Professional Documents
Culture Documents
discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/239023685
CITATIONS READS
4 126
4 authors:
Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:
All content following this page was uploaded by Wan Ismail Ibrahim on 27 November 2015.
D = Eε D ε r (2)
∫ D.ds = Q
s
(3)
Figure 2. Shutter type electric field mill for measurement of the polarity and
magnitude of an electrostatic field. When the charge is uniformly distributed within the region, it
is better to use a charge density per unit volume ρ instead of
charge enclosed by a surface. Hence, integrate over the
II. THEORY volume v , Gauss`s Law become
D.S = Q (5)
Q
En = (6)
ε oε r S
Figure 3. Flat metallic plate above ground level
467
Then the voltage between the flat –metallic plate and ground ε Dε r S
is; Vg = En (11)
d d C1
Q Q.d
∫
V g = − E n dx = −
0
ε o .ε r .S ∫ (− 1)dx = ε
0 o .ε r .S
(7) Where V g is the voltage measured through the capacitance C1
, S is surface of the metallic plate and E n is the normal
electric field.
If substitute equation (6) into (7), therefore;
If the resistor R has been used between the metallic plate
V g = E n .d (8) and ground to measure the voltage, the current through will
be;
Equation (8) indicates that the voltage between the metallic
plate and ground is directly proportional to the electric field dQ
i= (12)
normal to the plate and it height respect to the ground. dt
Suppose the electric element was attached to the antenna as
shown in Fig.4.
And the voltage is;
V g = Ri (13)
dE n
V g = ε D ε r RS (14)
dt
Q = V g .C1 (9)
Q = ∫ idt (10)
468
Assuming the impedance of the R is very large compared to C. the interfacing between the software and hardware equipments.
By neglecting R, the amplitude voltage Vm is equal to; The parallel plate antenna was connected to the digital signal
oscilloscope (DSO) by coaxial cable. The system interface,
Cg Cg hardware and software development has been explained in [10]
Vm = E n d = Vg (15) and [11].
Cg + C Cg + C
B. Measuring System
In the experiments, the parallel plate antenna was used to
measure the E-field of lightning phenomena. The antenna
composed by two (2) metallic and parallel plates. It was
separated by a certain distance and the bottom plate is
connected to the ground. Under this condition, the height d in
equation (15) has to be modified to effective height. Fig.6 has
shown the equivalent of the parallel plate antenna to measure
the voltage. C c Is the capacitance of the coaxial cable to link
the antenna and equipment. Hence, the measured voltage is;
Cg
Vm = E n d eff (16)
C g + Cc + C
Figure 7. Parallel plate antenna to measure the E-field.
III. EXPERIMENT
The experiment was conducted and the lightning data has Figure 8. Parallel plate antenna at the top of IVAT building.
successfully captured during the thunderstorm days. Fig.7 Fig.8 showed the parallel plate antenna that has been used to
showed the arrangement of the experiment setup consists of measure the E-field. The antenna was placed at the top of
469
Institute of High Voltage & High Current (IVAT), UTM. The
application of the antenna has been explained in [10] - [13]
.The antenna has been used to determine the distance [10], [11]
of the lightning from the point where the strike occurred. In
[12], the signatures of the electric pulses generated from cloud
flash have been analyzed for different parameter.
470
operative characteristic of the parallel plate antenna has been National Lightning Detection Network. J. Geophys. Res. 1998, 103 D8,
9035-9044.
derived and reviewed. It shows that, the characteristics of the
[5] Hayenga, C.O.; Warwick, J.W. Two-dimensional interferometric
antenna are most important as the first step in designing the positions of VHF lightning sources. J. Geophys. Res. 1981, 86, 7451-
measuring system for the E-field. 7462.
[6] Vernon Cooray, The Lightning Flash, IEE Power & Energy Series 34,
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 2003.
[7] John N. Chubb, Two New Designs of “Field Mill” Type Fieldmeters not
The Authors wish to thank for the support of this research Requiring Earthing of Rotating Chopper, IEEE Transaction on Industry
Application Vol. 26, Nov 1990.
to the Institute of High Voltage & High Current (IVAT),
[8] David A. Hill, Motohisa kanda ,Electric Field Strength ,CRC Press LLC
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia that made this collaborative ,2000.
work possible. [9] Artura Galvan, Mahendra Fernando, Operative characteristic of a
parallel plate antenna to measure vertical electric field from lightning
REFERENCES flashes,Uppsala 2000
[10] Zulkurnain Abdul Malek, W.I.Ibrahim, Lightning Distance
[1] Kenneth L. Cummins ,History, Martin J. Murphy Techniques, and Data Determination based on Single station observation using VHF Electric
Uses, With an In-Depth Look at the U.S. NLDN. IEEE Transaction on Field, Asia Pacific Symposium on Applied Electromagnetics and
Electromagnetic Compatibility, Vol. 51, August 2009. Mechanics, July 2010.
[2] Krider, E.P.; Noggle, R.C.; Uman, M.A. A gated wideband magnetic [11] W.I. Ibrahim, Zulkurnain Abdul Malek, Time to thunder Method of
direction-finder for lightning return strokes. J. Appl. Meteor. 1976, 15, lightning Distance Determination, IEEE International Conference on
301-306 Power & Energy, Dec. 2010
[3] Lee, A.C.L. Ground truth confirmation and theoretical limits of an [12] S.R. Sharma, M. Fernando,C. Gomes, Signatures of electric field pulses
experimental VLF arrival time difference lightning flash locating generated by cloud flashes, Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial
system. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. 1989, 115, 1147-1166 Physics 67 (2005) 413–422
[4] Cummings, K.L.; Murph, M.J.; Bardo, E.A.; Hiscox, W.L.; Pyle, R.B.; [13] RedyMardiana,Eprido Meiladi, A technique for lightning reconstructions
Pifer, A.E. A combined TOA/MDF technology upgrade of the US using short-baseline broadband time of arrival, 14th Asian Conference on
electrical discharge, Nov. 2008.
471