Behavior and Design of Adhesive Bonded Anchors

Subjected to Tensile Load

authors: Dr. sc. techn. Jakob Kunz, Dr. Ing. Paul Ludwig Geiss,
Dr. techn. Erich K. R. Wisser, Hilti Corporate Research, Liechtenstein
subjects:

Adhesive Bonded Anchor Systems

Bearing Capacity and Failure Modes
Evaluation of the World-wide Data Base
Current Design Concepts
Recommended Design Model
Summary and Outlook
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Fastening Academy
Behavior and Design of Adhesive Bonded Anchors

demand for shorter time of construction and increasing use

of prefabricated parts and mixed construction methods

flexibility of design

post-installed fastening systems

general design concept

also for adhesive bonded anchor systems

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Classification of Fastening Systems Used on Site

cast-in place post-installed mechanical anchors post-installed

parts undercut anchor expansion anchor adhesive anchor

load transfer by load transfer by load transfer by

direct compression contact friction produced adhesive bond
in the bottom of drill hole with expansion forces in entire length
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Types of Adhesive Bonded Anchors and Bonding Agents

adhesive bonded anchors

glass or foil injection

capsule type type
organic organic inorganic
compounds compounds compounds
Epoxy Epoxy Cement
Polyester Polyester Silicate
Vinylester Vinylester
hybrid system

filler materials (e.g. quartz sand)

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Foil Capsule Type System
setting procedure:
drilling of the anchor hole
cleaning of drill hole according to
directions of use
inserting of foil capsule into hole
driving in the anchor by drill
hammer

benefit: pre-portioned, no remnants

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Fastening Academy
Injection Type System

setting procedure:
hammer drilling of the hole
cleaning of drill hole according to
directions for use
filling of the hole with mortar
starting at the bottom
inserting the anchor by hand

benefit: individual adaptation of amount of

mortar to in-situ reality
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Influence on Load Bearing Behavior of Adhesive Anchors

bond strength: product dependent

sometimes higher at smaller diameters

concrete strength: low influence

hole cleaning: product dependent decrease to 40% in uncleaned holes

humidity: product dependent but often not significant reduction

drastic reduction at submerged holes

higher temperature: reduction while creep becomes important

durability: no significant reduction below 50°C

fatigue of bond with frequent frost - thaw cycles

drilling method: product dependent decrease in diamond drilled holes

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Failure Modes under Tensile Loading

Ftcc,u Ftcb,u Ftbs,u Fy

concrete cone bond failure bond failure steel failure

failure adhesive / concrete anchor / adhesive
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Published Design Concepts for Adhesive Bonded Anchors
failure mode
design concept concrete cone bond failure steel failure
failure adhes./concrete anchor/adhes.
Betonkalender 2
Ft,u = 0,92 hef fc
Japanese Con- 1/2
F tcc,u= k fc hef (hef + d) F tb,u = k τ (hef + d π) F y = fy As
crete Institute I
Japanese Con- F tcc,u= 10 (fc / 210)1/2 ∗
F tb,u = k τ d π hef F y = k fy As
crete Institute II ∗ hef (hef + d) π
Japanese Con- 1/2
crete Institute III F tcc,u= k fc hef (hef + d) F tb,u = [k d (hef - k1 d) + k2 d2 ] fc1/2

Elastic Bond Ftcc,u= 0,92 hef fc

2
F tb,u = MIN [ π τo d (hef - hc ) +
2 1/2
Model + 0,92 hc fc (40 d - (hef - hc ) /
/ (40 d ) ; π τmax d ( d /
1/2 1/2

/ λ tanh ( λ (hef - hc) / d)]

Rebar Ftcb,u = Ftbs,u = F y = fy As

Connections = 4 π hef (fc d)1/2 = 25 π hef φ1/2

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Data Base of Laboratory Tests in Europe, USA, Japan

Data Base
2.929 Tests

other tests tensile load shear load

uncracked cracked uncracked

concrete concrete concrete

1 anchor 2 anchors 4 anchors 1 anchor 2 anchors 4 anchors

confined unconf. unconfined unconfined unconfined unconfined unconfined

423 1'998 184 50 184 62 10

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Fastening Academy
Schema of the Design Model for Adhesive Bonded Anchors
concrete
quality fc Ftbs,u
steel failure
bond failure
anchor / adhesive Fy

Ftbs,u = τb π φm hef
concrete
cone failure

Ftcc,u bond failure

Ftcb,u
adhesive / concrete
Ftcb,u = Fy = fy As
τc π D hef (fc / fc,ref)n
Ftcc,u = k hef1.5 fc0.5 installation depth

3φ-9φ basic
development length
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Concrete Cone Failure

Ftcc,u

Ftcc,u = k hef1.5 fc0.5

F tcc,u mean tensile ultimate load at concrete cone failure

k factor determined in tests

hef effective installation depth

fc characteristic compression strength of concrete cylinder

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Bond Failure Adhesive / Concrete
Ftcb,u

Ftcb,u = τc π D hef (fc / fc,ref)n

Ftcb,u mean tensile ultimate load at pull out of the adhesive plug
τc bond stress between adhesive and concrete
D diameter of drill-hole
hef effective installation depth

fc characteristic compression strength of concrete cylinder

fc,ref characteristic compression strength of reference concrete

n dependent on type of adhesive, from n = 0 up to n = 2 / 3
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Bond Failure Anchor / Adhesive

Ftbs,u
Ftbs,u = τb π φm hef

Ftbs,u mean tensile ultimate load at pull out of the anchor

from the adhesive
τb bond stress between steel and adhesive
φ diameter of anchor
m=1 for most products and diameter range from φ 8 to φ 20
m<1 for products similar to concrete and at greater range of diameters
hef effective installation depth
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Steel Failure in the Anchor

Fy

y = f As

Fy mean tensile ultimate load at anchor failure

fy mean value of failure stress of steel

As critical cross section of steel

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 ccrit,t = scrit,t ; 9φ

scrit,t = 1,75 MIN {heff φ}

heff effective installation depth

comparison of minimum distances according to CC - Method

adhesive anchor expansion anchor

minimum spacing scrit,t 1,75 MIN{heff ; 9 φ } eff

minimum edge distance ccrit,t ; 9φ

factors may slightly vary with different products and deep embedment length
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 CC - Method for Anchor Groups and Anchors Near Edge

single anchor in the field group of 4 anchors

area of influence
Asingle = scrit,t ∗ scrit,t

Agroup = (MIN{c1x ; ccrit,t } + MIN{sx ; scrit,t } + MIN{c2x ; ccrit,t }) ∗

∗ (MIN{c1y ; ccrit,t } + MIN{sy ; scrit,t } + MIN{c2y ; ccrit,t }) < 4 A singlee

tensile failure load of a group of 4 anchors

Ft,u,group = Ft,u,single ∗ Agroup / Asingle ∗ (0,7 + 0,3 MIN{1 ; c / ccrit,t})
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Conclusions and Outlook

results of the world-wide data base:

user - friendly design model
visualized physical model
model for different adhesives
publication: R. A. Cook, J. Kunz, W. Fuchs,
R. C. Konz:
Behavior and Design of Single
Adhesive Anchors under Tensile
Load, ACI Structural Journal , 1998

results of research and development:

HVZ, an adhesive bonded anchor
also working in cracked concrete,
boosting performance of adhesive
anchoring

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Fastening Academy