Professional Documents
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BUILDING is any structure used or intended for BENCH is a relatively level step excavated into
supporting or sheltering any use or occupancy. earth material on which fill is to be placed.
BUILDING, EXISTING, is a building erected BORROW is earth material acquired from an off-
prior to the adoption of this code, or one for site location for use on grading on a site.
which a legal building permit has been issued.
CIVIL ENGINEER is a professional engineer
BUILDING OFFICIAL is the officer or other licensed to practice in the field of civil
designated authority charged with the engineering.
administration and enforcement of this code, or
the building official’s duly authorized CIVIL ENGINEERING is the application of the
representative. knowledge of the forces of nature, principles of
mechanics and the properties of materials to the
LOAD AND RESISTANCE FACTOR DESIGN evaluation, design and construction of civil
(LRFD) METHOD is a method of proportioning works.
structural elements using load and resistance
factors such that no applicable limit state is COMPACTION is the densification of a fill by
reached when the structure is subjected to all mechanical means.
appropriate load combinations. The term “LRFD”
is used in the design of steel and wood EARTH MATERIAL is any rock, natural soil or fill
structures. or any combination thereof.
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EROSION is the wearing away of the ground
surface as a result of the movement of wind, SOIL is naturally occurring superficial deposits
water or ice. overlying bedrock.
SLOPE is an inclined ground surface the DEAD LOADS consist of the weight of all
inclination of which is expressed as a ratio of materials and fixed equipment incorporated into
vertical distance to horizontal distance. the building or other structure.
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that defines the exterior boundaries or
DECK is an exterior floor system supported on courts of a building and that has a slope of
at least two opposing sides by an adjoining 60 degrees or greater with the horizontal
structure and/or posts, piers, or other plane.
independent supports. NONBEARING WALL is any wall that is not
a bearing wall
ESSENTIAL FACILITIES are buildings and other PARAPET WALL is the part of any wall
structures that are intended to remain entirely above the roof line.
operational in the event of extreme RETAINING WALL is a wall designed to
environmental loading from wind or resist the later displacement of soil or other
earthquakes. materials.
LIVE LOADS are forces or other actions that BUILDING, PARTIALLY ENCLOSED is a
result from the weight of all building materials, building that complies with both of the following
occupants, and their possessions, conditions:
environmental effects, differential movements, 1. The total area of openings in a wall that
and restrained dimensional changes. Permanent receives positive external pressure
loads are those loads in which variations over exceeds the sum of the areas of the
time are rare or of small magnitude. All other openings in the balance of the building
loads are variable loads. envelope (walls and roof) by more than
10% and
MARQUEE is a permanent roofed structure 2. The total area of openings in a wall that
attached to and supported by the building and receives positive external pressure
projecting over public property. exceeds 0.5 sq. m. or 1% of the area of
that wall, whichever is smaller, and the
OCCUPANCY is the purpose for that a building, percentage of openings in the balance
or part thereof, is used or intended to be used. of the building envelope does not
exceed 20%.
WALLS
BEARING WALL is any wall meeting either BUILDING, LOW RISE, is an enclosed or
of the following classifications: partially enclosed building which complies with
1. Any metal or wood stud wall that the following conditions:
supports more than 0.5 KN per linear 1. Mean roof height, h, less than or equal
meter of superimposed load. to 18 meters.
2. Any masonry or concrete wall that 2. Mean roof height, h, does not exceed
supports more than 1.0 KN per linear least horizontal dimension.
meter superimposed loads, or any such
wall supporting its own weight for more COMPONENTS AND CLADDING are elements
than one story. that do not qualify as part of the main wind-force
EXTERIOR WALL is any wall or element of resisting system.
a wall, or any member or group of members,
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DESIGN FORCE, F, is the equivalent static
force to be used in the determination of wind BUILDING FRAME SYSTEM is an essentially
loads for open buildings and other structures. complete space frame that provides support for
gravity loads.
DESIGN PRESSURE, p, is the equivalent static
pressure to be used in the determination of wind CANTILEVERED COLUMN ELEMENT is a
loads for buildings. column element provided to transfer lateral-
force-resisting system that cantilevers from a
EFFECTIVE WIND AREA is the area used to fixed base and has minimal moment capacity at
determined GCp. For cladding fasteners, the the top, with lateral forces applied essentially at
effective wind area shall not be greater than the the top.
area that is tributary to an individual fastener.
COLLECTOR is a member or element provide to
FLEXIBLE BUILDINGS AND OTHER transfer lateral forces from a portion of a
STRUCTURES are slender buildings and other structure top vertical elements of the lateral-
structures that have a fundamental natural force-resisting system.
frequency less than 1 Hz. Included are buildings
and other structures that have a height, h, COMPONENT is a part or element of an
exceeding four times the least horizontal architectural, electrical, mechanical or structural
dimension. system.
BASE is the level at which the earthquake DESIGN BASIS GROUND MOTION is that
motions are considered to be imparted to the ground motion that has a 10% chance of being
structure or the level at which the structure as a exceeded in 50 years as by a site-specific
dynamic vibrator is supported. hazard analysis or may be determined by a
hazard map. A suite of ground motion time
BASE SHEAR, V, is the total design lateral force histories with dynamic properties representative
or shear at the base of the structure. of site characteristics shall be used to represent
this ground motion. The dynamic effects of the
BEARING WALL SYSTEM is a structural system Design Basis Ground Motion may be
without a complete vertical load-carrying space represented by the Design Response Spectrum.
frame.
DESIGN RESPONSE SPECTRUM is an elastic
BOUNDARY ELEMENT is an element at the response spectrum of 5% equivalent viscous
edges or openings or at perimeters of shear damping used to represent the dynamic effects
walls or diaphragms. of the Design Basis Ground Motion for the
design of structures. This response spectrum
BRACED FRAME is an essentially vertical truss may be either a site-specific spectrum based on
system of the concentric or eccentric type that is geologic, tectonic, seismological and soil
provided to resist lateral forces.
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characteristics associated with a specific site or LATERAL-FORCE-RESISTING SYSTEM is that
may be a spectrum. part of the structural system.
FLEXIBLE ELEMENT or system is one whose SOFT STORY is one in which the lateral
deformation under lateral load is significantly stiffness is less than 70% of the stiffness of the
larger than adjoining parts of the system. story above.
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SPECIAL CONCENTRICALLY BRACED before or during its mixing to modify its
FRAME (SCBF) is a steel-braced frame. properties.
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expansive cement, or such materials in CURVATURE FRICTION is friction resulting
combination with fly ash, raw or other calcined from bends or curves in the specified
natural pozzolans, silica fume, or ground prestressing tendon profile.
granulated blast-furnace slag.
DEFORMED REINFORCEMENT is deformed
COLUMN is a member with a ratio of height-to- reinforcing bars, bar and rod mats, deformed
least-lateral dimension of 3 or greater used wire, welded smooth wire fabric and welded
primarily to support axial compressive load. deformed wire fabric.
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LOAD, SERVICE, is the load specified (without new slab or structural member to deflect and
load factors). support its own weight and existing construction
loads applied prior to the installation of the
MODULUS OF ELASTICITY is the ratio of reshores.
normal stress to corresponding strain for tensile
or compressive stresses below proportional limit SHEATHING is a material encasing a
of material. prestressing tendon to prevent bonding the
tendon with the surrounding concrete, to provide
NET TENSILE STRAIN is the tensile strain at corrosion protection, and to contain the
nominal strength exclusive of strains due to corrosion inhibiting coating.
effective prestress, creep, shrinkage and
temperature. SHORES are vertical or inclined support
members designed to carry the weight of the
PEDESTAL is an upright compression member formwork, concrete and construction loads
with a ratio of unsupported height to average above.
least lateral dimension not exceeding of 3.
SPECIAL ANCHORAGE DEVICE is an
PLAIN CONCRETE is structural concrete with anchorage device that satisfies the standard
no reinforcement or with less reinforcement than acceptance tests of AASHTO “Standard
the minimum amount specified for reinforced Specifications for Highway Bridges”, Division II.
concrete.
SPIRAL REINFORCEMENT is continuously
PLAIN REINFORCEMENT is reinforcement that wound reinforcement in the form of a cylindrical
does not conform to definition of deformed helix.
reinforcement.
SPLITTING TENSILE STRENGTH (fct) is the
POST-TENSIONING is a method of prestressing tensile strength of concrete determined in
in which tendons are tensioned after concrete accordance with ASTM C 496 as described in
has hardened. “Specifications for Lightweight Aggregate for
Structural Concrete” (ASTM C 330).
PRECAST CONCRETE is a structural concrete
element cast in other than its final position in the STIRRUP is reinforcement used to resist shear
structure. and torsion stresses in a structural member,
typically bars, wires, or welded wire fabric (plain
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE is structural or deformed) bent into L, U or rectangular
concrete in which internal stresses have been shapes and located perpendicular to or at an
introduced to reduce potential tensile stresses in angle longitudinal reinforcement. (The term
concrete resulting fro loads. “stirrups” is usually applied to lateral
reinforcement in flexural members and the term
PRETENSIONING is a method of prestressing “ties” to those in compression members.)
in which tendons are tensioned before concrete
is placed. STRENGTH, DESIGN, is the nominal strength
multiplied by a strength-reduction factor, .
REINFORCED CONCRETE is structural
concrete reinforced with no less than the STRENGTH, NORMAL, is the strength of a
minimum amounts of prestressing tendons or member or cross section calculated in
nonprestressed reinforcement. accordance with provisions and assumptions of
the strength design method before application of
REINFORCEMENT is material excluding any strength-reduction factors.
prestressing tendons unless specifically
included. STRENGTH, REQUIRED, is the strength of a
member or cross section required to resist
RESHORES are shores placed snugly under a factored loads or related internal moments and
concrete slab or other structural member after forces in such combinations.
the original forms and shores have been
removed from a larger area, thus requiring the STRESS is the intensity of force per unit area.
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structural diaphragms to members of the lateral-
STRUCTURAL CONCRETE is all concrete used force-resisting system.
for structural purposes, including plain and
reinforced concrete. CONFINED CORE is the area within the core
defined by h.
TENDON is a steel element such as wire, cable,
bar, rod or strand, or a bundle of such elements, CONNECTION is an element that joins two
used to impart prestress forces to concrete. precast members or a precast member and a
cast-in-place member.
TENSION-CONTROLLED SECTION is a cross
section in which the net tensile strain in the COUPLING BEAM is a horizontal element in
extreme tension steel at nominal strength is plane with the connecting two shear walls.
greater than or equal to 0.005.
CROSSTIE is a continuous reinforcing bar
TIE is a loop of reinforcing bar or wire enclosing having a seismic hook at one end and a hook
longitudinal reinforcement. A continuously not less than 90 degrees with at least six-
wound bar or wire in the form of a circle, diameter extension at the other end. The hooks
rectangle or other polygon shape without re- shall engage peripheral longitudinal bars. The
entrant corners is acceptable. 90-degree hooks of two successive crosstie
engaging the same longitudinal bars shall be
TRANSFER is the act of transferring stress in alternated end for end.
prestressing tendons from jacks or pretensioning
bed to concrete member. DESIGN DISPLACEMENT is the total lateral
displacement expected for the design-basis
UNBONDED TENDON is a tendon that is earthquake, as required by the governing code
permanently prevented from bonding to the for earthquake-resistant design.
concrete after stressing.
DEVELOPMENT LENGTH FOR A BAR WITH A
WALL is a member, usually vertical, used to STANDARD HOOK is the shortest distance
enclose or separate spaces. between the critical section (where the strength
of the bar is to be developed) and a tangent to
WOBBLE FRICTION in prestressed concrete, is the outer edge of the 90-degree hook.
friction caused by unintended deviation of
prestressing sheath or duct from its specified DRY CONNECTION is a connection used
profile. between precast members, which do not qualify
as a wet connection.
YIELD STRENGTH is the specified minimum
yield strength or yield point of reinforcement in HOOP is a close tie or continuously wound tie. A
megapascals (Mpa). Yield strength or yield point closed tie can be made up of several reinforcing
shall be determined in tension according to elements, each having seismic hooks at both
applicable ASTM standards. ends. A continuously wound tie shall have a
seismic hook at both ends.
VII. SEISMIC DESIGN
JOINT is the geometric volume common to
BASE OF STRUCTURE is a level at which intersecting members.
earthquake motions are assumed to be imparted
to a building. This level does not necessarily LATERAL FORCE RESISTING SYSTEM is that
coincide with the ground level. portion of the structure composed of members
proportioned to resist forces related to
BOUNDARY ELEMENTS are portions along earthquake effects.
structural wall and structural diaphragm edges
strengthened by longitudinal and transverse LIGHTWEIGHT-AGGREGATE CONCRETE is
reinforcement. an all-lightweight or sand-lightweight aggregate
concrete made with lightweight aggregates.
COLLECTOR ELEMENTS are elements that
serve to transmit the inertial forces within
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MOMENT FRAME is a space frame in which TIE ELEMENTS are elements that serve to
members and joints resist forces through transmit inertia forces and prevent separation of
flexure, shear, and axial force. building components such as footings and walls.
NONLINEAR ACTION LOCATION is the center WALL PIER is a wall segment with a horizontal
of the region of yielding in flexure, shear or axial length-to-thickness ratio between 2.5 and 6, and
action. whose clear height is at least two times its
horizontal length.
NONLINEAR ACTION REGION is where the
member length over which nonlinear action WET CONNECTION uses any of the splicing
takes place. It shall be taken as extending a methods to connect precast members and uses
distance of no less than h/2 on either side of the cast-in-place concrete or grout to fill the splicing
nonlinear action location. closure.
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lumber grades; somewhat larger than the
standard net size of dressed lumber. EFFECTIVE AREA OF REINFORCEMENT
is the cross-sectional area of reinforcement
NORMAL LOADING is a design load that multiplied by the cosine of the angle
stressed a member or fastening to the full between the reinforcement and the direction
allowable stress. This loading may be applied for for which effective area is to be determined.
approximately 10 years, either continuously or
cumulatively, and 90 percent of this load may be GROSS AREA is the total cross-sectional
applied for the remainder of the life of the area of a specified section.
member or fastening.
NET AREA is the gross cross-sectional area
PARTICLE BOARD is a manufactured panel minus the area of ungrouted cores, notches,
product consisting of particles of wood or cells and unbedded areas. Net area is the
combinations of wood particles and wood fibers actual surface area of a cross section of
bonded together with synthetic resins or other masonry.
suitable bonding system by a bonding process,
in accordance with approved nationally TRANSFORMED AREA is the equivalent
recognized standard. area of one material to a second based on
the ratio of moduli of elasticity of the first
PLYWOOD is a panel of laminated veneers. material to the second.
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ACTUAL DIMENSIONS are the measured parallel to the surface containing the cores
dimensions of s designed item. The actual or cells is at least 75% of the gross cross-
dimension shall not vary from the specified sectional area measured in the same plane.
dimension by more than the amount allowed
in the appropriate standard of quality. PRISM is an assemblage of masonry units
and mortar with or without grout used as a
NOMINAL DIMENSIONS of masonry units test specimen for determining properties of
are equal to its specified dimensions plus the masonry.
the thickness of the joint with which the unit
is laid. REINFORCED MASONRY is that form of
masonry construction in which reinforcement
SPECIFIED DIMENSIONS are the acting in conjunction with the masonry is
dimensions specified by the manufacturer used to resist forces.
for construction of masonry, masonry units,
joints or any other component of a structure. SHELL is the outer portion of a hollow
masonry unit as placed in masonry.
GROUT LIFT is an increment of grout height
within the total grout pour. WALLS:
BONDED WALL is a masonry wall in which
GROUT POUR is the total height of two or more wythes are bonded to act as a
masonry wall to be grouted prior to the structural unit.
erection of additional masonry. A grout pour
will consist of one or more grout lifts. CAVITY WALL is a wall containing
continuous air space with a minimum width
GROUTED MASONRY: of 51mm and a maximum width of 114mm
GROUTED HOLLOW-UNIT MASONRY is between wythes, which are tied with metal
that form of grouted masonry construction in ties.
which certain designated cells of hollow
units are continuously filled with grout. WALL TIE is a mechanical metal fastener,
which connects wythes of masonry to each
GROUTED MULTIWYTHE MASONRY is other or to other materials.
that form of grouted masonry construction in
which the space between the wythes is WEB is an interior solid portion of a hollow-
solidly or periodically filled with grout. masonry unit as placed in masonry.
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