Maths PDF

CLASS
10
Pearson IIT Foundation Series
Mathematics
Seventh Edition
Hints and Explanation
Trishna Knowledge Systems
M01.indd 1 4/13/2018 2:11:56 PM

M01.indd 2 4/13/2018 2:11:56 PM
Chapter
Number Systems
1
1.3
TEST YOUR CONCEPTS

Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. False 6. 16
2. 0.06 7. False
3. 6 8. prime number
4. irrational 9. 15625
5. True 10. No value of x
Short Answer Type Questions
11. (i) By Euclid’s Division Lemma, for any two inte- (ii) HCF is the product of common prime factors
gers say x and y there exists unique integers say with least exponents.
q and r, such that, x = yq + r, where 0 ≤ r < y.
(iii) LCM is the product of all prime factors with
(ii) Now 264 = 72 × 3 + 48, where 48 is remainder. highest possible exponents.
(iii) Again consider 72, 48 and apply Euclid’s divi-
14. (i) Assume that 6 is not irrational, i.e., rational.
H I N T S A N D E X P L A N AT I O N
sion lemma.
(iv) Apply this concept until we get the remainder p
zero. (ii) Let 6= (p and q have no common factor
q
(v) In this process, HCF is the divisor obtained other than 1).
when the remainder is zero.
(iii) Square the above equation.
12. (i) First of all take out 7 since it is the common factor.
(iv) Then check whether 2 is common factor of p
(ii) Now, the given number is a product of two and q.
numbers.
(iii) As neither of these numbers is 1, it is compos- 15. In the simplified form of a fraction, if the denomi-
ite number. nator has any prime factors other than 2 or 5, then
the fraction is a non-terminating decimal other-
13. (i) Prime factorize 108 and 360. wise it is a terminating decimal.
Essay Type Questions
16. (i) First of all, find the HCF of 732 and 942. (ii) Now consider the quotient, then find the least
prime which divides the quotient and divide it.
732 + 942
(ii) The required number of students = . (iii) Continue this process, until you get a prime
HCF number as quotient.
17. (i) First of all, find the least prime number which (iv) 75600 is the product of all these prime
divides 75600 and divide 75600 by it. numbers.
M01.indd 3 4/13/2018 2:11:57 PM

4 Chapter 1
18. (i) Find the LCM of 150 and 180. (iii) Then write
5 in terms of p and q.
(ii) LCM is the time taken to meet for the first
time at the starting point. (iv)
Then check whether it contradicts our
assumption.
19. (i) Assume that 5 − 5 is not rational.
abcde − abc
p 20. ab.cde =
(ii) So, 5 − 5 = (p and q are integers in their 990
q
lowest terms).
H i n t s a n d E x p l a n at i o n
M01.indd 4 4/13/2018 2:11:58 PM

Chapter
Polynomials and
Rational Expressions
2
TEST YOUR CONCEPTS
1. 72x3y3 16. a2 ≠ b
2. 8ab 17. True
18. False
3. 3a − 4b
19. The product of the common factors with least
4. 6(x − 2)2 (x − 3)2 exponents is HCF.
5. any whole number 20. Factorize the given polynomials. The product of
all the factors with highest exponents is LCM.
6. a + b
7. 4 exponents is HCF.
22. Factorize the given polynomials. The product of
8. 12, 2 all the factors with highest exponents is LCM.
9. (x − 1)(x − 2)(x + 4) 23. The product of the common factors with least
exponents is HCF.
10. False
x2 + 1 exponents is HCF.
11.
1 − x2
25. Factorize the given polynomials. The product of
1 all the factors with highest exponents is LCM.
12.
x( x − 1) 1
26. Multiplicative inverse of P(x) is .
13. False P(x )
x +1 27. Recall the definition of polynomials.
14.
x −1 28. Additive inverse of P(x) is −P(x).
15. False
31. (i) HCF is the product of all the common factors 34. (i) Factorize each of the given two polynomials.
with least exponents. (ii) By observation, (x2 + kx + 6) must have x + 2
(ii) LCM is the product of all the factors with as its factor.
highest exponents. 35. (i) Remainder theorem says that if (x − a) is a
32. (i) Factorize the given expressions. factor of f(x), then f(a) = 0.
(ii) HCF is the product of all the common factors (ii) As (x + 5) is a factor of (x2 + 6x + a), we can
with least exponents. find a by applying remainder theorem.
(iii) LCM is the product of all the factors with (iii) As (x + 2) is a factor of (x2 + 8x + b), we can
highest exponents. find b by applying remainder theorem.
Product of two polynomials 36. Use, Product of two polynomials = ±(LCM)(HCF)
33. LCM = .
HCF and proceed.
M02.indd 5 4/13/2018 2:14:39 PM

6 Chapter 2
37. (i) Factorize the given expressions. 42. (a) Factorize the expression if possible.
(ii) HCF is the product of all the common factors (b) Then cancel the common factors if any.
with least exponents.
(c) 16x2 − (x2 − 9)
(iii) LCM is the product of all the factors with
(x2 + 4x − 9)(4x + 9 − x2).
highest exponents.
(d) x5 − x = x(x2 + 1)(x + 1)(x − 1)
38. Product of the two polynomials = ±(LCM)(HCF). (3x2 + 3)(4x + 4) = 12(x2 + 1)(x + 1).
39. (i) HCF is the product of all the common factors
43. Use, X2 + Y2 + XY = (x + Y)2 − XY.
with least exponents.
(ii) LCM is the product of all the factors with 44. The required expression is
highest exponents.
a b
1− − .
x +1 x−2 x +1 x−2 a −b a +b
40. + 2 = +
( x − 1)2
x − 1 ( x − 1)2 ( x + 1)( x − 1)
45. (i) LCM of the denominators is (x2 + 1)(x + 1)
LCM of (x − 1)2 and (x + 1)(x − 1) is (x − 1)2 (x + 1)
(x − 1), i.e., (x4 − 1).
41. LCM of (3x − 1) and (3x + 1) is (3x − 1)(3x + 1)
46. (i) LCM of (x − 2), (x + 2) and (x2 + 4) is x4 − 16. qx q rx r

(ii) Simplify the first expression and proceed. x 3 + qx 2 = x( x + q ) and x 3 + rx 2 = x( x + r ) .
47. (i) Write x4 + x2 + 1 as (x2 + x + 1)(x2 − x + 1)
(ii) Take LCM and simplify. (ii) Regroup the terms with same denominator
then take LCM and simplify.
48. (i) Factorize the numerator and denominator of

each rational expressional. 50. (i) Factorize the first rational expression by using,
(ii) Cancel the common terms. a3 + b3 + c3 − 3abc = (a + b + c)(a2 + b2 + c2 −
ab − bc − ac).
px p
49. (i) Write = , (ii) Cancel the common terms and simplify.
x 3 + px 2 x( x + p )
M02.indd 6 4/13/2018 2:14:40 PM

Chapter
Linear Equations
in Two Variables
3
TEST YOUR CONCEPTS
1. 5 9. Cannot be determined
2. zero 10. False
3. 150 cm 11. False
4. 6 12. 3
5. Does not exist 13. 4 and 1
6. Positive 14. 5
7. Negative 15. 4
8. 10

1 1 1
16. (i) Add the two equations and get a + b. (vi) Then x = , y = and z = and evaluate the
a b c
(ii) Subtract one from the other and get a − b. values of x, y and z.
(iii) Solve the above equations for a and b. 1 1
20. (i) Let = a and = b.
17. (i) Let the fare of each gallery seat be `x and each x+y x−y
balcony seat be `y. (ii) Solve the equations for a and b.
(ii) Given 6x + 3y = 162, (iii) Replace a and b by x + y and x – y and solve
i.e., 2x + y = 34 for x and y.
(iii) Solve the above equations. 21. (i) Let the initial salary and annual increment be
`x and `y, respectively.
18. (i) Let the numerator be x and denominator be y.
(ii) Frame the equations from the data given.
x+2 x −1 1
(ii) Given = 2 and = . (iii) Solve the equations obtained in step (ii).
y−4 y+2 3
(iii) Solve the above equations by using elimination 22. (i) Let the number be x.
method. 7x 6x
(ii) Given − = 299
6 7
1 1 1
19. (i) Let = a, = b and = c. (iii) Find the value of x by using the above equation.
x y z
(ii) Given, a + b = 6, b + c = 7 and c + a = 5 23. (i) Let the number of 25 paise and 50 paise coins
be x and y, respectively.
(iii) Add the above-obtained three equations and
find a + b + c. x y
(ii) Given x + y = 35 and + = 15.5
4 2
(iv) Find a on subtracting of b + c = 7 from a + b + c.
(iii) Solve the above equation to get the values of x
(v) Similarly, find b and c. and y.
M03.indd 7 4/13/2018 2:16:53 PM

8 Chapter 3
24. (i) If a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 and a2x + b2y + c2 = 0, have (ii) Substitute the values in the above relation and
find k.
a1 b1 c1
no solution, then = ≠
a2 b2 c 2 25. Solve the equations by elimination method.
26. (i) First of all eliminate, z and obtain two equa- (ii) x + y = 25000
tions in x and y.
105x 103y
(ii) Then solve the two equations obtained above. (iii)
+ = 26010
100 100
(iii) Substitute x and y in one of the given equa-
(iv) Solve the above equations.
tions to find z.
1 1 30. (i)
Frame the linear equation and check
27. (i) Let and = b
x y possibilities.
(ii) Then write the given equations in terms of a (ii) Let the number of ice cream cups of vanilla be
and b. x and that of strawberry be y.
(iii) Then solve the equations using cancellation
(iii) Frame the equation and identify the possible

method.
values of x and y.
28. (i) Let the number of males and females at present
be x and y, respectively.
M03.indd 8 4/13/2018 2:16:54 PM

Chapter
Quadratic Equations
and Inequalities
4
TEST YOUR CONCEPTS
1. True 19. 5 years

2. reciprocal 20. True
3. True 21. 2, 4
4. pure 22. [−1, 4]
5. positive 23. (−∞, 3) ∪ (5, ∞)
6. 3, 5 24. x ∈ (−∞, 2) ∪ (3, ∞)
7. 6 cm and 4 cm 25. (i) Let the number be x.
8. 1 (ii) Frame the equation, i.e., x2 − x − 42 = 0.
9. 2, 2 (iii) Solve the above equation for x by factorization.
10. 4 and 5 n
26. Given, is always positive.
m
11. 4 units
28. (i) Given l − b = 7 and lb = 228.
12. 2 5
(ii) Substitute l = b + 7 in lb = 228.
13. x < β or x > α
(iii) Then solve the quadratic equation obtained.
14. 4
( x + 1)2
15. 6 and 8 29. m < .
x
16. Yes 30. (i) Square on both the sides of given equation and
17. 3, 2 put c c c ∞ = y.
18. True (ii) Solve the above equation for y.

−q
31. (i) If ax2 + bx + c = 0 has equal roots, then b2 = 4ac. (iii) Substitute, m = in second equation and
7p
(ii) Given, a = m + 1, b = 2m + 5 and c = m + 3. find q2.
n
32. (i) Let the fraction be . 34. (i) Let the two-digit number be 10x + y.
d
(ii) Given xy = 18 and 10x + y + 27 = 10y + x
n d 65
(ii) Given d − n = 3 + = ⇒ y − x = 3.
d n 28
(iii) Substitute y = x + 3 in first equation and solve
(iii) Substitute d = n + 3 in second equation.
for x and y.
(iv) Then solve the quadratic equation in n. 35. (i) Minimum value of ax2 + bx + c (a > 0) is
33. (i) Let the roots of px2 + qx + r = 0 be 3m and 4m. 4ac − b 2
.
−q r 4a
(ii) 3m + 4m = and (3m)(4m) = .
p p (ii) Given a = 1, b = 12.
M04.indd 9 4/13/2018 2:18:04 PM

10 Chapter 4
36. (i) Apply Pythagoras theorem, i.e., x2 + (3x + 3)2 42. (i) If ax2 + bx + c = 0 has real and distinct roots,
= (3x + 4)2. then b2 − 4ac > 0.
(ii) Simplify and solve the quadratic equation (ii) Given a = 1, b = (m + 4) and c = 1.
obtained above.
43. (i) Squaring the given equation until we get
37. (i) Simplify LHS and RHS and frame the
quadratic equation in y.
quadratic equation.
(ii) Solve the above equation for x. (ii) Solve it.
38. (i) Factorize x2 − 2x - 63. 44. (i) In case of Umesh, the sum of the roots is
(ii) Use, (a − x) (x − b) < 0 ⇒ a < x < b (where correct.
a < b) and find x. (ii) In case of Varun, the product of the roots is
39. (i) Factorize x2 + 20x + 96. correct.
(ii) Use, (x − a) (x − b) > 0 ⇒ x < a or x > b. (iii) Use, x2 − (sum of the roots)x + product of the

roots = 0 and write the equation.
(a < b) and find the solution set of x.
40. (i) Solve x2 + 3x + 2 = 0 for x. 2 1
45. (i) Reframe the inequation as − < 0.
(ii) Substitute the values of x in the other equation 4x − 2 4x + 4
and find k. x −a
(ii) The solution of < 0 is same as the
41. (i) Put x2 = y and reframe the equation in y. x −b
(ii) Then solve for y and then replace x2 by y and solution of (x − a) (x − b) < 0.
solve for x.

46. (i) Solve −(4x + 27) < (x + 6)2 and (x + 6)2 < −4(6 49. (i) Find the values of y for the different values
+ x). (+ve and −ve) of x.
(ii) Then take common solution. (ii) Then plot the points on the graph sheet.
47. (i) Use, (x − a) (x − b) > 0 ⇒ x < a or x > b 50. (i) As y = x2, reframe the quadratic equation as y
(a < b). = x + 42
(ii)
Find the solutions of given inequations (ii) Draw the parabola and straight line which
individually and then take their common represents y = x2 and y = x + 42, respectively.
solution.
(iii) The set of x-coordinates of the common points

48. (i) Reframe the equation as x2 = 2x - 1. of the parabola and the line is the solution.
(ii) Let y = x2 and y = 2x - 1.
(iii) Draw the parabola and line which represents y

= x2 and y = 2x - 1, respectively.
(iv) The x-coordinates of the common points of
the parabola and the line is the solution.
M04.indd 10 4/13/2018 2:18:04 PM

Chapter
Statements
5
TEST YOUR CONCEPTS
1. False 13. ∃
2. ~p ∧ q 14. True
3. True 15. and
4. 2 is even prime 16. If x and y are statements, then Conjunction is x
and y. Implication is if x, then y.
5. some dogs bark.
17. The symbol for ‘for some’ and ‘there exists atleast
6. True
one’ is ∃.
7. True
20. Inverse of p ⇒ q is ~p ⇒ ~q.
8. True
21. Converse of converse of conditional is conditional.
9. ∃
24. p ∨ q is true if atleast one of the p, q is true.
10. True
27. Converse of p ⇒ q is q ⇒ p.
11. False
30. Contrapositive of p ⇒ q is ~q ⇒ ~p.
12. does not
31. Converse of p ⇒ q is q ⇒ p. 35. (i) First of all write all the possible truth values for
both p and q.
32. (i) Conditional: If p then q.
(ii) Then write the truth values of both ~p and ~q.
(ii) Converse: If q then p.
(iii) Then write the truth values of p ∧ q.
(iii) Inverse: If ~p then ~q.
(iv) Then negate the truth values of (p ∧ q).
(iv) Contrapositive: If ~q then ~p.
(v) Then write the truth table for ~p ∨ ~q.
33. (i) First of all, write possible truth values of both (vi) Then compare truth values in the last column
p and q. of ~(p ∧ q) and ~p ∨ ~q.
(ii) Then write the truth values of p ∨ q.
36. (i) First of all write all possible truth values of p, q
(iii) Then write truth values of p ⇒ (p ∨ q). and r.
(iv) If each truth value in the last column of p ⇒ (p (ii) Then write the truth values of ~r.
∨ q) is T, then it is a tautology.
(iii) Then write truth values of (p ∨ q) and (p ∨ q)
34. (i) Conditional: If p then q. ∨ ~r.
(ii) Converse: If q then p. 37. (i) Write the possible truth values of both p and q.
(iii) Inverse: If ~p then ~q. (ii) Then write the truth values of ~p.
(iv) Contrapositive: If ~q then ~p. (iii) Write truth values of p ⇒ q.
M05.indd 11 4/13/2018 2:19:43 PM

12 Chapter 5
(iv) Write truth values of (~p ∨ q). 41. The symbol for ‘for all’ and ‘for every’ is ∀.
(v) Compare the truth values of the last columns 42. (i) First of all, write all the possible truth values of
of p ⇒ q and (~p ∨ q). both p and q.
38. (i) First of all, write possible truth values of p (ii) Write the truth values of ~p.
and q. (iii) Write the truth values of (~p ∧ q).

(ii) Then write truth values of ~q. (iv) Then write the truth values of (~p ∧ q) ∧ q.
(iii) Then write truth values for p ∧ ~q.
(v) If the truth values in the last column of (~p ∧
q) ∧ q are different, then it is contingency.
39. (i) First of all write all the possible truth values of
both p and q. 43. (i) First of all write possible truth values of p
and q.
(ii) Then write the truth values for ~q.
(ii) Then write truth values of ~p and p ∧ q.
(iii) Then write the truth values for (p ∧ q).

(iii) Write the truth values of (~p) ∨ (p ∧ q).

(iv) Then write the truth values for both (p ∧ q) ∨
~q and p ∨ q. 44. (i) First of all, write all the possible truth values of
both p and q.
(v) Then compare the truth values of both (p ∧ q)
∨ ~q and (p ∨ ~q). (ii) Then write truth values of ~p.
40. (i) Write the possible truth values of both p and q. (iii) As p ∧ ~p is always false, then (p ∧ ~q) ∧ (p ∨

q), i.e., p ∧ (p ∨ q) is also false.
(ii) Write truth values of p ∧ q.
45. Use the laws ∼(p ∨ q) = ~p ∧ ~q and ∼(p ∧ q) = ~p
(iii) Then write truth values of p ⇒ (p ∧ q).
∨ ~q.
46. (i) Parallel connection is represented by x ∧ y. (iv) Write the truth values for (p ∧ q) ∧ (~p ∨ p).
(ii) Series connection is represented by x ∨ y. (v) When the truth value of r is T, current flows
from A to B.
(iii) Given network is represented by p ∨ (r ∨ q).

49. (i) Parallel connection represented by x ∧ y.
(iv) Write the truth values for p ∨ (r ∨ q).
(ii) Series connection represented by x ∨ y.
(v) When the truth value of s is T, current flows
from A to B. (iii) Given network is represented by (p ∨ ~p) ∧ q.

47. (i) Parallel connection represented by x ∧ y. (iv) Write the truth values of (p ∨ ~q) ∧ q (say r).
(ii) Series connection represented by x ∨ y. (v) When the truth value of r is T, then current
flows from A to B.
(iii) Given network is represented by p ∧ (q ∨ ~p).

50. (i) Parallel connection is represented by x ∧ y.
(iv) Write the truth values of p ∧ (q ∨ ~p) (say r).
(ii) Series connection is represented by x ∨ y.
(v) When the truth value of r is 0, current flows
from A to B. (iii) Given network is represented by p ∨ (q ∧ r).

48. (i) Parallel connection is represented by x ∧ y. (iv) Write the truth values of p ∨ (q ∧ r) (say r).
(ii) Series connection is represented by x ∨ y. (v) When the truth value of r is T, current flows
from A to B.
(iii) Given network is represented by (p ∧ q) ∧ (~p

∨ p).
M05.indd 12 4/13/2018 2:19:44 PM

Chapter
Sets, Relations
and Functions
6
TEST YOUR CONCEPTS
1. A 16. symmetric
2. 1 17. 24
3. 126 18. n(A × B) = 36
4. A ∪ B 19. {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}
5. n(A) + n(B) + n(C) − n(A ∩ B) − n(B ∩ C) − n(C 20. {3, 6}
∩ A) + n(A ∩ B ∩ C)
21. True
6. μ
22. (0, ∞)
7. A′ 15 9
23. ,
8. ϕ 2 2
9. 0 24. 4
10. 8 25. True
11. False 26. R+

27. 4
12. False
13. R = {(a, a), (b, b), (c, c)} 28. 100
y −6
14. 2 29. f −1( y ) =
7
15. R−1 = {(1, 7), (2, 6), (3, 5)} 30. True
31. (a) Find (A ∪ B). 36. Substitute the values of b as 1, 2 and a = 1, 2, 3 and
(b) Use, (A ∩ B)1 = μ − (A ∪ B). find (a, 2a − b).
37. (i) Draw the Venn diagrams according to the
32. X is the set of all the primes between 30 and 40.
given data.
33. Use, n(P ∪ Q) = n(P − Q) + n(Q − P) + n(P ∩ Q) (ii) Find n(X ∩ Y).
and find x.
(iii) n(X) = n(X ∩ Y1) + n(X ∩ Y) and n(Y) = n(X1
34. (i) Draw the Venn diagram according to the given ∩ Y ) + n(X ∩ Y).
data.
(iv) Use, n(X × Y) = n(X) × n(Y).
(ii) Use, Total strength = Only cricket + Only
38. Recall the properties of relation.
Tennis + Both cricket and tennis and then,
find only tennis. 39. (i) x, y ∈ {3, 5, 6, 9}.
35. n(A) = n(A ∩ C ∩ + n(A ∩ B ∩ C) + n(A ∩
B1) (ii) Find all the possibilities of (x, y) which satisfy
C ∩ B ) + n(A ∩ B ∩ C1).
1 1 x + y < 18.
M06.indd 13 4/13/2018 2:20:26 PM

14 Chapter 6
40. Check whether the elements satisfy the properties 43. Apply the concept of composite function.
or not. x2 − 1
2x + 3 44. (i) First of all assume, = y.
41. (i) Let, = y. 3
4 (ii) Then write x in terms of y, i.e., f −1 (y).
(ii) Then write x in terms of y, i.e., f −1(y).
(iii) Then substitute y = -2, -1, 0, 1, 2.

3
(iii) Then substitute y = .
4 45. (i) Find f −1 (x).
42. Assume f(x) = x + 1 and proceed.
4
(ii) The domains of f −1 (x) is the range of f(x).
46. (i) Draw the Venn diagram according to the given 48. (i) First of all find f o g (x).
data.
(ii) Then find (f o g)−1 (x).
(ii) Use the formula, n(A ∪ B ∪ C) + n(A ∩ B ∩
C′) + n(A ∩ B′ ∩ C) + n(A′ ∩ B ∩ C) + 2n(A (iii) And then put x = 0.

∩ B ∩ C) = n(A) + n(B) + n(C). 49. Apply the concept of composite function.
a +a
47. (i) Put a = 1 2 in f (a ). 50. If (a, b) ∈ g and (b, c) ∈ f, then (a, c) ∈ (f o g).
1 + a1a2
 a +a 
(ii) Then simplify and express f  1 2  in
 1 + a1a2 
terms of f(a1) and f(a2).
M06.indd 14 4/13/2018 2:20:26 PM

Chapter
Progressions
7
TEST YOUR CONCEPTS
1. 11 16. 10
2. a + nd 17. False
3. 3 18. geometric
1
4. 5n 19.
100n
5. 7.5 20. 1 + x2 + x4 + x6 + …
6. False 21. False
n 22. arithmetic
7. [a + (n − 1)d ]
2
23. True
8. Sn – Sn–1
24. ac
9. 3n + 5
25. 2
(n + 1)(n + 2)
10. 26. 3, –2, –7.
2
11. 3 27. 25, 125, 625.
12. geometric 1
28.
4
13. False
y
14. geometric 29. ±
x
15. True 30. 0
31. (a) Find (A ∪ B). 36. Substitute the values of b as 1, 2 and a = 1, 2, 3 and
(b) Use, (A ∩ B)1 = μ − (A ∪ B). find (a, 2a − b).
37. (i) Draw the Venn diagrams according to the
32. X is the set of all the primes between 30 and 40.
given data.
33. Use, n(P ∪ Q) = n(P − Q) + n(Q − P) + n(P ∩ Q)
(ii) Find n(X ∩ Y).
and find x.
(iii) n(X) = n(X ∩ Y1) + n(X ∩ Y) and n(Y) = n(X1
34. (i) Draw the Venn diagram according to the given ∩ Y ) + n(X ∩ Y).
data.
(iv) Use, n(X × Y) = n(X) × n(Y).
(ii) Use, Total strength = Only cricket + Only
Tennis + Both cricket and tennis and then, 38. Recall the properties of relation.
find only tennis. 39. (i) x, y ∈ {3, 5, 6, 9}.
35. n(A) = n(A ∩ C ∩ + n(A ∩ B ∩ C) + n(A ∩
B1) (ii) Find all the possibilities of (x, y) which satisfy
C ∩ B1) + n(A ∩ B1 ∩ C1). x + y < 18.
M07.indd 15 4/13/2018 5:48:38 PM

16 Chapter 7
40. Check whether the elements satisfy the properties 43. Apply the concept of composite function.
or not. x2 − 1
2x + 3 44. (i) First of all assume, = y.
41. (i) Let, = y. 3
4 (ii) Then write x in terms of y, i.e., f −1 (y).
(ii) Then write x in terms of y, i.e., f −1(y).
(iii) Then substitute y = -2, -1, 0, 1, 2.

3
(iii) Then substitute y = . 45. (i) Find f −1 (x).
4
42. Assume f(x) = x + 1 and proceed.
4 (ii) The domains of f −1 (x) is the range of f(x).
46. (i) Draw the Venn diagram according to the given 48. (i) First of all find f o g (x).
data.
(ii) Then find (f o g)−1 (x).
(ii) Use the formula, n(A ∪ B ∪ C) + n(A ∩ B ∩
C′) + n(A ∩ B′ ∩ C) + n(A′ ∩ B ∩ C) + 2n(A (iii) And then put x = 0.

∩ B ∩ C) = n(A) + n(B) + n(C). 49. Apply the concept of composite function.
a +a
47. (i) Put a = 1 2 in f (a ). 50. If (a, b) ∈ g and (b, c) ∈ f, then (a, c) ∈ (f o g).
1 + a1a2
 a +a 
(ii) Then simplify and express f  1 2  in
 1 + a1a2 
terms of f(a1) and f(a2).
M07.indd 16 4/13/2018 5:48:38 PM

Chapter
Trigonometry
8
TEST YOUR CONCEPTS
1. 30° or 150° 18. (i) Find cos θ1 and sin θ2.
1 − sin 2 θ (ii) Then substitute the values in sin(θ1 + θ2) =
2.
sin θ sin θ1 cos θ2 + cos θ1 sin θ2.
3. 1 19. tan (n × 360° + θ) = tan θ.
4. 22 cm 20. (i) Find the angles of A + B and A – C.
5. 0° (ii) Solve A + B, A − B for A.
6. sin2 θ 21. A + C = 90°.
7. 0 24. Sum of the angles of a quadrilateral = 360°.
8. 300g 25. Obtain the values of α and β using the given
9. 0 conditions.
10. 2 27. Use tan(A + B) formulae.
11. a2 + c2 = d2 1
28. (i) If cosec θ + cot θ = x, then cos ec θ − cot θ = .
x
D G R
12. Use the relation = = . (ii) Then find cosec θ and sin θ.
90 100 π
2 (iii) cos θ = 1 − sin 2 θ .
15. Substitute the values and simplify. 30. (i) Consider the adjacent side and opposite side as
16. As ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral, A + C = 180° 4k, 3k.
and B + D = 180°. (ii) Find hypotenuse, then find sin θ, cos θ.
31. Use formula = rθ. 36. Find sin2 θ and cos2 θ and then substitute in z = a
1 1 1 sin2 θ + b cos2 θ.
32. If a, b, c are in HP then , , are in AP.
a b c 37. (i) sin A is positive in Q1 and Q2.
7π 4π π π (ii) Then find cosA, tanA and secA according to
33. (i) Convert cot , cot ⋅angles in tan ⋅ tan . ⋅
18 9 18 9 the second quadrant.

(ii) tan θ ⋅ cot θ = 1. (iii) Substitute the values and simplify.
34. (i) Consider the adjacent side and the opposite 38. (i) First of all find sin(A − B) and cos(A + B).
sides as 3k and 4k, respectively.
(ii) sin 2B = sin[(A + B) − (A − B)].
(ii) Then find hypotenuse.
1
(iii) Then find tan θ, sec θ and cosec θ. 39. (i) If cosec θ + cot θ = x, then cosec θ − cot θ = .
x
35. Recall the formula of sin(A ± B). (ii) Find cosec θ and cot θ.
M08.indd 17 4/13/2018 5:49:22 PM

18 Chapter 8
4 0. (i) Consider LHS expression. (ii) Square on both the sides of the given equation
(ii) Multiply both the numerator and the denomi- and assumed equation.
nator by (1 + cos A). (iii) And then add the equations and find k.

(iii) Use cos2 A + sin2 A = 1 and simplify.
43. (i) Draw the diagram according to the given
41. (i) 152° = 180° − 28°. data.
62° = 90° − 28°.
Opposite side to θ
(ii) Use sin θ = to find θ.
Hypotenuse
242° = 270° − 28°.

1 (iii) Then find the required distance by using tan θ.

(ii) If tan θ = x, then cot θ = .
x 44. Square and add the given equations.
42. (i) Let 4 sin A − 3 cosA = k.
46. (i) Take sin6 x + cos6 x = 1 − 3 sin2 x cos2 x. 48. (i) Draw the diagram according to the given data.
(ii) Expand the other two terms and simplify. (ii) Let height of the building be h m.
47. (i) Replace cosec2A − cot2A by 1 in the numerator. (iii) Write tan 30° and tan 45° from the diagram.

(ii) Then take out (cot A + cosec A) as common. 49. (i) Draw the diagram according to the given data.
(iii) Then cancel the common factor.
(ii) Write tan 300 and tan 45° from the diagram.
(iv) Then write cot A in terms of cosA and sin A. 50. sin2 θ + cos2 θ = 1.
M08.indd 18 4/13/2018 5:49:23 PM

Chapter
Limits
9
TEST YOUR CONCEPTS
1. circle 20. (i) Put = 0.

2. Newton and Leibnitz (ii) Then solve the equation obtained.
3. point 21. Put x = 1.
4. integration 22. (i) Factorize the numerator.
5. 2 (ii) Then cancel the common factor.
6. tangent (iii) Then put x = 3

23. If the degree of the numerator is greater than that
7. nan
of denominator and x → ∞, then the limit is ∞.
8. 0
24. 0
9. decreases
x m − a m m m −n
25. Apply the formula lim = a
10. 8 x →a x n − a n n
11. 1 26. (i) Write x + 128 = x − (−2) and x + 2 = x
7 7 7
− (−2)
12. 0
x n − an
4 (ii) Apply the formula lim = nan −1
x →a x − a
13.
5 27. Put x = 1
14. n(−a)n−1 28. Put x = 5.
15. −1 1
29. lim f  
→a  n 
1
16. does not exist n
17. (i) First of all evaluate LHL and RHL. 7
30.
(ii) Then check whether limit exists or not. 8
31. (i) Divide each term by |x|. 34. If the degrees of both numerator and the denomi-
1 nator are equal and x → ∞, then the required limit
(ii) If | x |→ ∞ then → 0.
|x | is the ratio of the coefficients of the highest power
of x.
32. (i) Factorize both the numerator and the
denominator. x m − a m m m −n
35. Apply the formula lim = a .
(ii) Then cancel the common factor(s). x →a x n − a n n
(iii) Then put x = 2.
36. (i) Rationalize the denominator.
33. (i) Express 243 as 35.
(ii) Then cancel the common factor.
x n − an
(ii) Apply the formula lim = nan −1.
x →a x − a (iii) Then put x = 2.
M09.indd 19 4/13/2018 2:26:47 PM

20 Chapter 9
37. (i) Multiply both numerator and denominator. (ii) Then cancel the common factor.
With the RF of the numerator and also with (iii) Then put x = 1.
the RF of the denominator.
41. (i) First of all rationalize the numerator.
(ii) Then cancel the common term.
(ii) Then cancel the common factor.

(iii) Then put x = a.

38. (i) First of all rationalize the numerator.
42. (i) First of all write the sum of first n terms of the
(ii) Then cancel the common factor series.
1 1
n
(ii) As < 1 and n → ∞, then   → 0.
39. (i) Divide the numerator and the denominator 2 2
by xn.
x n − an
1 43. Use the formula, lim .
(ii) Use, x n → ∞, n → 0 and evaluate the limit. x →a x − a
x
44. When n < 4,|n − 4 |= −(n − 4 ).
40. (i) Factorize the numerator by using remainder
theorem. 45. Substitute x = 3.
46. (i) Find the sum of squares of first n natural 49. (i) Sum of n terms of AP whose first term is ‘a’
numbers. and common difference is ‘d’, is
n
(ii) If the degree of the numerator is greater than 2a + (n − d )d.
that of denominator and x → ∞, then limit is ∞. 2
(ii) The highest power of n is to be taken com-

47. (i) Find the sum of first n natural numbers. mon from both numerator and denominator
(ii) If the degrees of both numerator and the 1
and put = 0.
denominator are equal and n → ∞, then the n
required limit is the ratio of the coefficients of 50. Add the two fractions and remove the common
the highest powers of x. factor x − 3, then substitute x = 3.
48. Rationalize both the numerator and the denomi-
nator and cancel the common factor, then substi-
tute x = 1.
M09.indd 20 4/13/2018 2:26:48 PM

Chapter
Matrices
10
TEST YOUR CONCEPTS
1. James Joseph Sylvester 18. 3 × 3

2. scalar 2 −1 x   −6
19.    =  
3. -2 6 1   y   −8
4. n × 1 1 d −b 
20.  −c
5. λ = 3 ad − bc  a 
6. 4. 21. -13
7. 0 1
22. B
8. multiplicative inverse, A-1 K
9. 4 × 3  1 0
23. 
10. 5 and 1  0 1
11. Given matrix is singular matrix 24. 1
12. skew-symmetric 1 −1
25. A
13. non-singular K
14. B-1A-1 26. bc
15. A 27. A2 + 2AB + B2
 1 −3 −4  28. x, y = 3, 5 respectively
16.  
 −5 7 −8
29. (sx + 2y)1×1
17. 3 × 2 30. additive inverse, (-A)
31. (i) Elements of A are a11, a12, a21 and a22.  1 0

(ii) Here I =  .
(ii) Find a11, a12, a21 and a22 by using aij.  0 1
35. (i) First of all find B + C by adding corresponding
32. (i) First of all find (A + BT)T.
element of B and C.
(ii) Then add the equations and get AT. (ii) Find the product of A and (B + C).
(iii) Then find A and B. 36. (i) Take the matrix A as [a b].
33. (i) AI = A.  −3 4 
(ii) Then multiply A and  .
(ii) Then equate the corresponding elements.  5 10 
(iii) Then equate the corresponding elements of
34. (i) f(B) = B2 - 4B + 5I. product matrix with elements of [13, 6].
M10.indd 21 4/13/2018 2:32:37 PM

22 Chapter 10
37. (i)
First of all, write matrices for the given 41. (i) First of all find AB.
information.
(ii) If AB = I, then A-1 = B.
(ii) Then compute the product.
42. (i) First of all find AB and BA.
38. (i) Add the given matrix equations and get A.
(ii) Then equate the corresponding elements.
(ii) Subtract one from the other and find B.
43. Substitute A in 2X = 4A + I and then find X
39. Refer the concept of multiplication. 44. (i) Multiply each element of A by 2, for 2A.
 a b (ii) Similarly find 3B and 4C.
40. (i) If A =  , then A −1
 c d  (iii) Then add corresponding elements.

1 d −b 45. (i) Find the factors of 18 and 19.
= .
(ad − bc )  − c a  (ii)
The number of different possible orders of
matrix is equal to the number of factors of the
(ii) Then find A - A-1 and 12I. total number of any elements.

 a b 48. (i) First of all, find AB, (AB)-1, A-1, B-1, A-1B-1
46. (i) If A =  , then A −1
 c d  and B-1 A-1.
(ii) Then check which of the following is true:
1 d −b (AB)-1 = A-1B-1 (or) (AB)-1 = B-1 A-1.
= .
(ad − bc )  − c a 
49. (i)
Express the given equations in the matrix
(ii) Find 10A-1.

form.
(iii) Then perform A + 10A-1.

(ii) If A X = B, then X = A-1 B.

47. (i) Express the given equations in the matrix
form.  a b
50. (i) If A =  , then A −1
(ii) If AX = B, then write B1 by replacing first  c d 
column of A by B and write B2 by replacing
second column of A by B. 1 d −b
= .
|B1 | B ad − bc  − c a 
(iii) x =
and y = 2 .
| A| A (ii) Then perform A + 23A-1 and 6I.

M10.indd 22 4/13/2018 2:32:38 PM

Chapter
Remainder and
Factor Theorems
11
TEST YOUR CONCEPTS
1. a1 + a3 + a5 + … = a0 + a2 + a4 + … 21. (i) Consider the given polynomial as f(x).

2. f (-a) (ii) Use, f(a) = 0 and solve for a.
3. n ∈ N 22. (i) Let f(x) = x3 + 3px + q and divisor is x2 - a2.
4. -6 (ii) By division rule, f(x) = Q(x) (x2 - a2) + (lx + n)
5. a = 0 or a2 + b + 1 = 0 where (lx + n) is the required remainder.
6. odd (iii) Put x = a and x = -a, and frame the equations.
7. 3 (iv) Solve the equations to get p and q.
8. a2 + b2 23. Use remainder theorem.
9. -4 24. Use remainder theorem.
10. True
25. Use factor theorem.
11. x15
12. x + 4
27. (i) Let f(x) = x3 + 9x2 + 26x + 24.
13. -5
(ii) Factor is (x2 + 5x + 6), i.e., (x + 2) (x + 3).
14. 4
(iii) By using Horner’s method, get coefficients of
15. False
the quotient when f(x) is divided by (x + 2).
16. Put x = 1 in x2 + 13x + 11, the result obtained is
(iv) Again get coefficients of the new quotient
the required remainder.
when the previous quotient is divided by
1 a 3 (x + 3).
17. Substitute a = in a 2 − + and then simplify.
2 6 2
(v) If the coefficients are a and b, then the remain-
18. (i) Let f(x) = 7x - 11x + a.
2
ing factor is (ax + b).
(ii) Use f (-1) = 8 and solve for a.
28. Find p using factor theorem.
19. Use, f (-2) = 0 and solve for k.
20. (i) Consider given polynomial as f(x)
(ii) Use, f(a) = 0 and solve for a 30. Use factor theorem.
31. (i) Let f (x) = 2x4 - 11x3 + mx + n. 32. (i) Let f (x) = ax + b and divisors are (2x + 1) and
(3x + 2).
(ii) Divisor is x2 - 1, i.e., (x + 1) (x - 1).
(ii) By the remainder theorem,
(iii) Use, f(1) = 0 and f(-1) = 0 and frame equations  1  2
in m and n. f  −  = 3, f  −  = 4.
 2  3
(iv) Then solve the equations for m and n. (iii) Solve two equations for a and b.
M11.indd 23 4/13/2018 3:33:35 PM

24 Chapter 11
33. (i) Let f(x) = (xm )n − 1. 36. a = c

(ii) As divisor is xm - 1, remainder is f(1) = 0. 37. -8
34. (i) Let f(x) = + ax + b
x2 38. (i) Let f(x) = a1x2 + b1x + c1 and g(x) = a2x2 + b2x
(ii) Given f(3) = 10 and f(4) = 15 + c1.
(iii) Then assume f(x) as f(x) = Q(x) (x - 3)(x - 4) (ii) Let (x - k) be the common factor of f(x) and g(x).
+ (lx + n).
(iii) Then equate f(k) and g(k) to get k.

(iv) Put x = 3 and x = 4, then get two equations in
l and n. 39. -5
(v) Then solve the equations. 40. Use remainder theorem.
35. (i) Let f(x) = x555. 41. xn + yn is divisible by x + y, if n is odd.
(ii) By division rule, f(x) = Q(x) (x2 - 4x + 3) + (ax
+ b). 42. Use factor theorem.
(iii) Factorize (x2 - 4x + 3).
43. 5x - 8
(iv) Then substitute the zeroes of the factors in the 44. Use remainder theorem.
equation which is mentioned in step (ii).
45. 13
(v) Then solve two equations for a and b.
4 6. (i) Let f(x) = x4 - 9x2 + 2x + 8. 48. -3

(ii) As sum of the coefficients of f(x) is zero, (x - 1)
in a factor of f(x).
(iii) As sum of the coefficient even powers of x is 50. (i) f(1) = 0, f(-1) = 0 and f(-2) = 1.
equal to the odd power of x., (x + 1) is also a
(ii) Solve for l, m and n.
factor of f(x).
(iv) Then apply Horner’s method to get the
remaining factors.
 329 1   329 3 
47.  + x +  − 
 4 4  4 4
M11.indd 24 4/13/2018 3:33:35 PM

Chapter
Statistics
12
TEST YOUR CONCEPTS
1. 10 (iii) Then find

2. 5 N +1   3N + 1 
Q1  th term  and Q3  th term  .
 4   4 
3. 5.5
Q3 − Q1
4. 20 (iv) QD =
2
5. 25 (n + 1)
23. Mean of first n natural numbers is .
6. 5 2
24. (i) First of all, write the highest score and list the
7. 27.5 score of the data.
8. width (ii) Range = HS - LS.
9. 50 25. Mean of the observations which are in AP is the

average of the first term and the last term.
10. 34
26. (i) Sum of the observations is the product of mean
11. 10.5 and the number of observations.
(n + 1) (ii) Then subtract the excess value from the sum.
12.
2 (iii) Then find the actual mean.
13. False 27. (i) First of all, arrange the given scores in the
ascending order.
14. True
(ii) Find x, by using median = 8.
15. True
(iii) Then find the scores.
16. 27 (iv) Now, find the mean of the data.
17. 8.5 28. (i) Sum of the observations is the product of mean
and the number of observations.
18. False
(ii) Then subtract the excess value from the sum.
19. 6 (iii) Then find actual mean.
20. 4 29. (i) First of all, find sum of weight of 20 and 10
Sum of the scores students.
21. (i) Mean =
Number of scores (ii) Then find the sum of weights of 30 students.
(ii) Median is the middle-most term when the (iii) Now, find the mean weight of 30 students.
scores are arranged either in ascending or 30. (i) First of all, find mean ( x ) of the given
descending order. observations.
(iii) If there are two middle-most terms, then the (ii) Variance
median is the average of the two terms. ( x1 − x )2 + ( x 2 − x )2 + ( xn − x )2
=
22. (i) Arrange the given numbers in ascending order. n
(ii) Then find N. (iii) SD = Variance .
M12.indd 25 4/13/2018 3:56:43 PM

26 Chapter 12
31. Find the frequency of each class by using tally 40. (i)
For less than cumulative frequency curve,
marks, and then tabulate. take upper boundaries on X-axis and LCF on
32. Mode = 3 median - 2 mean. Y-axis.
(ii) For greater than cumulative frequency curve,

3 3. (i) First of all, write LCF of the given frequencies.
take lower boundaries on Y-axis and GCF on
(ii) Then find N, i.e., Σfi. Y-axis.
(iii) Then find which observation is median.
41. (i) Take mid-values on X-axis.
34. Weighted mean is

∑Wi xi . (ii) Take frequencies on Y-axis.
∑ xi
⋅
(iii) On X-axis, take 1 cm = 5 (mid-values).

35. (i) Mean of descrete series is

∑ f i xi . (iv) On Y-axis, take 1 cm = 2 (frequency).
∑ fi
⋅
4 2. (i) First of all, write LCF of the given frequencies.

(ii) Then find N, i.e., Σfi.
(ii) Given mean = 5.3
N
36. Mean (axi + b) = a Mean (xi) + b. (iii) Then find .
2
37. (i) Take classes on X-axis and number of students (iv) Now, find the lower boundary (L) of median
on Y-axis. class.
(ii) On Y-axis, take 1 cm = 1 student and draw the (v) Find the frequency (f ) of the median class.
histogram.
(vi) Then find the cumulative frequency (F) of the
38. (i) First of all, convert the class intervals into class class just preceding the median class.
boundaries. N 
 − F 
(ii) Identify the model class, i.e., which has highest 2
(vii) Median = L +
× C.
frequency. f
(iii) Write f, f1 and f2, i.e., frequencies of model
43. For greater than cumulative frequency curve, take
class, previous class of the model class and next lower boundaries on X-axis and GCF on Y-axis.
class of the model class. 44. (i) First of all, draw the histogram for the given
( f − f1 )C data.
(iv) Mode = L1 + where L1 is the
2 f − ( f1 + f 2 ) (ii)
Consider three consecutive bars in which
lower boundary of model class. middle one must have lengthiest bar in the
diagram.
39. (i) First of all, find the LCF. (iii) And mark four vertices and draw diagrams (for
(ii) Then find N, i.e., Σfi. this, refer the study material).
N 3N SD × 100
(iii) Then th term and th terms which are 45. CV = .
4 4 AM
Q1 and Q3.
(iv) Inter quartile range = Q3 - Q1.

46. (i) First of all, write mid-values of the classes. (iv) Then find fi μi.
(ii) Then assume one of the mid-values as A.
1
x −A (v) AM = A + ( ∑ f i µi ) × C .
(iii) Then find μi, by using µi = i . N
C
M12.indd 26 4/13/2018 3:56:44 PM

Statistics 27
47. (i) First of all, write mid-values of the classes. 49. (i) First of all, find the mean ( x ).
(ii) Then assume one of the mid-values as A. (ii) Then find Di = ( xi − x ).
x −A
(iii) Then find ui, by using ui = i . (iii) Now find ΣfiDi2.

C
(iv) Then find fi × ui. f i Di2
1
(iv) SD = ∑ N
.
(v) AM = A + ( ∑ f i × ui ) × C
N
48. For less than cumulative frequency curve, take 50. (i) First of all, find the mid-points (xi) of classes.
upper boundaries on X-axis and LCF on Y-axis (ii) Then find mean ( x ).
N N 3N (iii) Then find Di = xi − x .

(ii) Then mark , and on Y-axis.
4 2 4
(iv) Then find Σfi Di2
(iii) Then find Q1, Q2, Q3 on X-axis correspond-
ing to
N N
, and
3N
.
SD =
∑ f i Di2 .
4 2 4 N
M12.indd 27 4/13/2018 3:56:46 PM

Chapter
13 Geometry
TEST YOUR CONCEPTS

1. False 16. 2
2. Agree 17. 8 cm
3. True 18. 1
4. Yes 19. ∠RPT
5. False 20. 12 cm
6. 2 and 3. 21. False
7. False 22. intersect at two distinct points
8. RS 23. 2 r1 r2
9. zero 24. 120°
32
10. cm 25. oblique sides
3
11. True 26. rectangle
12. 8 cm 27. True

13. Yes 28. circle
14. 10 cm 29. True
15. 2 30. 8 cm
31. 2 units 39. Apply Pythagoras theorem.

32. (i) In a rhombus, diagonals bisect each other 40. Length of the transverse common tangent
perpendicularly.
= d 2 − ( R + r )2 .
(ii) PR2 + QS2 = 4(side of the rhombus)
33. (i) Apply Basic proportionality theorem. 41. (i) Let ∠QCR be x
(ii) Apply componendo rule. (iii) Then find ∠DCQ, where triangle DCQ is an
isosceles triangle.
34. QD is the mean proportional of PD and DR.
35. Apply Pythagoras theorem in triangles PSQ and 42. Apply Pythagoras theorem.
PSR. All the sides of a rhombus are of equal length.
36. In a circle, chords equidistant from the centre are
43. (i) Distance between (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) is
equal.
37. PQ ⋅ PR = PT2 ( x1 − x 2 )2 + ( y1 − y2 )2
38. (i) Apply concept of similarity. (ii) Given distance is 5 units.
(ii) AT : PQ = 1 : 2, find PT : TR.
M13.indd 28 4/13/2018 4:00:24 PM

Geometry 29
44. (i) ΔTPQ ∼ ΔTSR (ii) PF = PB + FB

(ii) Apply componendo-dividendo rule. (iii) PB = PA and FB = FD

45. (i) Tangents drawn from an external point to a (iv) FD = FE - DE.
circle are equal.
46. (i) ED is perpendicular bisector of FH. 4 9. (i) Join OB and OA.

(ii) Apply the concept of congruency. (ii) Find ∠BOA and then ∠BCA.
(iii) Triangles ABC and DEF are similar.
1
47. ∠BAC = ∠BOC and proceed. 50. (i) Let S be the point of intersection of the tan-
2
gents AP and BQ and O be the centre of the
4 8. (i) Radius is perpendicular to the tangent, at the bigger circle.
point of tangency.
(ii) Find reflex ∠AOB and then ∠AOB, in the
(ii) ∠DAR = 2∠DPR quadrilateral AOBS.
(iii) In the quadrilateral ABCD, find ∠RBC.
(iii) ∠PSQ + ∠AOB = 180°.

M13.indd 29 4/13/2018 4:00:24 PM

Chapter
14 Mensuration
TEST YOUR CONCEPTS

1. 2 3 cm B
16. A =
2. 8 cm 3
3. 3 3x cm 17. 7 : 6
4. 88 cm 18. R2 : r2
5. 7 cm 19. 49 : 25
6. 0.5 cm 20. r2h
d3 21. 9 : 4
7. cu units.
3 3 22. circumference, slant height
5
8. m 23. π(R2 - r2)
3
9. 9 24. π(R2 - r2)h
10. 6 25. 21 : 88
11. W = P × H + 2A 26. 1 : 1
12. nh + 2s 27. 200πl2 cm2

13. n 28. 8x3 m3
14. 6, 12 and 8 29. 2x cm
15. 6 30. 4πa2 cm2
1
31. Radius of a circle = of the median. 36. (i) Let the number of cubes be x.
3
32. (i) Length of newly formed cuboid is thrice the (ii) Now, equate the volume of x cubes to the vol-
length of the side of any cube. ume of cylinder (height 5 m) and find x.
(ii) Its breadth and height are equal to the length
37. (i) Capacity of a cistern is its volume.
of the side of the cube.
33. Diagonal of a cube of edge a units is 3 a = side of (ii) Area of the iron sheet is the total surface area
a square. of the cuboid.
34. The area that can be levelled by a roller for one 38. Cost of tin plating = CSA of cone × cost per cm2.
round = CSA of cylinder.
35. (i) Calculate the radius, equating circumference 39. Equate the given area to 3πr2 and solve for r.
of the base of the cylinder to the side of the 40. (i) Calculate the CSA of one tent, and multiply
square. with 10.
(ii) Now find the area of base (i.e., circle).
M14.indd 30 4/13/2018 4:01:06 PM

Mensuration 31
41. (i) Equate the base diameter of the cylinder to the (ii) Then, TSA = LSA + area of base, where LSA
diagonal of the square base. 1
= pl, where p is the perimeter of the base.
(ii) Then, find the volumes of the cuboid so 2
formed and also of the cylinder.
44. (i)
Calculate inner radius, i.e., outer radius
(iii) The required value is the difference of their
- thickness.
volumes.
(ii)
Find the inner surface area, i.e., CSA of
42. (i) The height, radius and slant height are in the hemisphere.
ratio of 1 : 1 : 2 .
45. (i) Assume the length of the wire as l cm.
(ii) Evaluate the slant height by using this ratio and
radius given. (ii) Calculate the volume of the sphere and the
volume of the wire (i.e., cylinder).
(iii) Then find CSA of the cone.

(iii) Equate the volumes obtained and find l.

43. (i) Find the slant height (l) of the pyramid.
46. CSA of a conical tent × cost per m2 = Total cost. 49. (i) One decimetre = 0.1 metre.
47. Volume of the hollow sphere = Volume of the Volume of water risen in the cylinder =
(ii)
cone formed. Volume of the total number of cubes.
volume of water filled 50. (i) Find the area of the equilateral triangle formed
48. Rise in water level =
base area of the tank by joining the centres of the circles.
volume of the frustum Area of shaded portion = Area of new
(ii)
= .
base area of the cuboid equilateral triangle − Area of 3 sectors.
M14.indd 31 4/13/2018 4:01:06 PM

Chapter
Coordinate
15 Geometry
TEST YOUR CONCEPTS

1
1. 1 15. | x1y2 − x 2 y1 |
2
2. negative, negative 16. (3, 5)
3. (2, 3) 17. (0, 2)
4. centroid 18. –1
5. X-axis 19. (2, –3)
6. 2 units 20. inside the circle
3 21. 2
7.
5 2 
8. first quadrant or second quadrant 22.  , 0
3 
 9   9 23. 2 : 1
9.  − , 0 and  0, − 
 4   7 24. (7, 5)
10. second quadrant or fourth quadrant
1
25. |( x1 − x3 )( y2 − y4 ) − ( x 2 − x4 )|(y1 – y3)| sq. units
11. 4 sq. units 2
1 26. (2, 2)
12. | ab | sq. units
2 27. Y-axis
1 c2 28. 2 : 1; 1 : 2
13.
2 ab 29. 2 : 3
14. 8 30. (–2, 4)
31. (i) Let the given points be A, B and C. 34. Fourth vertex is given by (x1x2 + x3, y1y2 + y3).
(ii) Check whether ABC forms a right triangle. 35. (i) Equation of line parallel to Y-axis is x = k.
If yes, then, (ii) Evaluate k by substituting the given point.
(iii) circumcentre is the mid-point of hypotenuse.
36. (i) Find slope by using m = tan θ.
32. The distance between the points (x1, y1) and
(ii) Use, y = mx + c and proceed.
( x 2 , y2 ) is ( x 2 − x1 )2 + ( y2 − y1 )2 .
37. The required equation is y = mx + c, where m is the
y − y1 slope and c is the y-intercept.
33. (i) Find the slope of AB using 2 .
x 2 − x1
 x + x 2 + x3 y1 + y2 + y3 
−1 38. Use, centroid =  1 ,  .
(ii) Slope of line perpendicular to AB = .  3 3
m
M15.indd 32 4/13/2018 4:03:07 PM

Coordinate Geometry 33
39. (i) Slope of line parallel to the given line is same (iii) C is the mid-point of QR, use mid-point for-

as its slope. mula and find R.
(ii) Use, slope-point form and find the equation of (iv) Similarly find P.
the line.
41. (i) Let the other end of the diameter be (x, y).
40. P
(ii) Find the mid-point of diameter, i.e., centre
and equate it to the given centre.
42. (i) Centroid divides the median in the ratio 2 : 1
A B from the vertex.
(ii) Use section formula to find the centroid.
43. Use elimination method of solving linear equations.
Q C R
(i) Let P, Q and R be (x1, y1), (x2, y2) and (x3, y3)  mx + nx1 my2 + ny1 
44. Use,  2 ,  and find the point P.
respectively.  m+n m+n 
(ii) ABCQ is the parallelogram. ⇒ Equate mid- 45. (i) Let the point on Y-axis be P(0, y).
points of diagonals of ABCQ and evaluate Q. (ii) Equate PA, PB and solve for y.
46. (i) Take the required line as 2x + 3y + k = 0 49. Substitute the mid-point of AB in the given line
(ii) Find the intercepts made by the above line. and find the value of λ.
50. (i) Find the mid-points of the sides of the quadri-
(iii) Equate the sum of the intercepts above step to

lateral ABCD.
10 to find k and proceed.
(ii) Find the area of the triangles formed by join-
47. (i) Find the point of intersection of the given lines. ing any one of the diagonals.
(ii) Slope of a line parallel to the given line is same. (iii) Find the sum of the above areas, to get the
(iii) Then, use the slope-point form and find the
required area.
equation of the line.
48. (i) Find the slope of the line perpendicular to AB.
(ii) The required line passes through (0, –4).
(iii) Now, use slope point form and find the equa-

tion of the line.
M15.indd 33 4/13/2018 4:03:08 PM

Chapter Mathematical
16 Induction and
Binomial Theorem
TEST YOUR CONCEPTS

1. p(n) is true for all natural numbers 17. 21

2. When x(n) is true for n = 1 and also true for n + 1. 18. 1
3. 3! = 6 19. 810
4. Not a prime number 20. 1
5. (q − 1)! 21. x3 + 3x2y + 3xy2 + y3
6. binomial 22. t13
7. 1 23. 4
8. n + 1 24. 3x4; 3x2
9. 10 25. 316
n
10. 15 26. Use the sum of the n terms of AP = [ 2a + (n − 1)d ].
2
11. (x + y)48
n
27. Use sum of the n terms of AP = [ 2a + (n − 1)d ].

12. 123 2
13. 1 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 … (n − r − 1) ⋅ (n − r) 28. The elements in the ‘nth’ row of Pascal triangle are
n
C0 , nC1 , nC 2 , … , nCn .
(n + 1)!
14.
(n − r + 1)! r ! 29. If nc r = nc p , then r = p or n = r + p.
15. 0 or 6 30. Substitute n = ±1, ±2, ±3, ±4 … on both sides of

16. nC
r xn−ryr the inequality.
43. If ‘n’ is even, then the middle term is  + 1 th term.

n
Directions: Hints given for Question Nos. from
31 to 39 are as follows 2 
Prove for n = 1, assume it is true for n = k and prove 44. Tr+1 = nCr xn−r yr. (Here r = 6)
for n = k + 1. 45. Prove for n = 1, assume it is true for n = k and
40. Use the formula which is used to expand (x + y)n. prove for n = k + 1.
41. Use the formula which is used to expand (x + y)n.

42. If ‘n’ is odd, then the middle terms are
 n + 1  n + 3  term.
  th and   th
2 2 
M16.indd 34 4/13/2018 4:05:13 PM

Mathematical Induction and Binomial Theorem 35
46. (a + 1)n − (a − 1)n = 2[ nC1an −1 + nC3an −3 + + nCn a°]. 49. Use the formula to find Tr+1 and equate the expo-
nent of x to 3.
47. Use the formula to find Tr+1 and equate the expo-
nent of x to −5. 50. Exponent of x should be zero in Tr+1.
48. Exponent of x should be zero in Tr+1.
M16.indd 35 4/13/2018 4:05:13 PM

Chapter
17 Modular Arithmetic
TEST YOUR CONCEPTS

1. True 9. 3
2. False 10. True
3. 0 11. Recall the concept of modular addition.
4. 7th 12. Recall the concept of modular multiplication.
5. 1 13. Check from the options.
6. 26th 14. Check from the options.
7. False 15. Check from the options.
8. 61
16. Recall the concept of congruence modulo. 22. Apply the rule if a ≡ b (mod p), then am ≡ bm
(mod p).
17. Recall the concept of congruence modulo.
23. Recall the concept of congruence modulo.

18. If p ≡ q (mod r), then p − q is exactly divisible by r.
24. Recall the method of multiplication under given
19. Apply congruence modulo 7.
modulo and construct the table.
20. Apply congruence modulo 7.
25. Recall the method of addition under given mod-
21. Apply the rule ap ≡ a (mod p) if p is a prime ulo and construct the table.
number.
26. Recall the method of multiplication under given 28. Apply congruence modulo 7.
modulo and construct the table.
29. 3
27. Recall the method of addition under given mod-
ulo and construct the table. 30. 4
M17.indd 36 4/13/2018 4:06:26 PM

Chapter
Linear Programming
18
TEST YOUR CONCEPTS
1. No 10. Recall the definition of convex set and proceed.

2. True 11. Feasible region is defined as the common region
determined by all the constraints of a linear pro-
3. No
gramming problem.
4. False
12. Feasible solution is defined as every point in the
5. optimum solution feasible region.
6. a convex set 13. P(x, y) is a point in the coordinate plane which is
7. Yes at distance of x units from Y-axis and y units from
X-axis.
8. fourth (Q4)
14. (1, −1)
9. Substitute the point in the given equation, if it sat-
isfies the equation, it lies on the line, otherwise it 15. (−4, 8)
does not
16. 14 (ii) Substitute (0, 0) in the given inequation, if
satisfied, then draw the region towards the
17. 33
origin, if not, then draw the region away from
18. f = 300x + 800y the origin.
19. AP and BP are the X and Y intercepts, respectively.. (iii) Check the common region formed by the
20. Substitute (0, 0) in the given inequation, if satis- regions and name the polygon formed by it.
fied, then draw the region towards the origin, if 23. Substitute the vertices in the objective function
not, then draw the region away from the origin. and find the maximum value.
21. Represent the corresponding boundary line on 24. A subset X of a plain is said to be convex, if the line
the graph. segment joining any two points P and Q in X, is
22. (i) Represent the corresponding boundary line contained in X.
on the graph. 25. Feasible solution is defined as every point in the
feasible region.
M18.indd 37 4/13/2018 2:34:08 PM

38 Chapter 18
26. According to the given data, frame the inequations. 28. According to the given data, frame the inequations.
27. According to the given data, frame the inequations 29. According to the given data, frame the inequations.
and draw the graphs for inequations.
30. Find the maximum and minimum values of the
Identify the vertices of the convex polygon.
objective function.
M18.indd 38 4/13/2018 2:34:08 PM

Chapter
Computing
19
TEST YOUR CONCEPTS
1. program 11. decision box

2. Control unit, ALU and memory unit. 12. statement number
3. machine level language or binary language or low- 13. non-executable statements
level language.
14. Flowchart
4. vacuum tubes
15. LET
5. True
16. high level
6. a letter or alphabet
17. INPUT
7. VLSI (Very Large Scale Integrated Circuits)
18. Statements
8. False
19. 8 digits
9. PRINT
20. −32768 to 32767
10. 1024 KB
21. Initialize Sum = 0, i = 0. Y = (y1 + y2 + y3)/3.
Sum = Sum + i ∗ i Where (x1, y1)(x2, y2) and (x3, y3) are the given
vertices of the triangle.
If (i < = 10), i = i + 1
24. Take the sum value of N. Then initialize the vari-
22. Take the variable for Sum, and initialize such that
able for Sum of first N numbers.
P = 0, Q = 1 and Y = 3. Make Sum = Sum + Q
and let P = P + 1 and Q = Q ∗ Y. Let A = 1, If A ≤ N, then Sum = Sum + A
Repeat this loop of P till P ≤ 5, print Sum. A = A + 1, if until this condition is qualified, else
print Sum.
23. Let the centriod be (X, Y)
25. Perform the operations in the flow chart using
Then, X = (x1 + x2 + x3)/3
given values.
26. Take P = a ∗ c 29. Initialize the required variable, X = 0, Y = 0.

Q=d∗e Let Y = Y + 1
R = f ÷ m.
Read a variable Z.
27. Use P = x ∗ x + y ∗ y + z ∗ z, then R = P .
If X > Z check it for all 10 numbers.
28. Use the formula, A = s( s − a )( s − b )( s − c ), where
Else X = Z.
(a + b + c )
s= . 30. Perform the operations in the flow chart using
2
given values.
M19.indd 39 4/13/2018 2:35:17 PM

Chapter
Permutations
20 and Combinations
TEST YOUR CONCEPTS

1. 720 2. 1 19. Use nPr formula.

3. whole numbers 4. nPr 20. Each prize can be distributed in 4 ways.
n! nP
5. 6. 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 21. Use r ! = n r .
(n − r )! Cr
n! 22. Select 2 pink balls from 4 pink balls and 1 yellow
7. 8. n
Pr = nCr r !
(n − r )! r ! ball from 3 yellow balls, then apply fundamental
principle.
9. nC2; nC2 – PC2 + 1 10. nC3; nC3 – PC3
11. 43 = 64. 12. 100 23. Select 11 players from a group of 15 players.
13. 161700 24. Select 3 men from 8 men and 2 women from 6
women.
14. (i) Use, np3 = n (n – 1)(n – 2).
(ii) Express 720 as the product of three consecu- 25. Select 3 diamond cards from 13 diamond cards.
tive integers and find n. 26. (i) One handshake requires two persons.
15. np = The number of arrangements that can be (ii) Select two persons out of 20 persons.
r
made from a group of n objects taken r objects at a 27. The number of diagonals of an n sided polygon is
time.
n( n − 3 )
.
16. The first significant digit should be 5 or 4. 2
17. (i) Find the number of 6-letter words formed 28. A straight line is formed by joining any two points.
with 9 letters.
(ii) Find the number of 5-letter words (as I is 29. The number of diagonals of an n sided polygon is
fixed) formed with 8 letters. n( n − 3 )
.
2
18. (i) As P and R are fixed, we need to arrange
remaining 4 letters. 30. A triangle is formed by joining any three non-
(ii) Find the number of 4-letter words that are collinear points.
formed with 4 letters.

nP
r
35. Three non-collinear points form a triangle.
31. nCr =
r! 36. Select 2 balls from 16 balls.
32. Use Fundamental principle of multiplication, i.e., 37. Select 4 questions from 20 questions.
Task T1 can alone be done in m different ways and
task T2 can be done in n different ways, then the 38. The number of diagonals of an ‘n’ sided polygon is
two tasks can be done together in mn ways. n( n − 3 )
.
2
33. Select 3 letters from 7 letters.
39. Use the fundamental principle of counting.
34. nCr = number of selections that can be made from
a group of n objects taken r objects at a time. 40. Arrange 3 numbers out of 5 numbers.
M20.indd 40 4/13/2018 2:36:30 PM

Permutations and Combinations 41
41. Select 3 letters from 9 letters. 44. Select any 7 questions out of 15 questions.
42. First and last places are filled with N and A, 45. Select 3 white balls from 5 white balls.
respectively.
46. 60 48. (i) A triangle is formed by any three non-collinear

points.
47. (i) To form a straight line, two points are required
(ii) The five collinear points do not form any
and six collinear points form only one straight
triangle.
line.
(ii) As there are 25 points, we can form 25C2 49. 48
straight lines.
(iii) 6 of them form 6C2 but as they are collinear, 50. 210
they form only one straight line.
M20.indd 41 4/13/2018 2:36:30 PM

Chapter
21 Probability
TEST YOUR CONCEPTS

1. random experiment 20. If n coins are tossed, the probability of getting

n
2. mutually exclusive C
exactly r tails is given by n r .
2
3. impossible event 21. (i) Assume the number of green balls as x’.
4. simple or equally likely (ii) P (Green ball) = P (Red ball) + P (Blue ball).
5. 1 22. List the outcomes when a coin is tossed three times
6. sample space and then find the favourable outcomes.
7. sure event 23. Find the number of favourable cases for both the dice
8. 1 showing up the numbers which are multiples of 3.
9. impossible event 24. Find the possibilities such that the two dice show
the same number.
10. 1 − P(A)
1 25. (i) P(R) + P(W) + P(G) = 1
11. (ii) Given, P(W) = 2P(G) where R, G and W rep-
3
12. [0, 1] resent Red, Green and White balls.
13. complement 26. Find the number of prime numbers from 40 to 60.
1 27. Anand has already opted Mathematics. Now he

14. has to opt two more from the remaining 7 subjects.
6
15. The number of possible outcomes is 6 when a dice 28. If n coins are tossed, the probability of getting all
is thrown, find the number of outcomes which are 1
heads is n .
multiples of 2. 2
16. A pack of cards contain spade and diamond, each 29. (i) Assume the 3 particular boys as one unit,
of 13 cards. arrange the other boys including this unit.
17. The number of possible outcomes is 6 when a dice is (ii) Three particular boys can arrange themselves in
thrown, find the number of odd primes less than 6. 3! Ways.
18. In a pack of cards, 2 red cards with number 6 and 30. (i) Find the number of ways of arranging the num-
2 red cards with number 8 exist. bers keeping units place with even numbers.
(ii) Arrange the other numbers in other places.
19. If n coins are tossed, the probability of getting
nC (iii) Find all the 5-digit numbers formed from dig-
exactly r tails is n r . its 1 to 9.
2
31. Find the number of favourable outcomes. 34. Find the number of favourable outcomes.
32. There are 4 ace cards in a pack of 52 cards. 35. Fix the end positions with C and Y and arrange
33. Find the number of favourable outcomes. (Number the other letters in other places.
should be divisible by 6). 36. There are 13 diamonds in a pack of 52 cards.
M21.indd 42 4/13/2018 3:09:42 PM

Probability 43
37. Find the roots of the equation. 42. Find the number of perfect cubes from 1 to 50.
38. A speaks lie in 30% cases. 43. Probability (winning) + Probability (losing) a game
39. Find, P (green ball) + P (red ball). = 1.
40. There are a total of 36 numbered cards. 44. Apply combination concept.
41. Number should be a multiple of 6. 45. Find the number of favourable outcomes.
46. The number of months in a year is 12. 49. (i) Solve inequation.
47. There are 13 spades and 13 diamonds in a pack of (ii) Find favourable values of x, the inequation is
cards. satisfied.
48. (i) If each dice is rolled, we get 3 colours. Two 50. Apply addition theorem of probability.
dice are rolled, so total outcomes are 9.
(ii) List out the favorable outcomes.
M21.indd 43 4/13/2018 3:09:42 PM

Chapter
22 Banking
TEST YOUR CONCEPTS

1. term deposit 6. False

2. `40. 7. Receiving payment for telephone bills
3. `1500 8. Maturity
4. `750 9. False
5. `0 10. 0
11. (i) Write the transaction table. 14. Total amount received = Balance present on 15th
April + Interest.
(ii) Calculate the minimum balances for each
month specified. 15. Find product and calculate the interest on it by
12. Calculate the minimum balances of each month PTR
using, I = .
and find their sum. 1200
P ×T × R
13. Use SI =
, where P is the principal.

1200

2n 2n
 r   r  3
16. Use A = P  1 + , where n = 1. 19. Use A = P  1 + , where n = .
 100   
200  2
n
 r  n(n + 1) R
17. Use A = P  1 +
 100 
and evaluate n. 20. Use SI = P × × , where n is the
2 1200
number of months.
n(n + 1) R
18. Use SI = P × × , where n is the
2 1200
number of months.
M22.indd 44 4/13/2018 3:12:28 PM

Chapter
Taxation
23
TEST YOUR CONCEPTS
1. Central Sales Tax 10. Income tax return

2. 112 11. False
3. Direct Tax 12. 5% of income tax
4. Income Tax 13. 7.5%
5. 1st April 14. 28th February
6. `200 15. (i) Consider the list price as x, and calculate the
selling price.
7. 100%
(ii) Equate selling price to the given value and find
8. Assessment
x.
9. 30
16. (i) Assume that list price as `x, calculate the sell- (ii) Now, calculate the sum of cost prices and tax
ing price. on them.
(ii) Then, equating it to the given selling price, list 19. (i) Calculate the total deductions and subtract
price can be calculated. from the income.
17. (i) Calculate the amount of tax imposed, i.e., (ii) Calculate the tax according to the given scales.
Marked Price − Selling Price.
20. (i) Calculate the total deductions and subtract
(ii) Then calculate the rate of sales tax. from the income.
18. (i) Calculate the tax on each item, using (ii) Calculate the tax according to the given scales.
tax %
Tax = CP × .
100
21. (i) Calculate the total deductions and subtract (ii) Then add tax to it to obtain the cost to be paid.
from the income.
(iii) Then find profit or loss.
(ii) Calculate the tax according to the given scales. 24. (i) Calculate the total deductions and subtract
22. (i) Calculate total deductions and subtract from from the income.
the income. (ii) Calculate the tax according to the given slabs.
(ii) Calculate the tax according to the given slabs. 25. (i) Calculate total deductions and subtract from
23. (i) Calculate selling price using marked price and the income.
discount. (ii) Calculate the tax according to the given slabs.
M23.indd 45 4/13/2018 5:10:10 PM

Chapter
24 Instalments
TEST YOUR CONCEPTS

1. down payment 6. rent.

2. instalment scheme 7. `10,000
3. `100 8. `1600
4. interest 9. `6600
5. vendor/seller. 10. `400
11. (i) First of all, amount paid in instalments is to be 14. (i) Calculate the balance to be paid in instalments.
determined. (ii) Calculate the amount to be paid in the each
(ii) Calculate the difference in actual amount and instalment.
amount paid, thereby calculate the interest. (iii) Equate the above value to the amount that has
12. (i) Down payment = 45% of 9000 and each instal- to be paid and find R.
ment = 20% of 9000. 15. Use the formula, Total present value = Each
(ii) Calculate the amount to be paid in each  1 1 
instalment value  + 2  and
instalment.  R  
 1 + R  
(iii) Equate the above value to the amount that has    1 + 
 100  100  
to be paid and find R.
evaluate R.
13. Use the formula, Total present value
4400 4300
= + 2 and evaluate R.
 R   R 
 1 +  1+
100   100 
16. Use the formula, Total principal = Each instalment (iii) Equate the above value to the amount that has
 1 1 1  to be paid and find R.
 + 2
+ 3 
value  R   R   R   and 18. Use the formula, Total principal = Each instalment
 1 +   1 +   1 + 
 100   100   100  
  1 1 1 
evaluate R.  + 2
+ 3 
value  R   R   R   and
 1 +   1 +   1 + 
17. (i) First of all, the formula amount paid in instal-  100   100   100  

ment is to be found.
evaluate R.
(ii) Calculate the amount to be paid in the each
instalment.
M24.indd 46 4/13/2018 5:12:51 PM

Instalments 47
19. Use the formula, Present value at the end of 20. Use the formula, Total present value = Each
Each instalment value  1 1 
the second year = and +
 R 
2 
instalment value  R   2 
 1 + R   and
 1 +     1 + 
evaluate R. 100   100  100  
evaluate R.
M24.indd 47 4/13/2018 5:12:51 PM

Chapter
25 Shares and Dividends
TEST YOUR CONCEPTS

1. shares 6. shareholder
2. face value (or) nominal value (or) par value 7. Yes
3. face value 8. No
4. Dividend 9. `207
5. market value 10. `100
11. equal to 17. (i) First of all, income from one share (on FV) is
to be found.
12. MV = FV + Premium.
(ii) Calculate the total income on 120 shares.
13. (i) Find the number of shares purchased.
18. (i) First of all, annual income from each share is to
(ii) Then income from one share (on FV) is to be
be found.
calculated.
(ii) Use, FV × Rate of dividend = MV × Rate of
(iii) Calculate the total income.

return.
14. Number of shares = Total investment/MV.
19. Number of shares = Total investment/MV.
15. Use the formula, FV × Rate of dividend = MV
20. (i) Rates of returns are to be found in two cases.
× Rate of return.
(ii) The investment with the high rate of return is
16. Use the formula FV × Rate of dividend = MV
the best.
× Rate of return.
21. Find the annual income from each share of both (iv) Find the income from each share of `75 and
kinds. find total income from `75 shares.
22. (i) First of all, rate of return is to be found. (v) The income from two types shares should be
in 2 : 3 ratio and find x.
(ii) Use the formula, FV × Rate of dividend = MV
× Rate of return. 24. Use the formula, FV × Rate of dividend = MV
× Rate of return.
23. (i) Let investment made in `150 shares be `x and
`75 shares be `(45,000 − x). 25. Dividends on both the types to be found.
(ii) Find income from each share of `150.
(iii) Find total income from `150 shares.
M25.indd 48 4/13/2018 3:24:17 PM

Chapter
Partial Fractions
26
TEST YOUR CONCEPTS
1. greater 9. −1
2. sum 10. 6
3. two terms 11. x + 1
4. smaller 12. zero
5. partial fractions
13. zero
6. four b2
14.
7. zero or 1. b−a
8. 2 15. two
1 A B 2x 2 − 3x + 3 2x 2 − 3x + 3
16. = + . 24. = .
x −a
2 2
x+a x −a x 3 − 2x 2 + x x( x − 1)2
2x + 5 A B 25. Split the denominator into factors and proceed in
17. (i) Take, = + and elimi-
x + 3x + 2 x + 1 x + 3
2 the same way as in the above problems.
nate denominators by taking LCM. 26. Split the denominator into factors and proceed in
(ii) Put x = −1, x = −3 and evaluate A and B. the same way as in the above problems.
3x + 4 A B x +1 A Bx + C
18. (i) Take 2 = + and proceed 27. = + 2 .
x + x − 12 x + 4 x − 3 x −1 x −1 x + x +1
3
as the previous problem.
2x 2 + 4 Ax + B ( x + 1)
2x + 5x + 8
2
A B C 28. = 2 + .
19. (i) Take = + + . x + 5x + 4
4 2
x + 1 x2 + 4
( x − 2)3
x − 2 ( x − 2)2
( x − 2)3
2x + 3 2x + 3
(ii) Proceed as the previous problems. 29. (i) Take, = 2 .
x4 + x + 1 ( x + x + 1)( x 2 − x + 1)
2
x +1 A Bx + C
20. = + 3 . (ii) Now split them into partial fractions.
( x + 2)( x + 4 ) x + 2 x + 4
2
1 1 A B Cx + D
30. = = + + 2
21. Substitute relevant values of x to find A and B. x + x x( x + 1)( x + x + 1) x x + 1 x + x + 1
4 2
22. Substitute relevant1values of x to fi1nd A and B. A B Cx + D

= = + + 2
A x + xB x( x + 1)( x + x + 1) x x + 1 x + x + 1
4 2
ax + b
23. = + .
( x − 1)2 x − 1 x − 12
M26.indd 49 4/13/2018 3:49:52 PM

50 Chapter 26
x3 C D 33. Split the denominator into factors and use the rel-
31. = Ax + B + + . evant values to find its partial fractions.
( x + 1)( x + 2) x +1 x + 2
34. Split the denominator into factors and use the rel-
x − x −1
2
x − x −1
2
evant values to find its partial fractions.
32. (i) 4 = .
x + x 2 + 1 ( x 2 + x + 1)( x 2 − x + 1) x4 + 1 C D
35. = Ax 2 + B + + .
(ii) Now simplify and split into partial fractions. ( x − 2)( x + 2) x−2 x+2
M26.indd 50 4/13/2018 3:49:52 PM

Chapter
Logarithms
27
TEST YOUR CONCEPTS
1. 2 2. 0 17. 3
3. 16 4. 103 18. 4
2
5. log 6. 5 19. 10
15
20. 25
7. 33.756 8. 3  a × b
21. Use the formula, log a + log b – log c = log 
9. (1, ∞) 10. 0.4458  c 
m
and m log a = log a .
11. 1 12. 0.6990
3 22. 4
13. 14. 3
10 23. 55
3 24. 3
15.
x
25. 0
 1 
16. (i) Express  as the power of 3.
 243 
(ii) Use the formula, logn x = a ⇒ x = na and find x.
 ab  (iii) Apply logs on both sides and use the relevant

26. Use the formula, log a + log b – log c = log   laws to prove.
 c
and simplify. 31. (i) Express 135 as multiples of 3 and 5 and log 5 as
1
27. (i) log b a = .  10 
log a b log   .
 2
(ii) Then, use log x a + log x b + log x c = log x abc (ii) Use the laws of logarithms and simplify.
and simplify.
33. (i) Assume (64)10 as x and apply log on both sides.
28. (i) Express the LHS as a single logarithm by using, (ii) Express 64 as power of 2 and evaluate the
log a + log b = log ab. characteristic of logx and thereby number of
(ii) Eliminate logs on both sides and solve for x. digits of x.
29. (i) Take 1 as log3 3 and use logx a + logx b = logx 34. Simplify from the extreme right logarithm, i.e.,
ab. express 256 as the power of 2 and use log am = m
(ii) Cross multiply and proceed. log a.
30. (i) Add 2xy on both sides of the given equation. 35. Take 4 as 4 log3 3 and use the formula, log ab = log
(ii) Express LHS as a perfect square. a + log b.
M27.indd 51 4/13/2018 5:14:48 PM

52 Chapter 27
36. Use the formula, a log c b = b log c a and solve for x. 39. (i) Let the given equation be equal to k and equate
37. (i) Add 2pq on both sides of the equation given each term to k and evaluate aa, bb and cc.
and express LHS as a perfect square. (ii) Take the product of aa · bb · cc.
(ii) Use the laws of logarithms and prove the 4 0. 71 < 9 < 72
required result. ⇒ 1 < log7 9 < 2.
38. (i) Use the formula, m log a = log am.
 ab 
(ii) Then, use log a + log b – log c = log   and
 c
simplify.
M27.indd 52 4/13/2018 5:14:48 PM

Maths PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Maths PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

CLASS

Hints and Explanation

Trishna Knowledge Systems

M01.indd 1 4/13/2018 2:11:56 PM

TEST YOUR CONCEPTS

Short Answer Type Questions

Essay Type Questions

M01.indd 3 4/13/2018 2:11:57 PM

M01.indd 4 4/13/2018 2:11:58 PM

Short Answer Type Questions

M02.indd 5 4/13/2018 2:14:39 PM

Essay Type Questions

46. (i) LCM of (x − 2), (x + 2) and (x2 + 4) is x4 − 16. qx q rx r

48. (i) Factorize the numerator and denominator of

M02.indd 6 4/13/2018 2:14:40 PM

Short Answer Type Questions

M03.indd 7 4/13/2018 2:16:53 PM

Essay Type Questions

M03.indd 8 4/13/2018 2:16:54 PM

1. True 19. 5 years

Short Answer Type Questions

M04.indd 9 4/13/2018 2:18:04 PM

Essay Type Questions

M04.indd 10 4/13/2018 2:18:04 PM

M05.indd 11 4/13/2018 2:19:43 PM

Essay Type Questions

M05.indd 12 4/13/2018 2:19:44 PM

10. 8 25. True

11. False 26. R+

Short Answer Type Questions

M06.indd 13 4/13/2018 2:20:26 PM

Essay Type Questions

M06.indd 14 4/13/2018 2:20:26 PM

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Short Answer Type Questions

M07.indd 15 4/13/2018 5:48:38 PM

Essay Type Questions

M07.indd 16 4/13/2018 5:48:38 PM

Short Answer Type Questions

18 9 18 9 the second quadrant.

M08.indd 17 4/13/2018 5:49:22 PM

Essay Type Questions

M08.indd 18 4/13/2018 5:49:23 PM

1. circle 20. (i) Put = 0.

4. integration 22. (i) Factorize the numerator.

5. 2 (ii) Then cancel the common factor.

6. tangent (iii) Then put x = 3

Short Answer Type Questions

M09.indd 19 4/13/2018 2:26:47 PM

Essay Type Questions

(ii) The highest power of n is to be taken com-

M09.indd 20 4/13/2018 2:26:48 PM

1. James Joseph Sylvester 18. 3 × 3

Short Answer Type Questions

31. (i) Elements of A are a11, a12, a21 and a22.  1 0

M10.indd 21 4/13/2018 2:32:37 PM

Essay Type Questions

(ii) Find 10A-1.

M10.indd 22 4/13/2018 2:32:38 PM

1. a1 + a3 + a5 + … = a0 + a2 + a4 + … 21. (i) Consider the given polynomial as f(x).

Short Answer Type Questions

M11.indd 23 4/13/2018 3:33:35 PM

33. (i) Let f(x) = (xm )n − 1. 36. a = c

48. (i) Factorize the numerator and denominator of

46. 60 48. (i) A triangle is formed by any three non-collinear