School of Engineering Department of Geom PDF

ADAMA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF GEOMATICS ENGINEERING
GENERATION OF 3D MULTIPURPOSE CADASTRAL INFORMATION

SYSTEM INTEGRATED WITH ADDRESS LOCATOR APPLYING ESRI CITY
ENGINE FOR EASTERN PART OF BOLE KEBELE, ADAMA CITY.
Submitted to the department of Geomatics Engineering for the partial fulfillment of

the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of science in
Geomatics Engineering
May 25, 2015

ADAMA, ETHIOPIA
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Declaration
We hereby declare that this senior project entitled “Generation of 3d multipurpose cadastral
information system integrated with address locator applying Esri city engine for eastern part
of bole kebele, Adama city” is an authentic record of our own work carried out from February
2014 to May 2015 under the advice of Mr. Mohamed Athick, Department of Geomatics
Engineering, School of Engineering, Adama science and Technology Universities, Ethiopia.
This project is not submitted by any other groups for the Award of Any Degree or Diploma or it
is not prepared for presenting in any research seminars. All relevant resources that are used by this
project have been acknowledged appropriately.
Project team
Name Signature Date

1. Anteneh Gebeyehu _________________ May 25, 2015
2. Belsti Asres _________________ May 25, 2015
3. Daniel Teshome _________________ May 25, 2015
4. Ermias Tizazu _________________ May 25, 2015
5. Henok G/Hiwot _________________ May 25, 2015
6. Tesfay Zeray _________________ May 25, 2015
CERTIFICATION
This is to certify that the above project team members has carried out their project work
on the topic entitled: “Generation of 3D multipurpose cadastral information system
integrated with address locator applying Esri city engine for eastern part of Bole kebele,
Adama city” under the supervision of Mohamed Athick. This thesis has been submitted
for the verdict of board of examiners with my approval as BSc. Thesis for the award of
degree in BSc. In Geomatics Engineering.
Mr. Mohamed Athick
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CERTIFICATION BY BOARD OF EXAMINERS
This thesis has been read and approved as meeting the requirement for the award of
bachelor degree in Geomatics Engineering in the department of Geomatics
Engineering.
Examining board member Signature
____________________________________ ____________________
Chairman, Department Academic committee Date: _______________
____________________________________ ____________________
Internal Examiner Date: _______________
____________________________________ ____________________
External Examiner Date: _______________
Department of Geomatics Engineering
Adama University, Adama
Ethiopia
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Acknowledgement
First it is compulsory to thank Adama Science and Technology University for providing all
necessary facilities to complete the project.
Department of Geomatics Engineering should be acknowledged for facilitating instrument,

laboratory class and providing letter which is needed to request cooperation from offices and
residents.
We would like to express the profound gratitude for the Project Advisor Mr. Mohamed Athick for
his positive Advises and Consistent supervision during the whole project work.
Finally we proceed to acknowledge the stakeholders of Adama city municipality and the
community of the study area especially for those were willing to give candid parcel based
socioeconomic data.
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Executive summary
The main subject matter of this project is to prepare a digital cadastral information system
integrated with an address locator for part of Adama city particularly in Keble 04, western Adama
Science and Technology University.
The project demarcated block and parcel boundaries, constructed building models and finally
integrated an address locator using aerial photo captured by Ethiopian information network
security agency (INSA) in 2005 EC. A very recent software, CityEngine which is basically used
for urban planning is used to model the buildings.
Different spatial and non-spatial data are used by the project. The cadastral map layer extracted
from the aerial image that has 15cm. elevation & horizontal dimension of the buildings are
obtained by field measurement. Non-spatial data such as information regarding to the site area,
parcels and buildings is also obtained from kebele 04 and the residents.
The first activity for the project was preparing a plan and schedule considering the important data,
the scope and duration of the project and financial capability. Reconnaissance survey was the next
stage to have a mental map of the area. Digitization of parcel boundary, block boundary, building
footprint, road corners, electric pol and the location of water meter is executed beside socio-
economic data collection. The three dimensional model construction and texturing the interface is
done using CityEngine software on the next stage. After finishing the 3D structure, the file is
imported into ArcScene and finally an address locator is established and the collected and
organized socio-economic data is combined with the relevant feature.
The output of this project will benefit the society and the municipality of Adama city by producing
a hard copy cadastral map and a soft copy cadastral information system which will retrieve a
required information regarding to a parcel and building. It also firmly use the society to easily
access the address of a house for various emergence or non-emergence service.
Key word: 3D cadastral information system, address locator
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Table of Contents
Declaration ................................................................................................................................... i
CERTIFICATION BY BOARD OF EXAMINERS .................................................................. ii
Acknowledgement ..................................................................................................................... iii
Executive summary.................................................................................................................... iv
List of figure ............................................................................................................................ viii
List of Acronyms ....................................................................................................................... ix
Chapter one: Introduction ............................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Background of the project ................................................................................................ 1
1.2 Objective .......................................................................................................................... 3
1.3 Scope of the project .......................................................................................................... 3
1.4 Statement of the project.................................................................................................... 4
1.5 Delimitation of the project ............................................................................................... 5
1.6 Significance of the project................................................................................................ 5
1.7 Location and description of the Study Area ..................................................................... 6
Location ........................................................................................................................ 6
Description.................................................................................................................... 8
1.8 Limitation of the project ................................................................................................... 8
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................. 9
Chapter three: Cadastral information system ................................................................................ 11
3.1. Introduction to Cadastre ................................................................................................. 11
3.2. Definitions of Cadastre................................................................................................... 11
3.3. Cadastral Survey in Ethiopia .......................................................................................... 12
3.4. Purpose of Cadastre ........................................................................................................ 13
3.5. Sources for Cadastral Data ............................................................................................. 13
3.6. Requirements for Cadastral Survey................................................................................ 15
3.7. Activities Involved in Cadastral Surveying Operations ................................................. 15
3.7.1 Original surveys ...................................................................................................... 15
3.7.2 Retracement (resurvey) ........................................................................................... 15
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3.8. Types of cadastre ............................................................................................................ 16
3.9. Property Description ...................................................................................................... 17
3.10. The parcel ................................................................................................................... 18
3.11. Corners........................................................................................................................ 19
3.12. Cadastre and Boundaries ............................................................................................ 19
3.13. Monuments: ................................................................................................................ 19
3.14. Cadastral mapping ...................................................................................................... 19
3.15. The Unique Parcel Identification Number.................................................................. 20
3.16. Elements of cadastral mapping system ....................................................................... 21
3.17. Cadastre and Land Registration .................................................................................. 21
3.18. Cadastre and Land Administration ............................................................................. 21
3.19. Three dimensional cadastre ........................................................................................ 22
3.19.1 What is 3D?............................................................................................................. 22
3.19.2 Needs for a 3D cadastre .......................................................................................... 23
3.19.3 Importance of 3D cadastre ...................................................................................... 23
Chapter four: Address locator ....................................................................................................... 25
Chapter five: Methodology ........................................................................................................... 26
5.1 Field work ...................................................................................................................... 26
5.1.1 Reconnaissance survey ........................................................................................... 26
5.1.1 Non-spatial data Collection..................................................................................... 26
5.1.2 Collection of socio economic data .......................................................................... 27
5.1.3 Measurement ........................................................................................................... 27
5.1.4 Capturing texture photo .......................................................................................... 27
................................................................................................................................................... 27
5.2 Office work .................................................................................................................... 28
5.2.1 Obtaining supplemental Information ...................................................................... 28
5.2.2 Digitizing map layers .............................................................................................. 28
5.2.3 Generation of 3d model from extracted feature ...................................................... 30
5.2.4 Texture preparation ................................................................................................. 32
5.2.5 Logical and physical database creation................................................................... 33
5.2.6 Establishing an address locator ............................................................................... 33
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5.2.7 Joining the spatial with attribute data ..................................................................... 35
5.2.8 Providing Unique parcel identifier.......................................................................... 35
5.2.9 Generation of Maps and reports .............................................................................. 36
5.2.10 Instruments and software used by the project ......................................................... 38
Chapter six: analysis of the out put ............................................................................................... 39
6.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 39
6.2 3D CIS of the study area ................................................................................................ 39
6.3 Housing Facility ............................................................................................................. 41
6.4 Types of Structure in Each Parcel .................................................................................. 42
6.5 Types of Land Parcel Acquisition Mode........................................................................ 43
6.6 Land use type ................................................................................................................. 44
6.7 Land Parcel Acquisition Time........................................................................................ 45
6.8 Occupation ..................................................................................................................... 45
6.9 Population....................................................................................................................... 46
6.10 Tax record ................................................................................................................... 46
Chapter seven: conclusion ............................................................................................................ 47
Chapter eight: Recommendation................................................................................................... 48
References ..................................................................................................................................... 49
Appendix ....................................................................................................................................... 50
Socio-economic data collection form for parcel......................................................... 50
Socio-economic data collection form for building ..................................................... 51
Photo code form.......................................................................................................... 52
Free hand sketch ......................................................................................................... 53
Ortho photo ................................................................................................................. 53
Filled socio-economic data collection form ............................................................... 53
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List of figure
Figure 1: Location of the study area ............................................................................................... 7

Figure 2: Digitized Feature of the Study Area .............................................................................. 29
Figure 3: 3D Model Generated From the Footprint ...................................................................... 31
Figure 4: Building Footprint ......................................................................................................... 31
Figure 5: Tilt Correction ............................................................................................................... 32
Figure 6: 2D Cadastral Map of the Study Area ............................................................................ 34
Figure 7: 2D cadastral Map of Part of Kebele 04 ......................................................................... 37
Figure 8: 3D Model of the Study Area ......................................................................................... 40
Figure 9: Housing Facility of the Study Area ............................................................................... 41
Figure 10: Types of House Structure in the Study Area ............................................................... 42
Figure 11: Types of Land Acquisition Mode of the Study Area .................................................. 43
Figure 12: Land Use Type of the Study Area ............................................................................... 44
Figure 13: Land Parcel Acquisition Time ..................................................................................... 45
Figure 14: Occupation of the Land Owners .................................................................................. 45
Figure 15: Population.................................................................................................................... 46
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Generation of 3D multipurpose cadastral information system integrated with address
locator applying Esri city engine for eastern part of Bole kebele, Adama city.
List of Acronyms
CIS Cadastral Information System
EMA Ethiopian Mapping Agency
GCP Ground Control Point
GIS Geographical Information System
GPS Global Positioning System
ID Identification Number
INSA Information Network and Security Agency (of Ethiopia)
UPID Unique Parcel Identifier
2D Two Dimension
3D Three Dimension
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Chapter one: Introduction
1.1 Background of the project
Most human activities and developmental efforts are based on land. Therefore, a systematic record
of land and rights in land are vital for public administration, planning, land development and
private transactions in land. The increasing growth in rural population and the massive migration
of people to the cities (especially in the developing countries) have put increasing pressure on rural
and urban lands. Therefore, a systematic record and rational use of the land should be of prime
importance to planners and policy makers. Again, accurate and efficient land data records are a
necessary tool for appropriate resources management and tackling of environmental problems. All
these emphasize the need for proper records of land parcels and their ownership. (Dale and
McLaughlin, 1988).
As many cities in Ethiopia, there is a dispute and controversies between public to public and public
to municipality in Adama city as well. Disputes are occurred regarding to land and related
properties. Some peoples take bare lands and construct houses (which is locally called “chereka
bet”) without the recognition and permission of the municipality. Controversies while transferring
name and any other ownership information is top experiencing issues in the municipality. There is
also a problem in property tax collection in determining the location and size of the parcel,
identifying the current situation of the land (such as, land value, infrastructure, population density,
land use type, economic status, ) and detecting easily whether the tax is paid or not.
Establishing a CIS is the way that will eradicate the problems mentioned above. CIS is a system
of recording or inventory of ownership and interest in land parcels. A land parcel refers to an area
of land which may be identified as a unit for information recording such as residential plot of land.
A cadastre is an official public record usually maintained to register the ownership rights of land
in a given jurisdiction. A multipurpose CIS is among the type of cadastre that incorporates the
legal and fiscal information of a parcel. It is a tool used in management of land use and land value
by providing information related to land, properties laid on it and other related information related
to it like, road water line, power line, drainage, wastage, soil type, etc. a multipurpose CIS also
can be used as an input for any other value added products.
It is not easy for the urban planner to decide whether or not a building can be constructed in a
specific area and parcel, because the status, height and purpose of the building may not fit with the
land use type of the area. Hence, Analyzing and evaluating the three dimensional view of the city
is a vital input for the urban planner to identify and permit what type of building shall be
constructed in that specific area. The 3D examination is also very crucial for the land administrator
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of a city for laying and collecting tax as per the status and purpose of the building. Hence, a
database system that incorporates the three dimensional view of the building and the
socioeconomic data regarding to it is very important. Nonetheless, There is no easy way to identify
and evaluate the three dimensional view of a building and its surrounding. This will cause a failure
in suitable site selection for further investment in the area and it also makes the taxation system
very cumbersome.
A 3D Cadastral information system is the process of gathering and recording data, identification,
demarcation, mapping, retrieving the organized information and updating the current information
about a legal parcel boundaries and the buildings in it.
Address is a very vital means to access the location of a house. Most communal services like post,
fire brigade, ambulance, police, electric, water, door to door sells and any business which requires
the location of a house is firmly depends on a correct, easy and flexible address. There is no system
that will easily locate the address of houses. This will drives into an obstruction of delivering
emergency and other community services at the right time and by the proper manner. Due to the
delay in emergency services which is mainly because of inaccessibility of the address of houses,
many patients and peoples in risk will be exposed for more hazards, peoples will die waiting for
an ambulance, and more property will be damaged by fire waiting for extinguisher and so on.
An address locator that is integrated with a 3D CIS is the best way to easily and quickly navigate
the shortest location of a house. It is a tool to utilize the 3D CIS by addressing the house that is
needed for any activities that corresponds to the socio-economic data. For instance, any parcel that
have not paid a tax can easily be accessible using the address locator. Emergency service like
ambulance, fire brigade, police, etc. can be performed efficiently and effectively by searching the
socio-economic data from the 3D CIS and navigating the address of the parcel that require the
service by the address locator.
This project will provide a solution for all of the problems mentioned above by producing a multi-
purpose 3D CIS integrating with a simple, Easy and modern address locator.
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1.2 Objective
General objective
The project is intended to prepare a multipurpose 3D CIS integrating an address locator system by
incorporating spatial data with non-spatial data for wide rage usage of municipality and other users.
Specific objective
 To gather information regarding to the study area from the municipality and 04 kebele
 To do the reconnaissance survey
 To digitize the parcels and other map layers from the aerial photo.
 To analyze and assign a correction for the topological error of the digitized features
 To capture a photo of each elevations of the buildings
 To measure the elevation and partition of the buildings
 To create logical and physical data base
 To collect socio economic data
 To model the 3-dimentional interface of the buildings
 To insert the texture for the buildings
 To join the spatial and attribute data
 To establish an address locator
 To prepare a cadastral map in soft and hard copy
 To compile documents and prepare a report
1.3 Scope of the project
The project will prepare a multi-purpose 3D CIS for part of kebele 04, Adama city using various
software, raw and processed data, surveying equipment and literatures. Different cadastral map
layers such as block boundary, parcel boundary, building footprint, road corner, water meter
location, power line, drainage, and other necessary map layers are incorporated in the project. The
project is also collect a socio-economic data that will mention the information regarding to the
location of the parcel, information about the owner, land acquisition type, land use type, tax record,
encumbrance and conflict, infrastructure, date of installation and customer number of water,
electric and telephone and any explanatory information regarding to the parcel. Information
regarding to the building like address, holding manner, purpose and tax condition is also collected
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The three dimensional view of the building are modeled and textured using CityEngine software.
Every buildings are textured with their own texture which is a photo captured during socio-
economic data collection. The elevation and dimension of the building is also measured so that it
is used to extrude the building. An address locator is combined with the multipurpose 3D CIS. It
required map layers such as, parcel boundary, entrance in to the parcel and junction points of road.
Finally the project produced a 3D CIS in softcopy and a 2D cadastral map in hard and softcopy
that enables the users for analyzing the 3D view of the building, for collecting, processing,
retrieving and amending the information regarding to the parcel and to easily access the location
of a parcel.
1.4 Statement of the project
The project prepared a multi-purpose 3D CIS integrating an address locator by gathering,

compiling and processing information that will answer the following question regarding to the
parcel and building:
 What is the owner type (governmental, public, institution, private)?

 What is the location of the parcels and buildings?
 What is area of the parcel and buildings?
 What is the name, address and other information of the owner?
 What is the land acquisition type of the land?
 What is the land use type?
 What is the tax record of the parcel and business running in it?
 What are existing infrastructures in the area?
 What is the customer number and year of installation of electric, water and telephone
facilities of the area?
 What is the purpose of the building?
 What is the holding manner of the building (owner, rental or representative)?
 How many family members are living in the house?
 What is the dispute and encumbrance regarding to the parcel?
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1.5 Delimitation of the project
Adama is a large city that have 14 kebeles. There is also a variety of living standard, population
density, land owning manner and degree of infrastructure throughout the city. Kebele 04 specially
the study area of the project have relatively a medium living standard. The parcels are obtained in
a legal manner. There is no illegal houses or “chereka bet” which is obtained without the
permission of the municipality. Since the area is relatively in the middle class, most necessary
infrastructures such as road, electric power, water supply, regular and mobile network are
available. There is also variety of land use type such as residential, commercial, institution and
services. The road network is suitable to establish an address locator for the area. It is also very
near to the university so it gave an advantage in time management and ease instrument
transportation. So the area is selected since it fulfills the necessary information to prepare a 3D
multipurpose CIS integrating an address locator.
1.6 Significance of the project
The project is intended to produce a multi-purpose 3D CIS that integrate an address locator which
will have a great benefit for the municipality, people and other stack holder.
Significance of the project for the municipality:-
 To legally record the ownership information, area and other specification of a parcel.
 To manage the tax system of property with respect to the land value and land use type of a
specified parcel.
 To re-establishing lost boundaries and sometimes resolving disputes over boundaries or
other interests in real property.
 To visualize and facilitate the situation of the area for further development site selection
by urban planner, decision makers, policy makers and Architect.
 To simplify property ownership name transferring.
 To understand different property details.
 To evaluate and manage services like water supply, electric power and telephone for
efficient and sustainable accessibility.
 To easily access an address of house for various services such as emergency service, door-
door service and soon.
 To easily evaluate the infrastructure availability in the project area.
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Significance of the project for the society:-

 To certify the correct boundary of parcel which will reduce dispute among the neighbors.
 To use as a guide for further infrastructure establishment for the area.
 To use for laying a proper tax as per the land value, land use and other attribute of the
parcel.
 To provide ease way of getting service in municipality regarding to parcel.
 To easily access an address of house for various services such as emergency service, door-
door service and soon.
 To provide other value added product that will directly serve the people.
Significance of the project for the other users:-
 For visitors and foreigners to get the required house easily by using the address locator.
 To easily and efficiently deliver a service for the target parcel.
1.7 Location and description of the Study Area

Location
The study area of the project is in Adama city, part of 04 kebele. The relative location of the study
area is to the west of ASTU, to the East of Medhanialem church, to the north of Adama General
Hospital (including the hospital) and to the south of Oromia radio and television agency. The
absolute location is 946305 N 530910 E, 946331 N 531274 E, 946069 N 530809 E and 945932 N
531126 E.
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Figure 1: Location of the study area
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Description
The study area covers an area of 134808m2. There are 168 parcels and a general hospital that
covered an area of 61846m2. All parcel in the study area primarily were residential, but currently
some are serving for business so the area is covered by mixed use land type. The land holding
manner of the parcels is freehold that is given by the municipality. The average property tax in the
area is 750 birr. There are Infrastructures such as road, electric power, water and telephone. There
is no adequate drainage and sewage lines, hence the community suffer in flood and air pollution
due to improper waste disposal. There is no significant sound pollution since there is no works that
create noise surrounding the area. There are over 806 peoples living in the area. From this 47.89%
is men and 52.11% is female. Most of the residents are civil servants, teachers, private business
mans, housewife and pensions. Hence, the economic status of the peoples is estimated to be
medium income level. There is no significant encumbrance and boundary dispute between the
neighbors. The terrain type of the area is almost flat having a slight slope falling north to south
(from Oromia radio & television agency to the Adama general hospital).
1.8 Limitation of the project

While undertaking this project different problems and obstacles were encountered. Obtaining a
permission from the people to get in to their house and collect information was very difficult since
the peoples have fear of thieves. Getting an appropriate and complete information was difficult
because of a responsible person may not be available or lack of proper storage of document. There
was no permission to use the surveying instrument after working hour and weekends. This
minimize the probability to finish the project earlier and get information from the peoples that
would be available only at this time. The software used is very new for the project team and for
the department staff, so couldn’t get enough help when some problems happened.
Here are some repeated limitation of the project:-
 Lack of resources on the side of written documents and reference materials to revise for
the project
 In collaboration of property owners or users to full and correct information about their
status and personal information.
 Absence of users or owners on their address while we collect socioeconomic data.
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CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
A Land Information System is a tool for legal, administrative and economic decision-making and
an aid for planning and development which consists on the one hand of a database containing
spatially referenced land-related data for a defined area, and on the other hand, of procedures and
techniques for the systematic collection, updating, processing and distribution of the data. The base
of a land information system is a uniform spatial referencing system for the data in the system,
which also facilitates the linking of data within the system with other land related data. (FIG)
“A Cadastre is normally a parcel based and up-to-date land information system containing a record of
interests in the land (e.g. rights, restriction and responsibilities). It usually includes a geometric
description of land parcels linked to other records describing the nature of the interests, and often the
value of the parcel and its improvements” (FIG, 1995).
The cornerstone of modern land administration theory is the land management paradigm in which land
tenure, value, use and development are considered holistically as essential and omnipresent functions
performed by organized societies. Within this paradigm, each country delivers its land policy goals by
using a variety of techniques and tools to manage its land and resources. What is defined as land
administration within these management techniques and tools is specific to each jurisdiction, but the
core ingredients, cadastres or parcel maps and registration systems, remain foundational. These
ingredients are the focus of modern land administration, but they are recognized as only part of a
society’s land management arrangements (Enemark, 2004).
CIS provide a basic land information infrastructure for running an interrelated systems within the areas
of Land Tenure, Land Value, and Land Use. This system incorporate both the identification of land
parcels and the registration of land rights. It support the valuation and taxation of land and property,
as well as the administration of present and possible future uses of land (Enemark, 2004).
A very authoritative definition is given by Cadastre is a methodically arranged public inventory of

data concerning properties within a certain country or district, based on a survey of their boundaries.
Such properties are systematically identified by means of some separate designation. The outlines of
the property and the parcel identifier normally are shown on large scale maps which, together with
registers, may show for each separate property the nature, size, value and legal rights associated with
the parcel. It gives an answer to the question where and how much. (Professor Jo Henssen)
Land registration is a process of official recording of rights in land through deeds or as title on
properties. It means that there is an official record (land register) of rights on land
or of deeds concerning changes in the legal situation of defined units of land. It gives an answer to the
questions who and how. (Professor Jo Henssen)
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Cadastre is a methodically arranged public inventory of data concerning all legal land objects in a
certain country or district, based on a survey of their boundaries. Such land objects are
systematically identified by means of some separate designation. They are defined either by private
or public law. The outlines of the property, the identifier together with descriptive data, may show
for each separate land object the nature, size, value and legal rights or restrictions
associated with the land object. (Cadastre 2014)
The operation of CIS includes the acquisition and assemblage of data, their processing, storage,
maintenance, their retrieval, analysis and dissemination. It records location, physical description,
and value, any improvement on the parcel, rights to the parcel (occupancy, ownership) and right
of way. The usefulness of such a system will depend upon up-to-datedness, accuracy,
completeness, and accessibility, and also upon the extent to which the system is designed for the
benefit of the user rather than for the producer of the information (Dale and Mclaughlin, 1988).
As Chiang Hun-Chin, National Taipei University said, 3D CIS is a solution for land ownership
registration to enable 3D ownership boundary definition and management of land and building.
3D cadaster is a key topic promoted by International Federation of Surveyors (FIG) since 2001 the
core essence of 3D CIS study is to rationalize and accurately define 3D ownership boundaries in
particular. A 3D CIS contains property ownership information and allows building visualization
and navigation. It can be applied to metro police planning, real estate management, public
infrastructure for safety and other derivative applications.
Sungeon Hong, Department of land management, Cheongiu University said, “The CIS controls
cadastral records investigated and surveyed for land-related information after registration by
computer. It has been established and operating as a part of city administrative information system.
It supports various cadastral works such as land alteration, management, ownership changing
management, cadastral work, civil affair management , policy task, etc. “
….in principle, title registration systems have benefits in terms of greater security of
tenure and more reliable information. Furthermore, users do not have to search through
old documents to find information on ownership; they can rely on the information on the
title register. This usually results in lower transaction costs. (FIG)
From the above literature and other source, a 3D CIS is an organized information system that
incorporates the spatial information with non-spatial information. Among the types of CIS, a multi-
purpose CIS contains various cadastral map layers such as block and parcel boundary, road, utility
and soon. Hence the project prepared a 3D CIS integrating an address locator in order to fill the
knowledge gap in CIS especially in 3D CIS. It intended to prepare a 3D CIS which is not friendly
for the city as well the country. It also integrated an address locator which is very new but have an
important role for many services and applications.
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Chapter three: Cadastral information

system
3.1. Introduction to Cadastre

Cadastral surveying is a broader and some more classical term embracing all kinds of land
surveying which is the oldest profession that comprises the determination of the location of
boundaries of land areas. The name “cadastre” is derived from the Roman base term “cadastre”
also spelled “cadaster” referring to an official register of the quantity, value, owner real state, or it
is a system for keeping records on parcels/property with respect to their geographical extent of the
past, current and future rights and land interests in property. It is most simply described as a
methodically arranged public inventory of data concerning properties within a jurisdiction, based
on a survey of their boundaries. From a database perspective, it is a land information system where
information is referenced to unique, well-defined units of land, normally referred to as land parcels.
The outlines of these land parcels are normally shown on large scale maps, are linked to textual
land title registers and provide a spatial reference for other spatial and parcel related data. It usually
includes a geometric description of land parcels linked to other records describing the nature of
the interests, the ownership or control of those interests, the land use and often the value of the
parcel and its improvements. It may be established for fiscal purposes (e.g. valuation and equitable
taxation), legal purposes (conveyancing), to assist in the management of land and land use (e.g.
for planning and other administrative purposes), and enables sustainable development and
environmental protection. Hence, depending on the scope and the purpose of the cadastral project
it is intended to classify cadastre as legal, fiscal and multi-purpose cadastre. Cadastral surveying
is a survey carried out for the purpose of providing information for the drawing of cadastral map.
Closely related to the word cadastre is the term cadastral survey, which is simply defined as a
survey of boundaries of land units. It has to do with determining and defining land ownership and
boundaries on proprietary parcel and ensures that; rights and restrictions about properties are
identified spatially and in attributes by answering the questions “who?”, ”where?”, ”how much?”.
3.2. Definitions of Cadastre

 Cadastre is a parcel based and up-to-date land information system containing a record of
interests in the land (e.g. rights, restriction and responsibilities). It usually includes a geometric
description of land parcels linked to other records describing the nature of the interests, and
often the value of the parcel and its improvements.
 Cadastral Surveying is the kind of surveying that deals with gathering or generating
information about land parcels irrespective of its ownership (Government or private) long with
description of land parcels
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 Cadastral surveying is the definition, identification, demarcation, measuring and mapping of

new or changed legal parcel boundaries. It usually includes the process of re-establishing lost
boundaries and sometimes resolving disputes over boundaries other interests in real property.
 Cadastral surveying is the term generally used to describe the gathering and recording of data
about land parcels, even where the recorders do not form part of an official cadastre.
 Cadastral survey also the art of measuring, identification, defining, locating lines, angles,
elevation, demarcation and mapping of new or changed legal parcel boundaries on the surface
of the earth, with in underground workings and on the beds of water bodies.
3.3. Cadastral Survey in Ethiopia

In Ethiopia the survey work for CIS and its application is either completed or in the process of
completing. This is true especially in major cities like Addis Ababa, Adama, Awassa, Bahirdar,
and Mekelle. Mainly the municipalities are the concerned party of this survey. And they conduct,
organized, retrieve and amend the important information of CIS such as ownership information,
block number, lot number, parcel number, type of land use, type of land boundary and dimension
(area) for every parcel.
CIS will have a great importance for the government of Ethiopia for gathering, compiling,
retrieving and improving information regarding to the land owned by the people. It used:-
 For land management as general,

 To estimate and collect the property and other types of tax depending on the size, location
and land use type of the parcel,
 To regulate illegal construction on the parcel,
 To analyze for further development on the land and
 To easily transact land ownership information in ownership transform and other act on the
land.
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3.4. Purpose of Cadastre

Land surveys are made to establish boundaries of land areas by setting corner markers or
monuments, to ascertain coordinates of these corners, and to obtain boundary and area information
required for record- deed descriptions and for plotting parcels of real property. Cadastral systems
are necessary infrastructure to assist the management of land as a resource, to enable sustainable
development and environmental improvement. Specifically, at the present times the concept of the
cadastral system as a basic infrastructure component to support the different business systems in
the area of land administration like in:-
 Land Tenure Systems –to secure legal rights in land;

 Land Value System – to levy tax on market value of land;
 Land Use Control System – to enable land use planning;
 Land Development System – to enable regulation of land development.
 Increasing the trust worthiness of the land administration system of the local government
or the state at large; so that financial institutions can lend their money at secure basis and
foreign direct investment (FDI) is made possible.
3.5. Sources for Cadastral Data

Sources of cadastral survey can determined depending on the quality, scale, size, financial capacity and availability of
source. There are two ways in which maps may be produced from primary sources:
A. Ground survey: is a method collection of cadastral data by field work using surveying
instrument such as theodolite, GPS, total station and the likes. Mainly the process includes
establishing a control point, gathering spatial and non-spatial cadastral data plotting into
software and preparing the map layout and the information system. However, the main
drawback of their conventional techniques is /are that it requires inter visibility between
control points.
B. Air Survey: is a method of collecting cadastral spatial data from an aerial photograph. The
aerial photo is captured using an airplane that equipped a mounted camera and flying over
the required area. The processes, known as photogrammetry, require some ground
measurements to be taken in order to establish a ground control point for precise scale and
orientation of the aerial photo. This GCPs are established using differential GPS fulfilling
the minimum accuracy requirement. They are used to geo-refer the aerial photos. Every
part an area will be captured having a side and end overlap. The captured photos will be
rectified and mosaic and will be ready to use. The photogrammetry technique is accurate
and significantly cheaper than under taking a survey of entire area by ground survey
methods.
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Ortho-photo Production
• In order to produce an orthogonally rectified image from the original perspective image
captured by the sensor; requires inputs:
i. The unrectified raster image scanned from the dispositive or directly acquired from a
digital sensor.
ii. A digital elevation model with the same area of coverage as the digital ortho-photo,
iii. The photo identifiable image and ground coordinates of ground control points,
iv. Calibration information about the sensor collector device and,
v. A user parameter file.
Accuracy of ortho-photo
As the standard of urban cadastre of Ethiopia, the following accuracy and standards are important
for the ortho-photos and aerial images.
i. GSD shall be 10 cm-20cm

ii. Photo type: Vertical (the tilt should not be greater than 3 degree)
iii. The planimetric accuracy of the ortho-photo should not exceed 20cm
iv. The planimetric accuracy is calculated by sampling 10% of project area and that 5%
of points tested shall be within the stated accuracy
v. A digital orthophoto used for cadastral surveying should be produced from digital
photography of 1:2000 scales
vi. The minimum radiometric resolution of the digital photograph should be at least 8 bit
color photograph
vii. The vertical accuracy for the digital terrain model should be 20cm
viii. The ground sampling should be 20cm
Image standard
 The aerial photograph shall be in TIFF format;
 Rectified images shall be exported in GEOTIFF;
 Camera lens distortion corrections shall be applied if these corrections have not applied at
any previous stage of the compilation of the image;
 All images that are to be ortho-rectified shall be free from all camera lens distortions;
 True orthogonal projected images shall be produced and this shall be done by means of
differential ortho-photo;
 The image should not be compressed
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3.6. Requirements for Cadastral Survey
There are a lot of requirements for cadastral survey those will enable to prepare a complete
accurate CIS.
i. Scale: - it relates the size of features on the map with the ground. Cadastral maps must be
produced at scales of 1:500 - 1:2000 regardless of the methods used to prepare the map. The
scale of data collection can be larger than 1:2000. A much large scale will be necessary for
cadastral maps of towns than for those of rural areas.
C. Identifiers: since the map and the corresponding registers form complementary parts of
the same, system of description and identification, there must be same system of cross
referencing between what is shown on the map what is recorded on the registers.
D. Plainmetery: usually cadastral maps need only be “plan metric” maps that are they need
not show to graphical relief. There may be special reasons why altitude should be recorded
on cadastral maps but ordinarily all that is needed is a plan of what is seen from a point
vertically above the piece of land observed distance recorded on such plans are the
horizontal distances between points and not the surface distance actually measured on the
ground.
E. Reference: Cadastral maps should show a sufficient number of points which can be
accurately identified on the ground to enable other features on the ground to be identified
on the map (or vice versa) by eye or by simple and short measurements.
3.7. Activities Involved in Cadastral Surveying Operations

Activities involved in the practice of land surveying can be classified into two Categories:-
3.7.1 Original surveys

It is first survey made to legally subdivide or define the extent and dimension of a given tract of
land. Original Survey is executed to define the size, shape and relative location of a tract of land.
It is to measure the unknown lengths and directions of boundaries already established and in
evidence. Surveys of this character usually are of rural lands. The general boundaries of these lands
are evidenced by the occupancy and use. During such kind of survey first and foremost it is
necessary to mark or monument the corners. For preparing a detailed description of the property,
the lengths and bearings of the boundaries are determined. Original surveys are also done or
executed to create new parcels of land from a given tract.
3.7.2 Retracement (resurvey)

A retracement is a survey that is made to ascertain the direction and length of lines and to identify
the monuments and other marks of an established prior survey. It is surveys made to recover and
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monument or mark boundary lines that were previously surveyed. A resurvey is a reconstruction
of land boundaries and subdivisions accomplished by rerunning remarking the lines represented
in the field- note record or on the plat of a previous official survey. The field- note record of the
resurvey includes a description of the technical manner in which the resurvey was made, full
reference to recovered evidence of the previous survey or surveys, and a complete description of
the work performed and monument established. The resurvey, like an original survey, is subject to
approval of the directing authority. Resurveys are executed for the purpose of locating the
boundaries of parcels of land already described in existing documents. Such retracement surveys
are essential before transferring the legal ownership of land from one person to another.
Types of resurvey:
1. Dependent resurvey
Dependent resurvey is a retrenchment and reestablishment of the lines of the original survey in
their true original positions according to the best available evidence of the positions of the original
corners.
2. An independent resurvey:
Independent resurvey is an establishment of new section lines, and often-new township lines,
independent of and without reference to the corners of the original survey.
3.8. Types of cadastre

A. Legal cadastre
Legal cadastre is a register identifying the legal owner and precise boundaries of each land parcel.
Establishing a legal cadastre requires both fixing parcel boundaries through surveying and
mapping, and fixing legal rights, which may involve negotiations among involved parties and a
judicial determination of ownership (Adjudication). In other words legal cadastre deals with rights
to use land. In this respect, legal cadastre is helpful in:
 Defining property rights;
 Describing the extent of the property and property rights;
 Supporting land transfer; and
 Providing evidence of ownership
B. Fiscal cadastre
Fiscal cadastre is a record of information necessary for levying property taxes, which includes
location and value of parcel. Frequently, the occupant of the parcel is identified for tax purpose,
and no effort is made to determine the legal owner or. It is record information for the purpose of
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property valuation and land taxation. Here, the basic information needed is location and value of
the parcel. In this regard, there must be some sort of agreed upon valuation method that help to
determine the value of a parcel.
C. Multi-purpose cadastre
This type of cadastre incorporates all the necessary information, at one source, which among other
information related to legal, fiscal cadastre and other additional information about the parcel. In
many respects, multi-purpose cadastre seems to be an important type of land information system
for which it provides multitudes of information related to a given parcel. In this regard, the
development of information technology has made the application of such type of land information
system highly feasible.
3.9. Property Description

For any particular parcel, the chain of title leads back through a series of property description to
the original conveyance. If it does not conflict with the description of the neighboring parcels, the
original description sets the boundaries of all subsequent divisions of land. These in turn bound
later divisions unless parcels are formally combined, as through a subdivision, for example. In
addition to the basic division of the land, there may be legal description for easements, and other
public right-of-ways, land use restrictions, and other public and private land interests associated
with a particular parcel. A good property description unambiguously identifies the location of a
parcel on the ground and describes the boundaries accurately, briefly and completely.
Type of Land Descriptions
A. Metes and bounds: The term “metes” means measure and the term “bounds” means the limits
or boundaries of a tract of land. It is in a clockwise or counter clockwise direction, recites courses,
distances, monuments and neighboring parcels as they are the encountered, and returns to the point
of beginning.
B. Abutters: also known as reference to adjoining lands, is one that calls primarily for adjoining
parcels, although it may have an occasional corner monument call. As such, the abutting/ adjoining
parcels are considered to be monuments.
C. Lot and range: A number of towns and townships originally were laid out in regular design
usually in rectangles, sometimes in squares or parallelograms, and occasionally in triangles. Initial
conveyances, particularly original grants to proprietors, consisted of original lots or parts thereof.
Subsequently, depending on the area and extent of conveyances, these lots have been subdivided
further into regular parts thereof, or into smaller parcels described by metes and bounds.
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D. Plan reference: Some descriptions merely refer to a plan (commonly termed a plat when
referring to a subdivision of land), which by rule of law makes the plan part of the property
description.
E. Block and lot: Many early municipal surveys and lotting, and some modern subdivisions
(particularly larger ones or those with several phases of development) were designed with lots laid
out in block, or sections.
F. Coordinates: The survey or accomplishes surveying commutations and design through the use
of coordinates or with a coordinate system. Mathematically, all points are designated with a
north and an east coordinate value, based on a defined point of origin. The origin may be “local”
or arbitrarily selected for the particular project,
G. Strip descriptions: Used primarily for defining rights of way, this type of description generally
contains a series of directions and distances defining a centerline, along with the width of the strip
or the relevant distances on each side of the centerline.
H. Arpent parcels (river lots): frequently is found along bodies of water in some areas. The
underlying concept of arpent parcels is to provide for frontage on the body of water and to extend
the boundary back from the water line, essentially at right angles, for the distance necessary to
provide the required acreage.
I. Area on one side of a described line: this type of description may only describe a line that will
sever a certain land, or a line that will divide the parent tract in equal parts. Be
J. Description by reference to name of occupant or owner: Land owned or occupied by another

party is sometimes difficult to identify with accuracy. This method is description of land depending
on the owner name of the parcel.
K. Description by reference to name or number of tract: A reference to a tract by name or tract

number, as depicted on a map or plat, to define the boundaries of the tract.
L Description by reference to description in other grant or conveyance: is type of description

that will refer a previous conveyance.
3.10. The parcel

Parcel is defined as is a single cadastral unit, which is the spatial extent of the past, present, and
future rights and interests in real property. Consequently, how a property parcel is defined as a
major factor influencing the basic design of the cadastral layer and the spatial information related
to it. Or a parcel is contiguous area of land described in a single description or as one of a number
of lots on a plat; separately owned, either publicly or privately, and capable of being separately
conveyed and assessed. Currently
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3.11. Corners
The corners are the ends of the boundaries and the boundaries are the lines connecting corners.
Corners are parcel point features. Corners are usually monumented on the ground and are the
physical demarcation of rights and interests in land. Landowners find their land on the ground by
locating the corners
3.12. Cadastre and Boundaries

A boundary is a surface which defines where one landowner’s property ends and the next begins.
Boundaries are the exterior lines that form the parcel. The boundary surface inter-sects the ground
along the legal boundary line; stepping over this line is equivalent to passing through the bead
curtain. In practice, most people mark the limits of their property on the surface of the Earth either
with linear features, such as fences or hedges, or with point features, such as wooden pegs, iron
bars or concrete markers. These physical objects may also be referred to as the boundary, though
they may not follow the same line in space as the legal limit. In most legal systems, a fence is an
item of defense, a guard against intrusion; it is not necessarily a property delimiter.
3.13. Monuments:
Inter changeable. “Monuments” of the public land survey have included the deposit of some
durable memorial, a marked wooden stake or post, a marked stone, an iron post having an inscribed
cap, a marked tablet set in solid rock or in a concrete block, a marked tree, a roc in place marked
with a cross at the exact corner pint, and other special types of markers, some of which are more
substantial; any of these is termed as “monument”.
3.14. Cadastral mapping

The geometric description of individual land parcels forms the building block of a jurisdiction
wide map of parcels known as the cadastral map. For many modern cadastral systems around the
world the individual geometric parcel description, the cadastral map and the legal register of rights
and interests, forms the information database of the cadastral system. Cadastral map refers to a
map on scale large enough to show every field or plot of land and buildings and sufficiently
accurate for exact boundaries and with the ownership of real property is refereed as cadastral map
In concern with current technology, this cadastral map, and hence the geometry of the land parcel,
is increasingly stored and manipulated in digital format. These spatial cadastral databases have
entered a maintenance phase that involves both updates and upgrades. The incorporation of all
changes to the parcel framework, as a result of land development activities such as land
subdivision, is referred to as update.
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3.15. The Unique Parcel Identification Number
A parcel identification system provides a method for referencing land parcels, or data associated
with parcels, using a number or code instead of a complete legal description. The correlation of
digital maps and individual property records requires that each parcel be assigned a uniform
parcel identifier. The parcel identification system should be legally defined and recognized as the
official reference to all documents or data for each parcel. It is desirable for all jurisdictions in a
state or province to use the same primary system of parcel identification.
Kinds of Unique Parcel Identifiers

A. Location Identifiers: A location identifier is one in which the parcel number provides the
location of the parcel. Examples include map-based identifier systems, geographic coordinate
identifier systems, or identifiers related dividing the cadastral map area in to rectangular grid
so as to indicate the location in the map area. There are three types of location identifiers:
 Map-based Systems
 Geographic Coordinate Systems
 Rectangular Survey System
B. Name-related Identifiers: A name-related identifier uses the names of individuals claiming
an interest to a parcel as the parcel identifier. Use of such identifiers is discouraged because
they do not meet the criteria of permanence and reference to geographic location.
C. Alphanumeric Identifiers: An alphanumeric code is often an arbitrary number associated
with the parcel. An example is the sequential numbering system in a tract index.
Characteristics of Parcel Identifiers

A. Uniqueness: Uniqueness refers to a one-to-one relationship between a parcel and its
identifier. An identifier should be assigned to one and only one parcel and represents the most
desirable characteristics of the parcel to which it is assigned.it is the most desirable
characteristics of parcel identifier.
B. Permanence: Parcel identifiers should be permanent and change only if the boundaries of the
parcel are changed. Whenever a new parcel is created, it should be assigned a new parcel
identifier. It is recommended that changing parcel boundaries be handled through the use of
retiring number systems, although suffix systems may be employed.
C. Simplicity: Parcel identifiers should be easy to understand and use and must have as few
digits as possible. A parcel identifier that is uncomplicated and easily understood will help to
reduce errors in its use.
D. Flexibility: The parcel identification system should be reasonably flexible. It should be
capable of serving a variety of uses and be convenient for both field and office operations. In
the office, access to property records and files should be facilitated through the use of parcel
identifiers. To accomplish this, parcel identifiers should be accessible in a logical, sequential
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order. For field use, parcel identifiers may need to be arranged in geographical order to
facilitate systematic valuation procedures
E. Ease of Maintenance: The parcel identification system should be easy to maintain and should
efficiently accommodate changes, such as subdivision or consolidation of parcels.
F. Reference to Geographic Location: A parcel identification system that is based on
geographic location makes it possible to describe and locate a parcel using only the parcel
identifier. Such a system simplifies the handling of property records.
3.16. Elements of cadastral mapping system

A cadastral mapping system for land management purposes includes the maps accompanying
records, and resources to support mapping. It should contain the following elements:
 Geodetic Control Network

 Base Map Layers
 Cadastral Map Layers
 Additional Map Layers
 Unique Parcel Identifiers
 Ownership Information
 Imagery
 Map Products
3.17. Cadastre and Land Registration

Land registration generally, describes systems by which matters concerning ownership, possession
or other rights in land can be recorded (usually with a government agency or department) to
provide evidence of title, facilitate transactions and to prevent unlawful disposal. It gives an answer
to the question “who” and “how”.
Types of land registration

 Private conveyancing
 Deeds registration system
 Registration of title to land
3.18. Cadastre and Land Administration

Land administration is the processes of determining, recording and disseminating information
about the tenure, value and use of land when implementing land management policies. It is
considered to include land registration, cadastral surveying and mapping, fiscal, legal and
multipurpose cadastres and land information systems. Therefore; land administration system in
this context is considered to be the processes of recording and disseminating information about
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ownership, value, and use of land, whereby the process dealing with spatial information on land
is linking and supporting the other processes. Good Land Administration Systems accompanied
by the core cadastral component provide the following benefits:-
 Guarantee of owner ship and security of tenure

 Support for land and property taxation.
 Provide security for credit
 Develop and monitor land markets
 Protect state lands
 Reduce land
 Facilitate rural land reform
 Improve urban planning and infrastructure development
 Support environmental management
 Produce statistical data
3.19. Three dimensional cadastre

3.19.1 What is 3D?
3D means a spatial object or domain extending through 3D space defined by axes x, y, z (Raper
and Kelk, 1991). According to the dictionary 3-dimensional means: having, or appearing to have,
three dimensions (length, width and depth). In the geo-scientific sense fully 3D means, that every
point in space can be approached by means of an x, y and z coordinate. When the z value is stored
as an attribute of a 2 dimensional point, line or polygon it is called to be 2.5D or 2D+1D. With
this, only a single z value can be stored for each x, y location and thus the surface cannot be over
folded (Raper and Kelk, 1991).
The demand for 3D (three dimensional) cadastre growing within various fields, namely, urban
planning and design, architecture, environmental visualization and many others. The efficient
generation of the 3D cadastre is improving the practice of urban environmental planning and
design. Together with the development of new technologies there appears the need for applying
3D cadastre instead of 2D. It gives us the opportunity for a better and more comprehensive data
evaluation.
The current 2D cadastral system has been operated aiming at the support of efficient land
management and protection of ownership based on surveys with registrations in a land information
system from where services are provided. Recently, due to rapid urbanization, industrialization
and population growth, the structures of cities are changing rapidly; multi-purpose three
dimensional facilities above and below surface have been increased. Despite the three dimensional
space registration such as building and basement facilities is necessary, it is impossible to represent
those rights in the 2D Cadastre. Hence, 3D cadastre is become the primary solution to consist such
information. As 2D cadastre it gathers, organizes, retrieves and updates information regarding to
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the ground, upper and underground buildings. This will enable the finance agency of a
municipality to levy and collect relevant tax, the urban planner to plan the city by looking the 3D
view of the city, the land administrator and policy makers to get an input to make decision.
Development of 3D cadastre requires appropriate data. It requires the data such as, data on
buildings with facades and roofs, roads, parks, traffic signs, trees etc. of the existing features.
Existing 3D features are; buildings. Infrastructures, electric and tele cables, pipe and sewage buried
underground, etc. the meaning of the expression 3D in the sense of developing a 3D registration
system for the cadastre depends on the actual requirements of the cadastre (now and in the future)
and should be subject of research.
3.19.2 Needs for a 3D cadastre

The importance 3D cadastre has been increasing with the increases of buildings that are multi-
store and multipurpose. It is necessary for scientists in cases when noise, heat, flood or fire
spreading in cities is to be simulated. Telecommunication companies require 3D data in order to
be able to calculate wave propagation in urban environment. It is clear which persons have a right
on a parcel. However the way these rights are located on top of each other is not registered: spatial
information on rights in the vertical dimension is unavailable.
Complex 3D situations should be identifiable and their registration should be accessible. At the
moment the accessibility of the registration in 3D situations is poor. There exists a need for a better
insight in 3D-situations. The better the accessibility of the registration in complex 3D situations,
the better legal security of the real estate is warranted.
3.19.3 Importance of 3D cadastre

A. Land administration and Planning: Planning and detailed design review problems
of site location, community planning and public participation. They all require 3D
visualization, because it is the best way how to supply the information on the analyzed
object in the best appropriate way. The focus is upon aesthetic considerations of landscapes
as well as daylight and line-of-sight. Visual representation of environmental impact is also
widely supported by 3D models [5]. This concerns various kinds of hazards to be visualized
and planned for, and the ways of visualizing the impact of future disasters as well as local
pollutants at a fine scale.
B. Infrastructures and Facility Services: Urban infrastructure such as water, sewerage, and
electricity provision as well as road and rail network – all require detailed 2D and 3D data
for their improvement and maintenance. The analysis of sight-lines for mobile and fixed
communications is also crucial in the environments dominated by high buildings in order
to secure a clear reception of signals. Finally, analysis and visualization of access routes to
various locations by police, fire, ambulance and other emergency services are significant
for maintaining a safe environment.
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C. Commercial Sector and Marketing: 3D models are effective for visualizing the
locations of cognate uses, spatial distribution of the clients and market demands for
specific economic activities as well as the availability of space for development. They
also enable the computation of detailed data concerning floor-space and land availability
as well as land values and costs of development.
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Chapter four: Address locator
What is address locator?
Addresses are one of the fundamental means by which people conceptualize location in the modern
world. Many activities are mainly depends on address. So an easy way of accessing the address of
a house should be developed. One of the most important features in an urban geographic
information system is the ability to locate addresses, in any form employed by the population, in
a quick and efficient way. From an organized set of geo-referenced address data, local
governments, infrastructure companies, and the various agents that need to work in urban spaces
can reliably and precisely locate points of their interest, in fields of applications diverse as public
health services, crime fighting, product distribution, postal delivery and many others. This activity
is known as geocoding, which can be defined as the process of locating points on the surface
of the Earth from alphanumeric addressing data associated to events. Address locator is a dataset
in ArcGIS that stores the address attributes, associated indexes, and rules that define the process
for translating non-spatial descriptions of places, such as street addresses, into spatial data that can
be displayed as features on a map.
Importance of address locator
An address locator is a new concept for Ethiopia. It identifies the location of each parcel in the
study area considering the distance it has from a specified location. Anyone who has never seen
the house before can easily access it by turning into the junction and determining the distance it
has from that junction. This system is mainly used for emergency service like ambulance, fire
extinguisher brigade and police by providing the exact location of houses, hence, accessing the
address of any house will be so easy and respectively loss of life and damage of property will be
minimized. It also support other services that need an address locator, a Posta messenger can easily
and quickly deliver a message, used as input for water service office for water resource
management/control and to mend a damaged pipe line, for electric power service in billing and for
calling technical support and so on.
Input data
 Road center line/ line feature
 Entrance/ line feature
 Junction (origin)/ point feature
 House location/ point feature
 Parcel/ polygon feature
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Chapter five: Methodology
For preparing a sound 3D CIS that incorporates address locator, the project proceeds different
methodologies and procedures, develop and gather necessary data. In a simple form all the
methods that are method of data collection, analyzing and procedures are demonstrated below
5.1 Field work

5.1.1 Reconnaissance survey
The first step of field work is Reconnaissance survey. It is the rough and rapid survey conducted
to investigate the area to be surveyed and it is a key to select which method is preferable for
gathering information regarding to the project title with in the given duration. It is also the
preliminary investigation of identifying materials needed for the project, analyzing the
characteristics of the area to be surveyed and scope of the area .Finally, predetermine the limitation
and provide appropriate solution.
During reconnaissance, the following activities are performed:
 Preparation of Mental map for visualization of the study area.

 Identifying the existing infrastructures/ utilities that will be taken as a cadastral map
layers
 Preparing the rough sketch of the study area.
The following map layers are included in the rough sketch of the study area
 Subdivisions or plat boundaries

 block and lot boundaries
 Parcel boundaries
 Infrastructures such as roads, and electric poles.
5.1.1 Non-spatial data Collection

Non spatial data are information that describes the study area in different circumstances. Those
data includes information about demographic characteristics of the community, infrastructural
services built in the area, and division, sub division, and blocking mechanism and code of the
blocks found in the study area.
As information taken from Adama municipals, and Keble 04 administrative office of Adama city,
the project area is located under sub division (zone) 12. Each blocks are coded in numeric data.
For instance the general hospital has the block cod of 052. The same coding system is used for
other blocks found in the study area.
26
5.1.2 Collection of socio economic data

Socio-economic data is any attribute regarding to the parcel of land. It use for describing the parcel.
The socio-economic data collection form of the project contains the following information:-
 Location of the parcel

 Information about the owner
 Land use type
 Land acquisition type
 Tax record
 Encumbrance and boundary conflict (if any)
 Available infrastructure and
 Any information about buildings in the parcel
The data is filled by interview, referring document and observation. After collecting the data in the
field, it is written in to MS Excel and prepared for joining with the spatial data.
5.1.3 Measurement
In this section horizontal and vertical measurement of the houses is carried out. Measurement of
horizontal dimension is only done for rental house partition and dimension and location of door
and window by using steel tape. The horizontal distance that is measured for the length of the
buildings partition from external to differentiate one room from another room which have common
roof but different attribute. This measurements is used to draw a 3D model on City Engine made
a partition of the specified building length.
The height is also measured for the entire face of the building by using staff rod. Height of the
building is accurate when the measurement was taken by total station. But, the land owner is not
volunteer to obtain the data by total station.
5.1.4 Capturing texture photo

The scope of the project is not only to construct the 3D model of the buildings, it also to insert the
real texture of every elevation. Hence, photo of every elevation of buildings, floor finish, door,
window and gate are captured. At the time acquisition the main problem faced was main house are
very close to the service house as a result ,capturing face of each building was challenging
.Therefore in order to remove the casted shadow on the building, separately the wall, fixture
material and floor finish of the parcel are captured.
27
5.2 Office work

5.2.1 Obtaining supplemental Information
Supplemental parcel information are recorded on overlays or a computerized database. This allows
to access as much or as little data as required without changing the original maps. It also facilitates
the use of the map data by other users. Commonly collected supplemental information includes
the following:
1. Relevant base map: the existing aerial photo that contains data such as buildings, edge of
pavement, street, and fence lines is used as a base map by cropping up to the required size and
then print.
2. Google earth: A recent image from Google earth is used for more analysis of the study area
and to visualize features that are not included or obscured by cloud, tree and so on in the aerial
photo.
5.2.2 Digitizing map layers
Map layers such as parcels, buildings, streets, water meters and pipelines which are important to
prepare a CIS are extracted from the aerial photographs by digitizing every layer using ArcGIS. A
multipurpose CIS should have a variety of layers. The project included the following map layers,
Polygon map layers such as, block boundaries, parcel boundaries, appraisal neighborhoods, and
subdivision boundaries. Linear map layers may include features such as street centerlines and
utility lines. Point map layers may include locations of fire and police stations, bus station, water
meter station and electric pol. Rental house in the parcel is represented separately therefore the
measured length of rental house in the field survey partitioned and extracted according to their
width in the existing building footprint.
Topology: while digitizing the cadastral map layers different problems may be created. So
topology correction is executed for overshoot, undershoot and dangling errors.
28
Figure 2: Digitized Feature of the Study Area
29
5.2.3 Generation of 3d model from extracted feature
After the extraction of the 2d footprint, the measured face of each elevation used as input to extrude
the model. The first step to construct 3D objects begins with importing the 2D cadastral map from
ArcGIS to the City Engine with in the same projection system of the 2D plan. In order to get the
correct representation of 3D cadastral units with the help of City Engine software, the 2D cadastral
map must deliver precise geometric shapes and consistent topology. The starting point of 3D
extrusion is that the 2D plan must be composed of polygons without any dangling line segments.
If parcels and buildings have gaps and intersection the model will have hole in one of the interfaces.
City Engine provides convenient Tools to pull and push a polygon to build the model if it is done
manually. In our approach each every house built manually using the push pull tool, although
several software or packages are applicable to the architectural and urban visualization fields, there
are still too few that can perform the correct 3D modelling using manual extrusion and coding.
The final step in this work consists in supporting just-in-time editing and automatic on-line
topological reconstruction of the 3D cadastral objects, as well as automatic body construction with
given faces, not using the operation of pushing/pulling to prepare 3d model for texturing.
30
Figure 3: 3D Model Generated From the Footprint
Figure 4: Building Footprint
31
5.2.4 Texture preparation
Another important aspect considered in building 3D cadastral information system is adding true
texture to the model, the parcel, streets and 3D fences. In order to provide better perspective and
clear view of the required scenario. In doing so, due to several difficulties faced during field data
collection which are difficult of taking photograph of some buildings which have secrecy, dense
and tall building in narrow road, with perspective distortion in façade image, the image quality is
enhanced and any distortion is removed before mapping the image on to the 3D. Each image is
manually rectified to be a façade image for the 3d model. Applied image rectification function
could be listed as cropping, contrasting, rotating and perspective adjustment. The created 3D
model by using 2D footprints should be ready to facades image mapping. Separate objects are
created for four façade of each building to map each façade’s original image on it. When the
textured 3D model is completed it is exported as a Multi patch back to Arc Scene for later analysis.
Tilt correction
Before After
Figure 5: Tilt Correction
32
5.2.5 Logical and physical database creation

In 2D cadastral map, the database system is designed in arc map feature dataset to retrieve the
parcel information in 2D.but, in the 3D CIS the databases designed in ArcScene to retrieve the
building information in 3d .The major activities executed in this stage are to:
 Designing the geo-database using the socioeconomic data for parcel, building and water
meter.
 Create topology rule for the parcels, buildings. Roads and other features
 Link the spatial and non-spatial data.
5.2.6 Establishing an address locator

The address locator is established as per to locate the address of houses along the shortest path
from the origin to the destination. In order to Shaw the feasibility of the project, 4-police station
and one hospital (Adama Hospital) is selected. There are 3 sub-police station (ketena) and one
wereda police station. This is because it brings an option to address the emergency service for the
required parcel from the closest station.
Input data
 Center line of the road

 Entrance
 House location
 Location of the origins (service provider)
33
Figure 6: 2D Cadastral Map of the Study Area
34
5.2.7 Joining the spatial with attribute data

After digitizing the map layers from the aerial image and applying a topology correction, the
attribute of a parcel to its corresponding polygon will be joined in ArcScene.
5.2.8 Providing Unique parcel identifier

Each parcel/polygon is keyed to a unique identification number or code that links the cadastral
layer with files containing data such as ownership, value, use, and zoning. The parcel identifier
provides a common index for all property records and may help track changes in legal descriptions
in a rigorous and more manageable way. A unique parcel identifier is used considering the
following criteria:
 Uniqueness
 Permanent
 Simple and Easy to Use
 Easy to Maintenance
 Flexible
 Refers to Administration Regions (that is Oromia) Hence the parcel identifier for the
The UPID should contain:
 Region code 2 digits= text;

 City/Town code 3 digits = number;
 Sub-City code 2 digits=number (if it is not applicable 00);
 Block number code 3 digits = number;
 Parcel number code 4 digits = number.
Example;
OR001040920001
Legend
OR--------Oromia
001--------Adama
04----------Kebele
001--------Block number
0001-------Parcel number
35
5.2.9 Generation of Maps and reports

 Make map for each information by using layout and presenting the results.
 The map contains the block border, parcel border, road, culverts, drainage, electric pole,
street lights, telecom pole and manhole.
 Exporting maps for report and presentation
 The final map includes basic cartographic elements such as, title, legend, scale, date, north
arrow and grid.
36
Figure 7: 2D cadastral Map of Part of Kebele 04
37
5.2.10 Instruments and software used by the project

Various instruments are used for completing the project, these are listed below
 Tape
 Staff rod
 CityEngine
 ArcScene
 Microsoft excel: to save the downloaded coordinates.
 AutoCAD: to plot the coordinates and design the features
 ArcMap: to digitizing, creating personal geo-database, topological correction and to do
other analysis.
 Microsoft word: to compile report and documentation.
38
Chapter six: analysis of the out put
6.1 Introduction
After the necessary data is collected in the field work like collecting socio economic data, taking
readings of corners of buildings that are not included and obscured by features, measuring building
elevation, measuring partitions of rental houses, capturing building and fence texture photo and
socio-economic data collection, office works are undertaken, these are digitizing the parcels,
buildings, fences, roads and other features from the aerial photo then the digitized features are
imported into CityEngine software and finally exported to ArcScene. Finally, an address locator
is established the CIS if finalized.
From the collected data and the final output, the analysis are drawn on the type of land acquisition
mode, land use type, number of family, number of male, number of female paid tax, type of
structure and housing facility. Each of the output contains the essential map information such as
legend, north arrow, scale bar and title.
6.2 3D CIS of the study area

The 3D cadastral map of the study area shows there are 168 parcels. For all of the parcels, there
are infrastructures like road, water, telecommunication and electric power. Most buildings are
constructed by hollow concrete pipe.
39
Figure 8: 3D Model of the Study Area
40
6.3 Housing Facility

All parcels in the study area have electricity and water facilities. But due to mobile technology
replaced the wired telephone, there are only 39 parcels have a wired telephone. There is asphalt
road beside the outer boundary (west and south) of the study area, 880m long coble stone road
and gravel road within the block.
Housing Facilities
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Road Electric Water Telephone
Figure 9: Housing Facility of the Study Area
41
6.4 Types of Structure in Each Parcel

This map shows the type of structure in each parcel of the area. As it shown in the legend it
includes parcels which have only main building, main building and service, only service and
unknown. Their amounts are as follow:
Only main building: 1
Main building and service: 83
Only service: 77
Unknown: 6
Houses Structures in the parcels
83
77
Main bldg & Service Only main building only Service Unknown
Figure 10: Types of House Structure in the Study Area
42
6.5 Types of Land Parcel Acquisition Mode

This map gives detail information about the acquisition mode of the study area. Based on the
information, out of 168 parcels, 30-owners get their parcel through association, 132-owners get
their parcel in private and there is no information for the rest 6-parcels.
Figure 11: Types of Land Acquisition Mode of the Study Area
43
6.6 Land use type

This figure shows the land use status of the parcels which are used for mixed use (business and
residential), for residential and unknown. Out of 168 parcels, 145-parcels are used for only
residential purpose, 6-parcels are used only for business purpose, 11-Land parcels are used for
mixed use (business and residential purpose) and there is no information regarding to 6-parcels.
Since the block in the western part of the study area is located in front of the main asphalt road,
most parcels of the block are mixed use.
Figure 12: Land Use Type of the Study Area
44
6.7 Land Parcel Acquisition Time

Most part of the parcel are given by the municipality in the same time. Before1990 2-parcels, from
1990-1995 25-parcels, from 1995-1999 27-parcels, after 2000 17-parcels and 96-Unknown parcels
2
Land acquisition time
25
27
96
17
Before 1990 b/n 1990-1995 b/n 1996-2000
Figure 13: Land Parcel Acquisition Time
6.8 Occupation
Based on our data people living in this area have different occupations to give clear identification
and for simplicity we divide these occupations as follows given in the legend .out of 168 parcels:-
Occupation of the land owners

24
64
35
44
Private business Gov't employee

No work Unknown
Figure 14: Occupation of the Land Owners
45
6.9 Population
There are 806 peoples in the area. Among this 386 are men and 420 are female.
Gender
386
420
Male Female
Figure 15: Population
6.10 Tax record

Except the unknown 6 parcels, all the rest parcel have aid tax until 2007 EC. There are commercials
in the study area and most businesses have a TIN number and paid the relevant tax.
46
Chapter seven: conclusion
Cadastral surveying, definition is identification of corners, demarcation, measuring of new or

obliterated corners or legal parcel boundaries. Cadastre can also include the process of re-
establishing boundaries and it resolves disputes occurring from the adjacent property owners.
Hence the project prepared a 3D cadastral information system that integrate address locator by
proceeding various works. Important information regarding to the parcel is first gathered from the
municipality and kebele 04. After getting the information, reconnaissance survey in continued.
Here a mental map is obtained and free hand sketch is drawn. A data base which used to incorporate
data is prepared. Digitization of cadastral map layer is continued from the aerial image. Beside the
digitization process socio-economic data, texture, elevation and dimension of buildings are
collected in the field. After getting the digitization elevation and dimension of the buildings, 3D
modeling is executed using CityEngine software. Textural mapping is the next stage, here
adjustment like tilt and contrast correction is done. After exporting the 3D model into ArcScene,
the socio-economic data is joined and address locator is established. A 3D CIS that integrate
address locator and the final 2D cadastral map is prepared. Finally report and documentation being
the end of the project.
47
Chapter eight: Recommendation
3D CIS and address locator is a new concept for Ethiopia. Hence this project is done from the
scratch. The project will be used as an essential reference for further project. The project may have
some gap because of lack time, finance and knowledge. Hence, the following improvement are
recommended to enhance the 3D CIS of the area and the address locator as well. These are:-
 This project is prepared only for local use only. So, in order to deliver for the public use,
this 3D CIS and the address locator should be upgraded into online map
 The output of the project is software oriented. This means the CIS and Address locator is
only applicable for those who have the software and knowledge of ArcMap, ArcScene and
CityEngine. Therefore, to increase the application of the project, it must be software
independent and interoperable.
 The query system of this project will take several time and processes. Hence, simplified
query option shall be prepared.
 The scope of the project is limited to design only the external information of the buildings,
hence, information regarding to the interior partitions of the building cannot be addressed.
Therefore, the upcoming project shall incorporate the interior structure of the building by
integrating the architectural concept.
 In modern countries, navigation and accessing an address of houses is much simplified
using vehicle tracking system. This project contributes some role in getting the shortest
distance of houses. But comparing to the progress of the technology, the address locator
concept should be upgraded into vehicle tracking so that GPS mounted vehicles can use to
easily address the required house.
48
References
Christian Frueh, R. S. (n.d.). Automated Texture Mapping of 3D City Models With Oblique Aerial
Imagery. California, Berkeley: Department of Computer Science and Electrical
Engineering University of California,.
Dong-hoon JEONG, T.-j. K.-h.-s.-k. (18 November 2011, ). A Review of 3D Cadastre Pilot Project
and the Policy of 3D NSDI in the Republic of Korea. Delft, the Netherlands: 2nd
International Workshop on 3D Cadastres.
Hun-Chin, C. (2005). 3D Cadastre Data Modelling based on 2D Registration map , . National

Taipei University.
Jantien E. Stoter*, H. D. (2003). Property in 3D—registration of multiple use of space: current

practice in Holland and the need for a 3D cadastre. Netherlands: Department of Geodesy,
Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology.
Rytė Žiūrienė1, R. M. (10 04 2006). DEVELOPMENT OF 3D CITY MODEL APPLYING

CADASTRAL INFORMATION. Dept of Graphical Systems, Vilnius Gediminas Technical
University, Saulėtekio.
Stoter, J. (16-18 November 2011,). NEEDS, POSSIBILITIES AND CONSTRAINTS TO DEVELOP

A 3D CADASTRAL. Delft, the Netherlands: Delft University of Technology, Department
of Geodesy.
Zero Draft Standard on Urban. (2005). addis Ababa.
49
Appendix
Socio-economic data collection form for parcel
Adama science and Technology University

Department of Geomatics engineering
1. Land/property registration form (door-door socio-economic data collection form)

2. 1. Owner type:  government  public  institution  private  unknown/information not available
3. 2. Location: Country Region Zone City  Kebele Street name Subdivision
name Block name/number Lot numberParcel ID House number Parcel area
surveyed
4. 3. Owner name: Living address Profession Company name_______ work place
Tel.no. P.o. box  Email
5. Personal ID no/passport no Family size_____ Male _____ Female____
6. 3.1 Owner representative (if any): Living address civil status/profession 
Company name/work place el.no. P.o. box  Email  Personal ID no/passport no.

7. 4. Tenant name (if any): Living addresscivil status/profession__ Company
name/work place Tel.no. P.o.box Email  Personal ID
no/passport no. .
8. 5. Land acquisition type:  Free hold  Lease hold (long term)  illegal/not registration end of
contract (if lease). Date of acquisition_______________________
9. 6. Land use type: land value/m2land grade (1st level 2nd level. Etc)
10. 7. Tax record: Amount of annual tax_____________  paid Since _____________
____  not paid  information not available if not paid,
11. 9. Encumbrance (charge or claim on the property; like: mortgage, or if any)
12. 10. Boundary conflict:  Yes  No If yes with which parcel and why?
13. 11. Infrastructure:  Access road  Water supply  Telephone  Electricity/power supply
14. 12. Water: meter No. _____________ Year of installation_________________
15. 13. Electricity: board No. _________Year of installation________________
16. 14. Wired telephone: No.___ _____ Year of installation_______________
17. 15. Explanations of other records on the land or property (if any)
Certification of the surveyor or the assessor
Name _____________________ Signature________________ Date
50
Socio-economic data collection form for building
Building information collection form
Building Address: Block No.______ Parcel ID_______ Area (M2) _______

User: Name___________ Phone No.__________ email ______________
Holding manner:  Rent  owner. Purpose:  Residential  Family size_____ Commercial;

Type of business________________________ Title of business______________ Tax: TIN
No.______________  Paid  Unpaid


No.______________  Paid  Unpaid


No.______________  Paid  Unpaid

No.______________  Paid  Unpaid
51
Photo code form
Parcel Building Elevation code User photo R

No. code front Right Left Rear code e
m
a
r
k
52
Free hand sketch
Ortho photo
Filled socio-economic data collection form
53

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ADAMA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY

GENERATION OF 3D MULTIPURPOSE CADASTRAL INFORMATION

Submitted to the department of Geomatics Engineering for the partial fulfillment of

May 25, 2015

Name Signature Date

Mr. Mohamed Athick

Examining board member Signature

Chairman, Department Academic committee Date: _______________

Internal Examiner Date: _______________

External Examiner Date: _______________

Department of Geomatics Engineering

Adama University, Adama

Department of Geomatics Engineering should be acknowledged for facilitating instrument,

Key word: 3D cadastral information system, address locator

Figure 1: Location of the study area ............................................................................................... 7

CIS Cadastral Information System

EMA Ethiopian Mapping Agency

GCP Ground Control Point

GIS Geographical Information System

GPS Global Positioning System

INSA Information Network and Security Agency (of Ethiopia)

UPID Unique Parcel Identifier

Chapter one: Introduction

1.1 Background of the project

1.3 Scope of the project

1.4 Statement of the project

The project prepared a multi-purpose 3D CIS integrating an address locator by gathering,

 What is the owner type (governmental, public, institution, private)?

1.5 Delimitation of the project

1.6 Significance of the project

Significance of the project for the municipality:-

Significance of the project for the society:-

Significance of the project for the other users:-

1.7 Location and description of the Study Area

Figure 1: Location of the study area

1.8 Limitation of the project

Here are some repeated limitation of the project:-

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW

A very authoritative definition is given by Cadastre is a methodically arranged public inventory of

Chapter three: Cadastral information

3.1. Introduction to Cadastre

3.2. Definitions of Cadastre

 Cadastral surveying is the definition, identification, demarcation, measuring and mapping of

3.3. Cadastral Survey in Ethiopia

 For land management as general,

3.4. Purpose of Cadastre

 Land Tenure Systems –to secure legal rights in land;

3.5. Sources for Cadastral Data

i. GSD shall be 10 cm-20cm

3.6. Requirements for Cadastral Survey

3.7. Activities Involved in Cadastral Surveying Operations

3.7.1 Original surveys

3.7.2 Retracement (resurvey)

3.8. Types of cadastre

 Defining property rights;

 Describing the extent of the property and property rights;

 Supporting land transfer; and

 Providing evidence of ownership

3.9. Property Description

Type of Land Descriptions

J. Description by reference to name of occupant or owner: Land owned or occupied by another

K. Description by reference to name or number of tract: A reference to a tract by name or tract

L Description by reference to description in other grant or conveyance: is type of description