Arlein Princess C.

Mercado 1LM-1 (MW 5:30-7:00pm)

Assignment #1

History of New Era University

Beginning the New Era University is known as New Era Educational Institute

(NEEI) in June 1975 by the Iglesia Ni Cristo, the school was located in Echague, Quipo,

Manila, along Carlos Palanca St. It initially offered only secondary education (high

school) and only 23 teachers and 466 students are pioneered the school’s operation.

On June 1977, NEEI was formally incorporated under Republic Act 1459 as a private

non-stock, non-sectarian, non-profit educational institution aming to develop academic

excellence, professional responsibility, and social awareness founded on genuine

Christian principles. But later it was expanded in 1977-1978 to serve technical and

vocational courses under its Center for Livelihood and Skills Training (CLST). In 1978,

the Collegiate Department opened in Diliman, Quezon City occupying the third and

fourth floors of the Evangelical College Building.

New Era University

Vission
 A world-class institution of learning with a unique Christian culture of excellence,

discipline, and service to humanity

New Era University

Mission

Provide quality education anchored on Christian values with the prime purpose of

bringing honor and glory to God

 Assignment #2

1. Importance of Studying Psychology

 The importance of studying psychology is quite simple - in a clinical sense, studying the

human brain, and gaining a better understanding of it, can help clinical psychologists

treat and cure psychological problems. Here are some things that are important about

psychology: Studying the human mind makes you able to predict how people will act

and how they will react to you Studying the human mind makes you able to understand

how humans get along and how to get along better with others Studying the human

mind makes you able to understand mental illness and how to treat it or deal with it

2. (Discuss/Brief) History of Psychology

 The history of psychology as a scholarly study of the mind and behavior dates back

to the Ancient Greeks. There is also evidence of psychological thought in ancient Egypt.

Psychology was a branch of philosophy until the 1870s, when it developed as an

independent scientific discipline in Germany and the United States.

3. Identify the approaches in Psychology and related it in science

 Social science

Sciences concerned with the social behavior of individuals and groups (e.g., sociology,

anthropology, or psychology) and that are often considered more subjective due to the

focus of study.

 Natural science

Sciences concerned with predicting and describing natural phenomena (e.g., biology,

physics, or chemistry), using systematic data collection and performing controlled

experiments.
 Scientific method

A method of discovering knowledge about the natural world based on making falsifiable

predictions (hypotheses), testing them empirically, and developing peer-reviewed

theories that best explain the known data.

4. Identify the different western indigenous methods used be Psychologist in conducting

research

 The indigenous psychology movement. Kim, Yang and Hwang (2006) distinguish 10

characteristics of indigenous psychology. It emphasizes examining psychological

phenomena in ecological, historical and cultural context. Indigenous psychology needs

to be developed for all cultural, native and ethnic groups. It advocates use of multiple

methods. It advocates the integration of "insiders, "outsiders" and multiple perspectives

to obtain comprehensive and integrated understanding. It acknowledges that people

have a complex and sophisticated understanding of themselves and it is necessary to

translate their practical and episodic understanding into analytical knowledge. It is part

of a scientific tradition that advocates multiple perspectives, but not multiple

psychologies or absolute relativism. Although descriptive analysis is the starting point of

research, its final goal is to discover psychological universals that can be theoretically

and empirically verified. It is a part of the cultural sciences tradition in which human

agency, meaning and context are incorporated into the research design. It advocates a

linkage of humanities (which focus on human experience and creativity) with social

sciences (which focus empirical analysis and verification). Two starting points of

research in indigenous psychology can be identified: indigenization from without and

indigenization from within.

 Assignment #3

1. Describe the nature of neuron in terms of parts or types or punctuations and other

properties

 Structure The nervous system derives its name from nerves, which are cylindrical

bundles of fibers (the axons of neurons), that emanate from the brain and spinal cord,

and branch repeatedly to innervate every part of the body. Nerves are large enough to

have been recognized by the ancient Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans, but their internal

structure was not understood until it became possible to examine them using a

microscope. "It is difficult to believe that until approximately year 1900 it was not known

that neurons are the basic units of the brain (Santiago Ramón y Cajal|). Equally

surprising is the fact that the concept of chemical transmission in the brain was not

known until around 1930 (Henry Hallett Dale ) and (Otto Loewi ). We began to

understand the basic electrical phenomenon that neurons use in order to communicate

among themselves, the action potential, in the decade of 1950 (Alan Lloyd Hodgkin,

Huxley Andrew Huxley and John Eccles). It was in the decade of 1960 that we became

aware of how basic neuronal networks code stimuli and thus basic concepts are

possible (David H. Hubel, and Torsten Wiesel). The molecular revolution swept across

US universities in the decade of 1980. It was in the decade of 1990 that molecular

mechanisms of behavioral phenomena became widely known (Eric Richard Kandel)." A

microscopic examination shows that nerves consist primarily of axons, along with

different membranes that wrap around them and segregate them into fascicles. The

neurons that give rise to nerves do not lie entirely within the nerves themselves—their

cell bodies reside within the brain, spinal cord, or peripheral ganglia.
2. Explain how sensory and motor signals are conducted from the brain

 Sensory neurons are nerve cells that transmit sensory information (sight, sound, feeling,

etc.). They are activated by sensory input, and send projections to other elements of the

nervous system, ultimately conveying sensory information to the brain or spinal cord. In

complex organisms, when stimulation of a peripheral sensory neuron (a first-order

sensory neuron) receptor exceeds a set level of intensity, an electrical impulse travels

down the nerve fiber to the central nervous system, where it may activate a motor

neuron or another sensory neuron (a second- or third-order neuron), or both. In less

complex organisms, such as the hydra, sensory neurons transmit data to motor neurons

or ganglia. Different types of receptor respond to different kinds of stimulus.

3. Identify the main divisions of the nervous system and show how each part coordinates

behaviour

 The nervous system is comprised of two major subdivisions, the central nervous

system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS includes the brain

and spinal cord . The CNS has various centers that integrate all the sensory and motor

information in the body.

4. Point the locations of the various endocrine glands in the body and explain the major

sections and function of each

 Pituitary gland (hypophysis) The pituitary gland hangs from the base of the brain by a

stalk and is enclosed by bone. It consists of a hormone-producing glandular portion

(anterior pituitary) and a neural portion (posterior pituitary), which is an extension of the

hypothalamus. The hypothalamus regulates the hormonal output of the anterior pituitary
 and synthesizes two hormones that it exports to the posterior pituitary for storage and

later release.

 Thyroid gland The thyroid gland is located in the anterior throat. Thyroid follicles store

colloid containing thyroglobulin, a glycoprotein from which thyroid hormone is derived.

Thyroid hormone (TH) includes thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), which increase

the rate of cellular metabolism. Consequently, oxygen use and heat production rise.

 Parathyroid glands The parathyroid glands, located on the dorsal aspect of the thyroid

gland, secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH),which causes an increase in blood calcium

levels by targeting bone, the intestine, and the kidneys. PTH is the antagonist of

calcitonin. PTH release is triggered by falling blood calcium levels and is inhibited by

rising blood calcium levels.

 Pancreas The pancreas, located in the abdomen close to the stomach, is both an

exocrine and an endocrine gland. The alpha and beta cells are the endocrine cells in

the pancreatic islets that release insulin and glucagon and smaller amounts of other

hormones into the blood. Glucagon is released by alpha (α) cells when the blood

glucose level is low, and this stimulates the liver to release glucose into the

blood.Insulin is released by beta (β) cells when blood levels of glucose (and amino

acids) are rising. It increases the rate of glucose uptake and metabolism by most body

cells. Hyposecretion of insulin results in diabetes mellitus; cardinal signs are polyuria,

polydipsia, and polyphagia.

 Gonads The ovaries of the female, located in the pelvic cavity, release two main

hormones. Secretion of estrogens by the ovarian follicles begins at puberty under the

influence of FSH. Estrogens stimulate maturation of the female reproductive system and
 development of the secondary sexual characteristics. Progesterone is released in

response to high blood levels of LH. It works with estrogens in establishing the

menstrual cycle.

 Pineal Gland the pineal gland is located in the diencephalon. Its primary hormone is

melatonin, which influences daily rhythms and may have an antigonadotropic effect in

humans.

5. Identify process of development and its factors

 Heredity: Heredity and genes certainly play an important role in the transmission

of physical and social characteristics from parents to off-springs. Different

characteristics of growth and development like intelligence, aptitudes, body

structure, height, weight, color of hair and eyes are highly influenced by heredity.

 Sex: Sex is a very important factor which influences human growth and

development. There is lot of difference in growth and development between girls

and boys. Physical growth of girls in teens is faster than boys. Overall the body

structure and growth of girls are different from boys.

 Socioeconomic: Socioeconomic factors definitely have some affect. It has been

seen that the children from different socioeconomic levels vary in average body

size at all ages. The upper level families being always more advanced. The most

important reasons behind this are better nutrition, better facilities, regular meals,

sleep, and exercise. Family size also influences growth rate as in big families

with limited income sometimes have children that do not get the proper nutrition

and hence the growth is affected.

 Nutritional: Growth is directly related with nutrition. The human body requires an

adequate supply of calories for its normal growth and this need of requirements

vary with the phase of development. As per studies, malnutrition is referred as a

large-scale problem in many developing countries. They are more likely to be

underweight, much shorter than average, and of low height for age, known as

stunting. If the children are malnourished, this slows their growth process. There

are nine different amino acids which are necessary for growth and absence of

any one will give rise to stunted growth. Other factors like zinc, Iodine, calcium,

phosphorus and vitamins are also essential for proper growth and deficiency of

anyone can affect the normal growth and development of the body.

 Hormones: There are a large number of endocrine glands present inside our

body. These glands secrete one or more hormones directly into the bloodstream.

These hormones are capable of raising or lowering the activity level of the body

or some organs of the body. Hormones are considered to be a growth supporting

substance. These hormones play an important role in regulating the process of

growth and development.

 Pollution: According to studies, air pollution not only affects the respiratory

organs but also have harmful effects on human growth.

Indoor pollution or the pollution from housing conditions can result in ill health

which can negatively impact human growth and development. For example, lead

exposure from deteriorated lead-based paint in older housing can be very

harmful. Lead is very harmful for children as it simply gets immersed into the
 growing bodies of children and obstructs with the normal development of brain

and other organs and systems.

 Race: Racial factors also influence height, weight, color, features, and body

constitution of a human being. The body growth and development differences

show a relationship with varied cultural groups. For example a child of black race

will be black, their height, their hair and eye color, facial structure are all

governed by the same race.

6. Nature of the development that takes place before birth

 Humans usually produce a single offspring at a time. The mother's body is

prepared for birth by hormones produced by the pituitary gland, the ovary and the

placenta. The total gestation period from fertilization to birth is normally about 38

weeks (birth usually occurring 40 weeks after the last menstrual period). The

normal process of childbirth takes several hours and has three stages. The first

stage starts with a series of involuntary contractions of the muscular walls of the

uterus and gradual dilation of the cervix. The active phase of the first stage starts

when the cervix is dilated more than about 4 cm in diameter and is when the

contractions become stronger and regular. The head (or the buttocks in a breech

birth) of the baby is pushed against the cervix, which gradually dilates until is fully

dilated at 10 cm diameter. At some time, the amniotic sac bursts and the

amniotic fluid escapes (also known as rupture of membranes or breaking the

water).In stage two, starting when the cervix is fully dilated, strong contractions of

the uterus and active pushing by the mother expels the baby out through the

vagina, which during this stage of labour is called a birth canal as this passage
 contains a baby, and the baby is born with umbilical cord attached.In stage three,

which begins after the birth of the baby, further contractions expel the placenta,

amniotic sac, and the remaining portion of the umbilical cord usually within a few

minutes. Enormous changes take place in the newborn's circulation to enable

breathing in air. In the uterus, the unborn baby is dependent on circulation of

blood through the placenta for sustenance including gaseous exchange and the

unborn baby's blood bypasses the lungs by flowing though the foramen ovale,

which is a hole in the septum dividing the right atrium and left atrium. After birth

the umbilical cord is clamped and cut, the baby starts to breathe air, and blood

from the right ventricle starts to flow to the lungs for gaseous exchange and

oxygenated blood returns to the left atrium, which is pumped into the left

ventricle, and then pumped into the main arterial system. As result of these

changes, the blood pressure in the left atrium exceeds the pressure in the right

atrium, and this pressure difference forces the foramen ovale to close separating

the left and right sides of the heart. The umbilical vein, umbilical arteries, ductus

venosus and ductus arteriosus are not needed for life in air and in time these

vessels become ligaments (embryonic remnants)

7. Major development changes during infancy and childhood

 Child development refers to the biological, psychological and emotional

changes that occur in human beings between birth and the end of adolescence,

as the individual progresses from dependency to increasing autonomy. It is a

continuous process with a predictable sequence yet having a unique course for

every child. It does not progress at the same rate and each stage is affected by
the preceding types of development. Because these developmental changes

may be strongly influenced by genetic factors and events during prenatal life,

genetics and prenatal development are usually included as part of the study of

child development. Related terms include developmental psychology, referring to

development throughout the lifespan, and pediatrics, the branch of medicine

relating to the care of children. Developmental change may occur as a result of

genetically-controlled processes known as maturation, or as a result of

environmental factors and learning, but most commonly involves an interaction

between the two. It may also occur as a result of human nature and our ability to

learn from our environment. There are various definitions of periods in a child's

development, since each period is a continuum with individual differences

regarding start and ending. Some age-related development periods and

examples of defined intervals are: newborn (ages 0–4 weeks); infant (ages 4

weeks – 1 year); toddler (ages 1–3 years); preschooler (ages 4–6 years); school-

aged child (ages 6–13 years); adolescent (ages 13–19).However, organizations

like Zero to Three and the World Association for Infant Mental Health use the

term infant as a broad category, including children from birth to age 3. Promoting

child development through parental training, among other factors, promotes

excellent rates of child development. Parents play a large role in a child's life,

socialization, and development. Having multiple parents can add stability to the

child's life and therefore encourage healthy development. Another influential

factor in a child's development is the quality of their care. Child care programs

present a critical opportunity for the promotion of child development. The optimal
 development of children is considered vital to society and so it is important to

understand the social, cognitive, emotional, and educational development of

children. Increased research and interest in this field has resulted in new theories

and strategies, with specific regard to practice that promotes development within

the school system. In addition there are also some theories that seek to describe

a sequence of states that compose child development

8. Describe the key concepts and stages of the main developmental theories of Praget,

Kechburg, Sigman, Fread, and Eukson.

 A stage is a period in development in which people exhibit typical behavior

patterns and establish particular capacities. The various stage theories share

three assumptions:

 People pass through stages in a specific order, with each stage building on

capacities developed in the previous stage.

 Stages are related to age.

 Development is discontinuous, with qualitatively different capacities emerging in

each stage.

9. Express honesty personal development and personal insights falling regarding self

acceptance.

 First, you’re likely to have healthier relationships with your friends, family, and

colleagues Accountability also builds trust within teams and organizations,

because people know that they can depend on each other. Leaders who are

accountable are more likely to be trusted and respected, because people know

that they will keep their word. Personal accountability can save time and money,
too. People who take responsibility for their actions speak up, and they look for

solutions when there's a problem. This not only prevents the situation getting

worse, but it stop costs and delays from escalating. Last, personal accountability

can boost your chances of promotion. When you show senior colleagues that

you’re dependable, you mark yourself out as someone with leadership potential.
 Assignment #4

1. Classify the various receptors and describe the structure and function of each

 The sensory receptors involved in taste and smell contain receptor molecules

that bind to specific chemicals. Odor receptors in olfactory receptor neurons, for

example, are activated by interacting with molecular structures on the odor

molecule. Similarly, taste receptors (gustatory receptors) in taste buds interact

with chemicals in food to produce an action potential. Other receptors such as

mechanoreceptors and photoreceptors respond to physical stimuli. For example,

photoreceptor cells contain specialized proteins such as rhodopsin to transduce

the physical energy in light into electrical signals. Some types of

mechanoreceptors fire action potentials when their membranes are physically

stretched. The sensory receptor functions are the first component in a sensory

system. Sensory receptors respond to specific stimulus modalities. The stimulus

modality to which a sensory receptor responds is determined by the sensory

receptor's adequate stimulus. The sensory receptor responds to its stimulus

modality by initiating sensory transduction. This may be accomplished by a net

shift in the initial states of a receptor

2. Understand the nature and development of perception

 Perception can be split into two processes.[4] Firstly, processing sensory input,

which transforms these low-level information to higher-level information (e.g.,

extracts shapes for object recognition). Secondly, processing which is connected

with a person's concepts and expectations (knowledge) and selective

mechanisms (attention) that influence perception. Perception depends on

complex functions of the nervous system, but subjectively seems mostly

effortless because this processing happens outside conscious awareness. Since

the rise of experimental psychology in the 19th Century, psychology's

understanding of perception has progressed by combining a variety of

techniques.[3] Psychophysics quantitatively describes the relationships between

the physical qualities of the sensory input and perception. Sensory neuroscience

studies the brain mechanisms underlying perception. Perceptual systems can

also be studied computationally, in terms of the information they process.

Perceptual issues in philosophy include the extent to which sensory qualities

such as sound, smell or color exist in objective reality rather than in the mind of

the perceiver. Although the senses were traditionally viewed as passive

receptors, the study of illusions and ambiguous images has demonstrated that

the brain's perceptual systems actively and pre-consciously attempt to make

sense of their input.[3] There is still active debate about the extent to which

perception is an active process of hypothesis testing, analogous to science, or

whether realistic sensory information is rich enough to make this process

unnecessary. The perceptual systems of the brain enable individuals to see the

world around them as stable, even though the sensory information is typically

incomplete and rapidly varying. Human and animal brains are structured in a

modular way, with different areas processing different kinds of sensory

information. Some of these modules take the form of sensory maps, mapping

some aspect of the world across part of the brain's surface. These different
 modules are interconnected and influence each other. For instance, taste is

strongly influenced by smell

3. Discern the principles involved in the perception of objects depth movement, time, and

person’s special types of perception

4. Realize the influence of certain internal and external factors of perception

5. Illustrate some of the users and applications of principles in various fields


 Assignment #5

1. Importance of the study of consciousness

2. Differentiate waking state of consciousness to altered state

3. Familiarize oneself with the different ASC (Alter State Consciousness)

4. Scientific understanding of the various ASC

5. Apply the empirical approach to the study of psi-phenomenon

6. Dispel myths surrounding hypnosis meditation and ESP


 Assignment #1

1. Define learning and behaviourist perspective on learning.

2. Describe and distinguish classical and operant conditioning

3. Familiarize with Pavlov’s experiments and define and differentiate between the USC,

CS, UCR, and CR.

4. Describe the basic operant procedures such as positive reinforcement, punishment and

shaping.

5. Describe the nature of the social learning theory

6. Know the basis system and processes of human memory and understand how these

process works

7. Know the factors that affect the efficacy of these processes and different strategies for

improving memory

8. Describe the conditions affecting effective learning


 Assignment #2

1. State what intelligence means what factors shape intelligence

2. Explain the effects of the following factors in the development of human intelligence,

heredity, socialization, education, and maturation

3. Distinguish the following forms of thinking free association, fantasy, delusion, reasoning,

and creative thinking

4. Characterize personality and thinking style of creative persons

5. Apply the steps of creative problem solving to practical situation

6. State the relevance of the various forms of thinking to the mental life of a person


 Assignment #3

1. Define motivation

2. Discuss the roles of motivation in an individual’s behaviour

3. Explain the different theories of motivation

4. Discuss Maslow’s hierarchy of motivation

5. Distinguish and differentiate biological and social needs


 Assignment #4

1. Understand the nature of emotion

2. Explain the three important aspects of emotion

3. Compare and contrast classical theories of emotion

4. Show how maturation and learning affect the development of emotional responsive

5. Discuss the positive and negative effects of intense emotion on the personality

6. Recognize the need for the proper emotional control and some ways of achieving it


 Assignment #5

1. Appreciate the significance of personality to various facets of living

2. Realize that there are different approaches in psychology in viewing personality

3. Understand the elements and characteristics of personality

4. Describe the concepts of Filipino personality


 Assignment #6

1. Gain insight into the concept of a mentally healthy and well adjusted person

2. Explain the adjustment process within the context of a sequence

3. Distinguish between well-adjusted coping behaviour and defensive reactions

4. Differentiate between neurotic and psychotic reaction

5. Point out the causes and factors that contributes to personality discovers and mental

illnesses

6. Identify instances of various defence mechanism and abdominal reactions and other

people

7. Describe the various approaches and methods of treating personality disorders and

mental illnesses