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SUSTAINABLE

WASTEWATER TREATMENT
ADAM WONG | CHLOE SIM | KOK KA SHING | PUI CHUN SHIAN |
YEONG POH LING | ZACHARY OOI
WHAT IS WASTEWATER?
• Liquid waste/sewage discharged into
water bodies

• Used water/liquid that contains


impurities or pollutants in different
forms

• Produced from different activities


(Industrial, Commercial, Household etc)

• Waste from kitchen, toilet, laundry,


swimming pools etc.
SOURCES OF WASTEWATER?
1 – Domestic Wastewater

Ø Wastewater from normal living area


Ø Sanitary wastewater
Ø Generated by home dwellings, public restrooms, hotels, hospitals
& other health centers
Ø Mostly residential and commercial area
Ø 99.9% of water containing only 0.1% of organic & inorganic
solids & also microorganisms

2 – Industrial Wastewater

Ø Generated by large scales from industry areas


Ø Contains conventional pollutants
Ø Contains toxic pollutants
SUSTAINABLE WASTEWATER TREATMENT
• Effective, simple to
operate & low cost
Objectives of
wastewater treatment :
• Environmental-
friendly
• Protect the health
of humans &
• Combination of
environment
physical, chemical &
biological processes
• Preserve & protect
environmental
• To remove solids,
quality
organic matter from
wastewater
• Need to be able to
recover nutrients
• Partial reduction or
and energy from
complete removal
wastewater
of excessive
impurities in
wastewater
WASTEWATER TREATMENT METHODS
• Removes pollutants by biological activity

• Microorganisms such as bacteria are used


in biochemical decomposition

• Can be divided into aerobic/anaerobic


methods based on availability of oxygen

• Involves using chemical reaction to


improve water quality

• Removal or conversion of pollutants are


• Application of physical forces to treat sewage
done by addition of chemicals
• No changes chemically or biologically
• Eg. Precipitation, disinfection,
chlorination etc.
• Eg. Screening, mixing, sedimentation, filtration
etc
TYPES OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT SYSTEM

INDIVIDUAL
SEPTIC CONNECTED
TANK SEWAGE
SYSTEM
- Commonly used in Msia
INDIVIDUAL SEPTIC TANK
- Multi chamber storage tank that
separates the liquid between the
solid waste

- Liquid is allowed to flow out of the


storage tank & be disposed
separately

- Can partially treat sewage

- Of low quality & bad smell

- Works by allowing raw sewage to


flow into tank whereby the solid
waste/ sludge settles at the bottom
of the tank
CONNECTED SEWAGE SYSTEM
- have sewage outlets that are
directly linked to a sewage
treatment plant

- Is a combined plant that converts


raw sewage into effluent and solid
waste

- Treats water by combining oxygen


and organic waste to speed up a
natural biological breakdown

- Comprises a network of
underground sewer pipes, pump
stations, sewage treatment plants
& sludge treatment facilities

- Generally operate by gravity


WASTEWATER TREATMENT PROCESSES

Wastewater undergoes several stages in its treatment process which can be classified into 3
different stages.
PRELIMINARY TREATMENT

to protect the operation of


What is the the wastewater treatment
purpose? plant.

-Remove heavy inorganic


-Preliminary Treatment solids , called grit. Example:
-.Remove or to reduce in size
operations typically includes sand and gravel, metal or
the large, entrained, suspended
screening, grit removal. glass.
or floating solids.
Example: pieces of wood,
cloth, paper, plastics, garbage -Remove excessive
amounts of oils or
greases.
CONVENTIONAL • Biological treatment is used
WASTEWATER to remove organic &
suspended solid waste
TREATMENT Tertiary
PROCESS • Uses biological activity to
catch dissolved organic
• Water is thoroughly cleaned
by using advance treatment
matter systems
• Mainly involves removing
solids & some organic
Secondary • Chemicals such as disinfection
materials are poured to reduce nitrogen
• Solids are removed or & phosphates
separated from
wastewater by
sedimentation
Primary • Purpose : reduce BOD
(biochemical oxygen
• Bacteria is used to denitrify
nitrates in water to produce
• Purpose : reduce the demand). Wastewater is N02 which is then released
velocity of wastewater cleaned by microorganisms into atmosphere
sufficiently to permit
solids to settle and • Includes both biological &
floatable materials to chemical treatments
surface
SEDIMENTATION TANKS AND CLARIFIERS
Rectangular
Horizontal Flow
Tank

Typical Circular,
Sedimentation Radial-flow
Tanks
tank

Hopper
bottomed,
upward
flow tank
APPROACHES TO SECONDARY TREATMENT

Fixed Film Systems

Suspended Film Systems

Lagoon Systems
LAGOON SYSTEM
ACTIVATED SLUDGE SYSTEM
WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM
• REUSE AND RECYCLING

• COLLECTION of WASTEWATER
1) CENTRALIZED SYSTEMS
2) DECENTRALIZED SYSTEMS

• AWARENESS of WASTEWATER

• TREATMENT of WASTEWATER

A PROCESS USED TO CONVERT WASTEWATER


1. REUSE & RECYCLING WASTEWATER
• TREATED WASTEWATER OR IN SOME CASES
URBAN RUNOFF OR STORM WATER ( RAIN
WATER HARVESTING ) COULD NE REUSED
EFFICIENTLY.

• WATER RECYCLING IS REUSING TREATED


WASTEWATER FOR BENEFICIAL PURPOSES
- AGRICULTURAL AND LANDSCAPE
IRRIGATION
- DRINKING WATER
- INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
- TOILET FLUSHING
- REPLENISHING A GROUND WATER BASIN.

• ENSURE WATER QUALITY APPROPRIATE FOR


THE USE
2. COLLECTION OF WASTE WATER

• GATHER THE USED WATER FROM OUR HOMES, BUSINESSES AND INDUSTRIES
AND CONVEY IT TO A WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT
• TWO WAYS CAN BE USED TO COLLECT WASTEWATER :
I) CENTRALIZED SYSTEMS
II) DECENTRALIZED SYSTEMS
I) CENTRALIZED SYSTEMS
• PUBLIC SEWER SYSTEMS
• SERVE ESTABLISHED TOWNS AND
CITIES
• PROVIDE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL
SERVICES FOR NEIGHBORING SEWER
DISTRICTS
• LARGE-SCALE SYSTEM
• GATHER WASTEWATER FROM MANY
USERS FOR TREATMENT AT ONE OR
FEW SITES
• ECONOMICAL, ALLOW FOR GREATER
CONTROL, REQUIRE FEWER PEOPLE
• PRODUCE ONLY ONE DISCHARGE TO
MONITOR INSTEAD OF SEVERAL.
II) DECENTRALIZED SYSTEMS
• DO NOT CONNECT TO A PUBLIC SEWER SYSTEM
• MAY BE TREATED ON SITE (MOST COMMON) OR
DISCHARGED TO A PRIVATE TREATMENT PLANT
• REQUIRE WELL TRAINED STAFFS AND HIGH
COST OF MAINTENANCE

q failure cases happened


q lack of improper
maintenance
q overcome by providing
the person in charge of
maintaining the system
with enough skills and
practices
3. TREAMENT OF WASTEWATER
• TO REDUCE THE LEVEL OF
POLLUTANTS IN THE
WASTEWATER

• ALLOW HUMAN AND INDUSTRIAL


EFFLUENTS TO BE DISPOSED OF
WITHOUT DANGER TO HUMAN
HEALTH

• UNACCEPTABLE DAMAGE TO THE


NATURAL ENVIRONMENT

• CAN BE NATURALLY TREATED BY


THE SUN, VEGETATION, SOILS
AND MICROORGANISMS
ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF
WASTEWATER TREATMENT

Can provide clean water that is potable

Maintain clean water for reuse


Increased cost & financing
Filter out potential disease-causing microorganisms
& destroys harmful organisms Maintenance troubles
Purifies water
Triggered health concerns among public
Provides job opportunities for water treatment
researches & maintenance

Saves time, energy & resources


CASE STUDY 1 : MALAYSIA

- A SOUTHEAST ASIAN COUNTRY WITH A


POPULATION OF 30 MILLION PEOPLE.
- HAS 100% ACCESS TO IMPROVED
WATER SOURCE AND 96% ACCESS TO
IMPROVED SANITATION.
WATER CATCHMENT AREAS

• ONE OF THE MAINS SOURCE OF


WATER FOR MOST OF MALAYSIA.
• TOTAL OF 189 RIVER BASINS IN THE
ENTIRE MALAYSIA.
• BIGGEST WATER CATCHMENT AREA
IN WEST MALAYSIA: BANJARAN
TITIWANGSA.
HOW DO THEY WORK?
DAMS

• ANOTHER MAIN SOURCE OF WATER


FOR MALAYSIANS.
• TOTAL OF 34 DAMS IN MALAYSIA THAT
SUPPLIES WATER.
• SG. SELANGOR DAM, BATU AND
KLANG GATES DAM AND ETC SUPPLIES
98% OF WATER TO CITIES LIKE KUALA
LUMPUR & SELANGOR.
PROBLEMS WITH DAMS

• CANNOT REPLENISH FAST


ENOUGH DURING THE DRY
SEASON.
• CAN ONLY STORE SO MUCH
WATER THAT IS ENOUGH FOR
A PERIOD OF TIME.
• DESTROYS SURROUNDING
ECOSYSTEM.
INDAH WATER KONSORTIUM

• A WHOLLY OWNED GOVERNMENT


COMPANY TASKED WITH
DEVELOPING AND MAINTAINING
AN EFFICIENT SEWERAGE SYSTEM IN
WEST MALAYSIA.
• FOUNDED IN 1994
• OPERATES IN EVERY STATE IN WEST
MALAYSIA EXCEPT KELANTAN AND
JOHOR.
BIOEFFLUENT
• A GREEN INITIATIVE PROGRAM.
• REUSES FILTERED WASTEWATER
TO BE USED IN OTHER SECTORS.
• USES PREVIOUS TECHNOLOGY
LIKE REVERSE OSMOSIS, SAND
FILTERING AND ETC.
BENEFIT OF BIOEFFLUENT

• EFFICIENT POLLUTION CONTROL


• ALLOWS FOR A MORE SUSTAINABLE WATER RESOURCE
• REDUCE PRESSURE ON NATURAL WATER RESOURCES
PROCESS OF MAKING BIOEFFLUENT
POSSIBLE PROBLEMS TO THE SYSTEM
BAD ODOUR COMING FROM SEWAGE
PLANTS
• ONE OF THE MOST NOTABLE PROBLEM.
• CAUSES AN UNHAPPY WORKING
PLACE AND EFFECTS RESIDENCES
NEARBY.
• HYDROGEN SULPHIDE IS THE CAUSE
OF THE BAD SMELL.
INSUFFICIENT SPACE FOR NEW WATER
TREATMENT PLANTS
• MORE NOTICEABLE IN PLACES LIKE
SINGAPORE OR WHERE LAND IS
SCARCE.
• HARD TIME FOR OLD PLANTS TO
DEAL WITH NEW LARGER VOLUME
OF WASTE.
• RETROFIT OLD PLANTS WITH NEWER
TECHNOLOGY TO INCREASE
TREATMENT CAPACITY.
AGING INFRASTRUCTURE
• HAPPENS MORE FREQUENTLY IN
STILL DEVELOPING COUNTRIES.
• HIGHER AND HIGHER
MAINTENANCE COST THUS
CAUSING A WASTAGE OF
TAXPAYERS MONEY.
• RISK OF A TREATMENT PLANT
SHUTTING DOWN.
CASE STUDY 2 : SINGAPORE
• Southeast Asian island
country, with an estimated
population of 5.5 million
living on less than 750
square kilometers of land
• Singapore is known for its
robust economy but is
insufficient in one of the
world’s most important daily
resources, water
• Location of centre: 20 Koh
Sek Lim Road, Singapore
• WATER HAS ALWAYS BEEN SINGAPORE’S FIRST
NATIONAL PRIORITY
• LEE KUAN YEW, SINGAPORE’S FIRST PRIME
MINISTER, PUSHED TO DEVELOP A SELF-
SUFFICIENT WATER SUPPLY OF SINGAPORE IN
RESPONSE TO THE SHORTAGE OF WATER IN THE
1960S AND ‘70S
• OVER THE LAST 50 YEARS, SINGAPORE HAS BUILT
A ROBUST AND DIVERSIFIED SUPPLY OF WATER
KNOWN AS THE “FOUR NATIONAL TAPS”.
1. WATER FROM LOCAL CATCHMENT
• REPRESENTS ONE OF THE PILLARS OF SINGAPORE’S
SUSTAINABLE WATER SUPPLY
• SINCE 2011, THE WATER CATCHMENT AREA HAS BEEN
INCREASED FROM HALF TO TWO-THIRDS OF
SINGAPORE’S LAND SURFACE
- THE MARINA, PUNGGOL AND SERANGOON RESERVOIR.
• IN THE LONG RUN, THE WATER CATCHMENT AREA WILL
INCREASE TO 90% OF SINGAPORE’S LAND AREA
- MADE UP OF UNPROTECTED CATCHMENTS WHICH
CONSISTS OF LAND SUCH AS RESIDENTIAL, COMMERCIAL
AND NON-POLLUTIVE INDUSTRIAL
2. IMPORTED WATER

• ONLY ABLE TO SUPPLY HALF THE


NATION’S WATER SUPPLY.
• 50% MORE IS IMPORTED FROM,
JOHOR, MALAYSIA
• THE CONTRACT DUE TO EXPIRE IN
2061
3. NEWATER
• THE MAIN PILLAR OF SINGAPORE’S WATER
SUSTAINABILITY
• IS A HIGH-GRADE RECLAIMED WATER TREATMENT
PLANT USING DOMESTIC WASTEWATER WHICH IS
THEN FURTHER PURIFIED USING ADVANCED
MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGY AND ULTRA-VIOLET
DISINFECTION
• CURRENTLY, SINGAPORE’S FOUR NEWATER
PLANTS ARE ABLE TO CONTRIBUTE 30% OF THE
NATION’S CURRENT WATER NEEDS
• IS FORESEEN THAT BY 2060, NEWATER WILL BE
ABLE TO MEET UP TO 50% OF SINGAPORE’S
FUTURE WATER NEEDS.
4. DESALINATED WATER
• TREATING SEAWATER
• IS THE MOST ENERGY-INTENSIVE AND
MOST EXPENSIVE SOURCE OF WATER
TO PRODUCE
• TWO DESALINATION PLANTS WITH A
COMBINED CAPACITY OF 100MGD CAN
NOW MEET 25% OF WATER NEEDS IN
SINGAPORE
• IS ANTICIPATED THAT DESALINATED
WATER CAN MEET UP APPROXIMATELY
30% OF SINGAPORE’S FUTURE WATER
NEEDS
NEWATER TECHNOLOGY TREATMENT PROCESS (4 STEPS)
STEP 1: MICROFILTRATION (MF)
• WHERE THE TREATED UTILIZED WATER IS PASSED THROUGH A MEMBRANE. SUSPENDED SOLIDS,
COLLOIDAL PARTICLES, DISEASE-CAUSING MICROBES, AND PROTOZOAN CYSTS ARE FILTERED
OUT AND RETAINED ON THE MEMBRANE SURFACE
• THE FILTRATE CONTAINS ONLY WATER, DISSOLVED SALTS AND ORGANIC MOLECULES.

Step 2: Reverse Osmosis (RO)


• In which a semi-permeable membrane is used
• has very small pores, allowing only very small molecules like water molecules
to pass through
• undesirable contaminants such as bacteria, viruses, heavy metals, nitrate,
chloride, sulphate, disinfection by-products, aromatic hydrocarbons, pesticides
and others cannot pass through
• the processed water is free from viruses, bacteria and contains negligible
amount of salts and organic matters.
STEP 3: UV DISINFECTION
• THE WATER IS ALREADY OF A HIGH GRADE WATER QUALITY
• ACTS AS A FURTHER SAFETY BACK-UP TO THE RO
• ULTRAVIOLET OR UV DISINFECTION IS USED TO ENSURE THAT ALL MICROORGANISMS ARE
INACTIVATED AND THE PURITY OF THE PRODUCT WATER GUARANTEED.

Step 4: Before Storing


• the pH value of the NEWater is to be are balanced with the addition
of some alkaline chemicals to restore the acid-alkali or pH balance
• After the pH balance has been achieved, the NEWater is now ready to
be piped off to its wide range of applications.
WHY IS NEWATER THE MAIN PILLAR OF SINGAPORE’S
WATER SUSTAINABILITY?

• BECAUSE NEWATER HAS MORE QUALITY THAN PUB WATER


1) COLOUR
• 20,000 EXAMINATIONS IN THE COURSE OF
THE RECENT TWO YEARS HAVE BEEN
DIRECTED
• HAVE DETERMINED THAT NEWATER IS
CLEANER THAN (PUBLIC UTILITIES BOARD)
PUB WATER
• PHYSICALLY, NEWATER IS CLEAR AND
SHINING
• THE RIVER SOURCES AND RESERVOIR
WATER HAS MORE COLOR AS THEY
CONTAIN MORE MINERALS AND NATURAL
SUBSTANCE
2) SUSPENDED PARTICLES

• THE RIVER SOURCES AND RESERVOIR


WATER ALSO CONTAIN MORE
SUSPENDED PARTICLES
• THESE PARTICLES ARE WASHED INTO
RIVERS AND RESERVOIRS BY RAINFALL
RUNNING OFF THE GROUND
• NEWATER THEN AGAIN IS CLEARER,
MUCH CLEARER THAN PUB WATER.
3) LEVEL OF ORGANIC SUBSTANCES
• THE ORGANIC SUBSTANCE OF NEWATER IS
LESS THAN ONE-TENTH OF PUB WATER
CAUSING INDUSTRY USERS TO FIND
NEWATER TO BE APPEALING
• THE WAFER FABRICATION PLANTS TAKE THE
PUB WATER AND PROCESS IT TO REDUCE
THE ORGANIC SUBSTANCE TO A LEVEL THAT
IS ACCEPTABLE FOR THEIR OPERATIONS.
• STARTING FROM NEXT YEAR, THE WAFER
FABRICATION PLANTS IN SINGAPORE WILL
UTILIZE NEWATER INSTEAD OF PUB WATER
BECAUSE NEWATER IS CLEANER THAN PUB
WATER, AND IS MORE APPROPRIATE FOR
THEIR OPERATIONS.
4) BACTERIA COUNT
• HARMFUL TO HEALTH AND ARE FOUND
IN ANIMAL WASTE AND SOIL
• RAIN THAT FALLS ONTO THE GROUND
WILL CARRY THE BACTERIA INTO THE
RIVERS AND THE RESERVOIRS
• BACTERIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF
NEWATER IS AS GOOD AS PUB WATER
DUE TO THE FACT THAT PRESENCE OF
BACTERIA AND VIRUS IS NOT
DETECTABLE, THEREBY MEETING THE
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION'S
STANDARDS
RECOMMENDATIONS
FOR FUTURE
IMPROVEMENTS
1) MEMBRANE BIOREACTOR (MBR)

• MEMBRANE SYSTEMS HAVE BEEN CRITICAL


TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF ADVANCED
WATER-RECLAMATION SYSTEMS
• PROVIDE EXCELLENT PRE-TREATMENT FOR
REVERSE OSMOSIS (RO), WHICH CAN
REMOVE A VARIETY OF DISSOLVED
CONSTITUENTS
2) NATURAL TREATMENT SYSTEM (NTSS)
• HAVE THE ADVANTAGE OF
BEING ABLE TO REMOVE A
WIDE ASSORTMENT OF
CONTAMINANTS, INCLUDING
NUTRIENTS, PATHOGENS,
AND MICRO-CONSTITUENTS
SUCH AS PHARMACEUTICALS
AND ENDOCRINE-
DISRUPTING CHEMICALS
• IS PROVEN EFFECTIVE FOR
THE TREATMENT OF POTABLE
WATER
3) NANOTECHNOLOGY
• INCLUDE IMPROVED MEMBRANES AND CONFIGURATIONS
• MORE EFFICIENT PUMPING AND ENERGY-RECOVERY SYSTEMS
• THE DEVELOPMENT OF PROCESS TECHNOLOGY, SUCH AS MEMBRANE DISTILLATION.
4) MICROBIAL FUEL CELLS

• ELECTRICAL ENERGY CAN BE EXTRACTED


DIRECTLY FROM ORGANIC MATTER PRESENT
IN THE WASTE STREAM BY UTILIZING
ELECTRON EXCHANGE TO CAPTURE THE
ENERGY PRODUCED BY MICROORGANISMS
FOR METABOLIC PROCESSES
• HAS THE POTENTIAL TO PRODUCE
ELECTRICAL ENERGY DIRECTLY FROM
ORGANIC MATTER IN THE WASTE STREAM
5) URINE-SEPARATING TOILET

• 3 DIFFERENT TANKS ARE


CONSTRUCTED, WHICH MAKES THE
PROCESS OF WASTE TREATMENT
MUCH EASIER AND EFFICIENT
• KEY TO MANAGE NUTRIENTS WITH
MINIMAL REQUIREMENTS FOR
OUTSIDE RESOURCES, SUCH AS
ADDITIONAL ENERGY.
REFERENCES
http://www.nyc.gov/html/dep/html/wastewater/wwsystem-process.shtml
https://www-mwps.sws.iastate.edu/catalog/water-septic-systems/installation-wastewater-treatment-systems
http://www.level.org.nz/water/wastewater/building-design-considerations/
http://www.unwater.org/fileadmin/user_upload/unwater_new/docs/UN-Water_Analytical_Brief_Wastewater_Management.pdf
http://muskegoncountywastewatertreatment.com/
http://www.conserve-energy-future.com/process-of-wastewater-treatment.php
http://www.nyc.gov/html/dep/html/wastewater/wwsystem-process.shtml
http://onepowerservices.com/index.php/products/activated-carbon
http://defence.gov.au/jlc/Documents/DSCC/ADF%20Health%20Manual%20Vol%2020,%20part8,%20chp2.pdf
http://midasutara.my/eng/water-treatment-system
http://www.wepa-db.net/pdf/1203forum/20.pdf
http://www.ecomena.org/wastewater-treatment/
http://homeguides.sfgate.com/benefits-wastewater-treatment-79609.html
http://environmental-researcher.blogspot.my/2012/04/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-water.html
http://www.pantai2stp.com.my/wp-content/uploads/downloads/P2STP%20Half%20Day%20Seminars%202013/5%20-
%20P2STP%20Sustainable%20WWTP%20Project.pdf
http://www.weareserious.co.uk/types-of-system/sewage-treatment-plants
https://www.pub.gov.sg/watersupply/singaporewaterstory
https://www.pub.gov.sg/watersupply/fournationaltaps/newater
http://www.takepart.com/article/2015/11/05/singapores-solution-water-crisis
https://www.nae.edu/Publications/Bridge/V38N2/NewApproachesandTechnologiesforWastewaterManagement.aspx
http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_1533_2009-06-23.html
http://mywatermalaysianwateremilyleow.blogspot.my/2011/05/more-news.html
https://www.iwk.com.my/do-you-know/green-technology
http://www.wwf.org.my/about_wwf/what_we_do/freshwater_main/freshwater_sustainable_water_use/projects_sustainability_of_malaysia_s_water_resource
s_utilisation/smwru_issues/

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