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OBJECTIVE:
To further gain familiarity with the main components and operation of a Diesel/Crude-Oil–
fired steam boiler.
To determine the dryness fraction of steam sampled from a pipeline.
THEORY:
A separating calorimeter uses mechanical means to separate the liquid from the vapour in wet
steam sample. The separated vapour is then passed through a water-cooled condenser, so that
it can be collected as a liquid.
Let mf = mass collected from separator
mg = mass collected from condenser
Then, apparent dryness fraction of steam sample:
xa = mass of vapour/mass of sample = mg/(mf + mg)
However, the separation process is imperfect, and some amount of liquid is included with mg.
If a throttling calorimeter is placed after the separator, the fall in pressure during the
throttling process carries the separated vapour over into the superheat region. This then
allows the enthalpy of the superheated vapour, h2, to be determined from steam tables, if the
pressure and temperature after throttling are measured.
Assuming constant enthalpy for throttling process, h2 = h1 = hf1 + xhfg1.
Hence, dryness fraction of vapour entering throttling calorimeter, xb = (h2 – hf1) / hfg1
Therefore, actual mass of separated vapour = xb(mg).
So then, actual dryness fraction of steam sample = xb(mg)/(mf + mg) = xb.xa
APPARATUS:
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Diagram
[Specifications]
BOILER Tubeless Steam Boiler (Vertical) Fire Tube Steam Boiler (Horizontal)
Manufacturer HURST STEAMBLOC
Model 0850823 Size 60
Serial V86–200–4 1673
Working Pressure 150 psig (~10.3 bar) 145 psig (~10 bar)
Fuel Diesel Diesel/Crude Oil
Equivalent 1035 lbs (~469.5 kg) from and @ 1500 lbs (~680.4 kg) from and @ 212oF
Evaporation 212oF (100oC) (100oC)
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PROCEDURE:
Students should do –
7. Determined the masses of the small and large containers by weighing.
8. When the boiler has run-up to pressure open valves A (known as the Boiler Crown Valve)
and E (located at the top of the steam lagging apparatus) just wide enough to allow a slow
“bleed” of steam through the pipeline. This will heat the pipeline and evaporate any
condensate that is present.
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manometer, the excess can be jettisoned by momentarily blocking the condenser outlet-tube
by pinching (1” to 1½” on the left-hand-side pressured limb is adequate)].
11. When an adequate volume of water (say, 1.5 litres [container is marked on the inside]) has
collected in the large container, close valve C. After an interval sufficient to allow all
condensate to drain from the condenser, again using gloves place the small container at the
outlet of valve D and gradually slowly, open valve D so as to collect all the water from
the mechanical separator and finally re-close valve D. [Note: Should the superheat
temperature be lost while the condensate is being collected, it will be NECESSARY
to close valve C and drain the Separating Calorimeter as described above, in order to
restore operation at superheated condition]. Now, weigh the small and large containers
with their contents. If time allows, another set of readings can be taken (by another
group).
READINGS:
Record results as follows:
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TREATMENT OF RESULTS: