Communication

Systems

Pre-Emphasis &
De-Emphasis
By
Engr. Jawwad Ahmad (Ph.D.)

1
 Today’s Goal
 Interference Due to Noise

 Introduction to Pre-emphasis & De-emphasis

 Pre-Emphasis & De-Emphasis Filters

Engr. Dr. Jawwad Ahmad 2

 Interference Due to Noise
 The channel noise, normally white noise that has a
constant power spectral density (PSD), acts as interference in
an angle-modulated signal.

 Power Spectral Density (PSD) / Energy Spectral Density

(ESD) is a parameter that describes distribution of power /
energy in any signal with respect to frequency, i.e.,
PSD/ESD is not the function of time rather it is a function of
frequency.

V ( f )  F  v (t )
2
G( f )  V ( f ) where

Engr. Dr. Jawwad Ahmad 3

 Interference Due to Noise
 It can seen that the
PSD [G(f)] of an audio
signal is concentrated at
lower frequencies below
2.1KHz and minimum
over the remaining voice
band thus the power beyond
2.1KHz could be loss at
receiving end.

Engr. Dr. Jawwad Ahmad 4

 Interference Due to Noise
 This is because noise adds to it during transmission and
noise adversely affects the spectral part above 2.1KHz.

 The solution is Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis.

 The spectral portion from 2.1KHz to above is amplified

before modulation, known as Pre-emphasis. And at the
receiving end the signal is then de-amplified which is
known as De-emphasis.

Engr. Dr. Jawwad Ahmad 5

 Interference Due to Noise
 During pre-emphasis and de-emphasis (PDE), pre-
amplified signal is restored and noise is suppressed.

 This procedure will maintain the overall angle modulated

communication system under constrained limits, as shown
in the graph.

Engr. Dr. Jawwad Ahmad 6

 Pre-Emphasis & De-Emphasis
 Let spectral portion from 1.5KHz to 4KHz be at 10mV (on
an average) having SNR = 1dB.

 By pre-emphasis at transmitting end, amplifies the signal

to 10 times and becomes 100mV signal having
SNR = 10dB, i.e. 20dBV.

 Assume 10mV noise added to it within the transmission

channel so signal becomes a value of 110mV that is (100mV
of signal + 10mV of noise).

Engr. Dr. Jawwad Ahmad 7

 Pre-Emphasis & De-Emphasis
 Now at receiving end de-amplification of 10 times is
required. So the result is 11mV that is

(10mV of signal + 1mV of noise)

that is, SNR = 10dB or 20dBV.

 If it had not been PDE then

SNR = 1dB i.e. 20 log 1 = 0 dBV.

Engr. Dr. Jawwad Ahmad 8

 Pre-Emphasis & De-Emphasis Filters
 Consider the network shown in the circuit below.

 Apply KCL at the output,

IC  I R  Ir

Cd (vin  vout ) vin  vout vout

 
dt R r
Cd (vin ) Cd (vout ) vin vout vout
   
dt dt R R r

Engr. Dr. Jawwad Ahmad 9

Pre-Emphasis & De-Emphasis Filters
 Taking Laplace,
X ( s) Y ( s) Y ( s)
CSX ( s )  CSY ( s )   
R R r
X ( s) Y ( s) Y (s)
CSX ( s )    CSY ( s ) 
R r R

 1 1 1
 CS   X ( s)    CS  Y ( s )
 R r R

Engr. Dr. Jawwad Ahmad 10

Pre-Emphasis & De-Emphasis Filters
 1  1 
 CS   S  
Y (s) R RC 
H ( s)     
X (s)  1 1  1 1 
 CS     S   
 r R  rC RC 
 where 1 and 1 so, 1
 1  2
RC rC RC

H (s) 
 S   1 or H ( ) 
 j   1
 S  2   j   2 

Engr. Dr. Jawwad Ahmad 11

Pre-Emphasis & De-Emphasis Filters
 Thus, zeros that is numerator which represents gain is at
ω1 and poles that is denominator which shows attenuation
of the transfer function is at ω2, so the plot of pre-emphasis
filter is shown below.

H ( ) 
 j   1
 j   2 

Engr. Dr. Jawwad Ahmad 12

Pre-Emphasis & De-Emphasis Filters
 Similarly the network shown in the circuit below,
represents de-emphasis.

 The transfer function of the circuit is given by

1
H (s) 
 Or  S  
1
H ( ) 
 j  1 

Engr. Dr. Jawwad Ahmad 13

Pre-Emphasis & De-Emphasis Filters
 This circuit will provide a
pole i.e. attenuation at ω1,
so the plot of de-emphasis
will be given as shown.

 So the complete FM
receiver will have the
following block diagram.

Engr. Dr. Jawwad Ahmad 14

Thank you

Engr. Dr. Jawwad Ahmad 15