WAJA F5 Chemistry 2009 Chapter 1 : Rate of

Reaction

CHAPTER 1 : RATE OF REACTIONS

A Rate of Reaction

Learning Outcomes
You should be able to :
• state what rate of reaction is
• identify observable changes to reactants or products for determining rate of reaction
• determine the average rate of reaction
• determine the rate of reaction at any given time from a graph
• solve numerical problems involving average rate of reaction.
• solve numerical problems involving rate of reaction at any given time.

Activity 1 : What is rate of reaction?

• Rate of reaction is the ……………… at which reactants are converted into .………………….
in a chemical reaction.
• The rate of reaction is a measurement of the change in the quantity of …………………. or
…………………………. against time.

Rate of reaction = Change in quantity of reactant /Product

Time taken

Activity 2 : Fast (F) or Slow (S) reactions?

Write F for the fast reaction and S for the slow reaction.

1. Fading of dyes on a shirt under 6. Striking a match

hot sun
2. A piece of paper turning yellow 7. Rusting of a water pipe

3. Frying an egg 8. Ripening of tomatoes

4. The weathering of limestone by 9. Digesting food

acid rain
5. Burning of petrol in a car engine 10. Cooking a chicken using
microwave oven

Activity 3 : Observable changes for measuring the rate of reaction

The change in amount of reactant / product that can be measured by :

• …………………………….. in the mass of reactant

• …………………………….. in mass of product

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WAJA F5 Chemistry 2009 Chapter 1 : Rate of
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• …………………………….. in volume of gas released

• …………………………….. of precipitate
• Change in pH, temperature or electrical conductivity

For each of the reactions below, write a chemical equation and state the observable
change/changes can be used as selected quantities to measure the rate of reaction :

Example 1 : The reaction between marble chip with hydrochloric acid to produce carbon dioxide
gas and chloride salt.

Chemical Equation : ……………………………………………………………………………….

Changes :

(i) ………...………………………………………………………………………... (reactants)

(ii) …………………………………………………………………………………….(product)

Example 2 : Reaction between sodium thiosulphate solution with sulphuric acid to produce
yellow precipitate of sulphur, water , sulphur dioxide and sodium sulphate solution.
Chemical equation : ………………………………………………………………………………..
Change :
(i) …………………………………………………………………………………… (product)

Example 3 : Decomposition of hydrogen peroxide to produce water and oxygen gas.

Chemical equation : ………………………………………………………………………………..
Change :
(i) …………………………………………………………………………………… (product)

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 WAJA F5 Chemistry 2009 Chapter 1 : Rate of
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Activity 4 : Determine the Rate of Reaction.

Volume of gas (cm3)

Average rate of reaction in the third minute

Volume of gas collected in the first 180 sec = V3

V4
Volume of gas collected in the first 120 sec = V2
V3
V2
Volume of gas collected in the third minute
a
= V3 – V2 = V cm3
V1
b
Time taken for the reaction = 180 – 120 = 60 s

Average rate of reaction in the third minute = V cm3s-1

60 120 240 60
180 Time (s)

Average rate of reaction in the first 180 seconds

= volume of gas collected in the first 180 seconds (cm3)

time taken (s)
= V3 cm3s-1
180

Instantaneous rate of reaction / the rate of

reaction at 180 sec

= gradient of the curve at 180 sec = a cm3s-1

b

The overall average rate of reaction

Time taken for the reaction to be complete = 240 s

Total volume of gas collected at 240 s = V4

Overall average rate of reaction = V4 cm3s-1

240

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 WAJA F5 Chemistry 2009 Chapter 1 : Rate of
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1. In the experiment to determine the rate of reaction between marble chips and hydrochloric
acid, the volume of oxygen gas collected at intervals of 0.5 minutes is recorded in the table
below :

Time (min) 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
Volume of oxygen gas 0 27 46 59 70 79 86 92 95 95 95
3
(cm )
Plot a graph of the volume of gas collected against time.

Volume of gas (cm3)

Graph of volume of oxygen gas liberated against time

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
Time (min)
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WAJA F5 Chemistry 2009 Chapter 1 : Rate of
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2. Based on the graph plotted, determine

(i) the average rate of reaction in the first 3 minutes

(ii) the average rate of reaction in the third minutes

(iii) the overall average rate of reaction

(iv) the instantaneous rate of reaction at 1 minute

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WAJA F5 Chemistry 2009 Chapter 1 : Rate of
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Activity 5

1. The following figure shows the graph of carbon dioxide, CO2 gas produced when an excess
of calcium carbonate, CaCO3 reacts with 40 cm3 of 0.1 moldm-3 hydrochloric acid, HCl.

(a) Calculate the

(i) Average rate of

reaction in the
first 10 sec

(ii) Average rate of

reaction in the
first 30 sec

(iii) Average rate of reaction at 60 sec

(iv) Overall average rate of reaction

(b) Based on the results in (a), how does the rate of reaction change with time.

(c) Explain your answer to part (b) with respect to the concentration of hydrochloric acid.

2. The following table shows the volume of a gas collected from an experiment.

Time (s) 0 30 60 120 150

Volume of gas (cm3) 0 17 29 36 36

Calculate th average rate of reaction for

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WAJA F5 Chemistry 2009 Chapter 1 : Rate of
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(a) the first 60 seconds (b) the overall reaction

3. The decrease in mass of a reaction mixture is recorded in the following table.

Time (min) 0 1 2 3 4 5
Mass of reaction mixture (g) 2.90 1.90 1.25 0.75 0.40 0.10

(a) Draw a graph of mass of reaction mixture against time.

(b) Calculate the rate of reaction at the

(i) start of the reaction (ii) the third minute.

B FACTORS AFFECTING THE RATE OF REACTION

Learning Outcomes
You should be able to :
• design experiments to investigate factors affecting the rate of reaction.

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 WAJA F5 Chemistry 2009 Chapter 1 : Rate of
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• give examples of reactions that are affected by size of reactant, concentration, temperature and
catalyst.
• explain how each factor affects the rate of reaction.
• describe how factors affecting the rate of reaction are applied in daily life and in industrial
processes.
• solve problems involving factors affecting the rate of reaction.
• apply knowledge on factors affecting the rate of reaction in everyday activities.

Activity 6 : Factors affecting the rate of reaction.

State five factors that affect the rate of reaction :

(i) Effect of size of reactants
(a) ……………………………………………. (b) …………………………………………..
Aim : To investigate the effect of size of reactant in an experiment between marbles and
(c) …………………………………………….
hydrochloric acid on the rate of reaction. (d) …………………………………………..
(e) …………………………………………….
Equation : ……………………………………………………………………………………………..

Activity 7 : Speeding up the Rates of reaction.

The following changes may speed up the rate of a chemical reaction between an acid and
magnesium.
Put a tick in the box next to each one that will speed up the reaction (assume that there is
initially an excess of acid) and state the specific factors that affect the reaction.

Statement of factors that affect the rate of reaction Specific factor

1. Heating the acid…………….
2. Shaking the flask………….
3. Using more-concentrated acid …………….
4. Using powdered metal, not metal ribbon ………….
5. Using twice the volume of acid ……………
Diagram of an experiment
6. Using a suitable catalyst …………….
7.
VolumeIncreasing
of gas (cm3)the pressure …………..
8. Using larger flask ……………

Expt 2 Experiment 1 : CaCO3 chips

Experiment 2 : CaCO3 powder
The curve of experiment 2 is ……………………………. than experiment 1.
Expt 1
The rate of 8reaction
Activity of experiment
: Experiments 2 is …………………
to investigate the rate of than experiment 1
reaction.

The smaller the size of reactants, the …………………………. the total surface area,

the …………………………. the rate of reaction.

Time (s)

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 WAJA F5 Chemistry 2009 Chapter 1 : Rate of
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(ii) Effect of concentration

Aim : To investigate the effect of concentration of sodium thiosulphate solution on the rate
of reaction.

Equation : …………………………………………………………………………………………………..

• The higher the concentration of sodium thiosulphate solution, the

………………………..the time taken.
• The concentration of sodium thiosulphate is ………………………………... to the time
taken.

• 1/ time is ……………………………………………..
• The concentration of sodium thiosulphate is ……………………………….. …………
9
to the 1/time
• The ………………………….. the concentration of sodium thiosulphate, the
 WAJA F5 Chemistry 2009 Chapter 1 : Rate of
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(iii) Effect of catalyst

Concentration (moldm-3 ) of
sodium thiosulphate solution
Aim : To investigate the effect of the presence of catalyst (Manganese (IV) oxide) on the rate of
decomposition of hydrogen peroxide.

Equation : ……………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Time (s)

Concentration (moldm-3 ) of

sodium thiosulphate solution

1/ time (s-1 )

Diagram of an experiment

Volume of gas (cm3)

Expt 1

Experiment 1 : with catalyst

The curve of experiment
Expt 2 2 is Experiment
……………………………………………. 2 : without
than experiment 1. catalyst
The rate of reaction of experiment 2 is ………………………………….than experiment 1
The presence of catalyst, will …………………….................... the rate of reaction.

Time (s)

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 WAJA F5 Chemistry 2009 Chapter 1 : Rate of
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(iv) Effect of temperature

Aim : To investigate the effect of temperature on the rate of reaction between sodium tiosulphate
solution and sulphuric acid.

Equation : ………………………………………………………………………………………………….

• The higher the temperature, the ...………………………………. the time taken.

• The temperature is ………………………………....to the time taken.

• 1/ time is ……………………………………………..
• The temperature is ..……………………………….. ……………. to the 1/time
• The ………………………….. the temperature,
11 the …………………… the rate of
reaction.
WAJA F5 Chemistry 2009 Chapter 1 : Rate of
Reaction

Temperature (oC)

Time (s)

Temperature (oC)

Activity 9

1.

1 / time (s-1 )

Activity 9

1.
Food store in a refrigerator lasts longer than food stored in a kitchen cabinet.
Explain why. [4 marks]

[ Temperature in refrigerator is ……………………………. The lower temperature caused the

bacteria to be less ………………………. A little …………………… is released by the bacteria.
The rate of the food turns bad is …………………………. ] //
[ Temperature in kitchen cabinet is ………………………. The higher temperature caused the
bacteria to be ……………………reactive. A …………………………
12 toxic is released by the
bacteria. The rate of the food turns bad is ……………………………….]
 WAJA F5 Chemistry 2009 Chapter 1 : Rate of
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2.
One kilogramme of meat, cut into big pieces, takes a longer time to cook compared
to one kilogramme of meat cut into small piece.

Explain the above statement based on the size of the particles. [2 marks]

Meat cut into small pieces, have ……………………….. size compare to the meat cut into big
pieces. The ……………………… the size, the bigger the ……………………………………….
of the meat, hence the …………………………………… the rate of reaction.

3. State and briefly discuss two industrial processes that make use catalyst. [8 marks ]

(i) Haber process is a chemical process to produce ……………………………… from

nitrogen and hydrogen gas.
The equation of this process is …………………………………………………………………..
The suitable condition of reaction are temperature : ………………………………………,
pressure : ……………………………. and catalyst : ………………………………………..

(ii) ……………………………… process is a chemical process of synthetisising sulphuric

acid. The equation of stage III for this process is……………………………………………..
The suitable condition of reaction are temperature : ………………………………………,
pressure : ……………………………. and catalyst : ………………………………………..

C COLLISION THEORY

Learning Outcomes
You should be able to :
• relate reaction with energy produced by movement and effective collision of particles.
• describe activation energy.
• sketch and describe energy profile diagram
• relate the frequency of effective collisions with the rate of reaction
• relate the frequency of effective collisions with factors influencing the rate of reaction

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WAJA F5 Chemistry 2009 Chapter 1 : Rate of
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• describe how a certain factor affects the collision of particles in a reaction

Activity 10 Understandings the Collision Theory

1. What is collision theory ?

A theory used to explain chemical reactions in terms of

(i) ………………………………………………………………………………………………

(ii) ………………………………………………………………………………………………

(iii) ………………………………………………………………………………………………

2. The collision theory states that :

(i) A chemical reaction occurs when the reactant particles ……………………….. each other.

(ii) Not all collision result in the formation of …………………………………

(iii) A collision is ……………………………. only when the reactant particles have enough

energy to overcome the ………………………………………………… of the reaction and

when they collide in the proper orientation.

3. What is activation energy ?

The …………………………………… energy which the colliding reactant particles must have

that can result a chemical reaction.

4. Energy profile diagram

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WAJA F5 Chemistry 2009 Chapter 1 : Rate of
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In the energy profile diagram, the activation energy is the difference in the energy between the
energy of the ……………………. and the energy shown by the peak of the curve.

Activity 11

On the diagram shown below, identify (i) the activation energy, Ea and
(ii) the activation energy in the presence of catalyst, Ea’

Activity 12 Collision theory and factors affecting the rate of reactions..

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WAJA F5 Chemistry 2009 Chapter 1 : Rate of
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(i) Effect of total surface area

When the size of a fixed mass of solid reactant

is smaller, the _____________________
exposed to collision with the particles of the
other reactants is _____________. Thus, the
frequency of collision among the reacting
particles at the surface of the solid reactant
____________ ___. This leads to an
_________________ in the frequency of
effective collision and hence, a _____________
rate of reactions.

(ii) Effect of catalyst

The presence of a catalyst in a chemical

reaction allows the reaction to take place
through an alternative path which requires a
______________ in activation energy which
can be shown in the energy profile diagram.
Thus, the colliding particles are able to achieve
the activation energy. This means that the
frequency of effective collision
__________________and hence, a
_______________ rate of reaction

(iii) Effect of temperature

An increase in temperature will increase the

_________________ of the reacting particles.
This leads to the following two changes.
Firstly, the particles move _________________
and collide
more often with one another. Thus, the
frequency of collision is ________________

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WAJA F5 Chemistry 2009 Chapter 1 : Rate of
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Secondly, more colliding particles have

____________ energy which are enough to
overcome the activation energy. Both these
factors contribute to the _________________
frequency of effective collision and hence, a
_____________ rate of reaction

(iv) Effect of concentration and pressure

An increase in the concentration of the solution

of a reactant or in the pressure of gaseous
reactants will result in an
__________________ in the rate of reaction.
Why? When the concentration of the solution of
a reactant increases, the _________________
of particles per unit volume of this reactant also
_______________. With more particles per unit
volume of the solution, the frequency of
collisions per unit time between the reacting
particles __________________. Thus, the
frequency of effective collision
________________ and hence, the rate of
reaction becomes ___________________.

Use the words below to fill in the blank boxes in the diagram.
Bigger surface area
slow
less particles
bigger size
cold
slow
fast more particles
hot smaller size

Activity 13

1. A group of pupils carried out three experiments to investigate the factors affecting the rate of

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WAJA F5 Chemistry 2009 Chapter 1 : Rate of
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a reaction. Table below shows information about the reactants and the temperature used in
each experiment.

Experiment Reactants Temperature / oC

A Excess magnesium ribbons and 25 cm3 of 25
0.5 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid
B Excess magnesium ribbon and 25 cm3 of 35
0.5 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid
C Excess magnesium powder and 25 cm3 of 35
0.5 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid

Sketch a graph of these experiment on the same axes. [4 m]

2.. A student carried out three experiments to investigate the effects of the factors influencing
the rate of reaction. Table below shows the results of the experiments.

Experiment I II III
Set-up of apparatus

Excess
Excess hydrochloric
hydrochlori acid +
c acid copper(II)
sulphate
0.2 g
magnesium
ribbon
Temperature / oC 30 40 40
Time taken for all
the magnesium to 50 20 15
dissolve / s

Sketch the graphs for the volume of hydrogen gas against time for Experiments I, II and III
using the same axes.

Activity 14

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WAJA F5 Chemistry 2009 Chapter 1 : Rate of
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1 The table below shows the volume of hydrogen gas released when 50.00 cm3 of sulphuric acid
solution reacts with 5.0 g of granulated zinc.

Time/s 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210

Volume of
hydrogen gas 0.00 80.00 125.00 165.00 190.00 210.00 210.00 210.00
released/cm3

(a) Write the chemical equation for the reaction between zinc and sulphuric acid.

……………………………………………………………………………………………...
[2 marks]
(b) Calculate the overall average rate of reaction of this experiment.

[1 mark]
(c) (i) Draw the graph of the volume of hydrogen gas released against time.
[4 marks]

(ii) From the graph , calculate the rate of reaction at the 80th seconds.

[2 marks]
(d) Instead of measuring the volume of hydrogen gas released, state another
method that can be used to calculate the rate of reaction in this experiment.

……………………………………………………………………………………………...
[ 1 mark]

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WAJA F5 Chemistry 2009 Chapter 1 : Rate of
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2.

Based on the table and graph above, compare the rate of reaction between :

(i) Experiment I and Experiment II

(ii) Experiment II and Experiment III

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WAJA F5 Chemistry 2009 Chapter 1 : Rate of
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Experiment I and Experiment II

The rate of reaction of experiment II is …………………………… compared to experiment I. The

temperature of experiment II is ………………………. The higher the temperature, the
……………………… the kinetic energy of the particles. The …………………………………
between hydrogen ions, H+ and calsium carbonate happened. The frequency of collision
……………………. The frequency of ……………………………… collision also increases.
Hence, the rate of reaction is……………………………….

Experiment II and Experiment III

The rate of reaction of experiment III is …………………………… compared to experiment II.
The total surface area of the reactants in experiment III is …………………………………………..
The ………………………………… between hydrogen ions, H+ and calsium carbonate
happened. The frequency of collision ……………………………. The frequency of
……………………………… collision also increases. Hence, the rate of reaction ………………….

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