176

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November (2004) 575-584.
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concrete subjected to high temperature mechanical and physic chemical properties”,
Cement and Concrete Research,(2009) 1230-1238.
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concrete during high temperature exposure” Oct (2010) 1005-1011.
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 180

[51] Min Li, Chun Xiang Qian and Wei sun, “Mechanical properties of high strength
concrete after fire” Cement and Concrete Research, (2004) 1001-1005.
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3(2) (2011) 106-118.
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exposed to fire test” ASCE Dec (2006) 754-758.
[54] Bing Chen and Juanyu Lier exposure to high temperature “Residual strength of
hybrid fiber reinforced high strength concrete after exposure to high temperatures”
Cement and Concrete Research 34(6) (2004) 1065-1069.
[55] M.A.F Arediwala and M A Jammu “Relationship between workability and
compressive strength of self compacting concrete”. International Journal Of Advanced
Engineering and studies Vol 1 Issue 3 April – June, 2012 , 09-11
[56] Aitcin. P. C.,and Lessard, M., “Stasistical analysis of production of 75MPa air
entrained concrete” Proceedings of the symposium on the utilization of high strength
concrete. Lillehamer, Norway (1993) 793-800
[57] B Krishna Rao & Ravindra “ Steel fibre reinforced self compacting concrete
incorporating class F fly ash” International journal of Engineering science and
technology Vol 2(9) 2010,4936-4943.
[58] Kandaswamy and Murugesan “Fibre reinforced self compacting concrete using
domestic waste plastic as fibres” Journal of engineering and applied seciences (2012)
7(6) 405-410
Text Books
1. DrM S Shetty, “Concrete Technology-Theoryand Practice”, S. Chand & Company
Ltd, New Delhi
2. M L Gambhir,”ConcreteTechnology-Theoryand Practice”,McGrawHillEducation,
New Delhi
3. SanthakumarA R, “ConcreteTechnology”, Oxford UniversityPress
Codes of Practices

IS:516-1959-MethodsofTestsforStrength of Concrete

IS:383-1970-Specifications for Coarse and Fine Aggregate from Natural Sources of

concrete

[59]
 181

APPENDIX -1

 MIX DESIGN CALCULATIONS FOR M40 SCC

 Maximum size of coarse aggregate: 12.5mm

 Specific gravity of coarse aggregate: 2.78
 Specific gravity of fine aggregate: 2.46
 Specific gravity of cement: 3.0
 Specific gravity of GGBS: 2.86
 Bulk density of coarse aggregate: 1400 kg/m3
 Bulk density of fine aggregate: 1520 kg/m3
 Volume ratio of fine/coarse aggregate is 58/42
 W/C :0.36; W/F: 0.38
 Sp used is Glenium B233 with a specific gravity of: 1.04
 Air content is 2%:

Step 1: Determine the coarse and fine aggregate contents

Assume PF =1.14

Amount of fine aggregates needed per unit volume of SCC:

Ws = PF x WsL x s/a

Ws =1520 x 1.14 x 54%

Ws = 935.71 kg/m3

Amount of coarse aggregates needed per unit volume of SCC:

Wg = PF x WgL (1-s/a)
Wg =1400 x 1.14 x (1-0.54)

Wg = 734.16 kg/m3

Where: Wg: Content of coarse aggregates in SCC (kg/m3)

Ws: content of fine aggregates in SCC (kg/m3)

WgL: unit volume mass of loosely piled saturated surface-dry coarse aggregates in
air (kg/m3);
 182

WsL: unit volume mass of loosely piled saturated surface-dry fine aggregates in
air (kg/m3);

PF: packing factor, the ratio of mass of aggregates of tightly packed state in SCC to
that of loosely packed state in air;

S/a: volume ratio of fine aggregates to total aggregates, which ranges from 50% to
58%.

Step 2: Determine the cement content

Generally, HPC or SCC used in Taiwan exhibits a compressive strength of 20 psi

(0.14Mpa)/kg cement.

Amount of cement needed per unit volume of SCC:

C = f'c/20

C = 40 x 7

C= 280 kg/m3

Where: C: Cement content (kg/m3);

f'c: design compressive strength (MPa)

Step 3: Determine the mixing water content required by cement

Amount of mixing water needed for cement:

Wwc: (W/C) C

WWC = 0.38 x 280

WWC = 100.8 kg/m3

Step 4: Determine the GGBS contents

VPf =1-(Wg/ (1000-Gg)) - (Ws/ (1000-Gs)) -(C/ (1000-Gc))

- (Wwc/ (1000-GW))-Va
 183

VPf = 1- (734.16/ (1000*2.78)) - (935.71/ (1000*2.46)) - (280/ (1000*3.0))

– (100.8/ (1000*1)) – 0.02

VPf = 0.144m3/m3

VPf = (1+ (W/F)) x (Wf/ (1000 x Gf)

(1*Wf/ (1000*2.86)) + (0.38*Wf/ (1000*1)) = 0.144

Wf = 197.5 kg/m3

Where Ggb, Gc, W/ and W/S can be obtained from tests, and VPf can be obtained from
above equation Hence, Wgb (GGBS content in SCC, Kg/m3)

Where: Gg: specific gravity of coarse aggregates;

Gs: specific gravity of fine aggregates;

Gc: specific gravity of cement;

Gw: specific gravity of water;

Va: air content in SCC (%)

Wgb: GGBS content in SCC(kg/m3)

Step 5: Determine the mixing water content required for GGBS

Water content for GGBS

Wwf = (W/F) Wf

Wwf = 0.38 X 197.5

Wwf = 75.05 kg/m3

STEP 6: Determine the SP dosage

The solid content of sp is 30%; assume the dosage of sp is 1.5%

Dosage of SP:

WSP = 0.015 x (280+205)

WSP = 7.39 kg/m3

 184

Step 7: Adjustment of mixing water content needed in SCC

Amount of water in SP

Water content in SP WwSP = (1- m %) Wsp

WWSP = (1- 0.3) x 7.39

WWSP = 5.173 kg/m3

Amount of mixing water needed in scc

W = WWC+WWG- WWSP

W = 100.8+75.05- 7.39

W= 168.46 kg/m3 = 169 kg/m3 (say)

Mix proportions:

 Cement: 280 kg/m3

 GGBS: 197.5 kg/m3
 Fine aggregate: 935.71 kg/m3
 Coarse aggregate: 734.16kg/m3
 Super plasticizer: 7.39 kg/m3

Water: 169 kg/m3

Cement: GGBS: Fine aggregate: Coarse aggregate

1 : 0.705: 3.34 : 2.62

 185

APPENDIX - 2

Typical acceptance criteria for SCC according to EFNARC (2005)

Requirements in the fresh state

Specific requirements for SCC in the fresh state depend on the type of application, and
especially on:

• confinement conditions related to the concrete element geometry, and the quantity, type and
location of reinforcement, inserts, cover and recesses etc.

• placing equipment (e.g. pump, direct from truck-mixer, skip, tremie)

• placing methods (e.g. number and position of delivery points)

• finishing method

The classifying system shown below allows for an appropriate specification of SCC to cover
these requirements, which are characterised as:

• Flowability Slump-flow SF 3 classes

• Viscosity, (measure of the speed of flow) Viscosity VS or VF 2 classes

• Passing ability, (flow without blocking) Passing ability PA 2 classes

• Segregation resistance Segregation resistance SR 2 classes

Self-compacting concrete requirements in the fresh state that are appropriate for a given
application should be selected from one or more of these four key characteristics and then
specified by class or target value as follows.

The classifications given in EN 206-1: 2000, Clause 4 apply.

Classification used in the specification of SCC

Where the properties of SCC are classified, Tables A.1 to A.5 apply.
 186

NOTE. It is normal to specify only a slump-flow class. In some situations it is also necessary
to specify, as initial tests, an L-box class and/or a segregation resistance class and/or either
the T500 value or a V-funnel class.

Table A.1 ─ Slump-Flow classes Class Slump-

flow in mm

SF1 550 to 650

SF2 660 to 750

SF3 760 to 850

Table A.2 –Viscosity classes Class T500, s V-funnel time

in s

VS1/ VF1 ≤2 ≤8

VS2/ VF2 >2 9 to 25

Table A.3 ─ Passing ability classes (L-box) Class Passing

ability

PA1 ≥ 0,80 with

2 rebars

PA2 ≥ 0,80 with

3 rebars

Class Segregation
resistance in %

SR1 ≤ 20

SR2 ≤ 15
 187

Symbols and abbreviations

For the purpose of this Annex, the symbols and abbreviations given in EN 206-1 and the
following apply.

SCC Self-compacting concrete

SF1 to SF3 Consistence classes expressed by slump-flow

VS1 to VS2 Viscosity classes expressed by T500

VF1 to VF2 Viscosity classes expressed by V-Funnel time

PA1 to PA2 Passing ability classes expressed by passing ability (L-Box test)

SR1 to SR2 Segregation classes expressed by a sieve segregation test.

The following are typical slump-flow classes for a range of applications:

SF1 (550 - 650 mm) is appropriate for:

• Unreinforced or slightly reinforced concrete structures that are cast from the top with free
displacement from the delivery point (e.g. housing slabs)

• casting by a pump injection system (e.g. tunnel linings)

• Sectionsthat are small enough to prevent long horizontal flow (e.g. piles and some deep
foundations).

SF2 (660 - 750 mm) is suitable for many normal applications (e.g. walls, columns)

SF3 (760 – 850 mm) is typically produced with a small maximum size of aggregates (less
than 16 mm) and is used for vertical applications in very congested structures, structures with
complex shapes, or for filling under formwork. SF3 will often give better surface finish than
SF 2 for normal vertical applications but segregation resistance is more difficult to control.

Target values higher than 850 mm may be specified in some special cases but great care
should be taken regarding segregation and the maximum size of aggregate should normally
be lower than 12 mm.
 188

Viscosity

Viscosity can be assessed by the T500 time during the slump-flow test or assessed by the V-
funnel flow time. The time value obtained does not measure the viscosity of SCC but is
related to it by describing the rate of flow. Concrete with a low viscosity will have a very
quick initial flow and then stop. Concrete with a high viscosity may continue to creep
forward over an extended time.

Viscosity (low or high) should be specified only in special cases such as those given below. It
can be useful during mix development and it may be helpful to measure and record the T500
time while doing the slump-flow test as a way of confirming uniformity of the SCC from
batch to batch.

VS1/VF1 has good filling ability even with congested reinforcement. It is capable of self-
levelling and generally has the best surface finish. However, it is more likely to suffer from
bleeding and segregation.

VS2/VF2 has no upper class limit but with increasing flow time it is more likely to exhibit
thixotropic effects, which may be helpful in limiting the formwork pressure (see Clause 10.5)
or improving segregation resistance. Negative effects may be experienced regarding surface
finish (blow holes) and sensitivity to stoppages or delays between successive lifts.

6.4.3 Passing ability

Passing ability describes the capacity of the fresh mix to flow through confined spaces and
narrow openings such as areas of congested reinforcement without segregation, loss of
uniformity or causing blocking. In defining the passing ability, it is necessary to consider the
geometry and density of the reinforcement, the flowability/filling ability and the maximum
aggregate size.

The defining dimension is the smallest gap (confinement gap) through which SCC has to
continuously flow to fill the formwork. This gap is usually but not always related to the
reinforcement spacing. Unless the reinforcement is very congested, the space between
reinforcement and formwork cover is not normally taken into account as SCC can surround
the bars and does not need to continuously flow through these spaces.

Examples of passing ability specifications are given below:

PA 1 structures with a gap of 80 mm to 100 mm, (e.g. housing, vertical structures)

 189

PA 2 structures with a gap of 60 mm to 80 mm, (e.g. civil engineering structures)

For thin slabs where the gap is greater than 80 mm and other structures where the gap is
greater than 100 mm no specified passing ability is required.

For complex structures with a gap less than 60 mm, specific mock-up trials may be necessary
 190

APPENDIX-3

Sample calculation for compressive strength (28 Days)

Compressive load = 1290 kN

Compressive strength =

×
=
×

= 57.33N/mm2

Sample calculations for Split Tensile Strength (28Days)

Tensile load = 239 kN

Split Tensile strength =

× ×
=
× ×

= 3.38N/mm2

Sample Calculations for Flexural strength (28 Days)

Failure load = 8.82 kN

Flexural strength =

. × ×
=
×

= 4.41N/mm2
 191

Sample Calculations for Impact strength (28 Days)

Impact energy = W H N Nm

W = weight of the ball = 8.73 N

H = height of fall = 1.0 m

N = Number of blows required for complete failure = 4

Impact energy = 8.73x 1x4 = 34.92 N m

 192

INDEX

A
Acid attack – 6,7,23,25,90 E
Admixtures – 28,30,99,136 EFNARC guidelines – 41,63,73,80
Alkaline – 26,100,99,81 Elasticity.- 16,111,135
Argentometric titration- 102 Elevated Temperature.-5,6,26,135
Aspect Ratio –17, 38,69,73,171,172,175 Ettringite - 24
B Evaporation-135
Balling of fibres – 118 Expansion-21,113,151,174
Blockage -16,60,61 F
Brittleness – 3 Filling ability – 10,41,42,61,183
Bulk Density -13,15,32,33,176 Fineness modulus- 32
C Flexible- 5
Chloride attack – 6,100,126 Flexural strength test - 70
Chloride content – 100,109 G
Chloride Ions – 25,111 Grading – 32
Cohesive – 66,81
Corrosion – 26,99,111 H
Crack velocity – 14,73,91,93,104,106 High paste volume – 16
Cracking resistance- 3 High range water reducers- 194
D Homogeneity -9
Deformability-16,60 Hydration – 11,26,81,90,112
Densification – 9 Hydrophilic- 5
Deterioration- 20,111 Hydrophobic- 5
Diffusion-26 I
Drop weight test – 73 Impact energy – 74,133,186
Ductility -3,17,73 Impact resistance – 18,20,73,173
Durability- 2,80,81,99,111,133,170,174 Impact strength- 3,73
 193

Impermeable –5,136 Specific heat -136

Split tensile strength test -67
J Stability – 10,16,19
J –Ring test - 59 Stiff - 5,57
L Sulphate attack- 81
L-box test – 61 Super plasticizer - 2,
37,42,57,62,66,171,179
Leaching – 26,80
T
M
T50cm test - 42
Magnesium chloride – 100,173,133
Thermal conductivity- 136
Melting – 28
Thermal diffusivity- 136
Modulus of elasticity- 16,135
Thermal expansion -135,174
N
Thermal strains-135
Non-biodegradable – 4
Toughness- 17,73
Non-segregating – 10
Trial mixes – 14,57
O
Turbidity- 10,11,36
Optimum -11,57,62,78,175
V
P
V-Funnel Test - 44
Passing ability -10,45,57,183
Viscosity- 2,12,16,30,56,171,182
Permeability – 81,90,111,135,175
Viscosity Modifying Admixture- 2
Pore pressure- 5,136
Volume Fraction – 19,20,22,37,41,69,73
Potassium chromate 100
W
Potentiometric titration – 26
Water absorption. – 22,26,32
R
Water powder ratios – 16,17,30,41
Residual Impact Strength -113
S
Segregation resistance-57
Silver nitrate -26,102
Slump flow test - 42
Spalling -135,168,174
Specific Gravity – 30,178
 194

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS

[1]. Vijaya G.S, Dr. V aishali G. Ghorpade, Dr. H. Sudarsana Rao “ Waste Plastic
Fibre Reinforced Self Compacting Concrete” Int. Journal of Engineering
Research and Applications www.ijera.com ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 5,
(Part - 5) May 2016, pp.27-31
[2]. Vijaya G.S, Dr. V aishali G. Ghorpade, Dr. H. Sudarsana Rao “The Behaviour
of Self Compacting Concrete with Waste Plastic Fibers WhenSubjected To Acid
Attack”International Journal of Engineering and Technology (IJET) Vol 8 No 3
Jun-Jul 2016 PP 1521- 1527
[3]. Vijaya G.S, Dr. Vaishali G. Ghorpade, Dr. H. Sudarsana Rao“The Behaviour of
Self Compacting Concrete with Waste Plastic Fibers When Subjected To
Chloride Attack”. International Conference on Processing of Materials, Minerals
and Energy (July 29th – 30th) 2016, Ongole, Andhra Pradesh, India.