Daylight Exam Materials

EXAM MATERIALS
MATERIALS FOR THE MOST COMMON EXAMS
A) TENSES 1-14
1. Simple Present Tense 1-2
2. have got/has got 3-4
3. Present Continuous Tense 4-5
4. Simple Past Tense 5-6
5. Past Continuous Tense 6-7
6. Present Perfect Tense 7-9
7. Future Tense 10-11
8. Future Continuous Tense 11
9. Future Perfect Tense 12
10. Future Perfect Continuous Tense 12
11. Present Perfect Continuous Tense 13
12. Past Perfect Tense 13-14
13. Past Perfect Continuous Tense 14
B) THE USAGE OF TENSES 15-17
C) SEVEN WONDERS OF THE WORLD 18
D) VOCABULARY 19-20
E) MY WORST VACATION 21
F) UNEMPLOYMENT IN TURKEY 22
G) THE COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES 23
H) PRONOUNS 24-26
I) ADJECTIVES &ADVERBS 26-27
J) CONJUNCTIONS 28-35
K) COUNTABLES &UNCOUNTABLES 36-39
I.) DIRECT &INDIRECT SPEECH 40-41
M) GENERAL DIFFERENCES 40-44
N) PREPOSITIONS.... 45-53
O) GERUND VERBS 54-57
P) UPPER& ADVANCED STRUCTURES 58-64
R) DISTRIBUTIVES 65-66
S) PREFIXES& SUFFIXES 67
T) SUBJUNCTIVES 68-69
TENSES
1. SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

Usage:
• General events (routine life)
• Habitual actions
• Scientific facts
I get up at seven a.m. every morning. ( General events)

I smoke eight cigarettes a day. ( Habitual actions)
Water boils at 100 C. (Scientific facts)
Affirmative ( Positive) Statements:
Subj+ V1 (-es/-s/-ies ) + Obj+ Time Expressions
I work hard at weekends.

She works hard at weekends.
They work hard at weekends.
Time Expressions:
every day/ month/ week/ year

once a week
twice a year
on Sundays
at weekends
Negative Statements:
I
You
We don't V1
You
Thev
I don't look like my mother.

We don't drive fast.
He
She doesn't V1
It
He doesn't work very hard.

My mother doesn't like singing.
1 Her hakkı DAYLIGHT ENGLISH INSTITUTE'a

aittir. İzinsiz kopya edilemez, çoğaltılamaz.
Interrogative( Question ) Statements:
you
they
Do we V1+ Obj + Time Expressions ?
I
Do you like English?

Do your parents get up early?
he
Does she V1+ Obj + Time Expressions ?
it
Does your mother go shopping?

Does your father work at the weekend?
Frequency Adverbs:
always %.100
usually
generally
often
frequently
sometimes
occasionally
rarely
seldom
never %0
I always get up at seven o'clock in the morning.

She rarely goes theatre at the weekend.
They sometimes sleep early in the evenings.
After Subject:
always : I always get up at half past seven for my job.

usually : I usually go to cinema.
generally : My mother generally has breakfast in the morning.
often : I often prepare breakfast for my boyfriend.
sometimes : My father and my mother sometimes go out and enjoy.
occasionally : My brother occasionally comes to Istanbul.
rarely : I rarely go to theatre.
seldom : Marianne seldom goes to cinema.
never : I never go to bed late.

2. HAVE/HAVE GOT - HAS / HAS GOT
AFFIRMATIVE
I
WE
YOU + HAVE/HAVE GOT a car.
THEY
HE
SHE + HAS/HAS GOT a car.
IT
NEGATIVE
I
WE
YOU + DON'T HAVE/ HAVEN'T GOT any money.
THEY
HE DOESN'T HAVE / HASN'T GOT any money.

SHE
QUESTION
I I
we we
Do Have
you you
they have a house? they got a house?
Does he she Has he she
Short Answer
Do you have a camera? Yes, I do./No, I don't.

Have you got a camera? Yes, I have./No I haven't
We can use contractions ( ve' and 's) with "have got", but not with "have".
• I've got a brother.

• I have a brother. NOT I've a brother. X

Note : Have/have got have the some meaning.
Especially, have got is used in informal and spoken English. But we prefer using have got in
written English.
In the past tense, we can use "had" as a past tense form of "have" . But we aren't able to use
"had" as a past form of "have got".
Have Had Have got

present past present
(V1) (V2) (V1)
3. PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE (PROGRESSIVE)
Subj + am/is/are + Ving + Obj+ T.E
I —• am
He. She. it ---• is + Ving
We. you. they —• are
Time Expressions:
now
at the moment
at present
nowadays
today
tonight
this week / month / year etc.
• Is she working here now?

* Yes. she is working here now. / Yes, she is.
* No, she is not working here now / No, she, is not.
• Are the students listening to me?

* Yes. they are listening to me. / Yes, they are.
* No, they are not listening to me. / No, they are not.
This week, I am going to the USA. (I have prepared everything, I have

taken my visa.) (Near Future)
USAGE
1 - Happening now
2- Near future plans
1 - I'm writing an essay at the moment

2- I'm traveling to Datça one hour later, I am at the bus station.
( will / be going to / am, is, are, Ving)
4 Her hakkı DAYLIGHT ENGLISH INSTITUTE a

• I will fly to London one day. That is my dream (%50)
• I'm going to fly London next week. I have arranged everything ( %80)
• I"m flying to London one hour later. I*m at the airport (%99)
4. SIMPLE PAST TENSE
Usage:
- An action starts and finishes in the past
Affirmative ( Positive) Statements:
Subj + V2 + Obj + T.E
I went to school yesterday.
I invited him to lunch this noon.

V2
She went home at seven o'clock yesterday.
V2
Time Expressions
yesterday
2 days ago
last week / year/ month etc.
the day before yesterday
# Auxilary verb " was / were" is generally used in the sentences which hasn't got any "
Main Verb" in Simple Past Tense, such as:
* I was tired yesterday. ( no main verb)
* I went to Bodrum last summer.
( main verb) ( we cannot use " was" with it)
I was went to Bodrum last summer X ( False)
Negative Statements :
I didn't invite him to lunch this noon,
did not V1
I didn't meet him yesterday.

did not V1

Question Statements:
Did you see him yesterday?

she
he
Did your mother invite your boyfriend to dinner?
Yes, she did. / Yes, she invited my boyfriend to dinner.
No, she didn't. / No, she didn't invite my boyfriend to dinner.
5. PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE
Subj+ was/ were Ving + Obj+ Time Expressions
Time expressions are used as same as the expressions that are used for Simple Past
Tense.
VERBS
Long Action Short Action
walk cook taste notice

listen wait smell arrive
explain read see
drink write hear
eat work come
teach talk go
learn say
was were + Ving V2

WHILE WHEN
* With " long action verbs" we generally use " continuous" tenses.
While we are using long action verbs; we use " while" in past tenses. Such as:
Ex:
While she was cooking her favorite meal, her husband suddenly came home.
* "Cook" is a long action verb so we prefer to use " past continuous tense" with "while".
With short action verbs we use " when" in the past actions.

When I saw him. he was waiting for his friend.
V2 was/were Ving
Short action long action
If you learnt the difference between long action and short action verbs, you could easily
understand the difference between tenses.
6. PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

Subj + have / has V3 + Obj + T.E
Time Expressions:
already
recently
so far
just
yet
for
since
ever/ never
I have written an essay for an hour.

have V3
Usage:
1) The actions which have started in the past and is still going on.
I have lived here for 6 years.

since 1994.
2) The actions which started in the past and finished in the present but there is a possibility to
go on.
I haven't met Zuhal Olcay . yet.

( But I can meet her now or in the future )
PAST PERFECT PAST Pr. Perf. UTURE
Past Perfect Simple Past Simple Present will V1

Past Perf. Cont. Past Cont. Present Cont. be going to V3

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1. Ever/Never
* We use " ever " in questions and " never " in negative sentences.
Example: (?) Have you ever ( at any time in your life ) been to England?
(?) Has your mother ever cooked Italian food for dinner?
(-) I have never (at any time) met a famous person.

(-) Duygu has never driven a car.
2. Yet
"Yet" means "until now" and it's used in negative and question sentences.
Example : (-) I haven't finished my homework, yet.

(?) Have you finished your homework, yet?
(-) Evren hasn't learnt German, yet.

(?) Has Evren learnt German, yet?
3. Just
"Just" means "short time before now" and it's used in only affirmative sentences.
Example: (+) My brother has just come back from Ankara.

(+) They've just left home
4. Already
"Already" means "before the given or the implied time" it's used in affirmative sentences.
Examples: (+) She has already cleaned her room. ( Now her room is clean.)
(+) Nilüfer has already prepared all the unit tests.(Now her unit tests are ready.)
5. Recently
"recently" means " nowadays". It is used in affirmative and negative sentences.
Examples: (+) They have visited their grandmother so much recently.

(+) She has started to use a computer recently.
6. So far
"so far" means " up till now, up until now". It is used both affirmative and negative sentences.
Examples: (+) I have completed my project so far.

(-) I haven't seen him so far.

7. Difference between "have gone"/ "have been" :
My parents have been to Paris. ( They are in İstanbul now.)

My parents have gone to Paris. ( They are still in Paris now.)
8. The difference between "since" and " for " :
since with definite time. the point of the action

for - with indefinite time. duration of time
I have worked here for 3 years,

since 1997.
Examples:
• since Christmas
• since the beginning of the semester
• since April
• since 1997
• since 4 o'clock
• for 3 years
• for 4 hours
• for 2 minutes
• for 2 months
7. PRESENT PERFECT TENSE and SIMPLE PAST TENSE

Difference:
* Simple Past Tense:
Actions started and finished in the past.
* I graduated from university in 1999.

finished in 1999
* They worked in this firm in 1995.

worked in 1995
* Present Perfect Tense:

Actions started in the past but they are still going on.
-I have lived in Ataşehir since 1999.
( I started to live in Ataşehir in 1999, and I am still living in Ataşehir.)
Actions started in the past and the effect is still going on.
* I have just arrived. ( I am still breathing.)

8. FUTURE TENSE
* The actions, which will happen in the future.
Simple Future Tense Near Future
Subj + will+ V1 + Obj. + T.E. Subj.+ he going to V1 + Obj+ T.E
I will arrange a big party next week. I am going to sleep early.
Time Expressions:
tomorrow
next week/ year/month
a few days later
2 days later
the day after tomorrow
I will help my mother.

What will she do?
She will call her brother.
They will not manage a very good organization.

won't
1)Prediction:
will:
It expresses a future fact or prediction. It is also called the pure future.
These plants won't grow. There's not enough water.

Ayla works so hard. I think she will do very well in her presentation.
Our love will last forever.
be going to:
It expresses a present fact. There is evidence now that something is certain to happen.
The plane is going to take off.
It isn't going to rain today. It is very sunny.
2) Decisions and intensions:
"will" is used as a modal auxiliary verb to express a decision or offer made at the
moment of speaking.
I will call you tomorrow, bye!

"going to" is used to express a future plan, decision or intention, made before the
moment of speaking.
He is going to repair this car.

They are going to get engaged after graduation.
She likes playing tennis so much. She is going to be a tennis player.
3) Arrangements:
The Present Continuous can be used to express a future arrangement between people. It is
common with verbs: go, come, see. have...
My grandfather is coming for dinner tonight.

What are you doing tonight?
I am going to be ballet.
9. FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE
will be Ving - yor olacak
1) The action going on in the future
Time Expressions:
by the time
by 2000
by this time tomorrow / next week
at this time tomorrow
I will be working over that project by this time tomorrow.

1 will be studying English by the time he comes.
will be Ving by the time Simple Present Tense

will have V3
will have been Ving
She will be waiting for you by 2 pm.
I will be studying my lessons by 3 pm.
I will be traveling to Venice by Christmas.

10) FUTURE PERFECT TENSE
will have V3 -mış olacak
Time expressions are the same as Future Cont. Tense.
• by the time
• by 2000
• by this time tomorrow / next year
The difference between " will be Ving " and " will have V3 " ;
1) In Future Cont. Tense " will be Ving " ; the action is still going on. But in Future
Perf. Tense " will have V3 " ; the action has already finished.
For example:
• I will be working by 6 o'clock.

• I will have finished my work by 6 o'clock.
will be Ving continuous tense

will have V3 finished actions
2) We generally use the time expressions of perfect tenses in Future Perfect Tense
" will have V3 "
I will have worked here for 3 years by 2003

T.E. of Perf Tenses
3) We can use long action verbs with Future Perf. Tenses such as;
I will have lived in Beşiktaş for 6 years by the end of this month.
11) FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
will have been Ving -mış olacak
This tense has the same usage as the future perfect tense; the difference is
"long action verbs"
We prefer to use "long action verbs" with "future perfect cont. tense" "will have been Ving"
I will have been living in Nişantaşı for 2 years by 2004.
She will have been working in İstanbul for 10 years,

will have been Ving

12. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE :
Subj + have / has been Ving + Obj + T.E
1) With long actions verbs ; we prefer to use " have / has been Ving "
I have been learning Spanish for 2 years.

have been Ving
She has been teaching English since 1992.

have/has been Ving
• Time Expressions are as same as the T.E used in Present Perfect Tense
In addition to the time expressions used in Present Perfect there is also "all" in Present
Perfect Continuous Tense.
2) The other usage is about the action's signs.
The streets are wet. It has been raining all day.

Sign have/has been Ving
My mother is tired now. She has been cleaning home all morning.
Sign have/has been Ving
13. PAST PERFECT TENSE
Subj + had V3 + Obj + T.E
Past Perfect Past Pr. Perf. Now
I had lived in Beşiktaş for 2 months in 1992.

had V3
The actions continued in the past and finished in the past; but continuation is very
important.
She had worked here for 3 years in 18s.

hadV3

By the time
Past Perf. Cont. by the time Simple Past Tense.

Past Perf. Ten.
Eg : 1)I had finished this subject by the time you came.

had V3 V2
2)By the time he arrived home, I had cooked the dinner.

V2 had V3
14. PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
Subj+ had been Ving+Obj+ Time Expressions Long action verbs in the past
SIGN:
The streets were wet.

wet. It had been raining all night.
After - Before
After + had V3 Before + V2
• After + Subj + had V3 + Subj + V2

• Before + Subj + V2 + Subj + had V3
For Example :
• After I had completed my work, I went out.

• Before I went out, I had completed my work.
• After the meeting had finished , we worked.
I. Action II. Action
• Before we started work , the meeting had finished.

II.Action I.Action
Explanation :
We use " Past Perfect Tense "," had V3 " to define first actions.( former actions) in the
past; and we use " S. Past Tense " " V2 " to define second actions (latter actions ) in the
past.

THE USAGE OF THE TENSES
1. Hareketsizlik, geniş zamanlılık ve " I " öznesi varsa "am" kullanılır.

2. Hareketsizlik, geniş zamanlılık ve "he,she,it" öznesi varsa "is" kullanılır.
3. Hareketsizlik, geniş zamanlılık ve "we.you.they" öznesi varsa "are" kullanılır.
4. Hareketsizlik, geniş zamanlılık,olumsuzluk ve " I " öznesi varsa "am not" kullanılır.
5. Hareketsizlik, geniş zamanlılık,olumsuzluk ve "he,she,it" öznesi varsa "is not"
kullanılır.
6. Hareketsizlik, geniş zamanlılık ve "we,you,they" öznesi varsa "are not" kullanılır.
7. Hareketlilik, geniş zamanlılık,olumluluk ve " I " veya " çoğul özne" varsa "V1"
kullanılır.
8. Hareketlilik, geniş zamanlılık,olumluluk ve "he,she,it" özneleri varsa "Ves/ Vs/ Vies"
kullanılır.
9. Hareketlilik, geniş zamanlılık,olumsuzluk ve " I " veya " çoğul özne" varsa "don't V1"
kullanılır.
10. Hareketlilik, geniş zamanlılık,olumsuzluk ve "he,she,it" özneleri varsa "doesn't V1"
kullanılır.
11. Hareketlilik, geniş zamanlılık,soru " I " veya " çoğul özne" varsa "Do ....V1" kullanılır.
12. Hareketlilik, geniş zamanlılık,soru " tekil" özne varsa "Does V1" kullanılır.
13. Hareketsizlik, geçmiş zamanlılık,olumlu " I " veya " tekil özne" varsa "was" kullanılır.
14. Hareketsizlik, geçmiş zamanlılık,olumlu " çoğul özne" varsa "were" kullanılır.
15. Hareketsizlik, geçmiş zamanlılık,olumsuz " I " veya " tekil özne" varsa "was not"
kullanılır.
16. Hareketsizlik, geçmiş zamanlılık,olumsuz" çoğul özne" varsa "were not" kullanılır.
17. Hareketlilik, geçmiş zamanlılık,olumlu " I " ," tekil özne"," çoğul özne" varsa "V2"
kullanılır.
18. Hareketlilik, geçmiş zamanlılık,olumsuz " I " ," tekil özne"," çoğul özne" varsa "didn't
V1" kullanılır.
19. Hareketlilik, geçmiş zamanlılık,soru " I " ," tekil özne"," çoğul özne" varsa "Did... V1"
kullanılır.
20. Hareketlilik, şimdiki zaman, olumlu " I " varsa " am+ Ving" kullanılır.
21. Hareketlilik, şimdiki zaman, olumlu "he,she,it" varsa " is+ Ving" kullanılır.
22. Hareketlilik, şimdiki zaman, olumlu "çoğul özne" varsa " are+ Ving" kullanılır.
23. Hareketlilik, şimdiki zaman, olumsuz " I " varsa " am not+ Ving" kullanılır.
24. Hareketlilik, şimdiki zaman, olumsuz "he,she,it" varsa " is not+ Ving" kullanılır.
25. Hareketlilik, şimdiki zaman, olumsuz "çoğul özne" varsa " are not+ Ving" kullanılır.
26. Hareketlilik, gelecek zaman, olumlu "I","tekil","çoğul" özne varsa " will +V1 "
kullanılır.
27. Hareketlilik, gelecek zaman, olumsuz "I","tekil", "çoğul" özne varsa " will not +V1 "
kullanılır.
28. Hareketlilik, gelecek zaman, soru " I " , "tekil", "çoğul" özne varsa "Will V1? "
kullanılır.
29. Hareketlilik, geçmişten bugüne, olumlu " I " "çoğul özne" varsa " have V3 " kullanılır.
30. Hareketlilik, geçmişten bugüne, olumlu "he,she,it" varsa " has V3 " kullanılır.
31. Hareketlilik, geçmişten bugüne, olumsuz " I " "çoğul özne" varsa " have not V3 "
kullanılır.
32. Hareketlilik, geçmişten bugüne, olumsuz "he,she,it" varsa " has not V3 " kullanılır.

33. Hareketlilik, geçmişten bugüne, soru " I " "çoğul özne" varsa " Have V3? "
kullanılır.
34. Hareketlilik, geçmişten bugüne, soru "he,she,it" varsa " Has.... V3? " kullanılır.
35. Hareketsizlik, geçmişten bugüne, olumlu " I " "çoğul özne" varsa " have been "
kullanılır.
36. Hareketsizlik, geçmişten bugüne, olumlu "he,she,it" varsa " has been " kullanılır.
37. Hareketsizlik, geçmişten bugüne, olumsuz " I " "çoğul özne" varsa " have not been "
kullanılır.
38. Hareketsizlik, geçmişten bugüne, olumsuz "he,she,it" varsa " has not been " kullanılır.
39. Hareketlilik, geçmişte süreklilik, olumlu "I",he,she,it varsa " was+ Ving" kullanılır.
40. Hareketlilik, geçmişte süreklilik, olumlu "çoğul özne" varsa " were+ Ving" kullanılır.
41. Hareketlilik, geçmişte süreklilik, olumsuz " I " " he,she,it" varsa " was not+ Ving"
kullanılır.
42. Hareketlilik, geçmişte süreklilik, olumsuz "çoğul" varsa " were not+ Ving" kullanılır.
43. Hareketlilik, geçmişten bugüne, olumlu,uzun eylem " I " "çoğul özne" varsa " have
been Ving " kullanılır.
44. Hareketlilik, geçmişten bugüne, olumlu,uzun eylem "he,she,it" varsa " has been Ving
kullanılır.
45. Hareketlilik, geçmişten bugüne, olumsuz,uzun eylem " I " "çoğul özne" varsa " have
not been Ving " kullanılır.
46. Hareketlilik, geçmişten bugüne, olumsuz ,uzun eylem "he,she,it" varsa " has not been
Ving " kullanılır.
47. Hareketlilik, geçmişten bugüne, soru,uzun eylem " I " "çoğul özne" varsa "
Have been Ving? " kullanılır.
48. Hareketlilik, geçmişten bugüne, soru,uzun eylem "he,she.it" varsa " Has.... been Ving?
kullanılır.
49. Hareketlilik, geçmişten önce, olumlu " I " "he,she,it" "çoğul özne" varsa " had V3 "
kullanılır.
50. Hareketlilik, geçmişten önce, olumsuz " I " "he.she,it" "çoğul özne" varsa " had not V3
kullanılır.
51. Hareketlilik, geçmişten Önce. olumlu,uzun eylem " I " " he,she,it" "çoğul özne" varsa
" had been Ving " kullanılır.
52. Hareketlilik, geçmişten önce, olumsuz,uzun eylem " I " " he,she,it" "çoğul özne" varsa
" had not been Ving " kullanılır.
53. Hareketlilik,gelecekte süreklilik,olumlu " I" " he,she,it" , " çoğul" varsa " will be
Ving" kullanılır.
54. Hareketlilik,gelecekte süreklilik,olumsuz " I" " he,she,it" . " çoğul" varsa " will not be
Ving" kullanılır.
55. Hareketlilik,gelecekte süreklilik,soru " I" " he,she,it" , " çoğul" varsa " Will be
Ving" kullanılır.
56. Hareketlilik,gelecekte bitmişlik,olumlu " I" " he,she,it" , " çoğul" varsa " will have
V3" kullanılır.
57. Hareketlilik,gelecekte bitmişlik,olumsuz " I" " he,she,it" , " çoğul" varsa " will not
have V3" kullanılır.
58. Hareketlilik,gelecekte bitmişlik,soru " I" " he,she,it", " çoğul" varsa " Will have
V3" kullanılır.
59. Hareketlilik,gelecekte bitmişlik,olumlu,uzun eylem " I" " he,she,it". " çoğul" varsa "
will have been Ving" kullanılır.
60. Hareketlilik,gelecekte bitmişlik,olumsuz,uzun eylem " I" " he,she,it" , " çoğul" varsa "
will not have been Ving" kullanılır.

61. Hareketlilik,gelecekte bitmişlik.soru,uzun eylem " I" " he,she,it"," çoğul" varsa"
Will have been Ving" kullanılır.
62. Hareketlilik - ebilmek, geniş zaman,olumlu " I " , "he,she,it".çoğul varsa" "can+Vl"
kullanılır.
63. Hareketlilik - ebilmek, geniş zaman,olumsuz "1", "he,she,it",çoğul varsa" "can't+Vl"
kullanılır.
64. Hareketlilik - ebilmek, geniş zaman,soru " I " , "he,she,it",çoğul varsa" "Can....+Vl?"
kullanılır.
65. Hareketlilik - ebilmek, geçmiş zaman,olumlu "I", "he,she,it",çoğul varsa"
"could+Vl" kullanılır.
66. Hareketlilik - ebilmek, geçmiş zaman,olumsuz " I " , "he,she.it",çoğul varsa"
"couldn't+Vl" kullanılır.
67. Hareketlilik - ebilmek, geçmiş zaman,soru " I " , "he,she,it",çoğul varsa"
"Could....+Vl?" kullanılır.
68. Hareketlilik - meli,.- malı geniş zaman,olumlu "I", "he,she,it",çoğul varsa"
"must+Vl" kullanılır.
69. Hareketlilik - meli, - malı. geniş zaman,olumsuz "1", "he,she,it",çoğul varsa" "must
not+Vl" kullanılır.
70. Hareketlilik - meli,- malı( dış baskı) geniş zaman,olumlu " I " , "çoğul varsa" "have
to+Vl" kullanılır.
71. Hareketlilik - meli, - malı( dış baskı), geniş zaman,olumlu "he,she,it""has to+Vl"
kullanılır.
PRESENT TENSES
Simple Present Tense ( Geniş Zaman) ( V1,Ves)
Present Continuous Tense ( Şimdiki Zaman) ( am/ is/ are Ving)
Future Tense ( Gelecek Zaman) ( will + V1 )
Future Cont. Tense ( Gelecekte Süreklilik) ( will be Ving)
Future Perfect Tense ( Gelecekte Bitmişlik) ( will have V3)
Future Perfect Cont. Tense ( Gelecekte Bitmişlik Uzun) ( will have been Ving)
Present Perfect Tense ( Geçmişten bugüne) ( have / has V3)
Present Perfect Cont. Tense ( Geçmişten Bugüne Uzun) ( have / has been Ving)
Can+Vl (~ebilmek)
Must+Vl (~meli- malı)
Should+Vl (~meli- malı, tavsiye,öğüt)
Have to + V1 (~meli, ~malı ) ( dış baskı)
PAST TENSES
Simple Past Tense (Geçmiş Zaman) (V2)
Past Continuous Tense ( Geçmişte Süreklilik) (was/ were+ Ving)
Past Perfect Tense ( Geçmişten Önce) (had V3)
Past Perfect Continuous Tense (Geçmişten Önce Uzun) ( had been Ving)
Would+Vl (~erdi.ardı)
Could + V1 (~ehildi)
Had to + Vl (~mek zorundaydı)
Should + Vl (~meliydi)

Seven Wonders of the World (ADVANCED)
There are seven wonders in the world. It is expected to be more in the future.
1. The Pyramids of Egypt

These pyramids still stand and are situated on the Nile's west bank in Egypt. They
were constructed to be the tombs of Egyptian monarchs in the period 2650- 1800 BC.
The largest of all is at Giza and it was built for Pharaohs of the old Kingdom. The first
built pyramid is called Great Pyramid on account of the fact that it is the largest and
the hugest.
2. The Mausoleum at Halicarnassus
Mausolus, King of Caria, died in 353 BC. His queen Artemisia decided to have Greek
architects build a majestic memorial for him. Its shape is rectangular and it has an
Ionic colonnade supporting a roof-like pyramid. It became so famous that monumental
tombs have been called "Mausoleum" since that term. However it was harmed by the
earthquake which occured before 1400 A.D. Some of the relics are still exhibited in
the British Museum.
3. The Hanging Gardens of Babylon
They were said that they were built by the Chaldean kings. The walls of Babylon were
ornamented by the Hanging Gardens and some authors described in their novels
glamourously. The gardens included various flowers, plants, trees and they were
watered by the fountains. According to convention, the Chaldean King
Nebuchadnezzar built the Hanging Gardens to satisy his wife but Greeks believed that
they were built for Semiramis who was the daughter of the goddess Derceto.
4. The Temple of Artemis
This temple was dedicated to Artemis at Ephesus in the 6th century BC but it was
burned in 356 BC. It was rebuilt by the effort of all the cities of Asia. It was believed
that its construction lasted 120 years. The temple was destructed again in 262 AD.
The fragments from the coloums are exhibited in the British Museum.
5. The Lighthouse of Alexandria
The lighthouse of Alexandria was constructed about 270 BC on a small Alexandria
island in Egypt. This lighthouse was made of white marbel and it was said that it had
been 400 feet high.
6. The Statue of Olympian Zeus
It was placed in the great temple of Zeus at Olympia It was built in 457 BC. It was
made of ivory,gold and precious stones. The sculptor Phidias seated on a throne
which was ornamented with gold, ivory and preciouds stones. Emperor Theodorous I
took it to Constantinople. It was harmed in a fire in Constantinople in 475 AD.
7. The Colossus of Rhodes
It was a great bronze statue that it had another name the sun god Helios. The statue
was constructed about 280 BC by the citiziens of Rhodes. According to the legend, the
statue stood at the horbour entrance. It had 105 feet high which could stand only 56
years. It is said that the fragments of the statue remained there in Rhodes for 900
years.
• Translate the text.

VOCABULARY
There are ten words. You should memorize these words.
Admire : To approve of and respect someone or something

We all admire her for the way of studying.
Approve : To believe that something or someone is good.

/ don't approve of smoking.
Respect : Admiration of someone's position or personal qualities.

Of course I feel respect for my father.
Believe : To think that something is true.

You can't believe anything she says.
Competition : A situation in which two or more people or trying to win the something
The two factory were in competition.
Connection : A relationship between things.

Do you know that there is a connection between smoking and heart
disease?
Discover : To find or learn about something for the first time.

Columbus discovered America in 1492.
Distance : The amount of space or time between two points.

What is the distance from Ankara to Istanbul?
Reason : The ability to think and understand.

(reasonable) His writings appeal to emotion rather than reason.
Emotion : The strong feelings.

Love is a basic emotion.
If you are ready you can look at exercises.

EXERCISES
1. We must find a solution to this problem.
2. Everyone her success.
3. It is so important for him to win this
4. I don't in you because you are always lying.
5. After I learned the , I've decided how I will go there.
6. There is always between reason and result.
7. Being happy is a kind of
8. America was by Colomb.
9. Do you think that I'll such a bad decision.
10. Every student should to his teacher.
Answer Key:
1. reasonable 2.admires 3. competition 4. believe 5. distance 6. connection

7.emotion 8. discovered 9. approve of 10. respect

MY WORST VACATION (PRE-INTERMEDIATE)
1 went to Miami with my friends last summer. Firstly it was great but then it started to
go wrong. We stayed at a hotel. It wasn't a luxurious hotel but it had everything in it. There
was an old man next door. He was very strange. He never left his room and watched
mysterious programmes. Everything was very weird. We started our holiday and we went to
beach, in the evening we had dinner at the hotel's restaurant and at night we went to the disco
to enjoy together. However one of my friends turned to our room to get his wallet that he had
forgot before. He heard some strange noise coming from the next door. He became curious
and started to listen and he decided to walk along the man's room. He found the door half
opened. He saw the man while he was killing his dog with his own knife. The dog was dead
but he was still going on snabbing it. It was the worst scene that he had ever seen. Suddenly
the man looked back and my friend saw his bloody face. He got frightened and the old man
started to run towards him. My friend escaped immediately and he decided to get to the lift
but it was out of order. He went through the stairs but the door was locked. He trapped. The
man started to get closer and closer. He was screaming and crying desperately. Then we
became worried about our friend and decided to go upstairs. When the old man saw us. he
immediately turned to his room again and he screamed. He said " This is your last night. You
will die all."
We called the hotel attendants to explain the situation but they didn't believe us
because the man was very wealthy and he had been living in that hotel for years. It stroke
three at night and we decided to go back. The weather was so dull. Everybody was sleeping
and the lights were off. We packed our luggage and opened our rooms door slowly. When we
opened the door, it was too calm. The elevator was working. We pushed the button of the lift.
if came to our floor. When we opened the door of the lift, we encountered the old man. He
said " Where do you think you are going? Our night has just started." We began to run away.
Fortunately he was too old to run. We saw his room's door opened. We couldn't get into our
room because we had already locked it. We had to enter his room. We closed the door. He
started to knock the door violently. We all saw the dead dog lying on the floor among all dead
animals. He was a phsyco.
We tried to call the police but the telephone wires had already been cut. He had
planned everything. He was about to break the door. We graviated to the windows but it was
too high to jump. He managed to break the door and he entered into the room. He ran towards
us by screaming " I will kill you all." We looked down and each other, we were going to
jump or die. We all jumped down and I broke my left leg. The ambulance arrived and we
went to hospital and we all decided not to go on holiday to Miami again.
IT WAS MY WORST AND MOST FRIGHTENING DAY I HAD EVER HAD.
• Read the text and translate it.
2Î Her hakkı DAYLIGHT ENGLISH INSTITUTE'a

UNEMPLOYMENT IN TURKEY (INTERMEDIATE)
Turkish youths can not find a job after they finish their universities. Why? Because
there are a lot of people who want to have a well-paid job. But the working areas are too
limited. So the government, private sector can not afford their demand. The companies
have to choose the best one among them. They have some conditions to employ workers.
These conditions are usually fluency in English and computer skills.The youths have to
have some qualifications after they graduate from uni unfortunately a few of these young
people are aware of the importance of these qualifications.
Firstly, the young people who are studying at the university should improve
themselves in every field. They should talk over every subject and they should have a
constant idea of life. However in Turkey the youths spend their time in pubs or in cafes
chatting and dating. They don't really think their future and they just live the day " Carpe
Diem*'. After they graduate from uni, they finally understand that something is wrong
with their social and professional lives to get a job. But it is too late.
On the other hand they are too young to lead their own lives. Parents should lead them
while they are studying at uni. Because they can not decide what they will live in the
future. Moreover our country's life standards are not enough to find a job easily.
Consequently, life is too hard to live in Turkey. The youths should be aware of these
difficulties against the business life. They should be well-qualified before they graduate
from their universities to find a suitable and well-paid job for themselves easily. This is an
inevitable result of living in Turkey for youths.
a. Find the unknown words and translate the text.

THE COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE FORMS
ADJECTIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE

short shorter the shortest
Short adjectives
young younger the youngest
( One syllable)
small smaller the smallest
Ending in one big bigger the biggest
vowel (+) one fat fatter the fattest
consonant slim slimmer the slimmest
Ending in - e : wise wiser the wisest
Ending in - y : dry Drier the driest

good better the best
Irregular adj: bad worse the worst
far further the furthest
Long adjectives
comfortable more comfortable the most comfortable
(Two or more
handsome more handsome the most handsome
syllables)
2. ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS
Forms of Adjectives Adjective Adverb
careful caxefully
Regular Adjectives slow slowly
soft softly
easy easily
Adjectives
busy busily
ending in "-y"
happy happily
Adjectives
full
ending in "-II fully
capable capably
Adjectives
comfortable comfortably
ending in "able"

3. PRONOUNS
Pronouns are used instead of nouns ( names of people and things)
Subject Pronouns Object pronoun Possessive adjectives
I me my
You you your
He him his
She her her
It it its
We us our
You you your
They them their
Position of subject and object pronouns:
• subject pronoun come before the verb.

• object pronoun come after the verb.
• He loves Her but she doesn't love him.

• Can you take me home?
• We can use pronoun and possessive instead of nouns:
• Emel teaches the children because she likes them
• Ali's father is an engineer and his sister is an engineer, too
l.Possessive Pronouns
mine
yours
his, hers. its
ours
yours
theirs
• I like Ali and Ahmet's house

• I like their house
• I like theirs.
These are our cars. Those are ours.

This is your desk. This is yours.
It is his bag. It is his.

2. Reflexive pronouns:
myself
yourself
himself, herself, itself
ourselves
yourselves
themselves
The woman killed herself.
He looked at himself in the mirror.
They painted the room themselves.
4. NOUNS
Any word that has the plural is a noun
• The plural form of nouns
house houses
pencil pencils
notebook notebooks
• nouns ending in " s s " , "sh", "ch", or "x" :
address addresses
crash crashes
watch watches
box boxes
• nouns ending in "y" following a consonant:
secretary secretaries
country countries
• nouns ending in "y" following a vowel:
way ways
monkey monkeys
25 Her hakkı DAYLIGHT ENGLISH INSTITUTE!a

Irregular Plurals
man men
woman women
wife wives
leaf leaves
foot feet
life lives
child children
knife knives
thief thieves
5. COMPARISON AND CONTRAST
Tülin's job is the same as Tank's. They're both doctors.
Tülin's job is different from Tolga's. Tolga is a pilot.
Tank's job is similar to Fehmi's. Fehmi is a dentist.
I look like my mother.
Cemil works a lot. An ant works a lot.
Cemil works like an ant.
6. ADJECTIVES& ADVERBS
a. Adjectives:
- Adjectives modify nouns.
Before nouns
• She looks as a clever girl.

• I have got brown eyes.
After "to be"
• The boy is handsome.

• The books are interesting.
Opposite adjectives
• This room is hot. That room is cold. hot x cold

• These bottles are empty. Those bottles are full empty x full
• These shoes are clean. Those shoes are dirty . clean x dirty

• The pattern "adverb + participle + noun'" is common
He is a well known policeman.

That policeman is men known.
She is a fully qualified teacher.

This teacher is fully qualified..
Adjectives ending in " -ed" and " - ing
-ing participle indicates cause; describes things, events

-ed participle indicates effect; describes people.
The film was interesting •

I was interested in mathematics.
The film was so boring.

Cem was bored with the story.
Irregular Adverbs
Adjective Adverb
good well
fast fast
hard hard
high high
early early

CONJUNCTIONS
A conjunction is a word that links words, phrases, or clauses.
There are six types of conjunctions:
1) Supporting Conjunctions
2) Contrasting Conjunctions
3) Giving Reason Conjunctions
4) Giving Result Conjunctions
5) Illustration Conjunctions
6) Amplification Conjunctions
1) Supporting Conjunctions
* Two actions must support each other in negative way or affirmative way.
* The conjunctions written below have all same meanings but '"in addition to" have
a different usage.
Moreover
Furthermore
What's more
Together with
Not only that Sentence ( Buna ek olarak/ Dahası)
In addition that
Along with
On top of that
As well as
In addition to + Ving / Noun
• He shouted at me. Moreover he slammed the door and went out furiously.
Negative Negative
( He shouted at me and then he slammed the door.)
• He is clever. What's more he is handsome.

Affirmative Affirmative
( This sentence is about his characteristic properties . The sentences are both
affirmative.)
• My mother likes cooking a lot. In addition that she likes reading.

( My mother likes cooking and reading at the same time.)

• My mother likes cooking in addition to reading.
Ving
• My brother, Giirkan, is interested in stock exchange. Furthermore he is a geologist.

2) Contrasting Conjunctions
* Two actions must contrast each other. One negative ( - ) . one affirmative ( + )
action should be used.
* The conjunctions written below have all same meanings. "In spite of" and
"Despite" have same meanings, too; but they have different usages.
a)
Although
Even though
Though Sentence ( Rağmen, aksine)
Notwithstanding
In spite of the fact that
Despite the fact that
In spite of + Ving/ Noun (-e rağmen)

Despite
Although he studied hard, he failed from the exam.

Affirmative Negative
( His studying a lot, he should pass the exam but he failed. Failing from the exam is a
contrasting action.)
Even though she is very beautiful, she is very foolish.

( This sentence is about the characteristic properties . She is beautiful but she is
foolish.)
Though she knows everything about me, she seems not to know anything.
( She knows everything about me but she doesn't seem to know.)
Notwithstanding he is on a diet, he eats a lot of chocolate.


(His being on a diet, he shouldn't eat chocolate. So it becomes a contrasting action.)
• Be careful with the difference !!
In spite of the fact that it is snowing, I prefer going out with him.
Negative Affirmative
(It is snowing but I prefer going out with him.)
In spite of snowing, I prefer going out with him.

( Meaning is the same as " in spite of the fact that" but after in spite of we should use
Ving or noun.)
• Be careful with the difference !!
Despite the fact that it was raining, they went swimming.

Despite the rain, they went swimming.

( "Despite" and "In spite of have same meaning and usage. They are used with a noun
or gerund ( Ving ).)
UNITY
• As it is shown in the picture, the conjunctions unite the sentences giving a

negative or affirmative meaning, sometimes they give emphasize to the sentences.

b) However
But
Yet
Still + Sentence ( Ama. ancak)
Nevertheless
Nonetheless
He is on a diet, but he eats a lot of chocolate.

( His being on a diet, he shouldn't eat chocolate.)

He hurts me a lot nevertheless he hasn't apologized to me.
* They all have same usages and same meanings.
c) In contrast
On the contrary + Sentence ( Aksi takdirde)
On the other hand
In other respect
Conversely
Contrarily
* The conjunctions written above are generally used in essays or compositions when we
have a contrasting idea.
She likes man's thoughts. In contrast she is a feminist.
3) Giving Reason Conjunctions
* These conjunctions are used to unite cause and effect. They give the reason why
the action has happened.
Because
Since
Owing to the fact that
Due to the fact that + Sentence ( Çünkü. - den dolayı)
For
On account of the fact that
For this reason
Accordingly

Because of
Owing to + Ving/notin ( -den dolayı)
Due to
On account of
• Look out the difference!!
She was late because she missed the bus.

Effect Cause
She was late because of missing the bus.

Ving
• Look out the difference!!
He failed the class due to the fact that he didn't study enough.
Effect Cause
He failed the class due to not studying enough.

Ving
4) Giving Result Conjunctions
* These conjunctions are used while giving the results of the actions.
a) So
Therefore
Thereby + Sentence ( Böylece)
Thus
Hence
She studies hard so she passes her class.

Cause Effect
He didn't eat a lot of chocolate therefore he lost weight.

Cause Effect

b) As a result
To sum up
Consequently
As a consequence + Sentence ( Sonuç olarak)
Finally
To conclude
As a conclusion
• The conjunctions below are generally used in compositions or essays while

giving results.
To sum up, they were all right for their fights.
5) Illustration Conjunctions
• We use these conjunctions when we want to give examples.
For example + Sentence ( Örneğin)

For instance
To exemplify
To illustrate
There are lots of species that have mother children relationship. For example cats, dogs...
6) Amplification Conjunctions
As a matter of fact
In fact + Sentence
Indeed ( Aslında)
Actually
He pretends to be stupid. In fact he is as clever as I am.

1. Coordinating Conjunctions
A coordinating conjunction connects words, phrases and clauses that have same grammatical
functions two nouns, verbs, adjectives.
Conjunctions What is linked Sample Sentences
And noun phrase+ noun phrase We have tickets for the opera
and the ballet.
Sentence+ sentence The opera rehearses on
But Tuesday, but the ballet
rehearses on Wednesday.
Or Verb+ verb Have you seen or heard the
ballet by Grigorovich?
I wanted to sit in the front, so
So Sentence + sentence
ordered my tickets early.
2. Correlative conjunctions
A correlative conjunction is coordinating conjunction that works in pairs to connect
elements in a sentence.
Conjunctions What is linked Sample Sentences
both and Subject + subject Both my sister and my

brother can play guitar.
Either my mum or daddy has
either or Subject+subject phoned you. I am not sure.
Neither Evren nor Ali comes
neither nor Subject + subject to class.
Not only did the cat jump
not only but also Sentence + sentence over the fence, but it also
scratched the paint.

3. Subordinating Conjunctions
Subordinating Conjunctions, the largest class of conjunctions, connect subordinate clause to
main clause.
These conjunctions are adverbs used as conjunctions.
A subordinating conjunction connect elements with different grammatical function.
TIME CAUSE + EFFECT OPPOSITION
CONDITION
After Because Although if
Before Since Though unless
When Now that Even though only if
While As Where as whether or not
Since In order that While even if
Until So In case (that)
CONJUNCTION SAMPLE SENTENCE
After We are going to eat after the concert finishes.
Since we've lived in New Yo rk, we have gone to

Since
every exhibit at the metropolitan museum.
While While I was waiting for you, I was reading my book.
Although Although I was very ill, I went to work.
Because I love my teacher because she teaches very well.
When When the bell rings, the students must sit down

COUNTABLE and UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS
Countable nouns are the names of things that you can count.
A bus, five flowers, six hundred dollars Countable nouns have plurals.
An armchair Three armchairs
A telephone box Three telephone boxes
Uncountable nouns are the names of things that you can't count.
Water, music, orange juice, tea. beer.

Uncountable nouns have no plurals ,too.
We can't use "a/an" with uncountable nouns
Countable Nouns Uncountable Nouns
Desks money
Chairs tea
Dictionaries water
Pencils coffee
Pens jewellry
Computers orange-juice
Scissors rice
Books fish
Notebooks information
Vases happiness

A / an and some / any
We only use "a/ an" with singular countable nouns.
We use "any" with both countable and uncountable nouns.
( Chairs) He wants a chair. ( Countable)

(Wine) 1 want some wine. (Uncountable)
(Pens) I need four pens. (Countable)
As a general rule, use some in affirmative (+) sentence, we use any in questions (?) and
negative (-) sentences
I need some new shoes. (+)

Countable
I don't need any new skirts.(-)
Countable
Do you have any money in your wallet (?)
Uncountable
Note : When we ask for things or offer things we use some in questions, (polite request)
Would you like some milk?

Can I have some sugar, please?
a little/ a few:
a little : a small amount but enough ( uncountable)
a few : a small amount but enough ( countable)
little / few:
little : a small amount and not enough ( uncountable)
few : a small amount but not enough ( countable)

Examples:
a little/ little:
There is a little milk at home but it is enough for my cake.
There is little milk at home, we should buy some more.
a few/ few:
I have a few friends and we enjoy a lot.
I have few friends and I feel lonely.
* "a little" is used before uncountable nouns:
a little milk
a little sugar
a little tea
* "a few" is used before countable nouns:
a few students
a few friends
a few buildings
Exercises:
a. Do you have plenty of free time?
No, I don't have much time. I have a little.
b. Does she have many books?
No, she doesn't have many books. She has a few.
1. Are there a lot of people in the car?
2. Do you always drink milk in the morning?
3. Is there a lot of time before the film starts?
4. Did they do a lot of work last year?
5. Are there a lot of houses in this area?
6. How many apples are there in the basket?
7. How many films did you see last week?
8. Are there a lot of trees in that forest?
9. Do you have to put a lot of petrol in your car?
10. How much money did you give him?

aittir, izinsiz kopya edilemez, çoğaltılamaz.
many/ much:
* "many" is used before plural countable nouns:
I don*t have many friends.
Does she write many books?
He didn't make many mistakes.
You didn't smoke many cigarettes.
* " much" is used before uncountable nouns:

He doesn't have much money.
We don't have much time.
They don't have much petrol.
We don't have much milk in the kitchen.
* Instead of "many" you can use;
a great number of / a good number of...
A great number of guests came to our party.

We did a good number of exercises this morning.
* Instead of " much" you can use;

a great deal of / a great amount of/ a good deal of / a good amount of...
There is a good deal of petrol in the car.

She wants to have a great deal of time.
I have a good amount of money. I am rich.

DIRECT & INDIRECT SPEECH
DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH
Simple Present Simple Past
Present Continuous Past Continuous

Present Perfect
Simple Past
Past Perfect
Past Perfect
Simple Future (will) would
Future ( be going to) Was/were going to

MODALS
can
could
may (possibility)
might
may (permission)
could
will
would
might
might
must
had to
have to
had to
should
should
ought to
ought to
shall
would ( future)
shall
should ( ask for advice)
Imperative Infinitive
Yes / No question
If + noun clause
Change in time and place words:
DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH
now then, at that time
today that day

tomorrow the following day
the next day
yesterday the previous day
the day before
next month / year the following month / year
the next month / year

a month / year later

last month / year the month / year before
the previous month / year
in two d ays / weeks two days / weeks from then
five days / weeks ago five days / weeks before
five days / weeks earlier
here there
this that
these those
come go

GENERAL DIFFERENCES
1) ( among, between difference)
I was sitting between Evren and Feyza.
They saw a rabbit among flowers.
" between" is used with two elements.

"among" is used with more than two elements.
2) ( advice, advise difference)
He advised me to stop drinking alcohol.

verb
Thank you for your advice.

Noun
( a piece of advice)
we can't use" an advice" (It is uncountable)
(three pieces of advice)
3) ( effect, affect difference)
He affected all of the employees by his speech.

Verb
Advertisement has had a lot of effect on our sales.

Noun
4) (all - whole difference)
* They are different from each other by their usage. They are same as meaning.
I have worked all my life.
I have worked my whole life.
All my life my whole life

All the effort the whole effort
All this work this whole work
5) (Aloud - loudly difference)
aloud : adverb ( generally used by the verbs " read, think" )

loudly : adverb

• Don't laugh so loudly.
• Are we talking loudly?
- What did you say?

- Nothing I was thinking aloud.
6) (am- pm. difference)
am. : 24:01- 12:00

pm : 12:01 -24:00
The banks open at 9:00 am.

I will be at home at 11:00 pm mummy! Don't worry.
7 (arise- rise difference)
arise - arose - arisen : appear

rise - rose - risen : increase
A problem has arisen. ( arise)

l am afraid a difficulty arose. ( arise)
The prices are rising. (rise)
What time does the sun rise? ( rise)
8) (Die with prepositions)

OF
die of an illness
die of hunger
die of thirst
die of wounds
FOR
die for his/ her country'
die for a cause
IN
die in a war
die in a battle
die in a rebellion
die in poverty
die in a gas chamber
THROUGH
die through neglect
BY
die by the sword
die by the knife

9) (drive- ride- pilot- sail difference)
drive : use car. tractor, train

ride : use horse, camel, donkey, bike, motorbike
pilot : use plane
sail : use ship
drive - drove - driven

ride - rode - ridden
pilot - piloted - piloted
sail - sailed - sailed
I can drive a car. He piloted a Concorde.
She can ride a bike. Do you know how to sail the ship?
10) (Economic- economical- economics difference)
be economical on petrol
economic history
the country's economic future
the government's economic policy
a bad economic state
study economics
This isn't a very economical method of heating.
We must charge an economic rent.
My son is studying economics at university.
11) ( drown- strangle- suffocate difference)

drown : die in the sea, river, lake
strangle : kill someone by rope
suffocate : kill someone by preventing the breath system
The woman drowned in the sea.

The man was strangled with a piece of rope.
He suffocated the sleeping man with a pillow.

PREPOSITIONS
A word expressing the relationship between a noun, a pronoun or a noun phrase and another
element of the sentence.
Examples:
She doesn't go to school on Saturdays.
1. Prepositions of Place (some examples)
In On At
In Istanbul on Rumeli Street at Istanbul University

In the park on the floor at school
In the house on the desk at the station
In the water on the radio at the airport
In the book on television at the ceiling
In the sky on the wall at work
In the street on the shelf at dinner
2. Prepositions of Time and date
In On At
In August on Sunday at noon

In 1977 on Monday morning at night
In winter on Tuesday evening at lunch
In the morning on Friday afternoon at dinner
In the afternoon on Christmas Day at one o'clock
In the evening on March 21 s 1 at midnight
In the past at Christmas
In the future
• In time : at the time arranged
• On time : punctual
• In( a few minutes) : at the end of a period of time
Evren will come back in five minutes.

• At/by : (-de,-da)
at noon, four am. etc.( at the time precisely)

by noon, four am. etc. ( before, not later than)
He is going to meet her at seven.

He is going to meet her by seven.
• To / till ( until): (-e kadar)
I studied from 10:00 to 12:00.

I studied from 10:00 till 12:00.
She is going to stay here until Tuesday.
• For / since :
For : used before a period of time. (-dir, -dır)

Since : used with a certain point in time. (-den beri)
for five years since 1996
for two months since July
"for"- "since" mainly used in " Present Perfect Tense"
• during: (boyunca)
Placed before known periods of time.
during 1949
during the Middle Ages
during that time
3. Prepositions of travel and movement:
They travel by bus / car / train / boat/ sea /plane /air
They travel on foot.

They arrive in a country / town.
They arrive at a village / hotel / theatre/ station.
They travel / return / go /come home (without "to").
They arrive home (without "at").
They get on a bus, a train, a bicycle, horse
They get off a bus, a train, a bicycle, a horse

4. Prepositions of position
in front of/ behind / along / among / over / /under / on / in / next to / near / above / below
- Amanda sits in front of Jack.
- The bus is behind the truck.
- The picture is above the blackboard.
- The book is under the table.
- The book is on the table.
5. Prepositions of direction:
up. down, along, across; through, into, between, among, up/ down
His office is up the stairs.

Her office is down the stairs.
Along There're some expensive shops along Bağdat Street.
Across There's a hotel across the road.
• Between / among
Between : used with two persons and things
The sun is among the clouds.

He sits between Ali and Fatoş.
6. No Preposition ( x )
* x what time do you go to school?
* I'll see Ali x this morning.
* She'll come...x next week.
* He saw his girl - friend ....x...last Monday.

A. Fill in the blanks with the proper preposition of travel and movement.
1) Did you come car? No, I came foot.

2) He and his mother go to school taxi every morning.
3) After a few hours they' II arrive our town.
4) She came home very late.
5) I arrived station and got the train.
B. Fill in the blanks with the proper preposition of time.
1) I can't sleep the afternoon.
2) Where were you your summer holiday?
3) I was born 20th of October.
4) Come ten Sunday afternoon.
5) They haven't been abroad last year.
6) She gets up seven o'clock the morning.
7) We work from 09:00 06: 00.
8) I'll be back five minutes.
9) Atatürk died 1938.
10) I have an appointment Monday 01: 30.
Answer Key:
A. 1. by , on 2. by 3. in 4. X 5. at. off
B. 1. in 2. on 3. on 4. at, on 5. X 6. at. in 7. to / until / till 8. in 9. in 10. o n . at

ADVANCED PREPOSITIONS
1 - concentrate on 103-off breath

2 - depend on 104- under discussion
5 - break into pieces 105- swim across the river
4 - accustomed to 106-by request
5 - against the law 107-in suit
6 - proud of 108-typicalof
7 - afraid of 109-on strike
8 - be used to 110-all over the world
9 - at night 111 -arrive in + open air
10 - at midnight 112-arrive at + close places
11 - at noon 113-by sight (I know her by sight)
12 - at dawn 114-out of order
13 - out of sight 115-get under control
14 - love at first sight 116- under control
15 - short of 117-in the end
16 - wait for 118-in the beginning
17 - in danger of 119- at the end / beginning of + noun
18 - on birthday 120-on the way to work/home
19 - rely on 121-on duty x off duty
20 - count on / trust sb for 122- in a mess
21 - sorry for 123-in a bad temper
22 - arrive at/ in 124-be for
23 - sympathetic at 125-be against
24 - laugh at 126-in spite of
25 - by hand 127-thankfor
26 - sensitive at 128-at once
27 - speak to 129-identical to
28 - talk to 130-on the average
29 - arrest for 131 -be addicted to
30 - climb up /down 132- in full agreement with + sb
31 - fill in 133-concern with
32 - via 134-persist in / insist on
33 - break into 135-pleasant to/ kind to
136-pleased with
34 - take pleasure in 137-fondof
35 - quarrel with 138-keen on
36 - reason for 139-listento
37 - delighted with 140-fall in love with
38 - take no notice of 141-ask for
39 - impressed with 142-be interested in
40 - lean over 143-on the main road
41 - complain about sth to sb. 144- have difficulty in
42 - care for 145-have fun with
43 - hear from 146-based on
44 - take care of 147- focus on
45 - on a diet 148-capable of x incapable of
46 - recover from 149-patient with x impatient with

47-get over 150-faithfulto
48-cope with 151-comment on
49-go on excursions 152- by + vehicle
50-aware of 153-on + foot
51 -curious about 154-in + street
52-content with 155- stay at
53-on + days 156-stare at
54-in + months 157-slow at
55- in + years 158-good/bad at
56-at + time 159-valid at
57-on + date 160-quick in
58-on the ground 161-in my opinion
59-on your left /right 162-in business
60-in dark clothes / adress 163-word for word
61 -accuse of 164-shout at
62-blame for 165-approve of
63- charge with 166-lack of
63-put the blame on 167-spend on
64-arrest for 168-deal with
65-with salt / without salt 169-have confidence in
66-fed up with 170-introduce sb to sb
67-tired of 171 -be engaged / married to
68-remind of 172-apply for
69-responsible for 173-gossip about
70-object to 174-ashamed of
71-subject to 175-strict to
72-be opposed to 176-make of
73-have an objection to 177-involve in
74-in common 178-consist of
75-on business 179-believe in
76- prevent sb.from 180-by+author /poet
77-stop sb.from 181-by heart
78-hinder sb.from 182-congratulate on
79-keep sb.from 183-deal with
80-jealous of 184-be attracted by
81-envious of 185-surprised with
82-catch up with 186-under repair
83-look at 187-at the moment
84-look up 188-at present
85-great deal of 189-on fire
86-famous for 190-specialize in
87-well-known for 191 -save from
88-insist on 192-in charge of
89-die of+ illness 193-on business
90-die for + sb/sth 194-on paper
91-agree with 195-work for
92-in ink 196-transfer to
93-by pencil 197-smile at
94-by mistake/by accident 198-crash into
95-on purpose 199-turn into

96-with pleasure 200-take delight in
97-apologize to sb.for sth. 201 -obvious to sb.
98-succeed in 202-dream about
99-get in touch with 203-dream of
100-by the way 204-operate on
101 -escape from 205-experienced in
102-similar to 206-put emphasis on
PREPOSITIONS
Supply the missing prepositions - where necessary.
1) Many people don't approve capital punishment.

2) He was found guilty murder and condemned dealth.
3) You've charged us too much this meal.
4) the end of the century, most of our wildlife will have been destroyed.
5) How much money have you spent stationery?
6) I'd like to see him a week or so.
7) It rained all the weekend.
8) Are you aware the difficulties that lie ahead you?
9) Alice is a very good friend mine.
10) When will she be hospital?
11) On Monday I'm taking the day
12) He was wearing a coat torn sleeve.
13) He gave me a pat the back.
14) Ships are made steel.
15) Harrods is a famous store London.
16) He opened the can a can opener.
17) When you leave, make sure the gas is
18) He usually goes jogging early the morning.
19) Everybody admires him his wisdom and common sense.
20) We'd like to congratulate getting engaged.
21) You can't blame me your own mistakes.
22) Water consist hydrogen and oxygen.
23) a bedroom, clothes are kept a wardrobe.
24) How are we going to deal this problem?
25 ) Some of the tenants are angry about the lack car parking spaces the area.
26) Many residents don't have much confidence our new mayor.
27) I'd like to introduce you Phil, our next - door neighbor.
28) Jim was engaged Mary for there years, but then he married Laura.
29) Ken reminds me David, but they aren't related each other.
30) The staff are responsible their boss the decisions they make.
31) I'm tired waiting Sally to arrive. I object her unpunctuality.
32) On behalf of the students and staff, I'd like to welcome you our school.
33) The scientist needed an assistant to help the experiment.
34) They get on well each other because they have so much common.
35) Can I see the officer duty, please?
36) Has he gone Frankfurt business?
37) You're very good finding excuses!
38) He remained faithful the company even after he had been dismissed.
39) I can't prevent him telling lies.

40) Tony is jealous his younger sister.
41) I'm not familiar hovels and not very keen reading them.
42) Some students are slow understanding, but you should be patient them.
43) This passport is valid all countries expect Greece.
44) He's quick understanding, but he's capable remembering anything.
45) He ran so fast nobody could catch up him.
46) Why don't you look it in an encyclopedia?
47) It's rude to stare people.
48) The storm did a great deal damage the trees the town.
49) I think he's rather envious your suscess.
50) Bursa is famous its mosques.
51) I've seen Zuhal Olcay in lots of movies, but I've never seen her person.
52) Your Jacket is so much like mine that I put yours on mistake.
53) He died the principles he believed
54) Nobody dies a cold!
55) I agree you the date of the meeting.
56) The meeting was different the previours ones.
57) Here's a message of hope suffering humanity.
58) Have you read any books Mark Twain?
59) Multiply 2000 4.
60) Please write ink; it's hard to read if you write pencil.
61) Hundreds birds were sitting the telephone wires.
62) New York was founded the Dutch.
63) The picture seems to have been painted oil, not watercolour.
64) small towns people go work foot.
65) I'd do you a favour pleasure.
66) I know that his birthday was May, but I had forgotten that it was May 7.
67) He recovered serious illness.
68) You should apologize the teacher being so late.
69) She succeeded getting the job.
70) I'll get touch you later this week.
71) the way, have you found the keys?
72) His health is improving day day.
73) There's an old bridge the river?
74) I am looking forward hearing from you soon.
75) Look the exercise the bottom of page 22.
76) Those men have been working on the motor two hours now.
77) The kids stayed awake II 30 last night.
78) Their office is the sixth floor that building.
79) A monkey escaped the zoo jumping a very fence.
80) Miss Lynn translated the text word word.
81) Would you like to go a walk the park Tuesday afternoon?
82) He's learnt all the expressions heart.
83) Do you really think that she threw them away accident?
84) I'm going to apply a scholarship there.
85) Some people enjoy gossiping other people's affairs.
86) My plain is similar yours, but quite different Frank's.
87) These thin gloves aren't very suitable that kind of work.
88) It was certainly kind you to help me that difficult work.
89) You were very kind me when I asked you some help.

90) Mr Meyer is a good person to work ..He's always good ..his employees.
91) Dogs are usually faithful their masters.
92) I think Roger is incapable handling such a hard job.
93) He said he was ashamed his friend's had manners.
94) Our conference was interrupted telephone calls several times.
95) This hotel is well known its pleasant atmosphere and fine fold.
96) Mr. Moore is often taken .a student because he looks.. so young.
97) He is tired ......hearing complaints every day.
98) The members were strongly opposed ......any radical changes.
99) Their country is very poor .............. ...natural resources. It is trying to become
self - sufficient ......food.
100) Miss Bell is very strict the children in her class. She's particulary strict
.... punctuality. However, her relationship the children is a happy one.
Answer Key:
l.of 2. in. to 3. for 4. by 5. on 6. in 7. X 8. of. X 9. of 10. at 11. off

12. with 13. on 14. of 15. in 16. by 17. off 18. by,in 19. about 20. on 21. for
22. of 23. inin 24. with 25. of , in 26. on 27. with 28. to,to 29. of, with 30. for,
about 31. of. for,to 32. at 33. for 34. with, in 35. on 36. to,in 37. at 38. to 39. from
40. of 41.with,on 42. at,with 43. at 44. in,of 45. with 46. up 47. at 48. of,on,in
49. of 50. for 51. in 52. by 53. for, in 54. of 55. with, about 56. from 57. about
58. by 59. with 60. in,by 61. of, on 62. by 63. by,with 64. in,to,on 65. with 66.
in.on 67. from 68. to.for 69. in 70. in,with, X 71. by 72. by 73. over 74. to
75. at ,at 76. in 77. until 78. in 79. from , by,over 80. for 81. for, in, on 82. by
83. by 84. for 85. about 86. with ,from 87. with 88. of,with 89. to,for 90.
with,at 91. to 92. of 93. of 94. with 95. for 96. as, like 97. of 98. to 99.at,with
100. to,to,with

GERUND VERBS
• Teacher's Advice:
To learn gerund and infinitive verbs, it is enough to learn the gerund ones. The rest
of them are infinitive ones.
A. Verb + Gerund ( Ving)
admit delay involve recollect

anticipate deny keep recommend
appreciate detest mean remember
avoid discuss mention resent
can*t help dislike mind resist
can't stand enjoy miss risk
complete excuse postpone stop
consider finish practise suggest
contemplate forgive quit tolerate
defer imagine recall understand
B. Gerund (Ving) after "to"
be/get accustomed to I "m accustomed to coffee.

I'm accustomed to drinking coffee.
be/get used to I'm not used to thick clothes.

I'm not used to wearing thick clothes.
look forward to I look forward to you.

I look forward to having a letter from you.
be opposed to I'm opposed to cosmetics.

I'm opposed to spending on cosmetics.
object to /have an objection to I have an objection to the plan.

I have an objection to carrying out the plan in this way.
prefer something to doing something I prefer tea to coffee.

I prefer playing tennis to playing basketball.
in addition to In addition to jeans, she bought lots of things.

In addittion to buying jeans, she bought t-shirt.

C. Verb+ Preposition+ Gerund
abstain/refrain from He has to abstain from smoking a cigar

apologized for I apologized for being rude.
adjust to You have to adjust to eating English food
approve/disapprove of Do you approve of his staying out?
argue about We argued about his staying out.
believe in I really believe in working hard.
care about Do you care about being smart?
care for I don't care for going to that play.
comment on I want to comment on his solving problems
complain about He complains about having too much load
concentrate on You have to concentrate on learning English.
consist of Being a good student consists of studying regularly.
deal with I deal with speaking fluently
decide against Seeing the cold weather, we decided against going on a day out.
depend on (upon) To pass the exam depends on studying hard.
dream of He has always dreamed of being famous
feel like I feel like eating chocolate
forget about She is trying to forget about being deceived.
insist on Do you still insist on wearing it?
look forward to What are you looking forward to doing most?
object to Why do you always object to my wearing it?
participate in I participate in formulating
plan on What do you plan on doing this weekend?
refer to The chairman referred to expanding the firm
t a k e advantage of We should take advantage of living in a big city.
talk about Last night.we talked about economizing
think about/of She is thinking about going abroad
succeed in Are you sure you'll succeed in persuading him?
worry about Don't worry about my working hard.
D. Verb+ Object+Preposition +Gerund
accuse someone of They accused the man of robbing the bank.

apologize to someone for She apologized to me for being late.
arrest someone for They arrested the guard for helping the robbers.
blame someone for I blamed her for making me late.
charge someone with They will charge him with falsifying him.
complain to someone about I complained to the owner about shouting at us.
congratulate someone on 1 congratulated him on being the top student.
deter someone from The storm deterred the climbers from going on their climb.
devote oneself to She devoted herself to bringing up her
discourage someone from Someone discouraged her from going in for the contest.
forgive someone for 1 can't forgive him for lying to me.
involve someone in They didn't involve their father in fighting their rivals.
keep someone from They kept me from working,
prevent someone from What prevented him from coming here?
punish someone for You shouldn't punish the child for being late.
stop someone from Her behaviour stopped me from making friends with her
suspect someone of They suspected him of betraying his wife,
thank someone for I want to thank them for helping me
warn someone about/against We warned the child against going too near the lake.

E. Adjective+ Preposition+ Gerund
accustomed to different from feel guilty for sorry about

afraid of essential to/for be guilty of successful in
angry at excellent in/at incapable of suitable for
appropriate for excited about interested in sure of (about)
ashamed of exposed to jealous of surprised at
aware of famous for keen on terrified of
bored with fed up with lazy about tired of
capable of fond of opposed to be used to (accustomed to)
concerned about generous about proud of worried about
content with good at responsible for happy about
delighted at grateful to sb.for similar to
F. Noun + Preposition + Gerund
on account of = yüzünden
in case of = durumunda
difficulty in = sıkıntı çekmek
in addition to = ilaveten ,yanı sıra
in charge of = ile yükümlü
in danger of = tehlikesiyle karşı karşıya
in exchange for = karşılık olarak
excuse for = mazereti olmak
in favour of = lehinde olmak,taraftar olmak
for fear of = korkusuyla
in the habit of = alışkanlığında olmak
in return for = karşılık olarak
instead of = yerine
interest in = ilgisi olmak
in the course of = sırasında,esnasında
in the middle of = ortasında
need for = olan gereksinim
reason = nedeni
for the sake of = hatırı için,..uğruna
in spite of = rağmen
technique for = nın tekniği
the point of = nın gereği ,..nın anlamı yok
on the point of = yapmak üzere olmak

G. EXPRESSIONS + GERUND
It's no use /It' s no good... (... bir yararı yok)

There is no point in .... (... bir anlamı yok)
It's worth /It's not worth .... (...yapmaya değer/...yapmaya değmez)
a waste of time/money,energy.... (...zaman/para/enerji kaybı)
Spend/ waste (time, money, energy)... (...yaparak vakit geçirmek /para,enerji harcamak )
Without doing... (...yapmadan,... yapmaksızın)
By doing... (...yaparak)
Go - gerund ( go + aktivite)
• It is no use waiting for him any more.
• There is no point in studying for your exam because it is too late.
• It is worth reading, it is the most exciting book I have ever read.
• It is a waste of time trying to wake him up. He likes sleeping a lot.
• He spends a lot of money buying clothes.
• You can't manage to speak English without studying.
• He became a successful businessman by working hard.
• I like going camping a lot.

UPPER and ADVANCED STRUCTURES
A. CAUSATIVES
Let sb V1 birine izin vermek

My father let me stay abroad.
Make sb V1 birinin bir şey yapmasına sebep olmak

He made me laugh.
Have sb V1 birine bir şey yaptırmak

I had my hairdresser cut my hair.
Get sb to V1 birine bir şey yatırmak

I got my hairdresser to cut my hair.
Force sb to V1 birinin bir şey yapmasına zorlamak

He forced me to stay here.
Have sth V3 bir şeyi yaptırmak

I had my car repaired.
Get sth V3 bir şeyi yaptırmak
I got my car repaired.
B. IF CLAUSE
Type 0 ( always true)

If + Subj + Simple Present Tense + Subj+ Simple Present Tense
If you drop the egg. it breaks.
Type I ( real, present)

If+Subj+Simple Present Tense + Subj+ will / (Present Modals)
If the weather is sunny. I will go on a picnic.
Type II ( unreal, present)

If + Subj + Simple Past Tense + Subj + would / ( Past Modals)
If I were you. I would go home and sleep.
Type III ( unreal, past)

If+ Subj + Past Perfect Tense + Subj + would/ could have V3
If I had invited him. he would have been contented.

If = Providing that
Provided that
Supposing that
Supposed that şartıyla
Assuming that
On condition that
C. UNLESS - IF NOT
• "Unless" have to the some rules as " if clause" ( we have again Type I, Type II, Type III)
• If we didn't get on well, we could break down.

• Unless we got on well, we could break down
V2 could V1
Unless + Positive Sentence
• If the students hadn't understand the units. I could have explained them again
• Unless the students had understood the units, I could have explained them again
Past Perf. Tense could have V3
D. MIXED TYPE
• Type II-1
The time expressions of Present Continuous Tense are used in mixed type such as:
today
now
at the moment Present Cont. Time Exp.
at present
tonight
this week/ year/month
For example:
If I were you. I will be at home now.

Type II Type I
If I went to London. I can visit Buckingham Palace this week.

Type II Type I

• Type III-Type II
If she had been rude to you. you would be dismissed this Monday.
Type III Type II
If I had been invited to the party. I would be in Evren's party now.

Type III Type II
E. OMITTING IF
IF Type I
Should + Subj + V1 +Subj + will ( Present Modals)
If you study hard, you will be successful.

Should you study hard, you will be successful.
IF Type II
Were+ Subj+Obj+ Subj + would ( Past Modals)
If you were you, I would go abroad.

Were I you, I would go abroad.
Were+ Subj + to V1 +Subj + would ( Past Modals)
If I went to England, I would visit my best friend.

Were I to go to England, I would visit my best friend.
If Type III
Had + Subj+ V3 +Subj+ would have V3
If I had seen him, I would have given your message.

Had I seen him, I would have given your message.
F. NO SOONER THAN/ HARDLY ....WHEN/ SCARCELY WHEN
No sooner + had + Subj + V3+ than+ Subj+ V2

No sooner had I left home than the telephone rang.
( Tam evden çıkmıştım ki telefon çaldı.)
Hardly + had + Subj + V3+ when+ Subj+ V2

Hardly had I left home when the telephone rang.

Scarcely + had + Subj + V3+ when+ Subj+ V2
Scarcely had I left home when the telephone rang.
G. IT IS TIME / IT IS HIGH TIME / IT WAS TIME / IT WAS HIGH

TIME....
It is ( high) time + to V1 ( zamanı geldi)

It is ( high) time+ Subj + V2 ( zamanı geldi)
It is time to go home. ( Eve gitme zamanı geldi.)

It is time I went home. ( Eve gitme zamanı geldi.)
It was ( high) time + to have V3 ( zamanı gelmişti)

It was ( high) time + Subj+had V3 ( zamanı gelmişti)
It was time to have gone home yesterday. ( Dün eve gitme zamanı gelmişti.)
It was time we had gone home. ( Eve gitme zamanı gelmişti.)
H. IT IS + CARDINAL NUMBERS / IT WAS CARDINAL NUMBERS
It is + the first/ second time+ Subj+ have / has V3

It was + the first/ second time+ Subj+ had V3
It is the first time I have seen that film. ( Bu filmi ilk seyredişim.)
It was the second time I had seen that film. ( Bu filmi ikinci seyredişimdi.)
I. WHEN/BEFORE/ONCE/ DIRECTLY/BY THE TIME/EVERY TIME/AS SOON AS

AS LONG AS
When
Before
Once = Simple Past Tense
Directly Simple Present Tense
By the time
Every time
As soon as
When I arrive at the hotel, I will call you.

When I saw him. he was working hard.
Before you go out, please call me.

Before I left home, I had finished all my work.

Once I come home, I always take off my clothes.
Once he saw his girlfirend with anybody else, she got upset.
Directly he arrives at his office, he informs about the reports.

Directly the meeting started, it was two pm.
By the time he comes to Turkey, I will have graduated from university.

By the time they went abroad, they had already learned English.
Every time I meet him, he is depressed.

Every time I met him, he complained about his future.
As soon as my mother goes shopping. I will call you.

As soon as I went out, the telephone rang.
J. BY THE TIME :
1) Present:
By the time + Simple Present + Subj + will + V1

will be Ving
will have V3
will have been Ving
By the time they go to Ankara, they will absolutely visit Anıtkabir.

I will have already finished my school by the time she returns to Turkey.
By the time she comes home, I will be sleeping.
By the time I finish university, I will have been living in Istanbul for 10 years.
2) Past:
By the time + Simple Past Tense + Subj + had V3

had been Ving
By the time she went home, I had already cooked her meal.
By the time they arrived at the office, their boss had already finished his work.

K. WHILE/ JUST AS/WHILST/AS
While (-iken)
Just as( -iken) = Present Continuous Tense
Whilst( -iken) Past Continuous Tense
As( -iken)
While I am working, he always sleeps.

While my students were listening to me, I was teaching "Passive Voice".
L. AFTER/ BEFORE
After + Subj +had V3 + Subj + V2

Before + Subj + V2 + Subj + had V3
After they had negotiated about this topic, they got contented.
Before she went abroad, she had learned English.
M. CERTAIN PATTERNS:
a. would rather / sooner

b. would prefer
c. prefer
1. Subj+ would rather+ V1 + than + V1
2. Subj+ would rather+ sb+V2+ than+ V2
3. Subj+would rather+have V3 +than+ have V3 ( past)
4. Subj+would rather+ sb.+had V3+than had V3 (past)
5. Subj+ would preief+ to V1 + than + to V1
6. Subj+ would prefer+ sb+ to V1 + than+ to V1
7. Subj+ prefer+ Ving+ to+ Ving
8. Subj+ prefer+ noun+to+noun
Let's look at them one by one:
1. Subj+ would rather+ V1 + than + V1
I would rather stay at home than go out.

I would rather buy a new car than buy the second hand one.

2. Subj+ would rather+ sb+V2+ than+ V2
I would rather vou told the truth than told a lie

sb.
She would rather f went there than waited for her here.
3. Subj + would rather +have V3 + than + have V3 ( past)
I would rather have gone to cinema than have stayed at home.
4. Subj + would rather + sb + had V3 + than + had V3
I would rather you had gone to an English Course than had gone to
German Course.
5. would prefer + to V1 + than + to V1
I would prefer to watch a film than to listen

to V1 to V1
6. would prefer + sb + to V1 + than + to + V1
I would prefer you to sleep earlier than to study that much.
7. prefer + Ving + to + Ving
I prefer dancing to playing a guitar.
8. prefer + noun+ to + noun
I prefer tea to coffee.

N. THE DISTRIBUTIVES
ALL, BOTH, HALF
These words can be used in the following ways:
Example:
1. All cheese contains protein
All children need affection
2. All the people in the room were silent.
Have you eaten all the bread?
3. I've invited all my friends to the party.
I've been waiting all my life for this opportunity.
4a. Who's left all this paper on my desk?
4b. Look at all those balloons!
Example:
1. Both children were born in Italy.
2. He has crashed both (of) the cars.
3. Both (of) my parents have fair hair.
4 You can take both (of) these books back to the library.
Example:
1. I bought half a kilo of apples yesterday.
2. You can have half (of) the cake.
She gave me half (of) the apples.
3. I've already given you half (of) my money.
Half (of) his books were in French.
4 Half (of) these snakes are harmless
You can take half (of) this sugar.
NOTE: All, both, half+ OF: 'OF' must be added when followed by a pronoun:
All of you; both of us; half of them

It is also quite common to add it in most of the above situations except when
there is no article (No. 1 in all the tables above.)
N. THE DISTRIBUTIVES
EACH, EVERY, EITHER, NEITHER
These distributive words are normally used with singular nouns, and are placed
before the noun.

Each, either and neither can be used with plural nouns but must be followed
by 'of:
Each is a way of seeing the members of a group as individuals:
• Each child received a present.
• Each of the children received a present.
Ever)' is a way of seeing a group as a series of members:
• Every child in the world deserves affection.
It can also express different points in a series, especially with time expressions:
• Every third morning John goes jogging.

• This magazine is published every other week.
Either and Neither are concerned with distribution between two things -
either is positive, neither is negative:
• Which chair do you want? Either chair will do.

• I can stay at either hotel, they are both good
• There are two chairs here. You can take either of them.
• Neither chair is any good, they're both too small.
Which chair do you want? Neither of them - they're both too small.

PREFIXES, SUFFIXES
a. ISIM YAPAN SON E K L E R ( SUFFIXES)
~ation inform-ation, communic-ation

~ion discuss-ion, depress- ion
~ity necess-ity, secur-ity
~ness loneli-ness, happi-ness
~ship friend-ship, champion-ship
~hood neighbour-hood, child-hood
~ence,~ance differ-ence, import-ance
~ment develop-ment, govern-ment
~sion deci-sion
b. SIFAT YAPAN SON E K L E R ( SUFFIXES)
~ous ambiti-ous, danger-ous

~tific scien-tific,
~y scarr-y, nois-y
~ly friend-ly, lone-ly
~less home-less, use-less
~ful help-ful, care-ful
~ial industr-ial, ser-ial
c. SIFAT YAPAN olumsuz ÖN E K L E R (PREFIXES)
~un unhappy,unpleasant
~in indirect, incapable
~il illegal, illeterate
~im impossible, improbable
~ir irregular
d. FİİL YAPAN olumsuz ÖN E K L E R ( PREFIXES)
~dis disappear
~un unpack
~mis misunderstand,misuse

SUBJUNCTIVES
VERBS
advise : öğüt vermek
command : emir vermek
arrange : düzenlemek
beg : yalvarmak
decide : karar vermek
determine : belirlemek
ask : sormak
agree : onaylamak
desire : hayran olmak
order : emretmek that + Subj + ( should) + V1
request : rica etmek
insist : ısrar etmek
persist : ısrar etmek
suggest : önermek
propose : teklif etmek
stipulate : öngörmek
urge : cesaretlendirmek
recommend : tavsiye etmek
demand : talep etmek
He advised that I (should) be here earlier.

They commanded that the soldiers not be late again.
She requested that he invite her mother.
He insisted that his brother come with him.
They demand that 1 be near them.
She proposed that he come to dinner with her.
ADJECTIVES
imperative
essential
important
crucial
significant
necessary
unnecessary
vital that + Subj+( should) + V1
proposal
better
natural
fair
just
advisable
reasonable

It is necessary that he join the lessons.
It is natural that they arrive so late.
It is advisable that you memorize the new words and make up senteces.
It was not reasonable that mv fiance want to go abroad.
NOUNS
law
requirement
regulation
suggestion
stipulation that + Subj + ( should) + VI
imperative
importance
significance
necessity
It is a law that guilty person be punished.

It is a necessity that you (should) work hard to be successful.


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EXAM MATERIALS

MATERIALS FOR THE MOST COMMON EXAMS

1. SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

I get up at seven a.m. every morning. ( General events)

Affirmative ( Positive) Statements:

Subj+ V1 (-es/-s/-ies ) + Obj+ Time Expressions

I work hard at weekends.

every day/ month/ week/ year

I don't look like my mother.

He doesn't work very hard.

1 Her hakkı DAYLIGHT ENGLISH INSTITUTE'a

Do you like English?

Does your mother go shopping?

I always get up at seven o'clock in the morning.

always : I always get up at half past seven for my job.

2 Her hakkı DAYLIGHT ENGLISH INSTITUTE'a

HE DOESN'T HAVE / HASN'T GOT any money.

Does he she Has he she

Do you have a camera? Yes, I do./No, I don't.

• I've got a brother.

3 Her hakkı DAYLIGHT ENGLISH INSTITUTE'a

Have Had Have got

3. PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE (PROGRESSIVE)

Subj + am/is/are + Ving + Obj+ T.E

• Is she working here now?

• Are the students listening to me?

This week, I am going to the USA. (I have prepared everything, I have

1 - I'm writing an essay at the moment

( will / be going to / am, is, are, Ving)

4 Her hakkı DAYLIGHT ENGLISH INSTITUTE a

4. SIMPLE PAST TENSE

- An action starts and finishes in the past

Affirmative ( Positive) Statements:

Subj + V2 + Obj + T.E

I went to school yesterday.

I invited him to lunch this noon.

* I went to Bodrum last summer.

( main verb) ( we cannot use " was" with it)

I was went to Bodrum last summer X ( False)

I didn't meet him yesterday.

5 Her hakkı DAYLIGHT ENGLISH INSTITUTE a

Did you see him yesterday?

5. PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE

Subj+ was/ were Ving + Obj+ Time Expressions

walk cook taste notice

was were + Ving V2

6 Her hakkı DAYLIGHT ENGLISH INSTITUTE'a

Short action long action

6. PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

I have written an essay for an hour.

I have lived here for 6 years.

I haven't met Zuhal Olcay . yet.

PAST PERFECT PAST Pr. Perf. UTURE

Past Perfect Simple Past Simple Present will V1

7 Her hakkı DAYLIGHT ENGLISH INSTITUTE'a

(-) I have never (at any time) met a famous person.

Example : (-) I haven't finished my homework, yet.

(-) Evren hasn't learnt German, yet.

Example: (+) My brother has just come back from Ankara.

"recently" means " nowadays". It is used in affirmative and negative sentences.

Examples: (+) They have visited their grandmother so much recently.

Examples: (+) I have completed my project so far.

8 Her hakkı DAYLIGHT ENGLISH INSTITUTE a