MINI PROJECT REPORT

ON
TRAFFIC JAM DETECTOR
Submitted to JNTU in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for
The Award of Degree of Bachelor of Technology
In
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
BY
R.APOORVA (06361A0407)
B.DEVENDRA (06361A0420)
S.JAYANNA (06361A0431)
B.MALLESA (06361A0443)

Under the guidance of

Smt. VIJAYA LAXMI

Assistant prof. In ECE Dept.

JAYAPRAKASH NARAYAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

Accredited by NBA
Dharmapur, Mahabubnagar.
2009-2010
 JAYAPRAKASH NARAYAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Dharmapur, Mahabubnagar.
Accredited by NBA
(Approved by AICTE, Affiliated to J.N.T.U)
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project entitled “TRAFFIC JAM

DETECTOR”
Is a bonafide work
By

R.APOORVA (06361A0407)

B.DEVENDRA (06361A0420)

S.JAYANNA (06361A0431)

B.MALLESA (06361A0443)

INTERNAL GUIDE H.O.D of ECE

Dept.
Smt.VIJAYA LAXMI Prof. SANDEEP V.M.
Assistant Professor
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

With immense gratitude, we take this opportunity to express our heart full thanks to all
those who contributed with their suggestions, counsel, guidance, encouragement and all
possible help.

Firstly, I would like to express our immense gratitude to our college principal
Dr. SUBHASH KULAKARNI for permitting us to under take this precious project.

We deeply indebted our Head of the Department Prof. SANDEEP V.M and our
internal guide for their continuous guidance towards this project. We are grateful to them
for their patience, good will and fine cooperation.

We sincerely thank our internal guide, Assistant Prof.Smt.VIJAYA LAKSHMI for

support and gratitude during course of the project. We are pleased to express our most
sincere thanks to her surmount patience and zeal in helping at every stage, which helped
us to improve the quality of work.

We wish to thank all the staff members of the Department of electronics and
Communication Engineering, for the support rendered in course of our task.

R.APOORVA
B.DEVENDRA
S.JAYANNA
B.MALLESA

ABSTRACT
As cities grow in size, the number of vehicular trips on road system goes up. This leads to
great problems in traffic system. In many big cities all over the world increase in the
traffic leads to various problems mainly traffic jams due to traffic congestion.

The main objective of this project is to solve traffic jam which is a severe problem in
many modern cities all over the world. This is done by identifying the range of the traffic
jam and the respected measures were taken to clear the traffic.

For this we are using three sensors to sense the traffic pulse, if three sensors are sensed
means traffic is get heavy and buzzer gets sound for detection of traffic jam. When sensor
senses obstacle and simultaneously buzzer sounds.LCD unit for the Microcontroller (Intel
8051) to enable the whole operation by executing the program. Optionally it is also
possible to trip the unit in the event of higher voltage or current.

CONTENTS
Chapters: Page No.

CHAPTER1: INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER2: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 HARDWARE REQUIRNTSEMETS
i. Buzzer, IR led, LEDs, Photo diode
ii. Microcontroller
2.2 KEIL SOFTWARE
CHAPTER3. IMPLEMENTATION
3.1 DESIGN
i. Block Diagram
ii. Circuit Diagram
3.2. MODES OF COMMUNICATIONS
i. Working Principle
CHAPTER4: 43
4.1 Future Scope
4.2. Advantages & Disadvantages
4.3. Conclusion
REFERENCES

APPENDIX

i. Description of AT89C51 micro controller

ii. Coding.
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

As cities grow in size, the number of vehicular trips on road system goes up. This leads to
great problems in traffic system. In many big cities all over the world increase in the
traffic leads to various problems mainly traffic jams due to traffic congestion.

The aim of the project is to solve traffic congestion which is a severe problem in many
modern cities all over the world. In this project we are designing the circuit for detecting
the traffic congestion and give the traffic controlling signals depending on the density of
the traffic.

Nowadays we are controlling the traffic by giving the predetermined interval to

the microcontroller for glowing the green and red signals for all directions but in this
project we are designing the circuit for giving the green and red signals individually for
all directions.

Here we are using the three sensors for sensing the traffic pulse if the if three
sensors are sensed means traffic is get heavy and buzzer gets sound for detection of
traffic jam.

The components which are used while designing this circuit are as follows

i. Buzzer

ii. IR led

iii. LEDs

iv. Photo diode

 v. Microcontroller

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS

I. Buzzer:
A buzzer or beeper is a signaling device, usually electronic, typically used in

automobiles, household appliances such as a microwave oven, or game shows. It most

commonly consists of a number of switches or sensors connected to a control unit that

determines if and which button was pushed or a preset time has lapsed, and usually

illuminates a light on the appropriate button or control panel, and sounds a warning in the

form of a continuous or intermittent buzzing or beeping sound. Initially this device was

based on an electromechanical system which was identical to an electric bell without the

metal gong (which makes the ringing noise).

Often these units were anchored to a wall or ceiling and used the ceiling or wall as a

sounding board. Another implementation with some AC-connected devices was to

implement a circuit to make the AC current into a noise loud enough to drive a

loudspeaker and hook this circuit up to a cheap 8-ohm speaker. Nowadays, it is more

popular to use a ceramic-based piezoelectric sounder which makes a high-pitched tone.

Usually these were hooked up to "driver" circuits which varied the pitch of the sound or

pulsed the sound on and off.

In game shows it is also known as a "lockout system," because when one person signals
("buzzes in"), all others are locked out from signaling. Several game shows have large
buzzer buttons which are identified as "plungers". The buzzer is also used to signal wrong
answers and when time expires on many game shows, such as Wheel of Fortune, Family
Feud and The Price is Right.

The word "buzzer" comes from the rasping noise that buzzers made when they were
electromechanical devices, operated from stepped-down AC line voltage at 50 or 60
cycles. Other sounds commonly used to indicate that a button has been pressed are a ring
or a beep.
These devices are output transducers converting electrical energy to sound. They contain
an internal oscillator to produce the sound which is set at about 400Hz for buzzers and
about 3kHz for bleeper’s.
Buzzers have a voltage rating but it is only approximate, for example 6V and 12V
buzzers can be used with a 9V supply. Their typical current is about 25mA.
Bleeper’s have wide voltage ranges, such as 3-30V, and they pass a low current of about
10mA.
Buzzers and bleeper’s must be connected the right way round, their red lead is positive
(+).

II. IR LED:

INFRA RED LED (IR):

The cheapest way to remotely control a device within a visible range is via Infra-Red
light. Almost all audio and video equipment can be controlled this way nowadays. Due to
this wide spread use the required components are commonly available, thus making it
ideal for us to use IR control for our own projects.
The following part will explain the theory of operation of IR remote control, and some
of the protocols that are in use in consumer electronics.
INFRA RED LIGHT:

Infra-Red actually is normal light with a particular colour. We humans can't see this
colour because its wave length of 950nm is below the visible spectrum. That's one of the
reasons why IR is chosen for remote control purposes, we want to use it but we're not
interested in seeing it..
Although we humans can't see the Infra-Red light emitted from a remote control doesn't
mean we can't make it visible.

Unfortunately for us there are many more sources of Infra-Red light. The sun is the
brightest source of all, but there are many others, like: light bulbs, candles, central
heating system, and even our body radiate Infra-Red light. In fact everything that radiates
heat, also radiates Infra-Red light.
Therefore we have to take some precautions to guarantee that our IR message gets across
to the receiver without errors.
In the picture above you can see a modulated signal driving the IR LED of the transmitter
on the left side. The detected signal is coming out of the receiver at the other side.
In serial communication we usually speak of 'marks' and 'spaces'. The 'space' is the
default signal, which is the off state in the transmitter case. No light is emitted during the
'space' state. During the 'mark' state of the signal the IR light is pulsed on and off at a
particular frequency. Frequencies between 30 kHz and 60 kHz are commonly used in
consumer electronics.
At the receiver side a 'space' is represented by a high level of the receiver's output. A
'mark' is then automatically represented by a low level.
Please note that the 'marks' and 'spaces' are not the 1-s and 0-s we want to transmit. The
real relationship between the 'marks' and 'spaces' and the 1-s and 0-s depends on the
protocol that's being used. More information about that can be found on the pages that
describe the protocols.
The main application of the IR led is T.V remote.
The transmitter usually is a battery powered handset i.e. a TV remote. It consumes as
little power as possible, and the IR signal should also be as strong as possible to achieve
an acceptable control distance. Preferably it should be shock proof as well.
Many chips are designed to be used as IR transmitters. The older chips were dedicated to
only one of the many protocols that were invented. Nowadays very low power micro
controllers are used in IR transmitters for the simple reason that they are more flexible in
their use. When no button is pressed they are in a very low power sleep mode, in

Which hardly any current is consumed. The processor wakes up to transmit the
appropriate IR command only when a key is pressed.
Quartz crystals are seldom used in such handsets. They are very fragile and tend to break
easily when the handset is dropped. Ceramic resonators are much more suitable here,
because they can withstand larger physical shocks. The fact that they are a little less
accurate is not important.
The current through the LED (or LEDs) can vary from 100mA to well over 1A! In order
to get an acceptable control distance the LED currents have to be as high as possible. A
trade-off should be made between LED parameters, battery lifetime and maximum
control distance. LED currents can be that high because the pulses driving the LEDs are
very short. Average power dissipation of the LED should not exceed the maximum value
though. You should also see to it that the maximum peek current for the LED is not
exceeded. All these parameters can be found in the LED's data sheet.
A simple transistor circuit can be used to drive the LED. A transistor with a suitable HFE
and switching speed should be selected for this purpose.
The resistor values can simply be calculated using Ohm's law. Remember that the
nominal voltage drop over an IR LED is approximately 1.1V.

The normal driver, described above, has one disadvantage. As the battery voltage drops,
the current through the LED will decrease as well. This will result in a shorter control
distance that canbecovered.
An emitter follower circuit can avoid this. The 2 diodes in series will limit the pulses on
the base of the transistor to 1.2V. The base-emitter voltage of the transistor subtracts
0.6V from that, resulting in constant amplitude of 0.6V at the emitter. This constant
amplitude across a constant resistor results in current pulses of a constant magnitude.
Calculating the current through the LED is simply applying Ohm's law again.

LEDs

LEDs are semiconductor devices. Like transistors, and other diodes, LEDs are made out
of silicon. What makes an LED give off light are the small amounts of chemical
impurities that are added to the silicon, such as gallium, arsenide, indium, and nitride.
When current passes through the LED, it emits photons as a byproduct. Normal light
bulbs produce light by heating a metal filament until it's white hot. Because LEDs
produce photons directly and not via heat, they are far more efficient than incandescent
bulbs.
Not long ago LEDs were only bright enough to be used as indicators on dashboards or
electronic equipment. But recent advances have made LEDs bright enough to rival
traditional lighting technologies. Modern LEDs can replace incandescent bulbs in almost
any application.
LEDs are based on the semiconductor diode. When the diode is forward biased (switched
on), electrons are able to recombine with holes and energy is released in the form of light.
This effect is called electroluminescence and the color of the light is determined by the
energy gap of the semiconductor. The LED is usually small in area (less than 1 mm2)
with integrated optical components to shape its radiation pattern and assist in reflection.

LEDs present many advantages over traditional light sources including lower energy
consumption, longer lifetime, improved robustness, smaller size and faster switching.
However, they are relatively expensive and require more precise current and heat
management than traditional light sources.
Applications of LEDs are diverse. They are used as low-energy and also for replacements
for traditional light sources in well-established applications such as indicators and
automotive lighting. The compact size of LEDs has allowed new text and video displays
and sensors to be developed, while their high switching rates are useful in
communications technology. So here the role of LED is to indicate the status of the
components like relays and power circuit etc…

LED Circuits

To build LED circuits, it helps to be familiar with Ohm's law, and the concepts of
voltage, resistance, and current.
LEDs do not have resistance like a resistor does. LEDs have a dynamic resistance, that is
their resistance changes depending on how much current passes through them. But it's
easiest to think of them as having NO resistance. This means that if you just connect an
LED to a battery, you'll have a short circuit. That's bad. You would probably ruin your
LED.

So an LED circuit needs some resistance in it, so that it isn't a short circuit. Actually we
need a very specific amount of resistance. Among the specifications for LEDs, a
"maximum forward current" rating is usually given. This is the most current that can pass
through the LED without damaging it, and also the current at which the LED will
produce the most light. A specific value of resistor is needed to obtain this exact current.
There is one more complication. LEDs consume a certain voltage. This is known as the
"forward voltage drop", and is usually given with the specs for that LED. This must be
taken into account when calculating the correct value of resistor to use.
So to drive an LED using a voltage source and a resistor in series with the LED, use the
following equation to determine the needed resistance:

Ohm's = (Source Voltage - LED Voltage Drop) / Amps

For example, to drive an LED from your car's 12v system, use the following values:

Source Voltage = 13.4 volts (12v car systems aren't really 12v in most cases)
Voltage Drop = 3.6 volts (Typical for a blue or white LED)
Desired Current = 30 milliamps (again, a typical value)

So the resistor we need is:

(13.4 - 3.6) / (30 / 1000) = 327 ohms

Don't forget to pay attention to the difference between amps and milliamps. Ohms law
calculations require units in amps, although the specification is usually given in
milliamps. Just divide milliamps by 1000 to get amps.
Also remember that it's acceptable to round the resistance UP to the next closest standard
resistor value. Rounding up is never dangerous, as it will result in slightly less current.
You will never find a 327 ohm resistor, but 330 ohm resistors are quite common, so just
use a 330 ohm resistor.

Photodiode
 Fig:A photodiode

A photodiode is a type of photo-detector capable of converting light into either current or

voltage, depending upon the mode of operation.
Photodiodes are similar to regular semiconductor diodes except that they may be either
exposed (to detect vacuum UV or X-rays) or packaged with a window or optical fiber
connection to allow light to reach the sensitive part of the device. Many diodes designed
for use specifically as a photodiode will also use a PIN junction rather than the typical PN
junction.

Quick Reference Guide

Most photodiodes will look like the picture to the right, that is, similar to a light emitting
diode. They will have two leads, or wires, coming from the bottom. The shorter end of
the two is the cathode, while the longer end is the anode. See below for a schematic
drawing of the anode and cathode side. Current will pass from the anode to the cathode,
basically following the arrow.

Principle of operation

A photodiode is a PN junction or PIN structure. When a photon of sufficient energy

strikes the diode, it excites an electron thereby creating a mobile electron and a positively
charged electron hole. If the absorption occurs in the junction's depletion region, or one
diffusion length away from it, these carriers are swept from the junction by the built-in
field of the depletion region. Thus holes move toward the anode, and electrons toward the
cathode, and a photocurrent is produced.

Photovoltaic mode
When used in zero bias or photovoltaic mode, the flow of photocurrent out of the device
is restricted and a voltage builds up. The diode becomes forward biased and "dark
current" begins to flow across the junction in the direction opposite to the photocurrent.
This mode is responsible for the photovoltaic effect, which is the basis for solar cells—in
fact, a solar cell is just an array of large area photodiodes.Photoconductive mode

In this mode the diode is often (but not always) reverse biased. This increases the width
of the depletion layer, which decreases the junction's capacitance resulting in
faster response times. The reverse bias induces only a small amount of current
(known as saturation or back current) along its direction while the photocurrent
remains virtually the same.

Although this mode is faster, the photovoltaic mode tends to exhibit less electronic noise
(The leakage current of a good PIN diode is so low – < 1nA – that the Johnson–Nyquist
noise of the load resistance in a typical circuit often dominates.)

Other modes of operation

Avalanche photodiodes have a similar structure to regular photodiodes, but they are
operated with much higher reverse bias. This allows each photo-generated carrier to be
multiplied by avalanche breakdown, resulting in internal gain within the photodiode,
which increases the effective responsivity of the device.
Phototransistors also consist of a photodiode with internal gain. A phototransistor is in
essence nothing more than a bipolar transistor that is encased in a transparent case so that
light can reach the base-collector junction. The electrons that are generated by photons in
the base-collector junction are injected into the base, and this current is amplified by the
transistor operation. Note that although phototransistors have a higher responsivity for
light they are unable to detect low levels of light any better than photodiodes.
Phototransistors also have slower response times.
Materials

The material used to make a photodiode is critical to defining its properties, because only
photons with sufficient energy to excite electrons across the material's bandgap will
produce significant photocurrents.

Materials commonly used to produce photodiodes include:

Material Wavelength range (nm)

Silicon 190–1100

Germanium 400–1700

Indium gallium arsenide 800–2600

Lead sulfide <1000-3500

Because of their greater bandgap, silicon-based photodiodes generate less noise than
germanium-based photodiodes, but germanium photodiodes must be used for
wavelengths longer than approximately 1 µm.
Since transistors and ICs are made of semiconductors, and contain P-N junctions, almost
every active component is potentially a photodiode. Many components, especially those
sensitive to small currents, will not work correctly if illuminated, due to the induced
photocurrents. In most components this is not desired, so they are placed in an opaque
housing. Since housings are not completely opaque to X-rays or other high energy
radiation, these can still cause many ICs to malfunction due to induced photo-currents.
Features
Critical performance parameters of a photodiode include:

Responsivity:

The ratio of generated photocurrent to incident light power, typically expressed in A/W
when used in photoconductive mode. The responsivity may also be expressed as a
quantum efficiency, or the ratio of the number of photogenerated carriers to incident
photons and thus a unitless quantity.

Dark current:

The current through the photodiode in the absence of light, when it is operated in
photoconductive mode. The dark current includes photocurrent generated by background
radiation and the saturation current of the semiconductor junction. Dark current must be
accounted for by calibration if a photodiode is used to make an accurate optical power
measurement, and it is also a source of noise when a photodiode is used in an optical
communication system.
Noise-equivalent power:

(NEP) The minimum input optical power to generate photocurrent, equal to the rms noise
current in a 1 hertz bandwidth. The related characteristic detectivity (D) is the inverse of
NEP, 1/NEP; and the specific detectivity ( ) is the detectivity normalized to the area

(A) of the photodetector, . The NEP is roughly the minimum detectable

input power of a photodiode.
When a photodiode is used in an optical communication system, these parameters
contribute to the sensitivity of the optical receiver, which is the minimum input power
required for the receiver to achieve a specified bit error ratio.

Applications

Photodiode schematic symbol

P-N photodiodes are used in similar applications to other photodetectors, such as

photoconductors, charge-coupled devices, and photomultiplier tubes.
Photodiodes are used in consumer electronics devices such as compact disc players,
smoke detectors, and the receivers for remote controls in VCRs and televisions.
In other consumer items such as camera light meters, clock radios (the ones that dim the
display when it's dark) and street lights, photoconductors are often used rather than
photodiodes, although in principle either could be used.
Photodiodes are often used for accurate measurement of light intensity in science and
industry. They generally have a better, more linear response than photoconductors.
They are also widely used in various medical applications, such as detectors for
computed tomography (coupled with scintillators) or instruments to analyze samples
(immunoassay). They are also used in blood gas monitors.
PIN diodes are much faster and more sensitive than ordinary p-n junction diodes, and
hence are often used for optical communications and in lighting regulation.
P-N photodiodes are not used to measure extremely low light intensities. Instead, if high
sensitivity is needed, avalanche photodiodes, intensified charge-coupled devices or
photomultiplier tubes are used for applications such as astronomy, spectroscopy, night
vision equipment and laser range finding.

Comparison with photomultipliers

Advantages compared to photomultipliers:

Excellent linearity of output current as a function of incident light
Spectral response from 190 nm to 1100 nm (silicon), longer wavelengths with other
semiconductor materials
1) Low noise
2) Ruggedized to mechanical stress
3) Low cost
4) Compact and light weight
5) Long lifetime
6) High quantum efficiency, typically 80%
7) No high voltage required

Disadvantages compared to photomultipliers:

1) Small area
2) No internal gain (except avalanche photodiodes, but their gain is typically 10²–10³
compared to up to 108 for the photomultiplier)
3) Much lower overall sensitivity
4) Photon counting only possible with specially designed, usually cooled photodiodes,
with special electronic circuits
5) Response time for many designs is slower
P-N vs. P-I-N Photodiodes

Due to the intrinsic layer, a PIN photodiode must be reverse biased (Vr) [ The Vr
increases the depletion region allowing a larger volume for electron-hole pair production,
and reduces the capacitance thereby increasing the bandwidth.
The Vr also introduces noise current, which reduces the S/N ratio. Therefore, a reverse
bias is recommended for higher bandwidth applications and/or applications where a wide
dynamic range is required.
A PN photodiode is more suitable for lower light applications because it allows for
unbiased operation.
Photodiode array
Hundreds or thousands (up to 2048) photodiodes of typical sensitive area 0.025mmx1mm
each arranged as a one-dimensional array, which can be used as a position sensor. One
advantage of photodiode arrays (PDAs) is that they allow for high speed parallel read out
since the driving electronics may not be built in like a traditional CMOS or CCD sensor.

AT89C51 MICROCONTROLLER:-

The AT89C5l is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with

4Kbytes of Flash Programmable and Erasable Read Only Memory (PEROM). The device
is manufactured using Atmel's high density nonvolatile memory technology and is
compatible with the industry standard MCS-510 instruction set and pinout. The on-chip
Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional
nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a
monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89C5l is a powerful microcomputer which provides a
highly flexible and cost effective solution to many embedded control applications.
 CHAPTER3
IMPLEMENTATION
3.1 DESIGN
Block Diagram :

The Block Diagram of the “TRAFFIC JAM DETECTORS” is as follows:

JAM SENSOR

IR TX – IR RX AT89C51 BUZZER

ASM /
EMBEDDED C
PROGRAM
2. Circuit diagram

The Circuit Diagram of the “TRAFFIC JAM DETECTORS” is as follows:

Modes of Communication:
Working Principle:
 Chapter-4

4.1 FUTURE SCOPE FOR THE PROJECT:

This Project is useful in developing countries & this project has a bright future as
it is being used in many developed countries. This project helps us to detect the traffic
jam in the road transportation as these detectors detect the traffic and the blows the
buzzers. This project will lead to increase in technological trends & this will help the
people in many ways.

4.2 Advantages:

It is known that these detectors play a very important role in the safe road
transportation these are some advantages of this project:

• Better transportation.
• Clears the traffic jam.
• Reduces the manual resources.

4.3 Disadvantages:

Some disadvantages are as follows:

• Covers only small area.

• Response time is slower.

4.4 Conclusion:

Traffic jam detectors have been planned to reduce congestion on the roads. Estimation of
traffic is studied by using this project. Here we are using three sensors to sense the range
of the traffic when the traffic jam occurs. The traffic detectors detect the range of the
traffic whether it low, medium or high.
So it is concluded that the project has very high features and project is highly useful for
improving the quality of the transportation system and it has no doubt that further
researches will be conducted for the extension of this project and makes a revolutionary
development in the field of the transportation especially for improving the safe quality of
transportation.
References:
Appendix: