and tobacco. Some
types of cataract are caused by orthodox methods of treating eye disorders.
For example, pilocarpine drops, which are used for glaucoma, can cause
cataracts. This has been known for many years. Also, a study in the British
Medical Journal (July 2, 1994), reported a case of steroid-induced glaucoma
and cataracts (with irreversible visual loss) following prolonged, unsuper-
vised use of topical steroid eyedrops.
The modern use of laser beams for different eye disorders is another
hazard which can cause changes in the lens cells and precipitate cataract
development, rendering the eye virtually useless.
Congenital cataract is rare in developed countries, but common in the
developing countries. It is present at birth, and is caused by either mal-
nutrition and/or drugs, alcohol and smoking during pre g n a n c y.
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● 3 Cataracts
Nutritional help
Proper nutrition is the key to maintaining a healthy amount of antioxi-
dants in the lens. The late Stanley Evans studied the connection between
nutrition and vision for around half a century. He developed his nutrition-
al approach to treating vision problems in Britain in the 1940s, and then
spent 17 years in Nigeria on an extended research programme into the
causes and prevention of blindness.
He made the connection between many eye disorders and nutritional
deficiency and, after studying which nutrients affected which parts of the
eye, he developed a dietary therapy that has helped thousands of cataract
patients.
Mr Evans’ work in Africa demonstrated that cataract is essentially a
nutritional disorder. In the developed countries, a person’s nutritional sta-
tus is reduced by changes in metabolism caused by ageing, which is still
further compromised by exposure to UV rays and, in many cases, alcohol,
careless eating habits, smoking and stress brought on by illness or pre-
scription drugs.
But if the patient improves his diet and maintains a good nutritional
status, similar to the treatment used for vision problems in developing
countries, Evans’ research confirms that cataract isn’t likely to develop.
He even found that, in many cases when cataract does develop, a proper
diet and nutritional intake can arrest its growth.
At the onset of cataract, the protein cells of the lens begin to change
gradually. As this change progresses, the cells continue to become less
clear until vision is lost.
If nutritional status is raised before this cycle is complete, according
to Evans, the visual acuity can often be restored. As long as the patient
maintains this nutritional status, the cataract won’t develop further and
surgery can be avoided.
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It has been found that patients with cataract have lower levels of vita-
min C, vitamin E and beta-carotene than those without cataract. This
sparked a series of studies focusing on the effects of specific nutritional
supplements for treating cataract. One study showed that supplementing
with vitamins C and E helped to reduce the risk by 50 per cent (Am J Clin
Nutr, January 1991).
A team of Finnish researchers followed a group of men and women,
aged 40 to 83, for 15 years. They found that those who had low serum
concentrations of vitamins C and E and beta-carotene had an increased
risk of developing cataract as they aged (BMJ, 1992; 305: 1392–4).
Another study, published in The Archives of Ophthalmology (February
1991), found that older people who ate a good deal of fruits and vegetables,
or took a daily vitamin supplement, were 37 per cent less likely to develop
cataracts.
Likewise, researchers at Harvard University found that women who ate
a diet rich in fruits and vegetables (especially those rich in carotenes) had
a 39-per-cent lower risk of developing severe cataracts than those with a
low carotene intake (BMJ, August 8, 1992).
A study that appeared in The American Journal of Public Health (1994; 84:
788–92) found that supplementing with multivitamins can also reduce the
risk of cataract.
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Vitamin C
Not only is vitamin C essential as an antioxidant, but it is also vital to the
crystalline lens and the normal growth of the lens fibres. It has been shown
that low levels of vitamin C indicate an increased risk of developing
cataract (American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, January 1991; Nutrition Research
Newsletter, March 1993).
An animal study by cataract authority Dr Shambhu D. Varma, of the
Department of Ophthalmology at the University of Maryland Medical
School, showed that rat lenses that had lost transparency as a result of
exposure to free radicals were protected by the same free radicals when
fortified with vitamin C (Lens Research 2, 1984–85). Canadian researchers
found that subjects who did not supplement with vitamin C increased
their risk fourfold (Nutrition Research Newsletter, March 1993).
Glutathione
Many researchers agree that glutathione is the primary defence mecha-
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nism of the eye (Ophthalmic Res, 1986; 18: 236–42). One researcher, Dr William
B. Rathbun, of the University of Minnesota School of Medicine, has been
studying glutathione for over 25 years. Dr Rathbun claims that gluta-
thione, a peptide containing the amino-acid cysteine, is in short supply in
most people. He believes that the best way to ensure proper amounts is
to get enough vitamin C, vitamin E and selenium.
Glutathione is normally found in high concentrations in the cornea
and lens of the eye. As pointed out earlier, researchers believe that one
reason for the development of cataracts is a riboflavin deficiency, as gluta-
thione, found in short supply in cataract, is dependent on riboflavin (Better
Nutrition for Today’s Living, August 1995).
According to Dr Eric R. Braverman in the book The Healing Nutrients
Within (Keats Publishing, 1997), glutathione reductase was reduced by 25
per cent in the lens of animals with cataracts due to a riboflavin deficiency.
Vitamin E is another nutrient that plays a significant role in the effec-
tiveness of glutathione (Townsend Letter for Doctors, June 1995).
Early detection
The responsibility to notify the patient immediately as soon as a change in
the lens is first discovered rests squarely on the practitioner, so that the
patient has the opportunity to seek help from a nutritionist. The prejudice
with which most eye doctors view nutritional therapy robs the patient
of the opportunity of obtaining help, so that he is finally obliged to accept
the surgeon’s knife as the only solution.
When you are having your eyes examined, always ask your doctor
whether cataract development has commenced or whether there are any
signs that it might develop. If he doesn’t answer your questions satisfac-
torily, be insistent. If a cataract has started to develop, instead of waiting
for it to be ‘ripe’ enough for surgery, seek ophthalmic nutritional therapy
at once, since more help can be given in the early stages.
The first thing to do is to stop smoking and abstain from alcohol. If you
have been prescribed drugs for any condition, find out if they are likely to
cause cataract. If so, ask your doctor to change the drug. Cortisone and
other steroids are common culprits.
A good doctor familiar with ophthalmic nutritional therapy should
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● 3 Cataracts
cause of cataract, even in children, and that, once a cataract has been
sorted out nutritionally, there may also be a marked reduction of
myopia. This also suggests that a basic flattening of the lens is the result
of malnutrition.
◆ A 60-year-old man could only count fingers with his right eye, while his
left eye had vision that 10 per cent of normal. A full-aperture cataract
covered each eye. Two weeks of nutritional therapy raised the visual
acuity in the right eye to 20 per cent of normal and to 30 per cent of
normal in the left eye.
◆ An 80-year-old man with a full-aperture cataract in each eye and eye-
sight that was 10 per cent of normal came to Mr Evans for nutritional
therapy. Within two weeks, the patient’s vision improved to 50 per cent
of normal.
According to Jane Heimlich in What Your Doctor Won’t Tell You, two eye
specialists in the United States have had similar results.
The late Gary Price Todd, ophthalmologist and author of Nutrition,
Health and Disease (Norfolk and Vi rginia Beach, VA: The Donning
Company, 1985), stumbled on his nutritional approach. His story is similar
to Evans’. While doing research in Ethiopia, he discovered that eye disease
was common in children, and blindness endemic in people over 40; he also
made the connection with their obviously deficient diet.
After experimenting with various supplements in his private practice
in Waynesville, North Carolina, Todd came up with this approach. A hair
analysis is done on the patient to determine whether there is heavy-metal
poisoning (true in one-third of all patients) or any mineral deficiencies. If
so, minerals are prescribed to cover any deficiencies, plus supplements
that include beta-carotene (a form of vitamin A), vitamin E (400 IU)
bioflavonoids, B-complex vitamins and the enzyme glutathione, consid-
ered by some researchers to prevent oxidation of the lens (a natural occur-
rence that accelerates with age).
Todd claimed that 51 per cent of his patients no longer needed surgery
and, according to a two-year study of 50 patients, 88 per cent had
improved their eyesight with his treatment regime. Of 18 blind patients, 54
per cent had their sight restored.
Sadly, he was also hounded by the American Academy of
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Glaucoma 4
ust as we are advised to watch our blood pressure as we get older,
J the pressure within our eyes is equally at risk with advancing years.
Changes in the ageing eye can lead to less-effective drainage of the clear
fluid (aqueous humor) in the eye, resulting in a buildup of intraocular
pressure (IOP). A dangerously elevated IOP, or ocular hypertension
(OHT), is a major risk factor for glaucoma.
The condition is the third-leading cause of blindness in the world. It
can strike at any age, but the elderly are particularly susceptible. Current
estimates of the incidence of glaucoma are a staggering 100–150 million
cases worldwide. With our ageing population—increasing by 50 per cent
in the US alone over the next 15 years—the numbers are expected to soar
dramatically (Arch Ophthalmol, 2004; 122: 532–8).
Notorious for its lack of symptoms, glaucoma can cause progressive
damage to the optic nerve without your realising it. The damage often
involves loss of peripheral vision, which is not easily apparent. It’s only
when your field of vision has been seriously reduced (when patients com-
plain of bumping into things a lot) that the sufferer is likely to finally
head off to see a doctor.
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Glaucoma can also be due to drugs (Drug Saf, 2003; 26: 749–67), including:
❖ corticosteroids (these mainly cause or worsen POAG)
❖ sulpha-based drugs
❖ antidepressants
❖ anticoagulants
❖ antihistamines/antacids (H1-/H2-receptor antagonists).
Ironically, drugs such as adrenergic agonists and cholinergics, which are
often used to treat glaucoma, can also sometimes bring the condition on.
As prevention is always better than cure, those who belong to these
high-risk groups should have their eyes regularly checked—that means
going to your optician’s for that annual eye test—and their eye pressure
monitored.
Glaucoma tests
Once your risk has been determined, your doctor needs to decide what
tests to perform. This is where the controversy begins.
There are a variety of tests and instruments your doctor can use. But
there is also a number of questions surrounding their use: Which tests
are more accurate? Which are most cost-effective? Are mass screenings
necessary and effective? What combination of tests should be used?
There are three types of tests to choose from. They are rated according
to sensitivity (the higher the sensitivity, the fewer false-negative results)
and specificity (the higher the specificity, the fewer the false-positive
results).
Intraocular-pressure tests
1. Tonometry measures the pressure of the fluid within the eye (intra-
ocular pressure). At one time, tonometry was the only test doctors would
conduct. Mass screenings were organised in an attempt to detect as many
cases of glaucoma in the early stages as possible while, at the same time,
heightening people’s awareness of the serious nature of glaucoma.
However, it was soon found that tonometry alone did not have the
greatest sensitivity (50–70 per cent) nor specificity (only 10–30 per cent)
(Am J Ophthalmol, December 1995). Doctors then had to consider using tonom-
etry in combination with other tests.
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● 4 Glaucoma
2. Visual-field tests
These tests measure the total area perceptible while looking straight
ahead, including areas beside, below and above the centre line of vision.
Most people with glaucoma gradually begin to lose their peripheral
vision first. However, this usually goes undetected by the patient until
their central line of vision is affected.
Some doctors view visual-field tests as impractical because of the need
for large, specialised equipment, trained personnel, and 10–20 minutes of
examination time (Am Fam Phys, December 1995). However, others agree that
some form of this test is necessary to overcome the limitations of tonome-
try. It is also considered cost-effective and accurate (Am J Ophthalmol,
December 1995).
3. Optic-nerve tests
Examination of the optic nerve using an ophthalmoscope is thought
to be one of the most underused tests for glaucoma. The ophthalmoscope
can determine changes in the nerve before problems with the visual field
are detectable.
This has been found to be the most sensitive and cost-effective test for
glaucoma (Am Fam Phys, December 1995). Researchers agree that ophthalmos-
copy should be mandatory, but not on its own. Routine tonometry and
occasional visual-field testing is also suggested (BMJ, March 4, 1995).
Tests are being assessed that can determine the retinal function of the
eye. These include colour-vision analysis, blue-on-yellow-field-testing,
contrast sensitivity, and dark adaptation (Am Fam Phys, December 1995).
One study, sponsored by the US National Eye Institute, found no differ-
ences among patients treated with eyedrops and those left untreated. The
report also claims that no study has used a long-enough follow-up period
to establish that drug therapy prevents blindness. At best, the drugs will
decrease the amount of optic-nerve damage.
The US Preventive Services Task Force does not recommend mass
screening for people under 65, and suggests that drugs should only be
considered for patients with an intraocular pressure above 35 mmHg
(HealthFacts, June 1995).
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could be a risk factor for heart disease. Several studies have shown how
beta-blockers alter the ratio of low-density lipoprotein (LDL, the ‘bad’
cholesterol) to high-density lipoprotein (HDL, the ‘good’ cholesterol).
A study of postmenopausal women with either eye hypertension or
glaucoma found that those treated with timolol had significant decreas-
es in HDL cholesterol, while total (and LDL) cholesterols were increased
(J Glaucoma, 1999; 8: 388–95).
Respiratory problems are also a common complication of beta-
blockers, particularly in those with a history of lung disease. One case
report described a 67-year-old man with stable chronic obstructive lung
disease going into respiratory arrest just 30 minutes after receiving his
first dose of timolol (Chest, 1983; 84: 640–1). Another report told of a
74-year-old long-term asthmatic who developed a severe—and fatal—
attack of asthma several hours after taking timolol (Nihon Kyobu Shikkan
Gakkai Zasshi, 1990; 28: 156–9).
Nevertheless, drug-induced respiratory side-effects such as breath-
lessness and increased exercise intolerance are often overlooked or
written off by doctors as simply being normal signs of ageing among
the elderly (who make up the majority of glaucoma sufferers).
Central nervous system side-effects with beta-blockers include
depression, psychosis, hallucinations, confusion, fatigue, insomnia and
impotence (J Clin Psychopharmacol, 1987; 7: 264–7; JAMA, 1986; 255: 37–8).
◆ Prostaglandin analogues such as latanoprost (Xalatan), bimatoprost
(Lumigan) and travoprost (Travatan) have toppled beta-blockers off
their dominant position in the glaucoma drugs market. They lower eye
pressure by increasing the size of the ‘holes’ in the drainage system,
allowing more fluid to flow out of the eye. The popularity of prosta-
glandins for glaucoma therapy has been attributed to their superior
eye-pressure-lowering effects (Br J Ophthalmol, 2004; 88: 1391–4) and their
easy-to-comply-with, once-daily dosing.
Downside: All three types of prostaglandins often cause bizarre
changes in eye colour and eyelashes. The eyes may darken due to an
increase in melanin (the eye-colour pigment) in the iris; there may be
darkening of the skin on the eyelids and sometimes under the eyes;
and the eyelashes may increase in length and thickness (a benefit).
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hence, the adverse systemic effects. The assumption is that, if a drug can
be directed to only go where it’s needed, then most of the unwanted
side-effects will disappear.
While this appears to be a valid line of reasoning, there is still the issue
of the delivered drugs themselves and their long-term risks. Eyedrops
or high-tech contact lenses—they are both just time-bombs in different
gift-wrapping.
Corticosteroids
According to the late Stanley Evans, serious damage has been done to the
eye by the use of steroid and cortisone drops.
In a number of cases, cortisone drops cause the pupil to be fully dilated
and paralysed and, so, intolerant to light. The oversized pupil (often in
just one eye) is also disfigured. And in some cases, even after the drug
had caused the damage, it was still being prescribed. In yet other cases,
steroid and cortisone drops have been used to treat eye infections, causing
serious corneal ulceration; besides impairment of vision, this also caused
disfigurement.
The side-effects of these eye drugs have been well documented. In 1975,
T.F. Schlaegel reported to the American Academy of Ophthalmology that
the use of corticosteroids can cause serious eye disturbances, some of
which have caused blindness, including optic-nerve changes, swelling of
the optic-nerve head, changes in the crystalline lens and myopia.
There have also been reports in various medical journals concerning
patients treated with steroids for arthritis developing cataract, and patients
using steroids to relieve the discomfort of contact lenses subsequently
developing cataract or glaucoma.
Other reported side-effects include extensive and irreversible retinal
damage, corneal perforation necessitating corneal transplants, an increase
in intraocular tension in glaucoma patients, swelling of the optic disc and
other eye disturbances.
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Drug-free treatment
A large number of glaucoma cases are the result of nutritional deficien-
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● 4 Glaucoma
and a third group used only medicated eyedrops. The most improve-
ment in eyesight and in fluid release was seen in the patients taking
the highest dose of ALA, despite the shorter treatment time (Vestn
Oftalmol, 1995; 111: 6–8).
✔ Omega-3 fatty acids. Glaucoma patients have lower levels of eicos-
apentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) compared
with their healthy siblings (Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids, 2006; 74:
157-63), and research—at least in rats—shows that an increased intake
of these omega-3 fats can significantly reduce eye pressure (Invest
Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2007; 48: 756-62).
✔ Magnesium, zinc and iron. Deficiencies in these minerals are asso-
ciated with glaucoma (Vestn Oftalmol, 1994; 110: 24–6). In one study,
121.5 mg of magnesium improved the eyesight of glaucoma patients
(Ophthalmologica, 1995; 209: 11–3).
A number of herbal and plant extracts may also benefit glaucoma
patients. These include:
✔ Ginkgo biloba. This herb can successfully treat glaucoma and even
improve damage to the visual field (Ophthalmology, 2003; 110: 359–62). It
works by enhancing the general blood circulation (J Ocul Pharmacol
Ther, 1999; 15: 233–40), reducing glaucoma-inducing vasospasm (where
blood flow is decreased by a sudden contraction of blood vessel walls)
and thinning the blood. Ginkgo also reduces cell toxicity and cell death
(Med Hypoth, 2000; 54: 221–35).
✔ Coleus forskohlii. Forskolin, the active ingredient in this plant, is
involved in the production of cyclic adenosine monophosphate
(cAMP), which decreases eye-fluid flow, thereby decreasing eye pres-
sure. A number of studies have shown that eyedrops containing
forskolin can significantly lower eye pressure for at least five hours.
Indeed, in one, it decreased the aqueous flow rate by 34 per cent in
healthy human volunteers (Lancet, 1983; i: 958–60; Exp Eye Res, 1984; 39:
745–9).
✔ Salvia miltiorrhiza (danshen). Often used in traditional Chinese medi-
cine, this plant’s beneficial effects on the microcirculation of retinal
nerve cells and the optic nerve have been demonstrated in animals
with ocular hypertension (Chin Med J [Engl], 1993; 106: 922–7; Zhonghua Yan
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But the risks relating to the kinds of fats consumed confounded the
usual expectations. Although intake of any animal fat was associated
with a doubling of risk of the disease, higher levels of animal-fat intake
did not increase the risk any further. In other words, you increase your
risk of developing AMD by eating flesh foods, but your risk doesn’t
increase with the quantity of meat that you eat.
The real risk for AMD was associated with vegetable-fat intake. Consu-
ming high levels of these types of fats nearly quadrupled the risk of the
disease progressing. These fats included the monounsaturated, polyunsat-
urated and trans unsaturated fats. And in this case, quantity did matter.
The more of these you ate, the greater your risk.
The researchers also made another connection that is most unusual in
these types of studies. They noted a doubling of risk with intake of
processed foods, which are usually laden with these types of processed
vegetable fats.
Other kinds of fats proved protective. Fish and nuts, both rich in omega-
3 fatty acids, slowed progression of the disease—so long as your intake of
the usual omega-6 fatty acids was also low.
Other clues suggest that processed foods lie at the heart of AMD. A sur-
vey of more than 4000 people, carried out by re s e a rchers at Tufts
University in Boston, MA, concluded that up to 20 per cent of all cases of
AMD could have been avoided by a diet lower in processed foods such as
white bread, cakes and biscuits (Am J Clin Nutr, 2007; 86: 180-8). Indeed, while
the condition is the leading cause of blindness among the American,
Canadian and English elderly, it is rare in the developing countries where,
nevertheless, there is a high incidence of blindness from other eye diseases
such as glaucoma and cataracts. These countries do not consume a highly
processed diet.
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AMD. These include smoking (especially in women), age (3.8 per cent of
Americans have either intermediate or advanced AMD by the time they
reach age 50–59 and, by the time they are 70–79, this proportion will have
increased to 14.4 per cent) and gender (women appear to be at a slightly
greater risk than men).
Increasingly, the evidence points to industrialised food-processing in the
onset of heart disease and diabetes. More and more studies of heart
patients are finding they have elevated levels of homocysteine, an amino
acid derived from the normal breakdown of proteins in the body. Raised
levels of this amino acid are an indication that something has gone awry.
Crucial to this process is the presence of adequate levels of certain B
vitamins. Other studies of heart patients have shown that they are defic-
ient in these vitamins, and that adequate B-vitamin supplementation can
reduce the incidence of heart attack and angina ( Res Commun Mol Path
Pharm, 1995; 89: 208–20). Links have also been made between the onset of
diabetes and heart disease and deficiencies of chromium.
Natural sugars and grains contain adequate concentrations of chro-
mium to support the metabolism of high-carbohydrate foods. However,
virtually all B vitamins and chromium are removed during the refining
process of most of the sugars and processed foods that now make up the
bulk of the typical Western diet. Diets high in processed carbohydrates are
nearly always deficient in chromium.
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of aspirin and other drugs known to affect platelet function or the blood-
clotting process.
NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) have been shown to
increase the risk of cataracts—itself a risk factor for the later development
of AMD—by as much as 44 per cent (Ophthalmology, 1998; 105: 1751–8).
Many other common drugs, however, also contribute to a slow and
steady degeneration in the eye, and hasten the onset of macular degenera-
tion by making the eye more light-sensitive. These include certain anti-
biotics, psychotherapeutic medications and NSAIDs (Int J Toxicol, 2002; 21:
473–90). Phenothiazine antipsychotics, antidopaminergics (for motion sick-
ness) and calcium antagonists have also been associated with AMD ( Arch
Ophthalmol, 2001; 119: 354–9).
However, some of these adverse effects of drugs are temporary. People
taking sildenafil (Viagra), for example, often experience transient visual
changes, described as ‘blue tint’, that usually lasts for four hours after tak-
ing the drug, according to the Viagra package insert.
This greater affinity for blue light is linked to the way that sildenafil
affects the rods and cones in the retina, the cells that process colour infor-
mation. In a small study of men and women taking
200 mg of Viagra daily, 64 per cent of those who completed the study
reported visual disturbances. The participants were given an electroretino-
gram, a test that looks at the behaviour of the rods and cones in the retina.
While the test results were within normal limits, they also confirmed that
taking the drug caused a slightly depressed function in the cone cells,
which are responsible for detailed daytime colour vision (see below).
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Enzymol, 1992: 213: 360–6).One study found that people who ate spinach
every day suffered only one-tenth as much from AMD as those who
seldom ate it. For patients already with the condition, eating spinach
prevented it from getting worse (JAMA, 1994; 272: 1413–20).
✔ Eat more fish. People who eat fish more than once a week have half the
risk of developing AMD compared with those who eat fish less than
once a month (Arch Ophthalmol, 2000; 118: 401–4).
✔ Keep your weight down.
✔ Don’t smoke.
✔ Drink a glass of red wine a day (Am J Ophthalmol, 1995; 120: 190-6) as, in
one study, those who drank one glass a day reduced their risk of AMD
by 20 per cent compared with those who either drank beer or spirits,
or were teetotalers (Lancet, 1995; 351: 117).
✔ Take regular exercise, as this can help keep your blood pressure with-
in normal ranges as effectively as many drugs.
✔ Avoid foods containing salicylates. Not so long ago, the American
Heart Association audaciously credited the decline in heart attacks in
the US since 1965 to the growing ingestion of artificial flavourings in
processed foods (Sci News, 1993; 144: 19). These flavourings, used in
everything from crisps to toothpaste, contain aspirin-like chemicals
known as ‘salicylates’. The typical Western diet includes enough pro-
cessed foods to provide the equivalent of more than one children’s
aspirin daily (Health Alert, 1996; 13: 6–7). If you regularly consume such
foods alongside a daily aspirin, you will be getting the equivalent of
nearly two aspirin daily with no real benefit to your heart or eyes.
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Common Complaints 6
Dry eyes
'Dry eye' is a catch-all term used to cover all disorders where the pre-
corneal tear film of the eye is deficient. This thin layer of fluid covers the
cornea and the corners (cul-de-sac) of the eye (where the tear ducts lie),
and the conjunctiva, the thin mucous membrane that lines the inner sur-
face of the eyelids. The job of this fluid is to nourish the cornea, remove any
foreign entities like bacteria and lubricate the eyelids. This helps the eyes
to blink which, in turn, helps to spread the tear film over the surface of the
eye.
When it isn't due to surgery, dry eye can also result from a problem with
the meibomian glands, which secrete the fatty component of tears, or a
simple deficiency of the tear film itself. People who don't blink often
enough or whose eyes don't spread the tear film efficiently can also suffer
from dry eye. It tends to mostly affect women after the menopause, but it
can be seen in men or women of any age, and be linked to psoriasis,
rheumatoid arthritis or psoriatic arthritis. Unfortunately, it is also a com-
mon adverse effect of laser eye surgery.
To combat the problem, medicine has come up with 'ocular' lubricants
—artificial tears. These work by bulking up the volume of the tear film.
However, they can only do this in contact with the eye surface.
The first generation of these agents were made of cellulose ethers such as
methylcellulose, known to be highly viscous. They were of variable effec-
tiveness, so medicine moved on to polymers such as polyvinyl alcohol and
polyvinylpyrrolidone. This generation of artificial tears work, but needs to
be reapplied too often for comfort.
Consequently, the pharmaceutical companies have now turned to
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Floaters
Floaters are little clumps of gel or cells floating through the thick transpar-
ent gel of the eyeball. They can appear as specks, strands, webs or other
shapes, and may momentarily be confused with dust or tiny insects flying
across the eye. Strictly speaking, what we are seeing are the shadows of
these irregularities in the vitreous fluid that separates the lens and retina.
This gel-like fluid maintains the eye's shape, aids the transmission of light
to the retina, absorbs shock and holds the retina in place.
Over the years, the vitreous fluid inevitably thickens, dries and shrinks,
which is why floaters are more commonly seen in people over 40. If their
onset is gradual, they are very likely harmless and require no treatment.
However, if there is a sudden appearance of multiple floaters, this may
be a sign of posterior vitreous detachment (PVD), the separation of vitre-
ous fluid away from the retina. By age 70, PVD has usually already taken
place gradually. However, floaters as well as PVD occur more often—and
earlier—in shortsighted people, in diabetics and in those who have under-
gone cataract surgery, or laser surgery for the eye or skin, and as a result of
trauma (Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol, 2005; 26 July: 1-5; Am Fam Physician, 2004;
69: 1691-8; Dermatol Surg, 2002; 28: 1088-91).
In addition, in about 25 per cent of cases, floaters indicate a sight-threat-
ening condition such as tears or detachment of the retina, which is when
any part of the retina gets pulled away from the back wall of the eye. If left
untreated for several days, permanent vision loss or blindness will result.
So, if floaters appear suddenly and are accompanied by light flashes or loss
of peripheral vision, it may be prudent to visit an eyecare specialist imme-
diately. Posterior uveitis (chronic eye inflammation brought about by
infectious disease or an autoimmune disorder) can also be sight-threaten-
ing. But, unlike PVD, posterior uveitis is associated with a gradual blur-
ring of vision.
A surgical procedure called a 'vitrectomy' can remove floaters, but this
should only be done if your vision is severely limited and any other possi-
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● 6 Common Complaints
ble causes—of which there are many—are ruled out. Indeed, the most
common complication of vitrectomy is cataract, so you may well be trad-
ing a small problem for a more serious one (Br J Ophthalmol, 2001; 85: 546-8; Am
J Ophthalmol, 1988; 105: 160-4).
Floaters have also been linked to candidiasis, an overgrowth of the
yeast-like fungus Candida albicans, and may simply be a symptom of this
system-wide problem (Postgrad Med J, 2001; 77: 119-20). Candidiasis can be
controlled by eliminating sugar and yeast from the diet, which is certainly
a safer and simpler solution than surgery.
According to traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), floaters are the result
of a poor blood circulation that fails to nourish the optic nerve and sur-
rounding muscles of the eye. In TCM terms, the cause of this weak circu-
lation is congestion of the liver, kidneys and colon, so herbs that support
these organs can improve vision, strengthen the retina and blood vessels,
and keep the vitreous fluid free of debris. Although scientific studies are
lacking, the anecdotal evidence points to the fruit of Lycium barbarum - or
Chinese wolfberry (gou qi zi), a member of the nightshade family - as a
popular TCM remedy that can nourish and support the liver and kidney,
and treat a slew of eye problems (including floaters, excessive tearing and
cloudy vision) while helping to prevent serious eye diseases.
While there is no proven or universal cure for floaters, the nature of the
condition suggests that lifestyle changes, and a programme of supple-
ments and herbs to feed, stimulate and hydrate the vitreous fluid, may
well improve the condition. For example, the anthocyanosides (flavonoid
compounds) found in bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) have been shown to
improve circulation in the blood vessels of the eye, maintain the integrity
of capillaries, stabilise collagen, and correct the signs of retinal damage
(Biochem Pharmacol, 1983; 32: 53-8; Angiologica, 1972; 9: 355-74; Minerva Med, 1977; 68:
3565-81).
Ginkgo biloba, too, improves eye circulation by preventing clotting of
blood platelets and causing blood vessels to dilate. Ginkgo works in syner-
gy with bilberry, so taking this herbal combination is an excellent choice
for improving overall eye health. In one German study, taking Ginkgo as a
hard candy (160 mg/day for four weeks, then 120 mg/day) resulted in
improved eyesight in patients with severe degenerative circulatory distur-
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Blepharitis
Blepharitis, or inflammation of the eyelids, is a chronic condition that can
lead to redness, dryness, burning, itching and irritation of the eyes. The
most common causes are poor eyelid hygiene, bacterial infection and
excess oil production by the meibomian glands in the eyelid. Wearing con-
tact lenses and eye makeup can make blepharitis worse. Identifying the
cause is key in any healing plan.
Conventional treatment usually involves keeping the eyelids clean,
applying warm compresses, using anti-dandruff shampoo and, when nec-
essary, antibiotics or steroid eye drops. However, these measures tend to
ease symptoms rather than cure. What's more, medicated eye drops can
cause serious side-effects, such as increased pressure in the eye, and
changes to the lens and cornea (Can J Ophthalmol, 2008; 43: 170-9).
Nutritional therapies
◆ Essential fatty acids. Supplements of both omega-6 and omega-3 fatty
acids may help against blepharitis. In 57 patients with meibomian gland
dysfunction (a common form of blepharitis), warm compresses, eyelid
massage and eyelid margin scrubbing, combined with a daily dose of
omega-6 (28.5 mg of linoleic acid and 15 mg of gamma-linolenic acid),
reduced symptoms better than either treatment alone (Cornea, 2007; 26:
260-4).
◆ Omega-3 supplements (two 1000-mg capsules three times a day) led to sig-
nificant improvement in blepharitis sufferers after one year of treatment
(Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc, 2008; 106: 336-56).
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Other solutions
◆ Homeopathy. There is a range of homeopathic remedies for eye infection
and inflammation, including Sulphur, Natrum Muriaticum, Hepar
Sulphuris Calcareum and Mercurius Solubilis. However, it's best to let a
qualified homeopath make a diagnosis, and choose the best remedy for
your constitution and symptoms.
◆ Honey. Honey—especially good-quality manuka honey, which has a
wide range of antibacterial activity—can be used topically to treat bac-
terial eye infections (J Med Food, 2004; 7: 210-22). In 102 patients with eye
infections, including blepharitis, improve-ment was seen in 85 per cent
of cases (Bull Islam Med, 1982; 2: 422-5). Apply the honey to the eyelid (but
not the eye) as you would an ointment.
◆ Herbs. Calendula (marigold), chamomile, eyebright and comfrey have
traditionally been used for eye inflammation. For rapid relief of redness
and swelling, try a compress of eyebright (15 g of dried herb in 500 mL
(16 oz) of water, boiled for 10 minutes). Make sure that the preparation
is sterile by making a fresh brew every time and throwing away the
excess.
◆ Hygiene. Any treatment for blepharitis should always be combined with
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a strict eyelid cleaning routine. Clear away oil and debris from around
the eyelash follicles by applying warm compresses (using a cloth or cot-
ton wool warmed with hot water) to the eyelids several times a day.
Immediately after this, moisten a cottonbud with a solution of warm
water and sodium bicarbonate (1 tsp in a cup of water will do), and use
it to gently clean along the eyelashes. Avoid touching the eye itself and
always use water that's been freshly boiled, then cooled.
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● 6 Common Complaints
bract (the little leaves below the flower petals) of the lime tree, and the
bark of the Landes pine tree or grapeseed skin (Vitis vinifera). At doses of
150–300 mg/day, PCG has been shown to significantly improve visual
performance in the dark and after glare (J Fr Ophtalmol, 1988; 88: 173–4, 177–9).
In a well-controlled, double-blind study, an extract of Ginkgo biloba
leaves (GBE) brought about significant improvement in chronic cerebro-
retinal ischaemia (lack of adequate blood supply to the eyes) in elderly
patients (Klin Montsbl Augenheilkd, 1991; 199: 432–8). GBE also led to significant
long-term improvement in patients with senile macular degeneration
(Presse Med, 1986; 15: 1556–8) and severe retinal circulatory disturbances or
glaucoma (Klin Montsbl Augenheilkd, 1980; 177: 577–83).
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eyeglasses were useless tools that locked the eyes into a constant state
of tension.
Bates used his own techniques to cure himself of advanced farsighted-
ness—the type we believe to be part of the normal process of ageing.
Today, we understand that Dr Bates’ work provides a different theory of
seeing, which looks upon human vision as holistic—a combination of
mind, body and spirit.
The Bates method is not simply an exercise programme, but a means of
correcting bad habits such as straining to see, and developing a greater
awareness of what we are looking at. The Bates method can work ex-
tremely well on young children or people whose problems are caught
early, such as those in their 40s who are only just losing their ability to
focus close up. However, it can help every type of visual disorder and is
also effective as preventative medicine.
The best way to embark on the Bates method is to work with a qualified
Bates teacher, who will assess you and individually tailor exercises for
you.
Exercises used in the Bates method include:
◆ palming. Carefully cover your closed eyes with the palms of your hands
(making sure your hands are warm) to block out all of the light, but
without pressing against the surface of the eyeball. You should ‘see’
absolute blackness. If you don’t (in other words, if you see kaleido-
scopic colours), you do not have perfect vision.
To correct the problem, try focusing on a black object at a comfortable
distance in front of you. Stay relaxed. Now close your eyes and ‘see’ the
same black object.
If this doesn’t work, try imagining a small black dot growing larger
and larger until it envelopes the entire area behind your eyes, or a black
fur or black hole.
Relax with your palms over your eyes for several minutes. As your
sight improves, the blackness will become deeper and darker.
You should do this exercise several times a day. The improvement
will be slow and gradual.
◆ lighting. Relax and sit in a chair in the sunshine or six feet from a
150-watt lightbulb. With your eyes closed, lift your face to the light and
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slowly move your head from side to side for three to four minutes.
Gradually increase the amount of time you spend in the light.
This exercise will warm parts of the eye, relax the muscles, reduce
redness and itchiness, and stimulate the retina.
◆ shifting. Shift your sight back and forth between any letter on a Snell-
en chart (the chart of letters everyone has probably seen at the doctor ’s
office) and another letter that is several spaces along, but on the same
line. Then, shift your sight back and forth between one of the larger
letters at the top of the Snellen chart and one of the smaller letters at the
bottom of the chart. Finally, shift your sight back and forth between an
entire Snellen chart three to five feet away and one 10 to 20 feet away.
◆ lazy eights. Close your eyes and draw a number eight with your nose.
Be sure to move your head slowly and evenly. Repeat this exercise a
number of times, changing the size and direction of the eight. You can
also try this exercise while drawing other simple objects like a wagon
wheel. This will relax all of the muscles surrounding the eye, and
increase the circulation in the head and neck.
For further information on the Bates method, contact the Bates Association
for Vision Education (BAVE). BAVE is a group of professionals dedicated
to the teaching of vision improvement. All members of the Bates
Association are fully qualified teachers of the Bates Method of Vision
Education. To find out more about the method, and to find a teacher near
you, visit the website: www.seeing.org/bave2/bave.htm.
For teachers in the US, Canada and elsewhere around the world, visit
the Association of Vision Educators’ website at: www.visioneducators.
org/index.html.
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Recommended reading
W.H. Bates. The Bates Method for Better Eyesight Without Glasses. Grafton
Books, 1979
Harry Benjamin. Better Sight Without Glasses. Thorsons, 1992
Peter Mansfield. The Bates Method: A Complete Guide To Improving Eyesight
Naturally. Vermilion, 1995
Robert-Michael Kaplan. Seeing Without Glasses: I m p roving Your Vision
Naturally. Beyond Words Publishing, 1994; The Power Behind Your Eyes:
Improving Your Eyesight with Integrated Vision Therapy. Healing Arts
Press, 1995
L. H. Salov, W.L. Fischer. Hidden Secrets for Better Vision. Fischer, 1995
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