Lithos 300–301 (2018) 330–347

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Geochronology and petrogenesis of the Early Cretaceous A-type granite

from the Feie'shan W-Sn deposit in the eastern Guangdong Province, SE
China: Implications for W-Sn mineralization and geodynamic setting
Peng Liu a,⁎, Jingwen Mao b, M. Santosh a,c,d, Zhian Bao d, Xiaojian Zeng e, Lihui Jia a
a
Faculty of Science and Mineral Resource, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
b
MRL Key Laboratory of Metallogeny and Mineral Assessment, Institute of Mineral Resources, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037, China
c
Centre for Tectonics, Resources and Exploration, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
d
State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics, Department of Geology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
e
No. 2 Geological Team of Guangdong Bureau of Geology, Shantou 515300, Guangdong, China

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: The Feie'shan greisen–type W–Sn deposit in the eastern Guangdong Province forms part of the Southeastern
Received 20 September 2017 Coastal Metallogenic Belt (SCMB) in South China. Here we present zircon LA–ICP–MS U–Pb geochronology of
Accepted 17 December 2017 the biotite granite which shows a weighted mean 206Pb/238U age of 134.7 ± 2.0 Ma, consistent with the zircon
Available online 21 December 2017
U–Pb, biotite 40Ar–39Ar and molybdenite Re–Os ages in the previous study. The biotite granite is peraluminous
and belongs to high–K calc–alkaline type. It is characterized by high SiO2, K2O, F, K2O + Na2O and FeOt/
Keywords:
A–type granite
(FeOt + MgO), and low CaO, MgO, TiO2 and P2O5 contents, enrichment in Rb, Cs, Th and U, and depletion in
Petrogenesis Ba, Sr, Zr, Ti and P, with flat REE patterns and distinctly negative Eu anomalies, showing an A2–type affinity.
Feie'shan W–Sn deposit The rocks also display extremely low Ba, Sr and Ti concentrations and high Rb/Sr, Rb/Ba and low CaO/(Na2O
Southeastern Coastal Metallogenic Belt + K2O) ratios, indicating high degree of fractionation. Zircon grains from the granite have low Eu/Eu⁎ and
Geodynamic setting Ce4+/Ce3+ ratios, suggesting low oxygen fugacity. The highly fractionated and reduced features imply that the
Feie'shan mineralization is genetically related to the biotite granite. The εNd(t) values and zircon εHf(t) values
of the biotite granite range from − 2.96 to − 1.95 and −5.69 to 0.62, with two–stage Nd and Hf model ages
(TDM2) of 1083 to 1164 Ma and 1150 to 1552 Ma, indicating that they were derived from magma hybridization
between anatectic granitic and mantle–derived mafic magmas. In combination with previous studies, we pro-
pose a geodynamic model for the 145―135 Ma W–Sn mineral system and related magmatism in the southwest-
ern domain of the SCMB. After ca. 145 Ma, the subduction orientation of the Izanagi plate changed from oblique
to parallel with respect to the continental margin resulting in large–scale lithosphere extension and thinning,
which led to the upwelling of asthenosphere. The ascending mantle–derived mafic magmas provided not only
supplied the heat for crustal remelting but also added juvenile mantle–derived melts resulting in the forma-
tion of mafic dikes, and I– or A–type granitic intrusions related to the W–Sn ore mineral systems.
© 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
South China preserves evidence for large scale magmatism and
related polymetallic mineralization in the Mesozoic (Hu et al., 2012;
Hu and Zhou, 2012; Hua et al., 2005; Mao et al., 2004, 2008; Yuan
et al., 2012, 2015), with N50% of the world's W and 20% of the world's
Sn reserves, and abundant Cu–Au–Mo deposits (Sun et al., 2012).
Although the magmatism and metallogeny have been extensively
studied in past three decades, issues related to their genesis and
geodynamic setting remain debated (Li and Li, 2007; Mao et al., 2008;
⁎ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: pengliu@cugb.edu.cn (P. Liu).
Pirajno and Bagas, 2002; Sun et al., 2010; Zhou et al., 2006). Among
the diverse geodynamic models proposed, subduction–related process
with an Andean–type active continental margin associated with north-
westward or southwestward subduction, followed by northwestward
subduction of the Pacific plate in the Mesozoic is widely accepted
(Chen and Jahn, 1998; Jahn et al., 1990; Li and Li, 2007; Zhou and Li,
2000). However, alternate models suggest post–collisional extension
(Chen et al., 2008), continental rifting and extension (C.Z. Liu et al.,
2012a; Gilder et al., 1991) and Mesozoic mantle plume (Deng et al.,
2004). Recent studies suggest that the subduction of the Paleo–Pacific
plate played an important role in the Mesozoic metallogeny and
magmatism of South China although considerable debate surrounds
the process, such as flat–slab subduction (Li and Li, 2007), ridge
subduction (Ling et al., 2009; Sun et al., 2010), change in subduction

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2017.12.015
0024-4937/© 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
 P. Liu et al. / Lithos 300–301 (2018) 330–347
angle (Zhou et al., 2006) and change in the orientation of the subducting
oceanic lithosphere (Mao et al., 2013).
Previous studies suggested that the 150–135 Ma period was a rela-
tively tranquil phase with respect to magmatism and mineralization in
most part of the South China Block (Li et al., 2010; Mao et al., 2013).
Recently, a granite–related W–Sn metallogenic episode of 145–135 Ma
has been recognized in the Southeastern Coastal Metallogenic Belt
(SCMB) (Liu et al., 2017a, 2017b; Qiu et al., 2017; Yan et al., 2017).
Hence, the Early Cretaceous W–Sn metallogenic event and related
magmatism might provide important clues to refine the geodynamic
model for the Mesozoic tectono–magmatic evolution in South China.
A–type granites related to W, Sn, Mo, Bi, Nb, Ta and F mineralization
are important proxies for gaining insight on tectono–magmatic history
and geodynamic settings (Collins et al., 1982; Eby, 1990; Whalen
et al., 1987). The Feie'shan W–Sn deposit is a member of the
145–135 Ma W–Sn metallogenic event in the eastern Guangdong
Province, along the southwestern domain of the SCMB in South China.
Although the various aspects relating to geology and geochronological
framework have been studied (Liu et al., 2017a), the petrogenesis of
the A–type biotite granite in the Feie'shan deposit remains unclear.
In this paper, we present precise zircon U–Pb geochronology,
petrography, whole rock elemental geochemistry and Sr–Nd–Hf iso-
topes of the biotite granite in an attempt to constrain their petrogenesis
and to evaluate the implications for mineralization. In combination with
previous studies, we provide a comprehensive geodynamic model for
the 145–135 W–Sn metallogenic event in the SCMB with a view to
better understand the Mesozoic tectonic–magmatic evolution in South
China.
2. Geological background
The South China Block is composed of two sub–blocks, the Yangtze
Block and the Cathaysia, which are separated by the Jiangshan–
Shaoxing and Pingxiang–Yushan suture. The collisional amalgamation
of the Yangtze Block with the Cathaysia Block along the Shaoxing–
Jiangshan suture zone is considered to have occurred during the early
Neoproterozoic (~ 1.1–0.9 Ga), generating the Jiangnan orogenic belt
(Cai et al., 2014, 2015; Charvet et al., 1996; Chen et al., 1991; Li et al.,
2009; Wang et al., 2017; Yao et al., 2015; Zhao, 2015; Zhao and
Cawood, 1999). The Cathaysia Block consists of a Precambrian
basement, and a Sinian to Mesozoic sedimentary and Mesozoic–
Cenozoic continental clastic and volcanic cover (Chen and Jahn, 1998).
There are two important NE–striking faults in the eastern part of the
Cathaysia Block, the Zhenghe–Dapu fault and the Changle–Nan'ao
fault. The Zhenghe–Dapu fault is regarded as a trans–lithospheric
fault, dividing the Cathaysia Block into two regions (Fig. 1), i.e., the
Interior Cathaysia and the Coastal Cathaysia Block.
2.1. Southeastern Coastal Metallogenic Belt (SCMB)
The SCMB, located at the continental margin of South China, spans
the eastern Zhejiang, southeastern Fujian and eastern Guangdong
Provinces (Fig. 1a). Pre–Devonian basement, Late Paleozoic–Middle
Triassic clastic sedimentary and carbonate rocks, and Mesozoic–
Cenozoic continental clastic and volcanic rocks are the major rock
types in the SCMB (Fig. 1a) (Zhao et al., 2015). A NE–SW striking
trans–lithospheric fault (Changle–Nan'ao fault) separates the SCMB
into two tectonic belts from west to east: the volcanic–intrusive com-
plex belt and the Pingtan–Dongshan metamorphic belt. The Pingtan–
Dongshan metamorphic belt occurs along the coastal area of Fujian
province, covering the Mazu Island, Pingtan Island, Putian area, Jinjiang
area, Dongshan Island and Nan'ao Island from northeast to southwest
(Q. Liu et al., 2012b; Shu et al., 2009). Exposed rocks in this belt are com-
posed of metamorphosed rocks, Mesozoic granites, volcanic rocks, and
minor mafic rocks (Shu et al., 2009). The volcanic–intrusive complex
belt consists of the large–scale Late Mesozoic intrusive and volcanic
331
rocks. There are numerous Cretaceous volcanic edifices including
stratovolcanos, cones and dome volcanoes, and the volcanic series can
be divided into upper and lower units with a well–defined regional
unconformity (Lapierre et al., 1997). The lower units are dominated
by dacite, trachyte, rhyolite, tuff and breccia with minor andesites and
basalts, whereas the rhyolite–basalt bimodal suites continue into the
upper units (Chen et al., 2008). Previous studies proposed three
eruption cycles: 168–145 Ma, 143–130 Ma and 104–95 Ma (Guo et al.,
2012). The two eruption cycles of 143–130 Ma and 104–95 Ma predom-
inantly developed in the southeastern Zhejiang and Fujiang Provinces,
with major occurrences of the 168–145 Ma volcanic rocks in eastern
Guangdong, along the southeastern domain of the SCMB. The intrusive
rocks are mostly composed of high–K calc–alkaline I– and A–type gran-
ite, as well as minor syenite, quartz diorite and gabbro (Zhao et al.,
2015). Previous zircon U–Pb ages for the intrusive rocks in the
southeastern Zhejiang and Fujiang Provinces reveal emplacement
mainly from 136 to 90 Ma, with a major peak at 115 to 90 Ma (Li
et al., 2014).
2.2. Eastern Guangdong
In eastern Guangdong along the southwestern domain of the SCMB,
the major stratigraphic units include Upper Triassic and Early Jurassic
clastic sedimentary rocks, Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous volcanic
rocks, and Quaternary alluvial sediments (Fig. 2). The tectonic frame-
work is mainly controlled by the NE–SW–striking Lianhuashan fault
zone, which is composed of three main faults: Haifeng–Fengshun,
Puning–Chaozhou and Huilai–Raoping fault (Fig. 2). These faults control
the distribution of Mesozoic granitic intrusions, volcanic rocks and
associated mineralization. Recently–published precise ages indicate
two periods of magmatism at 168–155 Ma and 144–132 Ma in the re-
gion (Liu et al., 2017a). Magmatic rocks ranging in age from Middle to
Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous are dominant, and are composed of
biotite granite, monzogranite, granodiorite, and quartz diorite. Coeval
volcanic–subvolcanic rocks occur along the regional faults, or within
rift basins (Liu et al., 2015, 2017a, 2017b). The mineral systems in the
region are predominantly composed of porphyry Cu/Cu–Au and
granite–related W–Sn and Sn–Pb–Zn polymetallic deposits such as the
Xinliaodong Cu, Honggoushan Cu–Au, E'di Cu–Au, Lianhuashan W,
Taoxihu Sn and the Jingkeng Sn deposits (Liu et al., 2017a, 2017b; Qiu
et al., 2017; Yan et al., 2017).
3. Geology of the Feie'shan deposit and petrology of the granitoids
The Feie'shan deposit, located in the northwestern part of the
Chaozhou city, contains metal reserves of 14,000 t W, 5000 t Sn, and
minor Rb mineralization (Liu et al., 2017a). The stratigraphic sequence
in the area is dominantly composed of Upper Triassic Xiaoping
Formation and Lower Jurassic Jinji Formation. The Xiaoping formation,
in the northern part of the area, is up to 350 m thick, and comprises
sandstone. The Jinji formation, in the central part of the area, is 150 m
in thickness and consists of siltstone, fine sandstone and argillaceous
sandstone. The intrusive rocks are represented by biotite granodiorite,
biotite granite and monzonitic biotite granite porphyry (Fig. 3a).
Four main orebodies were explored and discovered, and these can
be divided into two types: three quartz–vein orebodies and one greisen
orebody (Fig. 3). The greisen orebody is hosted in the lower part of the
Feie'shan deposit (Fig. 3b). Ore minerals are dominated by wolframite,
molybdenite and pyrite, whereas the gangue minerals include quartz
and muscovite. The three quartz–vein orebodies are in the upper part
of the Feie'shan deposit and hosted in the Lower Jurassic sandstone
and siltstone (Fig. 3b). Ore minerals are represented by wolframite,
cassiterite, molybdenite, arsenopyrite, and pyrite, whereas the gangue
minerals are composed of quartz, muscovite, fluorite, calcite and biotite
(Liu et al., 2017a). Ore–related hydrothermal alteration occurs widely
and includes greisenization, muscovitization, biotitization, silicifiation,
332 P. Liu et al. / Lithos 300–301 (2018) 330–347
Fig. 1. (a) Tectonic map of China. (b) Simplified geologic map, showing the distribution of Mesozoic granitoids in the Southeastern Coastal Metallogenic Belt (modified from Zhou et al.,
2006 and Li et al., 2016).
chloritization and fluoritization. Based on field and petrographic
observations, we identify five stages of mineralization. From early
to late, these are: quartz–muscovite–arsenopyrite–cassiterite stage,
quartz–molybdenite–wolframite–cassiterite stage, quartz–wolframite–
molybdenite stage, quartz–chlorite–pyrite stage, and quartz–fluorite
stage (Liu et al., 2017a).
The Feie'shan mineralization is spatially associated with the
monzonitic biotite granite porphyry and biotite granite. The monzonitic
biotite granite porphyry with an irregular shape is exposed over area of
0.18 km2 in the southeastern part of the mine, and exhibits porphyritic
texture (Fig. 4a). Phenocrysts (30%–45%) consist predominantly of
K–feldspar, plagioclase, quartz, and biotite. The matrix is composed
of the same minerals as the phenocrysts (Fig. 4a). The grey biotite granite
occurs beneath the monzonitic biotite granite porphyry (Fig. 3b), and ex-
hibits medium–grained texture, mainly composed of K–feldspar
(~50 vol%, 0.6–0.2 mm in diameter), quartz (~25 vol%, 0.6–0.1 mm), pla-
gioclase (~ 15 vol%, 0.7–0.1 mm), and biotite (~ 7 vol%, 0.8–0.3 mm)
(Fig. 4b), with accessory minerals including apatite, zircon, rutile and
ilmenite. K–feldspar and quartz occur as anhedral interstitial crystals
(Fig. 4c). Sericitic and argillic alteration is notable on some K–feldspar
grains. Biotite is locally altered to chlorite, and occurs either as discrete
crystals or as mineral aggregates. Plagioclase shows polysynthetic
twins, and lacks oscillatory zoning (Fig. 4c, d).
4. Analytical methods and samples
Six representative fresh samples of the biotite granite (1503TD027,
1503TD028, 1503TD029, 1503TD030, 1503TD031 and 1503TD032)
were analyzed for major and trace element, and Sr–Nd isotopes.
Among these, one sample of the biotite granite (1503TD027) was
used for zircon separation and LA–ICP–MS U–Pb dating and Lu–Hf
isotope analyses. Another sample of the monzonitic biotite granite
porphyry (1503TD023) was used for zircon separation and U–Pb dating
in our previous study (Liu et al., 2017a), and was used for Lu–Hf isotope
analyses in this study. Fresh chips were selected for geochemical
 P. Liu et al. / Lithos 300–301 (2018) 330–347
Fig. 2. Geological map of the eastern Guangdong Province, showing the distribution of Mesozoic granitoids and polymetallic deposits (after Liu et al., 2015).
analysis and pulverized into powders using agate mortar. The sampling
locations are shown in Fig. 3b.
4.1. Zircon U–Pb and trace element
Zircon grains were separated from crushed rock fragments using
convention heavy liquid and magnetic separation techniques, and
handpicked under a binocular microscope, mounted in epoxy resin,
polished, and coated with gold at the Langfang Hongxin Technology
Co., Ltd. The mounts were photographed in transmitted and reflected
light, and cathodoluminescence (CL) was used to examine the internal
structure of the analyzed zircons. Cathodoluminescence images of
zircon grains were taken using the FEI Nova NanoSEM 450 with a
Gatan MonoCL4 cathodoluminescence detector at the Key Laboratory
of Continental Tectonics and Dynamics, Institute of Geology, Chinese
Academy of Geological Sciences.
Trace element and U–Pb analyses of the zircons were carried out
using LA–ICP–MS at Key Laboratory of Crust–Mantle Materials and
Environments, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC),
using an ArF excimer laser system (GeoLas Pro, 193 nm wavelength)
and a quadrupole ICP–MS (Agilent 7500a). The analyses were carried
out with a pulse rate of 10 Hz, beam energy of 10 J/cm2, and a spot
diameter of 32 μm. More detailed analytical procedures are given in
Yuan et al. (2004). Standard zircon 91,500 was analyzed to correct for
mass discrimination and elemental fraction. The U–Pb ages were
processed by ICPMSDataCal software (Liu et al., 2008) and calculation
of U–Pb ages was performed by the Isoplot program (Ludwig, 2003).
333
4.2. Major and trace element analyses
Bulk–rock major and trace element analyses were carried out at the
National Research Central for Geo–analysis of Beijing. Major elements
were analyzed by X–ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF), with analyt-
ical uncertainties b5%. Ferric and ferrous iron measurements were
carried by wet chemical analyses (titration). The analytical precision
for major oxides, based on certified standards (GSR–1, GSR–3) and du-
plicate analyses, is expressed in terms of relative percentages, ranging
from ±0.01% to ±0.20%. Trace elements were determined by solution
ICP–MS performed at the ICP–MS Laboratory of the National Research
Central for Geoanalysis, Beijing. Bulk rock powders (50 mg) were
weighted and dissolved in 1 ml of distilled HF (1.5 g/ml) and 0.5 ml of
HNO3 (1.41 g/ml) in a Teflon–lined stainless steel bomb. The sealed
bombs were then placed in an oven and heated to 190 °C for 24 h.
After cooling, the bombs were opened and placed on a hotplate to evap-
orate at 200 °C to dryness. The residue was dissolved by adding a HNO3
solution re–sealing the bombs and keeping it heated at 130 °C for 3 h.
The final solutions were transferred into plastic beakers and diluted
before analysis. Two standards (granite GSR–1, basalt GSR–3) were
used to monitor the analytical quality of the data.
4.3. Sr and Nd isotope analyses
Mass analyses were carried out using a Finnigan MAT–262 mass
spectrometer at the Institute of Geology, CAGS. Total procedure blanks
334 P. Liu et al. / Lithos 300–301 (2018) 330–347

Fig. 3. (a) Geological map of the Feie'shan deposit (after Liu et al., 2017a). (b) Geological cross section of No.400 exploration in the Feie'shan deposit (after Liu et al., 2017a). (c) Quartz–vein
ore. (d) Greisen ore.

are −10−11 g for Sm and Nd and −10−10 g for Rb and Sr. The 87Sr/86Sr ± 12 (2σ). The 143Nd/144Nd ratios were corrected for mass fractionation
ratios were corrected for mass fractionation relative to 88Sr/86Sr = relative to 146Nd/144Nd = 0.7219 and reported relative to the JMC
8.37521 and are reported relative to the NBS987 SrCO3 = 0.710247 Nd2O3 standard = 0.511230 ± 10 (2σ). The decay constants (λ) used

Fig. 4. Field photographs and photomicrographs of the biotite granite and monzonitic biotite granite porphyry from the Feie'shan deposit. (a) Field photograph showing the monzonitic
biotite granite porphyry; (b) field photograph showing the biotite granite; (c) and (d) photomicrographs showing the biotite granite (cross–polarized light). Abbreviations: Bt (biotite),
Kfs (K–feldspar), Pl (plagioclase), Qtz (quartz).
 P. Liu et al. / Lithos 300–301 (2018) 330–347
are 1.42 × 10−11 a− 1 for 87Rb and 6.54 × 10−12 a− 1 for 147Sm.
εNd(t) values were calculated on the basis of present–day reference
values for chondritic uniform reservoir (CHUR): (143Nd/144Nd)CHUR =
0.512638 and (147Sm/144Nd)CHUR = 0.1967.
4.4. Zircon Hf isotope analyses
Zircon Lu–Hf isotope analyses were performed using a Nu Plasma II
MC–ICP–MS coupled to a RSOlution LR laser ablation system at the State
Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics, Northwest University in Xi'an,
China. Hf isotopic data were acquired using a 43 μm beam diameter and
an 6 Hz repetition rate. Each analytical spot was subjected to 30 s gas
blank collection and 50 s laser ablation, resulting in pits 30–40 μm
deep. Atomic masses 172 to 179 were simultaneously measured in
time resolved analysis mode. The measured isotopic ratios of
176
Hf/177Hf were normalized to 179Hf/177Hf = 0.7325, using an expo-
nential correction for mass bias. The in–situ measured 173Yb/172Yb
ratio was used for mass bias correction for both Yb and Lu because of
their similar physicochemical properties. Ratios used for the corrections
were 0.5886 for 176Yb/172Yb (Chu et al., 2002) and 0.02655 for
176
Lu/175Lu (Machado and Simonetti, 2001). External corrections were
applied to all unknowns, and standard zircons 91,500 and mudtank
were used as external standards and were analyzed twice before and
after every 10 analyses. The measured 176Lu/177Hf ratios and the 176Lu
decay constant of 1.867 × 10−11/a reported by Söderlund et al. (2004)
were used to calculate initial 176Hf/177Hf ratios. Chondritic values of
176
Lu/177Hf = 0.0336 and 176Hf/177Hf = 0.282785 reported by Bouvier
et al. (2008) were used for the calculation of εHf(t) values. The depleted
mantle line is defined by present–day 176Hf/177Hf = 0.28325 and
176
Lu/177Hf = 0.0384 (Griffin et al., 2000). Because zircons are predom-
inantly formed in felsic magma, two–stage “crustal” model ages (TcDM)
are more meaningful than depleted mantle model ages and are used
here. The mean 176Lu/177Hf ratio of 0.015 for the average continental
crust (Griffin et al., 2002) was used to calculate TcDM.
5. Results
5.1. Zircon U–Pb dating
Zircon grains from the biotite granite (1503TD027) show a size
range of 40―200 μm with an aspect ratio between 1:1 and 4:1
(Fig. 5b). Fourteen analyses of 14 grains show 143.3–476.5 ppm Th
and 287.8–596.4 ppm U with relatively high Th/U ratios (0.41 to 0.80).
All the analyzed zircons are concordant and yield a weighted mean
206
Pb/238U age of 134.7 ± 2.0 Ma (2σ, MSWD = 0.4) (Fig. 5a). The
Fig. 5. (a) Zircon U–Pb ages of the biotite granite. (b) Cathodoluminescence (CL) images of representative zircons. The circles indicate the locations of U–Pb dating and Hf isotope analyses.
335
U–Pb isotopic and trace element data of the zircons are presented
in Tables 1 and 2.
5.2. Major and trace element geochemistry
The biotite granites are weakly peraluminous and belong to high–K
calc–alkaline series (Fig. 6a, b), with high SiO2 of 75.21–76.70 wt%, K2O
of 4.48–5.35 wt%, and K2O + Na2O of 7.84–8.72 wt%, low CaO of
0.03–0.89 wt%, MgO of 0.04–0.06 wt%, TiO2 of 0.05–0.07 wt%, P2O5
of 0.01–0.08 wt% and Fe2OT3 of 1.01–1.86 wt%, high F concentrations of
0.32–0.85 wt%, high K2O/Na2O ratios of 1.06–1.97 and A/CNK values of
1.05–1.15.
Primitive–mantle–normalized trace element and chondrite–
normalized REE patterns for the biotite granite are shown in Fig. 7a
and b. The rocks display strong enrichments in Rb, Cs, Th and U, and
significant depletions in Ba, Sr, Zr, Ti and P, with high Rb/Sr ratios of
30.0–48.4 and Rb/Ba ratios of 10.0–16.6. They are also characterized
by flat REE patterns ((La/Yb)N = 0.89–1.51), with total REE
contents of 197.11–267.39 ppm, and distinctly negative Eu anomalies
(Eu/Eu⁎ = 0.04–0.07). The whole–rock major and trace element data
for the biotite granite are presented in Table 3.
5.3. Sr–Nd isotopes
Initial Sr–Nd isotopic compositions were calculated using the
crystallization age of 140 Ma of the biotite granite. Calculated initial
87
Sr/86Sr ratios range from 0.6320 to 0.6494. The unusually low initial
87
Sr/86Sr ratios result from high Rb/Sr ratios (30–48), because it is diffi-
cult to thoroughly extract Rb from the granite samples which have high
Rb/Sr ratios. The biotite granites have εNd(t) values ranging from −2.96
to − 1.95 (Fig. 8a), and two–stage Nd model ages (TDM2) of 1083 to
1164 Ma. The Sr–Nd isotopic data are presented in Table 4.
5.4. Zircon Hf isotopes
Twenty–eight spot analyses were performed on the zircons from the
biotite granite (1503TD027), yielding εHf(t) values in the range of
− 5.69 to 0.62 (average − 1.32) (Fig. 8b). Thirty–one spot analyses
on zircon grains from the monzonitic biotite granite porphyry
(1503TD23), show εHf(t) values ranging from − 3.62 to 2.34 (average
0.14) (Fig. 8b). The biotite granite and monzonitic biotite granite por-
phyry have two–stage Hf model age (TDM2) of 1150–1552 Ma and
1043–1423 Ma, respectively. The in situ zircon Lu–Hf isotopic data are
presented in Table 5.
336 P. Liu et al. / Lithos 300–301 (2018) 330–347

Table 1
Zircon LA–ICP–MS U–Pb dating for the biotite granite from the Feie'shan deposit.
207
Sample spot Th U Th/U Pb/206Pb 207
Pb/235U 206
Pb/238U 206
Pb/238U

ppm ppm ratio 1σ Ratio 1σ Ratio 1σ Age (Ma) 1σ

1503TD027-1 173.1 359.5 0.48 0.0565 0.0041 0.1580 0.0097 0.0216 0.0006 138.0 3.5
1503TD027-2 167.5 340.3 0.49 0.0491 0.0038 0.1367 0.0102 0.0212 0.0006 135.1 3.5
1503TD027-3 200.3 493.1 0.41 0.0547 0.0051 0.1542 0.0143 0.0207 0.0007 132.4 4.2
1503TD027-4 143.3 322.1 0.44 0.0499 0.0059 0.1420 0.0160 0.0213 0.0009 136.0 5.7
1503TD027-5 175.2 391.9 0.45 0.0521 0.0040 0.1529 0.0115 0.0216 0.0006 137.8 3.8
1503TD027-6 213.4 397.4 0.54 0.0494 0.0045 0.1352 0.0101 0.0208 0.0007 132.5 4.1
1503TD027-7 375.4 524.3 0.72 0.0540 0.0043 0.1532 0.0109 0.0209 0.0006 133.4 3.9
1503TD027-8 203.8 306.6 0.66 0.0472 0.0045 0.1275 0.0110 0.0205 0.0006 130.6 3.5
1503TD027-9 150.2 295.9 0.51 0.0470 0.0055 0.1382 0.0151 0.0218 0.0009 138.8 5.4
1503TD027-10 188.3 345.7 0.54 0.0545 0.0066 0.1590 0.0163 0.0216 0.0008 137.5 5.1
1503TD027-11 240.4 573.8 0.42 0.0511 0.0038 0.1439 0.0103 0.0208 0.0006 132.5 3.9
1503TD027-12 146.7 287.8 0.51 0.0598 0.0073 0.1574 0.0151 0.0210 0.0008 133.9 5.2
1503TD027-13 275.8 458.6 0.60 0.0540 0.0037 0.1535 0.0098 0.0210 0.0005 133.7 3.4
1503TD027-14 476.5 596.4 0.80 0.0503 0.0032 0.1455 0.0086 0.0213 0.0004 136.0 2.7

6. Discussion southwestern domain of the SCMB (Fig. 9c). As mentioned above,

6.1. Geochronological framework
6.1.1. Age of the Feie'shan W–Sn mineralization and magmatism
We reported a zircon U–Pb age of 139.2 ± 1.7 Ma for the monzonitic
biotite granite porphyry, a molybdenite Re–Os age of 140.8 ± 3.8 Ma
and a biotite 40Ar–39Ar age of 135.1 ± 0.8 in the Feie'shan W–Sn
deposit in a previous study (Liu et al., 2017a). The new zircon U–Pb
age of 134.7 ± 2.0 Ma for the biotite granite is consistent with the previ-
ous ages and suggests that the W–Sn mineralization and the magmatism
in the Feie'shan deposit during the Early Cretaceous are coeval.
6.1.2. Timing of magmatism and associated mineralization in the SCMB
Recent studies have recognized a cluster of W–Sn deposits in the
southwestern domain of the SCMB, including the Feie'shan W–Sn,
Lianhushan W, Jinkeng Sn–Cu, Taoxihu Sn, Changpu Sn and the Xiling
Sn deposits (Liu et al., 2015, 2017a, 2017b; Qiu et al., 2016, 2017; Yan
et al., 2017). Qiu et al. (2016) reported a zircon U–Pb age of 145 Ma
for the quartz porphyry associated with the Changpu Sn mineralization.
Yan et al. (2017) presented a zircon U–Pb age of 141.8 Ma for highly
fractionated I–type granites and a molybdenite Re–Os age of 139.0 Ma
in the Taoxihu Sn deposit. Qiu et al. (2017) also demonstrated that
the Jinkeng Sn mineralization is related to I–type granites, with zircon
U–Pb ages of 144.7―141.1 Ma and a molybdenite Re–Os age of
139.3 Ma. In a recent study, we reported a muscovite 40Ar–39Ar age of
133.2 ± 0.9 Ma for W ores and a zircon U–Pb age of 137.3 ± 2.0 Ma
for the causative quartz porphyry in the Lianhuashan porphyry W
deposit (Liu et al., 2017b). We also obtained two cassiterite U–Pb ages
of 146.4 ± 1.4 Ma and 147.5 ± 1.7 Ma, and a muscovite 40Ar–39Ar age
of 140.6 ± 1.0 Ma in the Xiling Sn deposit (our unpublished data).
Based on the geochronological data, we identify an important W–Sn
metallogenic event during the Early Cretaceous (145–135 Ma) in the
southwestern domain of the SCMB (Fig. 9a) (Liu et al., 2017b).
Previous studies suggested that the mineralization and related
magmatism in the SCMB occurred dominantly in Late Cretaceous
(Duan et al., 2017; Xu et al., 2017). Li et al. (2014) demonstrated that
the magmatic pulses occurred during 125–80 Ma in the coastal Fujian
Province, with a major peak from 115 to 90 Ma, and a subordinate
peak from 125 to 115 Ma (Fig. 9b). Mao et al. (2013) concluded that
the ages of the mineralization in the SCMB range from 120 Ma to
80 Ma with most mineral systems such as porphyry–epithermal Cu–
Au–Ag, porphyry Cu–Mo, and Sn–Pb–Zn–Ag, located in pull–apart
basins and volcano–sedimentary basins. Examples include the Zijinshan
porphyry–epithermal Cu–Au–Mo orefield, Zhitouling porphyry Mo and
the Yukeng–Banling porphyry Cu–Au deposits.
Liu et al. (2015) suggested two magmatic episodes at 168–155 Ma
and 144–132 Ma in the eastern Guangdong Province, along the
several porphyry Cu–Au/Cu deposits were discovered and explored in
the region, including the Xinliaodong Cu, Honggoushan Cu–Au,
Zhongqiuyang Cu and the E'di Cu–Au deposits. Wang et al. (2016) also
reported a zircon U–Pb age of 160.1 Ma from quartz diorite in the
Xinliaodong porphyry Cu deposit. Li et al. (2016) demonstrated that
the Gutian porphyry Cu–Mo deposit in the coastal Fujian Province is ge-
netically related to the granodioritic porphyry, with zircon U–Pb ages of
161–158 Ma and two molybdenite ages of 162.4 Ma and 163.0 Ma. In
addition, we recently obtained the zircon U–Pb ages of 164.7 Ma and
169.4 Ma for the granodioritic porphyry in the Zhongqiuyang Cu and
the E'di Cu–Au deposits, respectively. Accordingly, we propose a
porphyry Cu–Au/Cu–Mo metallogenic episode of 170–160 Ma in the
southwestern domain of the SCMB.
In summary, three episodes of mineralization and magmatism can
be recognized in the SCMB: (1) the 170–160 Ma porphyry Cu–Au and
Cu–Mo mineral systems with related quartz diorites and granodioritic
porphyries distributed mainly in the southwestern part of the SCMB
such as in the eastern Guangdong and the coastal Fujian Provinces,
(2) the 145–135 Ma W–Sn mineralization and related highly–
fractionated I– or A–type granites occurring mostly in the eastern
Guangdong Province, and (3) the 120―80 Ma porphyry–epithermal
Cu–Au–Ag and porphyry Cu–Mo metallogeny in the coastal Fujian and
Zhejiang Provinces.
6.2. Petrogenesis of the biotite granite
6.2.1. Highly fractionated I–, S– or A–type granite?
Granitoids have been commonly divided into I–, S–, or A–types ac-
cording to their geochemical characteristics and origins (Chappell and
White, 1974; Collins et al., 1982; Pitcher, 1982). S–type granite is
characterized by peraluminous nature with an alumina saturation
index (A/CNK) N 1.1, and the presence of peraluminous primary min-
erals (e.g., cordierite, andalusite and garnet), whereas I–type granites
are metaluminous to slightly peraluminous (A/CNK b 1.05) and charac-
terized by the presence of hornblende. In general, A–type granites have
high contents of SiO2, K2O, (K2O + Na2O), Zr, Sn, REE, Ce, Nb and Ga, low
contents of MgO, CaO, MnO, V, Cr, Ni, Ba, Sr and Eu, and characterized
high Ga/Al ratios, high concentrations of (Zr + Nb + Ce + Y), and flat
REE distribution patterns (Collins et al., 1982; Whalen et al., 1987).
The biotite granites have high contents of SiO2, K2O, (K2O + Na2O),
F, REE, and low contents of CaO, MgO, MnO, Ba, Sr, Zr and Eu, with
high FeOt/MgO ratios and flat REE distribution patterns, indicating the
features of A–type granite. They display extremely high Rb and low
Ba, Sr P, Nb and Ti concentrations, with high Rb/Sr and Rb/Ba, and low
CaO/(Na2O + K2O) ratios, suggesting high degree of fractional crystalli-
zation (Fig. 10a, b). This is further supported by a flat “V” shape in
chondrite–normalized REE patterns and distinctly negative Eu
 P. Liu et al. / Lithos 300–301 (2018) 330–347 337

anomalies. In general, A–type granites modified by fractional crystalli-

1503TD027-11
zation have similar geochemical characteristics to those of S– and highly

486,093.7
fractionated I–type granites (Chappell and White, 1992; King et al.,

8011.3
172.0

191.9
1997). Although the biotite granites have relatively high A/CNK values

10.3

12.6

51.1
20.0
86.1
18.1

35.9

87.2

34.7
0.0

0.1
1.0
2.5
0.3

4.1

0.1
(1.05―1.15), A– and I–type granites can also be weakly peraluminous
(Whalen et al., 1987). King et al. (1997) denoted that A–type granite
can be easily discriminated from S–type granites because the latter
1503TD027-10

have much higher P2O5 and lower Na2O contents. The biotite granites

486,093.7
have extremely low P2O5 (0.01―0.08 wt%) and higher Na2O

7089.9
156.5

301.1

155.0
24.6

97.1
36.1

31.7

58.3

96.7
(2.64–4.24 wt%), thus precluding S–type granite.
0.7
8.5
0.3
3.4
5.5
1.2

8.1

0.3
8.9
Fractional crystallization of zircon and allanite would be responsible
for decreasing Zr concentrations with fractionation in both A– and I–
1503TD027-9

type granites (Jiang et al., 2017; King et al., 1997). The biotite granites

486,093.7
show lower concentrations of (Zr + Nb + Ce + Y) (239.2―298.9 ppm)

6647.1
as compared to typical A–type granite reported by Whalen et al. (1987)
209.7

302.7

546.0
102.0

292.5
284.3
16.4

14.3

64.6
19.9

74.5

59.0
0.0

0.5
7.1

3.3

0.3
3.9
(Fig. 11a). However, this can be explained by fractional crystallization of
zircon and allanite resulting in lower Zr concentrations of the biotite gran-
ites (92.1–101.0 ppm). In the (K2O + Na2O)/CaO vs. (Zr + Nb + Y + Ce)
1503TD027-8

diagram, three samples of the biotite granite fall in the field of A–type
486,093.7

granite. King et al. (1997) indicated that as the concentrations of the

6486.5
103.5

148.0

279.0

174.1
110.7

“diagnostic element” contents change with fractional crystallization in

32.2
98.9
13.7
72.2
28.5

45.0
11.5

34.5

29.5

56.8
1.4

0.1
3.7
I– and A–type granites, it is difficult to assign meaningful fields on
geochemical plots. On the other hand, relative to I–type granite, A–type
1503TD027-7

granites generally have higher FeOt/MgO and FeOt/(FeOt + MgO) ratios

486,093.7

(Fig. 11b, c), and thus they can discriminate A–type from highly fraction-
6658.3

ated I–type granites (Eby, 1990; King et al., 1997). Moreover, high F
154.8

313.6

228.2
124.2
18.2

19.9

86.9
33.7

33.0

64.2

30.6
2.9

0.9
6.4
4.7
0.9

7.1

0.2

(0.05–1.7 wt%) content is a prominent feature of A–type granite

(Eby, 1990). The studied samples have higher FeOt/MgO (22.08–32.18)
and FeOt/(FeOt + MgO) (0.96–0.97) ratios, and high F contents
1503TD027-6

(0.32–0.85 wt%), signifying an A–type affinity. Furthermore, Eby (1992)

486,093.7

divided A–type granites into A1– and A2–groups on the basis of tectonic
7284.7
112.6

174.2

319.9

232.0
147.7

affiliations. As shown in Fig. 11d, all the biotite granites fall into the fields
11.2

32.8
10.4

41.5

35.2

62.9
0.2

0.2
3.9
7.3
0.7

0.1
7.0

of A2–group, suggesting that they belong to highly fractionated A2–type

granite.
1503TD027-5

486,093.7
7345.5

6.2.2. Nature of magma source

110.9

222.1

228.1
124.8
17.6

66.3
25.4

23.4

44.4

25.0
0.0
9.5
0.1
1.4
3.1
0.5

5.7

0.1

Due to their wide compositional range, the origins of A–type granite

still remain debate. Several genetic models have been proposed for their
origin including: (1) extensive fractional crystallization of mantle–
1503TD027-4

derived basaltic magmas (Mushkin et al., 2003; Turner et al., 1992);

486,093.7
10,123.3

(2) melting from anhydrous granulitic residue after the extraction of

147.8

298.1

429.6
285.6
26.0

26.2

94.9
34.2

31.1

59.8

31.1

I–type granitic melts (Clemens et al., 1986; King et al., 1997); (3) partial
0.9

0.4
4.6
5.4
1.9

8.8

0.4

melting of metaigneous rocks with tonalite or granodiorite in the shal-

low crust (Creaser et al., 1991); (4) magma mixing between anatectic
1503TD027-3

crustal and mantle–derived mafic magmas (Bédard, 1990; Kerr and

Zircon trace element data for the biotite granite from the Feie'shan deposit.

486,093.7

Fryer, 1993).
8078.6

The high SiO2 and low MgO contents of the biotite granites exclude
126.1

195.0

362.2

206.2
129.4
11.2

33.1
10.7

46.5

39.0

69.5
0.1

0.1
3.0
7.0
1.2

0.2
8.4

the possibility of direct fractional crystallization of mantle–derived ba-

saltic magmas (Taylor and Mclennan, 1995). This is also supported by
low Nd/Th, Ce/Pb and Nb/Ta ratios (Nd/Th = 0.69–0.85, Ce/Pb =
1503TD027-2

0.67–1.90, Nb/Ta = 4.88–8.56), which are distinct from those of

486,093.7

mantle–derived rocks (Nd/Th N 15, Ce/Pb = 9 and Nb/Ta = 17.5) (Bea

8979.7
154.6

269.7
108.9
37.9
14.6
66.6
15.4

32.5

65.5

et al., 2001). In addition, there is no widespread coeval mafic rocks in

0.1
7.4
0.1
1.0
1.5
0.3
8.8
3.0

0.2

the area, which is also inconsistent with the observations resulted

from fractional crystallization of mantle–derived magmas.
1503TD027-1

Collins et al. (1982) and King et al. (1997) indicated that remelting of
486,093.7

anhydrous granulitic residue after the extraction of I–type granitic melts

8362.4

can explain the lower water fugacity and high F content of some A–type
119.9

255.6

306.1
157.1
13.4

15.4

68.2
26.5

25.9

50.8

48.1
0.1

0.1
1.1
2.9
0.8

5.6

0.3

granites. However, Creaser et al. (1991) ruled out this model from the
F–rich signature. Experimental works have suggested that remelting
of a depleted granulitic residue could not have produced the geochem-
Ce(IV)/Ce(III)

ical signatures (e.g., high FeOt/(FetO + MgO) of A–type granite Patiño

Douce, 1997). In addition, the higher εHf(t) values (− 5.69 to 0.62) of
Sample

Eu/Eu*
Table 2

ppm

the biotite granites also contradict the origin of remelting of depleted

Tm
Sm
Nd

Ho
Gd

Dy

Yb
Eu

Th
Tb
Ce

Lu
Hf
La

Pr

Er

Zr
U

granulitic residue.
338 P. Liu et al. / Lithos 300–301 (2018) 330–347

Fig. 6. (a) SiO2 vs. K2O diagram. (b) A/CNK vs. A/NK diagram.
(Data source from Qiu et al., 2017; Yan et al., 2017).

Alternatively, A–type granites can be produced by partial meling of
tonalitic to granodiorite source rocks (Anderson, 1983). Experimental
works have demonstrated that partial melting of tonalitic and granodi-
oritic rocks at 4 kbar can produce A–type granite characterized by low
Al, Ca, Mg, Sr and Eu contents (Patiño Douce, 1997). Frost and Frost
(2011) suggested that low–pressure partial melting of tonalitic to
granodiorite is a possible mechanism to generate high–silica, calc–
alkalic forroan granites (A–type granite) with metaluminous to weakly
peraluminous features. The low pressure condition is favored by the
pronounced negative Ba, Sr and Eu anomalies and flat HREE patterns
(Jiang et al., 2017). The biotite granites are weakly peraluminous
(A/CNK = 1.05–1.15), and have distinctly negative Sr, Ba and Eu anom-
alies, high HREE and Y concentrations with flat HREE patterns, preclud-
ing the presence of residual garnet but feldspar, since garnet has high
partition coefficients for the HREE as well as feldspar for Sr, Ba and Eu
(Bea et al., 1994). All these features suggest that the biotite granite of
present study formed at low–pressure condition, and that the rocks
might have been derived from metaigneous rocks with tonalite or
granodiorite sources in the shallow crust. However, the rocks show
higher εNd(t) values (− 2.96 to − 1.95) and younger two–stage Nd
model ages (TDM2) (1083 to 1164 Ma) than those of the basement
rocks in the Cathaysia Block (1.8–2.2 Ga) (Chen et al., 1999). Therefore,
the granites are unlikely to have formed by the remelting of
metaigneous rocks with tonalite or granodiorite composition.
Bédard (1990) demonstrated that magma mixing can produce
A–type granites. Griffin et al. (2002) also suggested that magma mixing
between mantle–derived magic magmas and felsic crustal melts can
produce I– and A–type granites. Moreover, A–granites have isotopic
characteristics that suggest sources containing mantle input (Bonin,
2007). In a previous study, a model involving the melting of ancient
crust with some contributions from mantle–derived materials was
proposed for the generation of the coeval quartz porphyry from
the Lianhuashan deposit (Liu et al., 2017b). As shown in Fig. 8a. all the
studied samples plot below the CHUR reference line but above the
evolutionary trend defined by the Cathaysia basement rocks. The
εHf(t) values of the biotite granite and monzonitic biotite granite por-
phyry range from −5.69 to 0.62 and −3.62 to 2.34 (Fig. 8b), implying
that the magmas which generated these rocks had the significant
input of juvenile mantle–derived components. Sun and McDonough
(1989) showed that mantle–derived magmas have lower Lu/Yb
(0.14–0.15) than those of continental crust (0.16–0.18). This interpreta-
tion is further supported by the Lu/Yb ratios (0.15–0.16) of the biotite
granites. We infer that the mantle–derived mafic melts provided not
only heat for remelting the crust but also added some juvenile

Fig. 7. (a) Primitive–normalized trace element spider–diagram of the biotite granite. (b) Chondrite– normalized REE patterns for the biotite granite. Normalization values are from
McDonough and Sun (1995).
 P. Liu et al. / Lithos 300–301 (2018) 330–347 339

Table 3
Major and trace element data for bulk rocks of the biotite granite from the Feie'shan deposit. Major and minor element oxide values are in wt%; trace element data are in ppm.

Sample 1503TD027 1503TD028 1503TD029 1503TD030 1503TD031 1503TD032

Biotite granite

Major element (in wt%)

SiO2 75.71 75.21 75.99 75.81 76.70 75.74
Al2O3 12.43 12.73 12.69 12.46 12.52 12.70
Fe2O3 0.22 0.24 0.09 0.19 0.05 0.10
FeO 1.48 1.12 1.24 1.22 0.86 1.36
CaO 0.89 0.40 0.13 0.19 0.03 0.32
MgO 0.05 0.06 0.04 0.06 0.04 0.06
K2O 5.20 5.02 5.35 5.07 4.48 4.93
Na2O 2.64 3.35 3.05 3.15 4.24 3.43
TiO2 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.05 0.06 0.06
P2O5 0.03 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.02 0.01
MnO 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.04
LOI 1.08 0.77 0.60 0.72 0.47 0.87
F 0.85 0.54 0.48 0.54 0.32 0.61
K2O + Na2O 7.84 8.37 8.40 8.22 8.72 8.36
K2O/Na2O 1.97 1.50 1.75 1.61 1.06 1.44
A/NK 1.24 1.16 1.17 1.17 1.06 1.16
A/CNK 1.07 1.09 1.15 1.13 1.05 1.10
FeOT 1.68 1.34 1.32 1.39 0.91 1.45
Fe2OT3 1.86 1.48 1.47 1.55 1.01 1.61
Mg# 5.48 7.48 5.30 7.54 7.36 7.25
FeOt/MgO 31.07 22.27 32.18 22.08 22.65 23.02

Trace element (in ppm)

Cu 4.00 16.80 8.69 7.49 8.60 7.81
Pb 61.20 27.10 67.80 23.40 32.20 22.40
Cr 2.06 4.23 1.76 2.26 1.73 1.43
Ni 0.84 1.61 0.42 0.52 0.46 0.54
Co 0.92 1.07 0.40 0.45 0.27 0.68
Rb 735.00 639.00 738.00 674.00 587.00 635.00
Cs 6.42 5.30 5.61 5.51 4.43 5.23
Sr 15.20 21.30 15.60 16.50 17.30 18.20
Ba 73.30 55.50 62.50 58.50 35.30 54.10
V 1.77 4.37 1.15 1.62 0.87 1.33
Nb 48.40 40.50 51.20 39.30 54.80 38.00
Ta 8.67 7.16 10.50 6.74 6.40 6.57
Zr 94.10 92.10 92.90 94.90 95.90 101.00
Hf 6.79 5.83 6.51 5.84 7.13 6.29
U 21.60 17.40 20.60 18.30 25.00 17.50
Th 35.50 33.40 34.90 35.60 39.70 37.00
La 18.5 17.2 20.3 17.1 18.0 18.9
Ce 41.3 39.7 46.4 40.3 42.0 42.6
Pr 6.13 5.32 6.83 5.57 6.34 6.04
Nd 27.0 23.5 29.7 23.6 27.4 25.6
Sm 7.10 5.81 7.54 5.80 7.75 6.21
Eu 0.13 0.14 0.13 0.16 0.11 0.15
Gd 9.35 7.70 9.66 7.48 10.8 7.87
Tb 1.72 1.36 1.73 1.33 2.01 1.38
Dy 13.1 9.92 12.4 9.69 15.0 10.1
Ho 2.96 2.29 2.79 2.17 3.49 2.23
Er 8.94 6.79 8.46 6.57 10.6 6.67
Tm 1.66 1.22 1.59 1.20 1.98 1.21
Yb 12.0 8.65 11.6 8.53 13.8 8.50
Lu 1.88 1.31 1.78 1.31 2.11 1.28
Y 89.5 66.9 80.6 66.3 106 65.9
(La/Yb)N 1.05 1.35 1.19 1.36 0.89 1.51
σEu 0.05 0.06 0.05 0.07 0.04 0.07
σCe 0.93 1.00 0.95 0.99 0.95 0.96
∑REE 241.27 197.81 241.51 197.11 267.39 204.64
∑LREE 100.16 91.67 110.90 92.53 101.60 99.50
∑HREE 141.11 106.14 130.61 104.58 165.79 105.14
∑LREE/∑HREE 0.71 0.86 0.85 0.88 0.61 0.95
(La/Sm)N 1.63 1.85 1.68 1.84 1.45 1.90
(Gd/Yb)N 0.63 0.72 0.67 0.71 0.63 0.75

LOI is loss of ignition; Mg# = 100 × molar Mg2+/(Mg2+ + TFe2+); FeOT = FeO + 0.8998 × Fe2O3; A/NK = Al2O3/(Na2O + K2O)(molar ratio); A/CNK = Al2O3/(CaO + Na2O + K2O)(molar
ratio). Eu/Eu* is a measure of the Eu anomaly when compare to Sm and Gd. Eu/Eu* = EuN/[(1/2)(SmN) × (GdN)].

components. Yan et al. (2017) also reported the coeval mafic dikes in
the eastern Guangdong Province. In conclusion, the biotite granites
were most likely derived from magma hybridization between anatectic
granitic and juvenile mantle–derived magmas with following highly
fractional crystallization.
6.3. Implications for W–Sn mineralization
Ore element assemblages in intrusion–related mineralization are in
part a function of relative oxidation state and degree of fractionation of
the associated granite suite (Blevin et al., 1996). In general, W–Sn
340 P. Liu et al. / Lithos 300–301 (2018) 330–347

Fig. 8. (a) Zircon U–Pb vs. εNd(t) diagram for the biotite granite. Line A represents the Proterozoic crustal end–member of high degree of maturation in the Cathaysia Block, with average
147
Sm/144Nd = 0.1132 and 143Nd/144Nd = 0.511568 (Shen et al., 2003); Line B represents the Proterozoic crustal end–member of low degree of maturation in the Cathaysia Block, with
average 147Sm/144Nd = 0.1087 and 143Nd/144Nd = 0.512052 (Hu and Zhang, 1998). (b) Zircon U–Pb ages vs. εHf (t) diagram of zircon of the biotite granite, with the shaded field indicating
Hf–isotope evolution for the Cathaysia basement (Xu et al., 2007).
(Data source from Liu et al., 2017a, 2017b; Qiu et al., 2016, 2017; Yan et al., 2017).

mineralization is related to felsic, fractionated and reduced granites with
enrichment in F, B, Li and Cs (Pollard et al., 1987). The F–rich melts are
characterized by low solidus temperature and viscosity, resulting in
lower crystal–melt partition coefficients and protracted fractional crystal-
lization (Audt́at et al., 2000; Pollard et al., 1987; Webster et al., 2004), sig-
nifying that high F content is an important factor of the magma evolution.
The biotite granites show high F, Si, K, Rb and low Ba, Sr, P, Nb and Ti con-
centrations, with high Rb/Sr and Rb/Ba and low CaO/(Na2O + K2O) ratios,
implying that they are highly fractionated granites (Fig. 10a, b). In addi-
tion, W and Sn in reduced magma behave as incompatible elements in
terms of their crystal–melt partitioning behavior and their concentrations
will increase during fractional crystallization (Candela, 1992; Linnen et al.,
1996). Zircon can record the magmatic oxygen fugacity, and Ce4+/Ce3+
and Eu/Eu⁎ ratios of zircon can reflect redox state of magmas (Ballard
et al., 2002; Pettke et al., 2005). The studied samples have lower Ce4+/
Ce3+ and Eu/Eu⁎ ratios ranging from 4 to 65 and 0.12 to 0.39, indicating
that they crystallized from reduced magmas. As discussed above, the bio-
tite granite is spatially related to the W–Sn mineralization. Therefore, all
the observations show a clear genetic relation between the biotite granite
and the mineralization in the Feie'shan deposit.
6.4. The magmatic episode at 145–135 Ma linking with W–Sn mineralization
in South China
South China is one of the important W–Sn metallogenic provinces
in the world, particularly the Nanling Range. Numerous studies re-
vealed that the Nanling W–Sn metallogenic event occurred during
160 to 150 Ma (Fig. 12) (Hu et al., 2012; Mao et al., 2004, 2007,
2008; Yuan et al., 2008, 2011). In contrast, the W–Sn metallogenic
event and related igneous activity in the southwestern part of
the SCMB is younger, and occurred during the Early Cretaceous
(145–135 Ma). Liu et al. (2017a, 2017b) suggested that the W–Sn
mineralization in the SCMB does not belong to the 160–150 Ma W–Sn
metallogenic events in the Nanling Range. Based on the geochemical
characteristics, Liu et al. (2017b) proposed that the granitoids related
to the 145–135 W–Sn mineralization in the southwestern part of
the SCMB have similar geochemical features with those of the Nanling
W–Sn belt, with characteristics of highly fractionated I– or A–type gra-
nitic rocks, although more mantle materials are involved in the source
of the 145–135 Ma magmatism related to W–Sn mineralization than
those of the Nanling W–Sn belt.

Table 4
Rb − Sr and Sm − Nd isotopic data for the biotite granite from the Feie'shan deposit.

Sample 1503TD027 1503TD028 1503TD029 1503TD030 1503TD031 1503TD032

Rb (ppm) 735 639 738 674 587 635

Sr (ppm) 15.2 21.3 15.6 16.5 17.3 18.2
87
Rb/86Sr 139.6 86.6 136.5 117.9 97.9 100.7
87
Sr/86Sr 0.8992 0.8357 0.8801 0.8638 0.8348 0.8422
ISr 0.6320 0.6699 0.6187 0.6381 0.6473 0.6494
Sm (ppm) 7.1 5.81 7.54 5.8 7.75 6.21
Nd (ppm) 27 23.5 29.7 23.6 27.4 25.6
147
Sm/144Nd 0.1591 0.1496 0.1536 0.1487 0.1711 0.1468
143
Nd/144Nd 0.5125 0.5125 0.5125 0.5125 0.5125 0.5125
fSm/Nd −0.1912 −0.2396 −0.2192 −0.2441 −0.1300 −0.2539
εNd(t) −2.96 −2.82 −2.48 −2.65 −2.02 −1.95
TDM1 1939 1655 1713 1614 2274 1491
TDM2 1164 1153 1125 1140 1085 1083

Measured isotope ratios (subscript 0) are age − corrected (t) to 134.7 Ma. It should be noted that εNd(0) today corresponds to 143Nd/144Nd = 0.51264; values for older times assume
present Bulk Earth 147Sm/144Nd = 0.1967.
 P. Liu et al. / Lithos 300–301 (2018) 330–347 341

Table 5
Zircon Lu–Hf isotopic data for the biotite granite and monzonitic biotite granite porphyry from the Feie'shan deposit.
176
Hf/177Hf 176
Lu/177Hf 176
Yb/177Hf 176
Hf/177Hf (t) εHf (0) εHf (t) TDM1 TDM2 fS

1503TD023–1 0.282587 0.001357 0.045676 0.282583 −6.55 −3.62 950 1423 −0.9591
1503TD023–2 0.282698 0.001010 0.032343 0.282696 −2.61 0.35 785 1170 −0.9696
1503TD023–3 0.282630 0.001474 0.048483 0.282626 −5.03 −2.11 892 1327 −0.9556
1503TD023–4 0.282727 0.001159 0.036614 0.282724 −1.61 1.34 748 1107 −0.9651
1503TD023–5 0.282704 0.001449 0.050722 0.282700 −2.40 0.52 786 1160 −0.9563
1503TD023–6 0.282698 0.001898 0.063041 0.282693 −2.63 0.25 805 1177 −0.9428
1503TD023–7 0.282754 0.001306 0.043812 0.282750 −0.65 2.28 712 1047 −0.9607
1503TD023–8 0.282712 0.001398 0.050960 0.282708 −2.12 0.81 773 1141 −0.9579
1503TD023–9 0.282639 0.001118 0.036314 0.282636 −4.69 −1.74 870 1304 −0.9663
1503TD023–10 0.282649 0.001023 0.034363 0.282646 −4.36 −1.40 855 1282 −0.9692
1503TD023–11 0.282734 0.000718 0.022994 0.282732 −1.34 1.65 728 1088 −0.9784
1503TD023–12 0.282715 0.000759 0.024882 0.282713 −2.01 0.98 756 1131 −0.9771
1503TD023–13 0.282706 0.000819 0.025507 0.282703 −2.35 0.63 770 1153 −0.9753
1503TD023–14 0.282665 0.001140 0.036308 0.282662 −3.79 −0.84 835 1247 −0.9657
1503TD023–15 0.282755 0.001265 0.041209 0.282752 −0.60 2.34 709 1043 −0.9619
1503TD023–16 0.282714 0.001352 0.041929 0.282710 −2.05 0.88 769 1137 −0.9593
1503TD027–1 0.282675 0.004285 0.199341 0.282664 −3.42 −0.85 895 1243 −0.8709
1503TD027–2 0.282557 0.001043 0.034534 0.282554 −7.61 −4.75 985 1492 −0.9686
1503TD027–3 0.282649 0.000933 0.034407 0.282646 −4.36 −1.49 853 1285 −0.9719
1503TD027–4 0.282709 0.001144 0.042285 0.282706 −2.23 0.62 772 1150 −0.9656
1503TD027–5 0.282656 0.001243 0.046773 0.282653 −4.09 −1.24 849 1269 −0.9625
1503TD027–6 0.282705 0.001453 0.050541 0.282702 −2.36 0.46 784 1160 −0.9562
1503TD027–7 0.282667 0.001475 0.053357 0.282664 −3.70 −0.88 839 1246 −0.9556
1503TD027–8 0.282657 0.001384 0.051394 0.282654 −4.05 −1.22 851 1267 −0.9583
1503TD027–9 0.282680 0.000953 0.034664 0.282677 −3.27 −0.40 810 1215 −0.9713
1503TD027–10 0.282669 0.001703 0.059229 0.282664 −3.65 −0.85 842 1244 −0.9487
1503TD027–11 0.282663 0.001639 0.051422 0.282659 −3.86 −1.05 849 1256 −0.9506
1503TD027–12 0.282673 0.001107 0.034856 0.282670 −3.51 −0.65 823 1231 −0.9667
1503TD027–13 0.282530 0.001096 0.034270 0.282528 −8.55 −5.69 1024 1552 −0.9670
1503TD027–14 0.282679 0.001213 0.039507 0.282676 −3.30 −0.45 817 1219 −0.9634

εHf(t) = 10,000 × {[(176Hf/177Hf)S −(176Lu/177Hf)S × (eλt − 1)]/[(176Hf/177Hf)CHUR,0 − (176Lu/177Hf)CHUR × (eλt − 1)] − 1}.
TDM1 = 1/λ × ln {1 + [(176Hf/177Hf)S − (176Hf/177Hf)DM]/[(176Lu/177Hf)S − (176Lu/177Hf)DM]}.
TDM2 = TDM1 − (TDM1 − t) × [(fCC − fS) / (fCC − fDM)].
fS = (176Lu/177Hf)S / (176Lu/177Hf)CHUR − 1.
Where, λ = 1.867 × 10−11 year−1 (Söderlund et al., 2004)); (176Lu/177Hf)S and (176Hf/177Hf)S are the measured values of the samples; (176Lu/177Hf)CHUR = 0.0336 and (176Hf/177Hf)CHUR,0 =
0.282785 (Bouvier et al., 2008); (176Lu/177Hf)DM = 0.0384 and (176Hf/177Hf)DM = 0.28325 (Griffin et al., 2000); (176Lu/177Hf)mean crust = 0.015.
fCC = [(176Lu/177Hf)mean crust / (176Lu/177Hf)CHUR] − 1; fDM = [(176Lu/177Hf)DM / (176Lu/177Hf)CHUR] − 1.
t = crystallization time of zircon.

6.4.1. The 145–135 Ma magmatism related to the W–Sn mineralization in
the SCMB
Qiu et al. (2017) demonstrated that the granites linked with the
Jinkeng Sn mineralization are weakly peraluminous, high–K calc–
alkaline, with high contents of SiO2, Na2O, K2O, low concentrations of
MgO, CaO, and P2O5, and high Rb/Sr and Rb/Ba ratios. These rocks are
also enriched in Rb, Th, U and depleted in Ba, Sr, and Ti, and have prom-
inent negative Eu anomalies, characteristic of highly fractionated I–type
granites. Moreover, the Jinkeng granites have zircon εHf(t) values rang-
ing from −9.2 to −3.3 and two–stage Hf model ages of 1406–1776 Ma,
which are younger than those of basement rocks in the Cathaysia Block
(1.8–2.2 Ga) (Chen et al., 1999). Yan et al. (2017) identified that the
Taoxihu is also a high fractionated I–type granite–related Sn deposit,
and the causative granites have similar geochemical features with
those of the Jinkeng deposit. The Taoxihu granites display bulk rock
initial 87Sr/86Sr values of 0.707371–0.707730 and εNd (t) values from
− 5.17 to − 4.67, and zircon εHf (t) values ranging from − 6.67 to
− 2.32, with late Mesoproterozoic TDM2 ages of Nd and Hf isotopes
(Yan et al., 2017). In addition, in our recent study, we reported the
zircon εHf (t) values of − 3.8–0.9 from a quartz porphyry related to
the Lianhuashan W mineralization and two–stage Hf model ages
(TDM2) ranging from 1.1 to 1.4 Ga (Liu et al., 2017b).
As discussed above, the three prominent characteristics of the
145–135 Ma granitoids associated with W–Sn mineralization in the
SCMB can be described as follows: (1) high–K calc–alkaline, weakly
peraluminous and I– or A–type granitoid features; (2) highly fractionat-
ed nature characterized by high Si, K, F, Na, Rb, Cs, Th and U, and low Mg,
Fe, Ca, Ba, Sr, Ti and P, with high Rb/Sr and Rb/Ba ratios; (3) εHf(t) values
ranging from negative to positive, and all values plotting above the evo-
lutionary trend defined by the Cathaysia basement rocks, and some
even above the CHUR reference line, with the two–stage Hf model
ages younger than those of the basement rocks in the Cathaysia Block
(1.8–2.2 Ga) (Chen et al., 1999). In summary, these observations suggest
that the granitoids were derived from the remelting of Cathaysia
basement rocks with significant input of juvenile mantle–derived
components.
6.4.2. The 149–136 Ma magmatism related to the W mineral systems in the
NYTB
Recent studies suggest that the porphyry–skarn W mineralization
are genetically related to the highly fractionated S–, I–, and transition–
type granitoids in the North Yangtze region, with ages of 149–136 Ma
(Fig. 12), e.g., Dahutang W, Yangchuling W–Mo and Zhuxi W–Cu de-
posits (Huang and Jiang, 2014; Mao et al., 2015, 2017; Pan et al.,
2017). Huang and Jiang (2014) noted that the Dahutang W mineraliza-
tion related granitoids are highly fractionated S–type granites with ages
ranging from 144.0 to 130.7 Ma, which are characterized by high A/CNK
values (N1.1), contents of total alkalis, high Ga/Al ratios, enrichment in
LILEs and depletion in HFSEs. The geochemical and isotopic features
suggest that granites they are originated from two episodes of partial
melting of different protoliths which have analogous components of
metamorphosed pelitic rocks from the Neoproterozoic Shuangqiaoshan
Group (Huang and Jiang, 2014). Mao et al. (2015) also proposed that the
W–bearing granites were derived from the partial melting of the
Shuangqiaoshan argillaceous sediments with high enrichment of W.
Accordingly, the Shuangqiaoshan argillaceous sediments with high
342 P. Liu et al. / Lithos 300–301 (2018) 330–347

Fig. 9. (a) Compilation of geochronological data for the W–Sn mineral systems and the causative granitic intrusions in the southwestern domain of the SCMB, eastern Guangdong Province
(after Liu et al., 2015). (b) Geochronological framework of the Mesozoic magmatic activities in the SCMB (after Liu et al., 2015). (c) Geochronological framework of the Mesozoic magmatic
activities in the southwestern domain of the SCMB, eastern Guangdong.
(Data source from Liu et al., 2017a, 2017b, unpublished data; Qiu et al., 2016, 2017; Yan et al., 2017).

contents of W might have contributed to the formation of the highly
fractionated S–type granites and the related W mineralization in the
NYTB. Recently, Mao et al. (2017) concluded that the granitoid–
related W ore system in the NYTB resulted from the remelting of the
Neoproterozoic crust, with some input of mafic materials. The mafic–
ultramafic volcanic rocks of the Shuangqiaoshan Group, together with
subduction–related metasomatized lithospheric mantle, would have
provided additional mantle components. Therefore, the W mineral
systems in the NYTB exhibit variable ore metal associations, and the
associated granitoids show a range of S–, I– and transition types (Mao
et al., 2017).
In comparison, the granitoids related to W–Sn mineralization in the
southwestern part of the SCMB have higher total REE contents and more
negative Eu anomalies than those of the NYTB (Fig. 7), implying that

Fig. 10. (a) Rb/Sr vs. CaO/(Na2O + K2O) diagram. (b) Rb/Sr vs. Rb/Ba diagram. Symbols are as in Fig. 6.
 P. Liu et al. / Lithos 300–301 (2018) 330–347
Fig. 11. (a) (Zr + Nb + Ce + Y) vs. (Na2O + K2O)/CaO diagram (Whalen et al., 1987). (b) SiO2 vs. FeOt/(FeOt + MgO) diagram (Frost et al., 2001). (c) SiO2 vs. FeOt/MgO diagram (Eby,
1990). (d) Y/Nb vs. Rb/Nb diagram (Eby, 1990). Symbols are as in Fig. 6.
they underwent higher degree of fractional crystallization. In addition,
the higher εHf(t) and εNd(t) values imply that more juvenile mantle
components were involved in the source of the 145–135 Ma
magmatism linked to W–Sn ore systems in the southwestern part of
the SCMB.
6.5. Implications for tectono–magmatic evolution
Diverse models have been proposed to explain the genetic link
between the Mesozoic metallogenic events and the subduction of the
Izanagi plate in South China. Li and Li (2007) proposed a flat subduction
model between 250–90 Ma to explain the magmatism and related
mineralization in South China. The main evidence for this model is the
coastward–younging trend of the Mesozoic magmatism in South
China. However, as mentioned above, three distinct magmatic events
occur in the SCMB: 170–160 Ma, 145–135 Ma and 120–80 Ma
(Fig. 9b). This observation is inconsistent with the coastward–
younging trend of the magmatic rocks. In addition, the Permain to
Triassic magmatic events are mostly of intraplate nature in South
China, whereas the coeval arc magmatic rocks are rarely identified in
the SCMB. Sun et al. (2010) deduced a ridge–subduction model for the
genesis of the adakitic granitoids related to porphyry–skarn Cu–Au–
Mo deposits in the Yangtze Middle–Lower River Valley metallogenic
belt (YRB). However, this model cannot explain the Cu–Au and W–Sn
metallogenic event in the SCMB. Alternatively, Zhou et al. (2006) sug-
gested a model of low–angle subduction of the Paleo–Pacific plate
in the Early–middle Jurassic with a subsequent rollback from Late
Jurassic to Cretaceous to explain the Late Mesozoic magmatism and
343
related deposits in southeastern China. This model can better
explain the distribution of magmatic rocks in southeastern China,
although it cannot account for the magmatism and metallogeny in
other domains of East China such as those in the YRB and Qinling–
Dabie region.
Previous studies suggested that Cu–Mo–Au porphyry mineral
systems at 170–160 Ma in the Qinhang belt, particularly the eastern
part (e.g., the Dexing Cu–Au, the Yinshan Cu–Ag, the Yongping Cu and
the Tongcun Cu–Mo deposits) which is adjacent to the coastal continen-
tal margin (Fig. 12). Zhang et al. (2013) suggested that the Dexing ore–
related intrusions are of arc–type calc–alkaline affinity, and were
derived from partial melting of the subducted slab. Mao et al. (2008)
also concluded that the Jurassic magmatic and metallogenic event in
South China was initially related to the shallow subduction of the
Izanagi plate beneath the Eurasian continent. Thus, there is a general
consensus that Eastern China became an active continental margin at
least 180 Ma (Maruyama et al., 1997), following the orthogonal subduc-
tion of the Izanagi plate beneath the Eurasian continent. With regard to
the Jurassic porphyry Cu–Au/Cu–Mo deposits in the SCMB, Wang et al.
(2016) demonstrated that the quartz diorite of the Xinliaodong Cu de-
posit was derived from parting melting of a subducted slab and
metasomatized lithospheric mantle. Li et al. (2016) inferred that the
Gutian ore–related granodiorites were derived from the melting of an-
cient subduction–related components with contributions of enriched
mantle–derived materials, caused by the oblique subduction of
the Paleo–Pacific plate beneath the Eurasian continent at ca. 170 Ma.
Therefore, we infer that the Mid–Late Jurassic porphyry Cu–Mo–Au
metallogenic event in the continental margin of South China developed
344 P. Liu et al. / Lithos 300–301 (2018) 330–347
Fig. 12. (a) Tectonic map of Southeast Asia. (b) Simplified geologic map, showing the spatial and temporal distribution of Mesozoic granitoids and ore deposits in South China (compiled
from Zhou et al., 2006 with many additional data describe in the text).
in response to the shallow subduction of the beneath the Eurasian con-
tinent at around 180 Ma. The ore–related magmas derived from partial
melting of subducted slab with some metasomatized lithospheric man-
tle input resulted in the Jurassic Cu–Au/Cu–Mo mineral systems along
the continental margin, i.e., the SCMB and the eastern part of the
Qinhang belt (Fig. 13a).
Zhou and Li (2000) inferred that, after ca. 160 Ma, the subduction
angle of the Izanagi plate increased from a low angle to a medium
angle. Mao et al. (2013) implied that, after ca. 160 Ma, the Izanagi
plate rotated clockwise towards the north with a subduction orientation
changing from orthogonal to oblique with respect to the continental
margin. As discussed above, the ages of the metallogenic event and
magmatism along the SCMB changed from 170 Ma in the southwest
to 120 Ma in the northeast, corresponding to the changing direction of
the subducting plate. Therefore, the changing subduction orientation
and the increasing dip angle of the Izanagi plate might have induced a
slab window resulting in extension of the overriding plate and some
mantle–derived materials involved in the generation of the granitic
rocks in the Nanling Range (Fig. 13b). Recently, several coeval porphyry
Cu–Mo/Cu–Pb–Zn deposits were also identified in the southwestern
part of the Qinhang belt. Mao et al. (2013) suggested that these ore–
related magmas formed by partial melting of the subducted slab,
along the Neoproterozoic suture between the Cathaysia Block and the
Yangtze Craton (Fig. 13b).
The 148–135 Ma mineralization is an important component of the
Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous ore systems in East China (Fig. 12)
(Mao et al., 2013), such as those in the East Qinling–Dabie region, the
YRB and the NYTB. Previous studies indicated that the Early Cretaceous
metallogenic event and magmatic activity are related to the oblique
subduction of the Izanagi plate (Liu et al., 2017b; Mao et al., 2008,
2015). In general, A–type granites are formed in a variety of extensional
environments, such as continental arc, post–collision, anorogenic rift
and lithospheric extension settings (Whalen et al., 1987; Eby, 1992;
Frost et al., 2001; Grebennikov, 2014). As discussed above, the related
W–Sn granitic intrusions in the SCMB were derived from the remelting
of Cathaysia basement rocks with a significant input of juvenile mantle–
derived materials (Liu et al., 2017b). In summary, all the above observa-
tions suggest that the 145―135 Ma W–Sn metallogenic event is related
to a geodynamic setting of large–scale lithospheric extension and thin-
ning. Eby (1992) suggested that the A1–group represents magmas
 P. Liu et al. / Lithos 300–301 (2018) 330–347 345

Fig. 13. Schematic model illustrating the Late Mesozoic geodynamic evolution of South China and associated ore deposits. (a) The porphyry Cu–Au/Cu–Mo metallogenic event along the
continental margin (i.e., the eastern part of the Qinhang belt and the SCMB), caused by the orthogonal shallow subduction of the beneath the Eurasian continent at around 180 Ma; (b) The
W–Sn and porphyry Cu–Mo deposits with ages of 160–150 Ma in the Nanling Range and Qinhang belt, triggered by the oblique subduction induced slab rollback or slab window; (c) The
145–135 Ma W–Sn metallogenic event along the SCMB in a geodynamic setting of lithospheric extension and thinning, and melting of the crust caused by mantle upwelling; (d) Schematic
model showing the formation of the Feie'shan W–Sn mineral systems.

derived from a mantle source and is emplaced in an anorogenic setting
such as continental rifts or intraplate environments, and the A2–group
represents magmas derived from continental crust or underplated
crust that underwent a cycle of continent–continent collision or subduc-
tion zone. Grebennikov (2014) further indicated A2–type granites can
form at the sites of convergent (collision) plate boundaries that are ori-
ented at an angle (not orthogonally) to the direction of their movement.
Maruyama et al. (1997) suggested that the Izanagi plate changed direc-
tion clockwise to the north and the subduction along Asia became
oblique during the Late Jurassic. In combination with the metallogenic
event in the YRB and NYTB, we therefore propose a geodynamic
model for the 145–135 Ma W–Sn mineral system and related
magmatism in the SCMB. After ca. 145 Ma, the subduction orientation
of the Izanagi plate changed from oblique to parallel with respect to
the continental margin (Fig. 13c). Following this, the subduction orien-
tation became highly oblique with respect to the Eurasian continental
margin, and the steepening of the subduction angle likely caused a
slab rollback during the Early Cretaceous (145–135 Ma), resulted in
large–scale lithosphere extension and thinning, which led to the up-
welling of asthenosphere (Fig. 13c). The ascending mantle–derived
mafic magmas provided not only heat for crustal remelting but also ju-
venile mantle–derived melts resulted in the formation of granitic melts
and mafic dikes along deep faults (e.g., the Zhenghe–Dapu fault). The
granitic melts underwent strong fractional crystallization during as-
cend. The highly fractionated and F–rich reduced magmas produced I–
or A–type granitic intrusions and released magmatic–hydrothermal
fluids to form the related W–Sn orebodies (Fig. 13d).
7. Conclusions
(1) Zircon LA–ICP–MS U–Pb dating of the biotite granite in the
Feie'shan W–Sn deposit yielded age of 134.7 ± 2.0 Ma, consistent
with the 40Ar–39Ar and Re–Os ages in previous study, suggesting
that the W–Sn mineralization is related to the biotite granite.
(2) The biotite granites have high concentrations of SiO2 , K 2 O,
(K2O + Na2O), F and REE, and low contents of CaO, MgO, MnO,
Ba, Sr, Zr and Eu, with characteristics of high FeOt/MgO, Rb/Sr
and Rb/Ba ratios, distinctly negative Eu anomalies and flat REE
distribution patterns. They exhibit typical characteristics of
highly fractionated A–type granite and further show an A2–type
affinity.
(3) Geochemical and Sr–Nd–Hf isotopic data indicate that the biotite
granites were derived from magma hybridization between
anatectic granitic and mantle–derived mafic magmas.
(4) The 145–135 Ma W–Sn metallogeny and related magmatism in
the SCMB are related to a geodynamic setting of large–scale litho-
spheric extension and thinning, and melting of the crust caused
by mantle upwelling, triggered by the oblique subduction of the
Izanagi plate.
346 P. Liu et al. / Lithos 300–301 (2018) 330–347
Acknowledgment
This research was jointly funded by the National Nature Science
Foundation of China (41430314), the Project of Guangzhou Jiaye
Investment Corporation (H02582) and the Project of Outstanding
Doctoral Dissertation of Beijing (519002650744). We are also grateful
to Mr. Shaobin Li and Mr. Xutao Chen from No. 2 Geological Team of
Guangdong Bureau of Geology in Shantou for their assistance during
field work. We deliver special thanks to anonymous reviewers for their
critical and constructive comments and suggestions.
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