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This study was carried out to validate the negative impact of vibration on a computer network
using optical fibre cables where the optical time–domain reflectometer (OTDR) of single mode
configuration was employed to acquire signal losses on the network. The losses were categorized
in three data sets such as that from a non–vibration (NV), a vibration source from a shaker and
generator (SHG) and another source combining the shaker, generator, and a truck (SHGT). The
impact of these results were compared on a column and area graph where we obtained a
superimposed effect combining all data sets in the area graph that the vibration sources from
SHGT had greater impact on the network as their reflected losses were -33.31dB, -33.29dB, and -
33.34dB respectively for NV, SHG, and SHGT. The results further confirmed that signal losses on
the network has a direct relationship with distance and also, vibration can as well help to
normalize errors arising from poorly terminated cables and correct some splice faults as number
of events an OTDR records are limited. This study also confirmed the possible use of this system
to investigate underground movements likely to be earthquakes or road failure signs.
Keywords: Computer Network, Vibration, Optical Fibre Cable, Signal Loss, OTDR, Flask Shaker, Generator, Truck.
INTRODUCTION
Among the enormous advantages of optical fibre cables, The OTDR is also capable of acquiring data for both single
its sensing capability have been employed through the use and multimode optical fibre, but in this study, only the case
of an optical time – domain reflectometer (OTDR) to of a single mode has been considered. This implies that
measure signal losses on a computer network built on sensors in itself have different types and definitions and we
optical fibre cable by generating vibration from different have defined sensors in this study as a device that uses
machines on the cable path of the network within a locality. optical fibre either as the sensing element (intrinsic
The OTDR which is a great device in studying the sensory sensors) for single mode optical fibres or as a means of
ability of optical fibre cable as used in this study applies the relaying signals from a remote sensor to the electronics
reflectometry principle comprising Rayleigh scattering and that process the signals (extrinsic sensors) for multimode
Fresnel reflection as its two basic physical principles in optical fibres. In the former, optical fibres can be used as
actualizing these results, which would enable us sensors to measure strain, temperature, pressure and
understand the impact of vibration that in most cases leads other quantities by modifying a fibre so that the quantity to
to signal losses on a computer network of optical fibre
cables. The system (OTDR) detects the presence and
location of perturbations, which were affected by the *Corresponding Author: Minabai Maneke Igwele,
intensity of the radiation (light) returned from the fibre, but Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Niger Delta
do not respond to phase changes of the radiation (light) University, Wilberforce Island, P. M. B. 071 Yenagoa,
hence, the authors have designed a phase – sensitive Bayelsa State, Nigeria. E-mail: stsmig@yahoo.com; Tel:
OTDR to enhance coherent effects (Radim, Petr, et al., 08136407023, Co-Author Email: ogobiri20@yahoo.com;
2015). Tel: 08032749969
Impact of Vibration on a Computer Network Using Optical Fibre Cables
Igwele and Ogobiri 088
be measured modulates the intensity, phase, polarization you. The angle that the light beam hits the window
and wavelength or transit time of light in the fibre. They determines whether or not the reflection will bounce back
provide distributed sensing over very large distances. For into the flashlight, your eyes, or the ceiling. More so, an
instance, temperature can be measured by using a fibre evident change in the propagation of light in optical fibre
that has evanescent loss that varies with temperature or makes light lose its property of total internal reflection
by analyzing the Rayleigh scattering, Raman scattering or (Procedia Engineering, 2017).
the Brillouin scattering in optical fibre (Ghosh, Sarkar and
Chakraborty, 2002). While in the latter, they use an optical
fibre cable, normally a multimode one to transmit METHODOLOGY
modulated light from either a non – fibre optical sensor or
an electronic sensor connected to an optical transmitter. A Below are the instruments used in carrying out this study
major benefit of extrinsic sensors is their ability to reach and their respective images are shown, except for the truck
places which are otherwise inaccessible as in the that was not captured during the process.
measurement of temperature inside aircraft jet engines by
using a fibre to transmit radiation into a radiation pyrometer a. Flask shaker (Gallenkamp brand)
located outside the engine. They also provide excellent
protection of measurement signals against noise
corruption (Ghosh, Sarkar, Chakraborty and Dan, 2006).
This study tends to validate the impact of vibration
emanating from different vibration sources and
combinations that could lead to signal losses on a
computer network using optical fibre cables.
Figure 9: Column graph of combined data set for NV, SHG and SHGT
Impact of Vibration on a Computer Network Using Optical Fibre Cables
Igwele and Ogobiri 092
Figure 10: Area graph of combined data set for NV, SHG and SHGT
COMPARED LOSSES FROM NV, SGH, AND SHGT CONCLUSION
In order to validate the impact of vibration on a computer From this study, we have seen that vibration really does
network using optical fibre cable from this study, we have have a negative impact on computer networks built with
directly compared the results of the above (fig. 6, 7, and 8) optical fibre cables as the above results showed that the
with a column and area graphs as shown in figure 9 and degrees of vibration took a progressive trend, which is to
figure 10, which was obtained from table 4 above say that the effects of NV was less than that of SHG, which
respectively. in turn was less than that of SHGT (i. e. NV<SHG<SHGT)
and an overall end – to – end signal loss of 3.90dB and
From the column graph (fig. 9), we have picked out the 3.94dB as recorded in this study excluding other factors
losses in the three results measured (i. e. the results of NV, such as splicing faults and vibration, may also mean that
SHG, and SHGT) and compared them against their the light intensity from the network was not enough to
common distances of recorded events. By so doing, we propagate the data across the length of the cable. From
have been able to ascertain the final correlation between this study, we have observed that reducing the number of
the three results that the generated vibration actually had splice joints to the minimum and properly terminating its
impact on the signal losses and these losses increased ends would greatly reduce the level of signal loss and help
over distance as shown above from the three sets of data. one to better predict and investigate environmental
The isolated columns from the results of NV in fig. 9 hazards or threats such as tsunami and earthquakes. For
according to the legend of the graph only indicated the such purposes, optical fibre cables could be properly
difference in the number of events recorded as the events buried for easy detection of underground movements that
for NV were greater than those for SHG and SHGT. could lead to such occurrences. More so, better impact of
vibration leading to signal losses for this study can be
To further buttress, an area graph was plotted with same acquired when such vibration is generated and repeated
values where the various sources have been within 500m – 1km intervals on the optical fibre cable as
superimposed according to their degree of losses over the against the standard distance of 2km – 4km as vibration on
distances recorded. Here (fig. 10), we can see that at the or within an optical fibre network can greatly affect the
initial point of the graph, the data or losses from NV is quite signal loss arising from it.
small, but as the distance progresses with a corresponding Finally, there exist vibration limits for building structures
increase in signal loss as compared with the others (SHG and human comforts and that one good degree of vibration
and SHGT), an appreciable impact was seen from the for a particular purpose may be bad for another, though
superimposed results combined from all three sources of this was not considered in this study, but this study has
data set where the legends have been clearly defined next also shown that optical fibres can be used not only as
to the graph and as the distance increases, it was seen communication cables, but can as well be used as sensors
that the signal loss also increased according to the various and the OTDR plays a major role in complementing the
degrees of vibration. sensing ability of optical fibres as it helps to acquire the
necessary signal losses.
Impact of Vibration on a Computer Network Using Optical Fibre Cables
J. Phys. Astron. Res. 093