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    Limear Algera, Calculus, Probability

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    Limear Algera, Calculus, Probability

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    15 views49 pages

    Mathematics

    Uploaded by

    ArshpreetSingh
    Limear Algera, Calculus, Probability

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 49
    Linear Algebra Linear Algebra ‘the branch of mathematics that deals with the theory of systems of linear equation, matrices, vector spaces, and tear transformations. Lona ‘a Matrix ran numbers (real or imaginary) arranged in the ‘ectangular array of m rows and 1 columns is (to be read as ‘m by n’ matrix) sto mols rectangle ale an mx m matrix Ns camatix is usually written as ay MQ A13--+ a qq oop + Fyn bh “wat form the above matrix is represented by A=[di Ip oF A=[ay]. an eats ---€te. are known as the elements of * The clement ay belongs to ith row and jth ‘Scaled the (i jth element of the matrix A=[ay]. Thus, in the element ay, the first subscript i always denotes the number of rows and the second subscript j, denotes the number of columns in which the element occurs. ca. afi oe] cosx —sinx is a matrix having 2 rows and 2 columns and so it is a matrix of order 2 x 2 such that ay, = sin x, az = C05 x, by, =008 x, byy = Sin x Type of Matrices Row Matrix, ‘A matrix having only one row is called a row matrix or a Tow vector. For example, A=[1 2 3 4] is a ro 1x4 yw matrix of order 4 | GATE Tutor : Mechanical Engineering trix tity i jden' pis A7 [ajlen i8 called ay bey Column Matrix i i a square ti matrix having only one column is called a COlUM® —yatrit if 9, viesand 4, @wey vi \ matrix or column vector. t a Square matrix each For example, A=| 2] is column matrix of order 3%!" yn othe words iy aed each of yy pe fe oe called an is € ix of order 1 is dena) by* -1 . elements ity mat” Square Matrix matrix: I 10 Vg ety ‘A matrix in which the number of rows is eau ee ror exaPl® h +f v]em helo 1 | number of columns, sty 715 called a square mattis 0 order 7. 1 rowed es of order 2 and 3, called 4M ONME deniy ma Pets ‘A. square matrix of order is als Sune tmatrix, The elements ay of # saMare TM ‘A=[d, Iysn for which i = j, the elements 1” iy, v1 me i: set derthe diagonal elements and the line ont ae Null atrix they lie is called the principal diagonal oF trix whose al diagonal of the matrix. ax ‘or Z070 ee 0 0), is null matrix of order 29 a ae fare matrix iso square MA por examPl lo 0 -2 3 are 2,-2 and gul Matrix For example, the matrix 3 1 6 -3. 4 qriangular snarix all of whose clEMeN' bg A square meray is called an upper tiga” J] elements are 20 is cy i, of order 3 in which the diagonal elements Diagonal Matrix mes ‘A square matrix A=L4y]ou is called & digg, ital 880008 all of Shee semaphore A sar ats except those ifthe leading disgone! ze sg Ty vos called a lower trianutr 8 ie, a= 0 ViFs : ‘A diagonal matrix of order * 1 having di, dy 88 For example, sy diagonal elements is denoted by diagona) [dj dyson dn o 100 and |2 30 For example, the matrix A=/0 4 0) 6 diagonal rs 0 0 3 - 7 are upper and lower triangular matrices, respe matrix to be denoted by A = diagonal (1-43) ing Scalar Matrix Idempotent Matrix os : ap A square matrix A=[4y Juri called salar mtr if ‘A matrix 4 is said to be idempotent, if A’ = 4 @) a = 0, Vie jand 10 | Gi) aq = C. Vi, where C #0 For example, A = | ,| and B= -134 In other words, a diagonal matrix in which all the Ie 2 diagonal elements are equal is called the scalar matrix. idempotent matrices. For example, the matrix 40 I-31 0 0 Periodic Matrix Az Je ree} A | 4 oe A mati A is said to be periodic matrix, it ea ere K is a positive integer. If K is the leas al it ich a** are scalar matrices of order 2 and 3, respectively, tae = ne A® = 4, then K is said (0 2 I ose K = 1, then 4? = e cal idempotent matrix. eee Matrix ; ae to be involUtory matrix, IFA? = 7 (ang wt 5 -8 0 ae eee | is an involutory matrix, pl ah a ays involutory. ® ot Matrix ote = nilpotent matrix, if A" = 0 (null sf is said or positive integer. If K is the least satiah AF >, sthen Kis salted the matrix. svete potent fof BE i} is nilpotent matrix of index 2 0 »A=lq 0. wi? by omitting some rows and columns atx oni ari ‘Ais called a sub-matrix of A. ae (wif isa submatrix of A as it can be sk itting no rows or columns. yam 4 BY omitting i ‘ ici al Sub-matrix jp-matrix of a square matrix A whose diagonal que also the diagonal elements of matrix A is os a i cipal sub-matrix. lity of Matrices vies A= [jor ad B = Jae 806 equal if meerike number of rows in A,equals the number ofrows in B. n=sie, the number of columns in A equals the tuner of columns in B. fi o,=b) fori= 1, 2, mand j=, 2, ..... If two miices A and B are equal, we write A = B, otherwise we write A # B. tample 1, Find the values of x, y, z and a which satisfy the ‘mtnx equation, EY 2y+x]_[0 7 z-1 4a-6] [3 2a the correspon "equ. Therefore, \ding elements of two equal matrices 9350, W+y=7,2-153 Linear Algebra | 5 Tia ae tnt O=3x=~3,ye 2, rag Algebra of Matrices Tah 4 td 2 G6 eto wes fot Begum 4 * Bisa mats of ower m

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