Damping of Oscillations of the IEEE 14 bus Power

System by SVC with STATCOM

Galu Papy Yuma Kanzumba Kusakana

Electrical Department Electrical Department
Mangosuthu University of Technology Central University of Technology
Durban, Republic of South Africa Free state, Republic of South Africa
gyuma@mut.ac.za kuskybe@yahoo.fr

Abstract—Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) performance of a power system [7-9]. The best performance of
Controllers are used to increase transmission capacity by the SVC can be obtained by tuning the parameters of the PI
damping the power system oscillations and regulating the bus control. SVCs have been applied successfully to improve the
voltage at which the Static Compensator is connected. The focus transient stability of a synchronous machine [10]. Robust SVC
in this paper is to describe the use of SVC with STATCOM has been presented to enhance system damping [11].
Controllers and compare them in static voltage stability
improvements for the damping of the IEEE 14 Bus power system
B. SVC Characteristic
oscillations. A Single line diagram of the IEEE 14 Bus standard
system is used in this paper with load assumed to be represented The SVC controller can significantly influence non linear
by constant impedance. The size and installation location for system behavior and increase SVC gains. The Differential-
load margin improvement and price discussions are addressed. Algebraic Equations are given as follow:
The Static VAR Compensator device is used to improve the
voltage and reactive power condition in power systems network. ⎡ • ⎤
⎢XC ⎥ (1)
⎢ • ⎥ = f (X C ,α ,V ,Vref )
The IEEE 14 Bus is modeled using the elements of Simulink. The
effectiveness of the proposed controllers, the improvements in
power quality and in voltage profile are demonstrated. In the ⎢α ⎥
simulation, the results of the proposed model for the SVC and ⎣ ⎦
STATCOM Controllers are determined. Then, they are
⎡ 2α − Sin2α − π (2 − X L / X C ) ⎤
⎢ Be −
compared with results obtained from the SVC with the
conventional PID Controller. πX L ⎥
0= ⎢ ⎥ (2)
Keywords-FACTS, SVC, STATCOM, Simulink
⎢ I − Vi Be ⎥
⎢ 2 ⎥
⎢Q − Vi Be ⎥
I. INTRODUCTION ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
During the last few years, Flexible AC Transmission The reactive power in the power flow equations is:
Systems (FACTS) have gained a great interest due to recent
advances in power electronics. FACTS controllers have been
used for solving power system control problems such as
QSVC = −U k2 × BSVC (3)
transfer capability enhancement, voltage regulation and power The equations of the transmission line and the SVC can be
flow control [1-4]. According to IEEE, FACTS devices are combined as follow:
defined as alternating current transmission system
ω
X e (I q − I Lq − I Cq )
incorporating power electronic-based and static controllers in
order to enhance controllability and increase power transfer Vtd = Vb Sinα − (4)
capability. FACTS devices can offer high-speed control for ωb
enhancing power system.
ω
Vtq = VbCosα + X e (I d − I Ld − I Cd ) (5)
ωb
II. STATIC VAR COMPENSATOR Where:
ωb
A. Configuration
I Ld = (1 − C (α )) Vtd (6)
By definition the SVC is a shunt connected static var ω X in
generator employed primarily for voltage stability by providing
an appropriate reactive compensation [5-6]. The SVC
controller can considerably improve the dynamic stability

978-1-4577-1829-8/12/$26.00 ©2012 IEEE

 ωb V The main function of the STATCOM is to regulate voltage at
I Lq = − (1 − C (α )) tq (7 ) its terminal by changing the amount of reactive power from the
ω X in power system. The change of reactive power is defined means
of a voltage-sourced converter (VSC) connected on the
ωb Vtq secondary side of a coupling transformer.
I cd = − (8)
ω XC B. STATCOM Characteristics
ωb Vtd The Differential-Algebraic Equations are given as follow:
I cq = (9)
ω XC ⎡ • ⎤
From equations (8) and (9) I cd and I cq shows the effect of ⎢XC ⎥
⎢ • ⎥ = f (X ,α , m,V ,V ,V ,V
dc , ref ) (15)
capacitor of SVC. The effect of reactor of SVC is shown by ⎢α ⎥ C dc ref
equations (4) and (5). ⎢• ⎥
The voltage equations can be obtained by combining the ⎣⎢m ⎦⎥
Equations (4) - (9) as follow:
• VI 1 R I2
ω ∗ V = Cos (δ − ϑ ) − Vdc − (16)
∗
Vtd = Vb Sinα − X e Iq (10) dc CVdc RcC C Vdc
ωb
⎡ P − VICos (δ − ϑ ) ⎤
ω ∗ ⎢Q − VISin(δ − ϑ ) ⎥
∗
Vtq = Vb Cosα + X e Id (11) 0= ⎢ ⎥ (17 )
ωb ⎢ P − V 2G + kVdcVGCos(δ − α ) + kVdcVBSin(δ − α )⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣Q + V G − kVdcVBCos(δ − α ) + kVdcVGSin(δ − ϑ )⎥⎦
2
Where:
p = 3Vac I acCos (δ − ϑ ) (18)
X X
C (α ) = 1 + (1 − C (α )) e − e
∗
(12) vac = 2Vac Sin(ωt + β ) (19)
X in X C
Xe vinv = 2Vinv Sin(ωt + β + α ) (20)
∗
X = (13) ⎛ dV V ⎞
C ∗ (α )
e
p = Vdc ⎜⎜ C dc + dc ⎟⎟ + 3a 2 RI ac2 (21)
Vb ⎝ dt RC ⎠
Vb∗ = (14)
C ∗ (α ) The bus voltage control is given as:
V − V1specified = 0 (22)
III. STATIC SYNCHRONOUS COMPENSATOR Where V1specified is the specific bus voltage.
A. Operating Principles of the STATCOM
IV. MODELING
The STATCOM is a shunt FACTS device and it has been
employed to control the reactive power in power system. The
STATCOM controller extend the critical clearing time and This paper describes the appropriate models for dynamic
enhance greatly the power system transient stability [12]. studies.

The ability of STATCOM for damping oscillations is restricted

by the maximum rating of the STATCOM. It is one of the
important shunt connected FACTS controllers to control power
flow and also make better transient stability [13-14].
Figure 1. Subtransient model for the synchronous generator in the direct axis.

Figure 2. STATCOM model for dynamic studies

Figure 3. Subtransient model for the synchronous generator in the quadrature axis.

Figure 4. SVC model for dynamic studies


V. IEEE 14 BUS POWER SYSTEM
A Single line diagram of the IEEE 14-Bus standard system
is shown in Fig. 5 with loads assumed to be represented by
constant impedance and all generators are operate with
constant mechanical power input and with constant excitation.
It consists of five synchronous machines with IEEE type-1
exciters, three of which are synchronous compensators used
only for reactive power support with generator 1 taken as
reference generator.
VI. TEST RESULTS
The IEEE 14-Bus system with SVC and STATCOM is
simulated. Bus 14 has been found to be the suitable location
for the SVC placement for its maximum residue factor value.
The figures 6-8 show the results for the simulation with SVC
combined PID voltage regulator, SVC combined STATCOM
and without controllers (NC) when a 3 phase short circuit fault
occurs at bus 5 and fault cleared at 0.1 sec.
0.12
NC
0.1 SVC-PID

P o w e r o u t p u t 1 in p . u
SVC-STATCOM
0.08

0.06

0.04

0.02

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
TIME IN SECONDS
Figure 6. Oscillations in Power output of Generator 1
0.06
NC
0.04 SVC-PID
SVC-STATCOM
V o lt a g e a t B u s 7

0.02

Figure 5. IEEE 14 Bus test system

-0.02
The best location for reactive power compensation of static
voltage stability margin is the weakest bus of the system. The
-0.04
weakest bus of the system could be found using tangent vector 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
analysis. The weakest bus is defined as the nearest to TIME IN SECONDS
experiencing a voltage collapse. Table 1 shows the first three Figure 7. Bus 5 voltage variation
weakest buses. We can see from the table below that the best
location could be the bus 14 for a reactive power support.
TABLE I. Tangent vector of the first three weakest buses 0.8
NC
0.6 SVC-PID
P o w e r o u t p u t 3 in p . u

Bus No Tangent Vectors SVC-STATCOM

12 0.11853 0.4

13 0.12021
0.2
14 0.13537
0

-0.2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
TIME IN SECONDS
Figure 8. Oscillations in Power output of Generator 3
COMPARISON BETWEEN SVC AND STATCOM

1. Undervoltage Case VIII. CONCLUSION

IEEE 14 Bus system has been modeled and simulated using
0.02
MATLAB Simulink. The simulation results of IEEE 14 Bus
SVC without controllers and with a combined SVC-PID and SVC-
0.015
STATCOM STATCOM have been presented. It can be seen that the use of
V O L T A G E V A R IA T IO N

0.01 the proposed controllers (SVC-STATCOM) has improved the

voltage stability and power quality. The simulation results are
0.005
in line with the prediction. Though SVC and STATCOM
0 operate on different principles, their impact on improving the
-0.005
voltage stability can be comparable. Issues such as cost, losses
must be examined for an optimum investment.
-0.01

-0.015
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 IX. REFERENCES
TIME
Figure 9. Voltage variation with change in network reactance
[1] N. G. Hingorani, “FACTS-Flexibles AC Transmission
2. Overvoltage Case Systems”, Proceeding of 5th International Conference on AC and
DC Power Transmission – IEEE Conference Publication 345,
1991.
0.2 [2] N. G. Hingorani and L. Gyugyi, Understanding FACTS:
SVC Concepts and Technology of Flexible AC Transmission
Systems. New York: IEEE Press, 2000.
V A R IA T IO N O F V O L T A G E

STATCOM
0.15 [3] N. G. Hingorani, “Flexible AC Transmission Systems”, IEEE
Spectrum, April 1993.I.
[4] N. G. Hingorani, “High Power Electronics and Flexible AC
0.1 Transmission Systems”, IEEE Power Engineering Review, July
1988.
0.05
[5] IEEE Power Engineering Society, FACTS Overview. IEEE
Special Publication 95TP108, 1995.
[6] IEEE Power Engineering Society, FACTS Applications. IEEE
0 Special Publication 96TP116-0, 1996.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 [7] R. T. Byerly, D. T. Poznaniak, and E. R. Taylor, “Static
TIME (SEC) Reactive Compensator for Power Transmission System”, IEEE
Figure 10. Voltage variation of overvoltage Trans. PAS-101, 1982.
[8] A. E. Hammad, “Analysis of Power System Stability
It is observed from Figs. 6 and 8 that the power output of Enhancement by Static VAR Compensators”, IEEE Trans.
PWRS, 1986.
Generators continues to oscillate without controllers. The
[9] K. R. Padiyar and R. K. Varma, “Damping Torque Analysis of
power output oscillations are damped out after the placement Static VAR System Oscillations”, IEEE Tran. PWRS, 1991.
of SVC-PID devices. Application of SVC-STATCOM [10] A. R. Messina, O. Begovich, and M. Nayebzadeh, “Analytical
provides better voltage stability. Figs. 9 and 10 show for the Investigation of the Use of Static VAR Compensators to Aid
same reactive power, SVC contribute to voltage regulation Damping of Interarea Oscillations”, Electric Power Systems
Research, 1999.
more effectively than STATCOM during overvoltage fault,
while STATCOM contribute to voltage regulation more [11] M. Parniani and M. R. Iravani, “Optimal Robust Control Design
of Static VAR Compensators”, IEE Proc. Genet. Transm.
effectively than SVC during undervoltage. Distrib., 1998.
[12] M. A. Abido, “Analysis and Assessment of STATCOM-Based
Damping Stabilizers for Power System Stability Enhancement”,
VII. COSTS OF SVC AND STATCOM Electric Power Systems Research, 2005.
We all know that the primary losses in SVC are in the [13] N. C. Sahoo, B. K. Panigrahi, P.K. Dash, and G. Panda,
“Multivariable Nonlinear Control of STATCOM for
thyristor controlled, the step-down transformer and the Synchronous Generator Stabilization”, Int. J. of Electrical Power
thyristor valves while for STATCOM the losses in the and Energy Systems. 2004.
converter bridges dominate. Even if the use of SVC and [14] L. Cong and Y. Wang, “Coordinated Control of Generator
STATCOM could improve the voltage stability, apart from the Excitation and STATCOM for Rotor Angle Stability and
losses, their life cycle cost will be driven by the efforts Voltage Regulation Enhancement of Power Systems”, IEE Proc.
Gener. Transm. Distrib., 2002.
required for operation and maintenance. The maintenance is
primarily needed for auxiliary systems. The difference in the
cost for these efforts will be negligible when comparing SVC
and STATCOM.