14.

It is important because the oil industry needs to now how much fluid is present in pore
spaces of a rock.

15.
 So= oil saturation
 Sg = gas saturation
 Sw = water saturation

16. Relative permeability is important for estimating the flow of reservoir fluids.

17. What is petroleum migration?

The transport of petroleum from the source rock to the reservoir rocks is called migration. It
is important to understand this process so that the direction of migration and trapping of
petroleum can be predicted. Many different theories have been proposed in the past but it is
now clear that petroleum is mainly transported as a separated phase and that the process is
mainly driven by the buoyancy of petroleum relative to water. The solubility of oil in water
is very low for most compounds. The solubility of gas, particularly methane, is much higher
both in oil and water and increases with depth (pressure). There is, however, also very limited
flow in sedimentary basins to transport petroleum.

18. Explain vertical migration of petroleum?

It is the process to transport hydrocarbons from source rock to reservoir.

19. Primary migration may be stratigraphically upwards or downwards, depending on the

direction of decreasing energy. Both normally occur in a compacting mudstone that is
intercalated between sandstones or other permeable units. The surface dividing upward and
downward migration within the mudstone is a perfect physical and chemical barrier to
migration.

Secondary migration is lateral within porous and permeable rock units, generally towards the
land of the time. Petroleum accumulates when it arrives in a position in which there is
insufficient energy to move it further.

20. GOC = gas/oil contact, OWC= oil/water contact line

21. Primary migration of oil and gas is movement within the fine-grained portion of the
mature source rock.

22. Secondary migration is any movement in carrier rocks or reservoir rocks outside the
source rock or movement through fractures within the source rock.
23. Physical conditions constraining migration through stratigraphic sections are pressure,
temperature, permeability, capillarity, surface tension, molecular size, and density.

24. A blow-out is an uncontrolled release of fluids from a well.

BOP: A device called a blowout preventor or BOP was created for modern drilling rigs. This
is attached to the surface casing at the base of the rig where it acts as somewhat of a lid on a
pressure cooker. There are land BOPs and offshore BOPs and they are designed to prevent
serious damage to the rig and personel in the event of a blowout. They regulate the amount
and pressure of the fluids that “hold down” the oil or gas being drilled.

Proper monitoring of the BOP: Another way to prevent a blowout is the proper management
of the BOP device. Mud engineers are tasked with monitoring the drilling fluid or mud’s
consistency and weight making sure that it is adequate to prevent blowouts. They take
samples at regular intervals and monitor for any warning signs that a blowout is imminent
such as a sudden decrease in the amount of weight needed to drill into a rock formation.

25.
- Geologic overpressure in stratigraphic layers is caused by the inability of connate
pore fluids to escape as the surrounding mineral matrix compacts under the lithostatic
pressure caused by overlying layers. Fluid escape may be impeded by sealing of the
compacting rock by surrounding impermeable layers (such as evaporites, chalk and
cemented sandstones).
- As an encapsulated rock mass is buried, it tends to compact. Under normal conditions,
as the porosity is reduced, the interstitial fluid is expelled. When the fluid cannot
escape, the pressure within the encapsulated rock mass rises. This higher fluid
pressure takes on some of the overburden load, limiting the amount of compaction.
In such cases, the fluid is overpressured and the rock matrix is undercompacted.

26. The greater the presence of water, the greater the compaction rate.