FACULTY OF CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

BFC 21403

STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING

SECTION 2

TRUSS BRIDGE: SATAY STICK BRIDGE

LECTURER: PROF. MADYA DR. HILTON @ MOHD HILTON BIN AHMAD

MEMBERS

NAMA NO MATRIK
MUHAMMAD RUZAIN BIN HAMIDON CF170089

MOHAMAD AL-ZAIM BIN OMAR CF170057

SITI ZAHARAH BINTI AZHARI CF170088

AHMAD HAZIQ BIN MOHAMAD AKHRADZI CF170034

MIOR MUHAMAD HAZIM B. ZAINAL ABIDIN CF170059

MARKS
 CONTENT

NO. TITLE PAGES

PART A : Layout and Design
1.0 Introduction 1–3
1.1.Common Types Of Truss Bridges
2.0 Problem Statement 4
2.1. Part A: Layout and Design
2.2. Part B: Analysis
2.3. Part C: Model
3.0 Materials 5
4.0 Methodology 6
5.0 Dimension of bridge 7
PART B : Analysis
6.0 Truss Bridge Analysis 7 – 14
PART C : Model
7.0 Procedure 15 – 17

8.0 Recommendation 18
9.0 Conclusion 19
10.0 References 20
1.0 INTRODUCTION

The bridge is a structure built to cross gaps or obstacles such as rivers, railroads or
highways. It was built to allow the passage of pedestrians, motorists or train over the obstacles.
There are many different designs of the bridges which is also depending the function of the
bridge. Most of the bridges we see at present is built using materials either wood or metal.

In our project, we were directed to build a truss bridge. Truss bridge is a type of bridge
whose main element is a truss which is a structure of connected elements that form triangular
units. The connected elements (typically straight) may be stressed from tension, compression,
or sometimes both in response to dynamic loads. Truss is used because it is a very rigid
structure and it transfers the load from a single point to a much wider area. Truss bridges
appeared very early in the history of modern bridges and are economic to construct because
they use materials efficiently.

Figure 1: Example of bridge truss

1.1. Common Types Of Truss Bridges

1.1.1. Bailey truss

 Made for military to be easily combined in various configurations.

Figure 2: Example of Bailey truss

1.1.2. Bollman truss

 An all-metal truss with many independent tension elements which makes for a strong
bridge that is easy to assemble.

Figure 3: Example of Bollman truss

1.1.3. Burr Arch truss

 A combination of an arch and truss which gives a strong and rigid bridge.

Figure 4: Example of Burr Arch truss

1.1.4. Howe truss
 Has vertical elements and diagonals that slope up towards the centre of the bridge.

Figure 5: Example of Howe truss

1.1.5. K truss
 Has one vertical member and two oblique members in each panel (which form a letter
“K”).

Figure 6: Example of K truss

1.1.6. Pratt truss

 Has vertical members and diagonals that slope downward to the centre. It is a variant
commonly used for railroad bridges.

Figure 7: Example of Pratt truss

2.0. PROBLEM STATEMENT

The Task: Analysis and model the bridge. Students are required to complete the
assessment by 3 parts:

A. Part A: Layout and Design

 The bridge layout and design are demonstrated.

Figure 8: Example of Group Project truss

B. Part B: Analysis

 The bridge will loaded by 10 kg weight at point A and B.

 Analysis of the bridge is to determine the internal force of the truss and the deflection
of the truss.
 Calculations are done for analysis of structure.

C. Part C: Model

 Model the truss bridge is based on you been design and analysis.
 The model should be made from satay stick.
 The truss bridge is modelled and has been tested.
3.0.MATERIALS
Apparatus and material Diagram

Satay stick

Cutter

Glue (3 seconds)

Thread

Ruler

Pencil
4.0.METHODOLOGY

Sketch the design of bridges

Prepare the design of bridges

Calculate the force of the bridge that has been chosen.

Prepare the material that provided to build up the

bridge.

Start to build up the bridge with measure the satay

stick according to the measurement that given.

Analyse the bridge that have been build.

Preparing the report and slide.

5.0.DIMENSION OF THE BRIDGE

6.0.TRUSS BRIDGE ANALYSIS

Specimen of the truss bridge. By assuming that the truss bridge has pin support at A and roller
support at B.
 1) TRUSS CLASSIFICATION

Member, m = 14, Joint, j = 8 , Support Reaction, r = 3

14 = 2(8) – 3

14 = 16 - 3

14 > 13 .... so the truss is statically indeterminate with 1𝑠𝑡 degree of indeterminacy.
(Internally Redundant)

r=3

3 = 3 .... Externally Redundant, OK!

2) INTERNAL FORCE (N)

A. Real Forces, F’ without Redundant
a. Analysis for 10KG of load, Load will be divided into Two point, which the load became 5 kg.
Load = 5 kg = 49.05 N
b. Member EC was removed and Force, F’ will be determining as below.

‘+’ = Compression (C) , ‘-‘ = Tension (T)

-73.58 (C)

53.14 (C)
49.05 (T)
49.05 (T)

HA = 0

73.58 (T) 73.58 (T) 73.58

(T)
VA = VD =
49.05 49.05
N N
⸫ All the member analysis by using Alternate Method except member at Joint G and H.
Calculation by using Joint Method at Point G
 𝐹𝐺𝐸 = −63.87 𝑁 (C)

49.05

32.7 𝐹𝐺𝐵 = 24.56 𝑁 (T)

𝐹𝐺𝐴 = 58.95 𝑁 (𝐶)

∑ 𝑓𝑥 = 0 ∑ 𝑓𝑦 = 0
225 225 150 150
73.575 + 𝐹𝐺𝐸 ( ) + 𝐹𝐺𝐵 ( ) = 0 [1] 49.05 + 𝐹𝐺𝐸 ( ) = 𝐹𝐺𝐵 ( ) [2]
270.42 270.42 270.42 270.42

88.43 + 𝐹𝐺𝐸 = 𝐹𝐺𝐵 [3]

Sub. [3] into [1]
225 225
73.575 + 𝐹𝐺𝐸 ( ) + (88.43 + 𝐹𝐺𝐸 ) ( )=0
270.42 270.42
𝐹𝐺𝐸 = −88.43 𝑁
𝐹𝐺𝐵 = 0 𝑁

⸫ F’ at Joint H is same.
B. Virtual Forces, μ
To determine Virtual Forces, μ all the external force was remode and the virtual a unit load is
applied at member EC.
-0.7071
-0.7071
-0.7071

0 -0.7071
 C. Table of Reaction of the Truss

𝜇2 L
Member Length,L (mm) F' (N) μ F μ L (Nmm) (mm) 𝐹 = 𝐹′ + 𝐹𝐸𝐶 μ

AB 450 73.58 0 0.00 0.00 73.58

BC 300 73.58 -0.7071 -15608.53 150.00 63.42

CD 450 73.58 0 0.00 0.00 73.58

EF 300 -73.58 -0.7071 15608.53 150.00 -83.74

BE 300 49.05 -0.7071 -10404.98 150.00 38.89

CF 300 49.05 -0.7071 -10404.98 150.00 38.89

AG 270.42 -88.43 0 0.00 0.00 -88.43

DH 270.42 -88.43 0 0.00 0.00 -88.43

GE 270.42 -88.43 0 0.00 0.00 -88.43

HF 270.42 -88.43 0 0.00 0.00 -88.43

GB 270.42 0 0 0.00 0.00 0.00

HC 270.42 0 0 0.00 0.00 0.00

FB 424.26 0 1 0.00 424.26 14.37

EC 424.26 0 1 0.00 424.26 14.37

∑F μ L = - ∑ 𝜇2 L =
20 809.95 1448.51

By assuming the area, A and Young Modulus, E, is constant,

∑F μL −20 809.95
𝐹𝐸𝐶 = − ∑ 𝜇2 L
=− 1448.51
= 14.37 N
 D. Real Force, F with Redundant

-83.74 (C)

38.89 (T)
38.89 (T)
HA = 0
73.58 (T) 63.42 (T) 73.58 (T)

VA = VD =
49.05 49.05
N N
 3) DISPLACEMENT (mm)
A. Real Forces, K’ without Redundant
a. Analysis for 10KG of load, Load will be divided into Two point, which the load became 5 kg.
Load = 5 kg = 49.05 N
b. Member EC was removed and Force, K’ will be determining as below.

‘+’ = Compression (C) , ‘-‘ = Tension (T)

-0.75(C)

53.14 (C)

0.5 (T)
0.5 (T)

HA = 0 0.75(T) 0.75(T) 0.75(T)

450mm 300mm 450 mm
(T)
VA = 0.5 0.5 VD =
0.5 N 0.5 N

⸫ All the member analysis by using Alternate Method except member at Joint G and H.
Calculation by using Joint Method at Point G

𝐾𝐺𝐸 = −0.901 𝑁 (C)

0.5

0.75 𝐾𝐺𝐵 = 0 𝑁 (T)

𝐾𝐺𝐴 = 58.95 𝑁 (𝐶)

∑ 𝑓𝑥 = 0 ∑ 𝑓𝑦 = 0
225 225 150 150
0.75 + 𝐾𝐺𝐸 ( ) + 𝐾𝐺𝐵 ( )=0 0.5 + 𝐾𝐺𝐸 ( ) = 𝐾𝐺𝐵 ( )
270.42 270.42 270.42 270.42

225 225 150 150

𝐾𝐺𝐸 ( ) + 𝐾𝐺𝐵 ( ) = −0.75 0.5 = 𝐾𝐺𝐵 ( ) − 𝐾𝐺𝐸 ( )
270.42 270.42 270.42 270.42

𝐾𝐺𝐵 =0 , 𝐾𝐺𝐸 = - 0.901

 B. Table of Reaction of the Truss

Member Length,L (mm) K’ μ K’ μ L (Nmm) 𝜇 2 L (mm) 𝐾 = 𝐾′ + 𝐹𝐸𝐶 μ

AB 450 0.75 0 0.00 0.00 0.75

BC 300 0.75 -0.7071 -159.10 150.00 0.65

CD 450 0.75 0 0.00 0.00 0.75

EF 300 -0.75 -0.7071 159.10 150.00 -0.85

BE 300 0.5 -0.7071 -106.07 150.00 0.40

CF 300 0.5 -0.7071 -106.07 150.00 0.40

AG 270.42 -0.901 0 0.00 0.00 -0.90

DH 270.42 -0.901 0 0.00 0.00 -0.90

GE 270.42 -0.901 0 0.00 0.00 -0.90

HF 270.42 -0.901 0 0.00 0.00 -0.90

GB 270.42 0 0 0.00 0.00 0.00

HC 270.42 0 0 0.00 0.00 0.00

FB 424.26 0 1 0.00 424.26 0.15

EC 424.26 0 1 0.00 424.26 0.15

∑KμL = ∑ 𝜇2 L =
-212.13 1448.51

By assuming the area, A and Young Modulus, E, is constant,

∑K μ L −212.13
𝐹𝐸𝐶 = − 2
=− = 0.15
∑𝜇 L 1448.51
C. Table of Displacement at Joint B and C of the Bridge
FKL Area,A (mm2) E (N/mm2) AE (N) FKL/AE
Member
AB 24833.25 54 5000 0.09
270000
BC 12299.59 54 5000 0.05
270000
CD 24833.25 54 5000 0.09
270000
EF 21442.58 18 5000 0.24
90000
BE 4625.52 18 5000 0.05
90000
CF 4625.52 18 5000 0.05
90000
AG 21545.83 18 5000 0.24
90000
DH 21545.83 18 5000 0.24
90000
GE 21545.83 18 5000 0.24
90000
HF 21545.83 18 5000 0.24
90000
GB 0.00 18 5000 0.00
90000
HC 0.00 18 5000 0.00
90000
FB 892.61 18 5000 0.01
90000
EC 892.61 18 5000 0.01
90000
∆FKL/AE =
1.55

Therefore, the increment of displacement at joint B and C is 1.55 mm

 7.0.PROCEDURE

Material’s needed to make stick bridge trusses

3 second gum
(5 bottle)

Stick (300
pcs)

Cuttuer and
Masking tape

A. Procedure of making stick bridge trusses

STEP FIGURE DISCRIPTION

1

After design the bridge, we cut

to make a set of member with
specific measurement.

Every member was placed

perfectly at the accurate place
before gum.
3

Clipped the member in a

minute which already gum to
makesure the joint completely
sticky with each member.

The verticality for the member

must in 90 degree to prevent
the joint easily fragile during
test.

Finally, finished design our

stick bridge truses and
makesure the total weight not
more than 300g as per
instruction given from Dr.
B. Procedure load test

STEP FIGURE DISCRIPTION

1

The counterweight hanged at

the specific distance as per
instruction.

Your bridge must get

maximum accommodate load
10kg and our team got 12kg
for the maximum load.

The failure was determined

after done the load test.

A minute of discussion was

created to finalise about the
failure at our stick bridge
truses to make a discussion in
our report.
8.0.RECOMMENDATION
There are the recommendations about how to make bridge more strength to hold the load.

 The arrangement of satay sticks.

The bridge only has double sticks for the truss while for the base we have four satay stick
combine together. When the testing bridge conducted, we can see the bending of the truss. This
bending make the bridge have more deflection. This deflection will affect the joint.

 The construction of joints.

Using the wood glue are really suitable glue for these construction. The construction of the
joint actually looks good but only two joint having poor construction. The two joints are the
factors why the bridge fails. The truss bend and detached from the joint.

 Height of the bridge.

The bridge with low height will decrease the potential of the rotational of the bridge.
9.0.CONCLUSION

As a conclusion, there have some factors that need to take it seriously if we want to
design the bridge. The one of the factors is the design of bridge. The initial plans are prepared
regarding the project, including the characteristics of the desired bridge, the site details, and
the requirement of resources.

Besides that, testing of the design bridge also important to know the ability of bridge
to bear the load or weight capacity that will using the bridge. Since bridge construction is an
expensive project, it is essential that all necessary tests may be conducted prior to the actual
construction. These tests and investigations can reveal the bridge behaviour under different
dynamic loads. Computer aided design and testing are powerful tools that must be used to
assist in the bridge design. Bridge design has benefited considerably due to the growth of
computer programs. Such computer programs reveal immense information concerning the
effect of different forces being applied on a bridge.

Last but not least, selection of materials is very important in bridge construction, as in
any structural project. The good material will make the bridge more durable and strong. For
example wooden road bridges and walk bridges. Today, wooden bridges life span is expanded
by treating the wood with chemicals. These bridges will still eventually rot and are limited by
their lack of strength. Wooden decking was easily destroyed by animal hooves at one time, and
today traffic and snow plough blades can quickly wear the deck. Besides not being weather
proof, wooden bridges can burn. Many communities or areas have experienced more than an
inconvenience when local bridges have burned due to lightening, accidents or even vandalism.
10.0. REFERENCES

Static and Mechanics of Materials, R.C. Hibbeler, published in 2011 by Prentice Hall

Strutural Analysis, Menon Devdas, published by Oxford: Alpha Science in 2008.

http://www.deldot.gov/archaeology/historic_pres/bridges/pdf/context/context_ch3_1.pdf

http://thenextgalaxy.com/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-truss-bridges/
 11.0. APPENDICES

APPENDIX 1
MINUTE OF MEETING 1/2018
BRIDGE ANALYSIS AND MODEL PROJECT
FACULTY OF CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

DATE : 14th NOVEMBER 2018 (WEDNESDAY)

TIME : 05.00 PM – 05.30 PM
PLACE : BK-E8, Block G3, UTHM

Presents:
1. Muhammad Ruzain Bin Hamidon
2. Mohamad Al-Zaim Bin Omar
3. Siti Zaharah Binti Azhari
4. Ahmad Haziq Bin Mohamad Akhradzi
5. Mior Muhamad Hazim B. Zainal Abidin
Member Apologies : (NONE)
NO SUBJECT ACTION FEEDBACK

1.0 CHAIRPERSON ADRESS

a. Greetings to all members a. Analyze content of Go through
b. Project briefing on format and term project required. design of bridge
c. Appointing organization Chart b. Dividing work

2.0 PAPER PRESENTATION

a. Types of bridge is briefly explore a. Brain-storming for Ideas accepted.
together with the members type of bridge will
b. The materials for bridge are listed be choosen.
b. Buy all material
listed
3.0 CLOSING
All members were reminded about their Members agreed Closing in
part and the next peogress will be present satisfactionary.
by next meeting that will be held on 21st
November 2018.

Prepared by: Approved by:

(Siti Zaharah Binti Azhari) (Muhammad Ruzain Hamidon)

Secretary Chairperson
 APPENDIX 2

MINUTE OF MEETING 2/2018

BRIDGE ANALYSIS AND MODEL PROJECT
FACULTY OF CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

DATE : 21th NOVEMBER 2018 (WEDNESDAY)

TIME : 05.00 PM – 07.30 PM
PLACE : BESTARI RESIDENTIAL COLLEGE, UTHM

Presents:
1. Muhammad Ruzain Bin Hamidon
2. Mohamad Al-Zaim Bin Omar
3. Siti Zaharah Binti Azhari
4. Ahmad Haziq Bin Mohamad Akhradzi
5. Mior Muhamad Hazim B. Zainal Abidin
Member Apologies : (NONE)
NO SUBJECT ACTION FEEDBACK

1.0 CHAIRPERSON ADRESS

a. Greetings to all members a. Dividing work Comparing Manual
b. Manual calculation vs Linpro b. Analyse truss using Calculation with
Software Linpro software Linpro Data Software

2.0 PAPER PRESENTATION

a. Methodology and Appratus a. Brain-storming for
making the bridge. the procedure before
making the bridge
b. Model and Prototype b. Prototype made first Ideas accepted.
for determined
amount of loaded to
fail
3.0 CLOSING
All members were reminded about Members agreed Closing in
their part and the next peogress will be satisfactionary.
on 28th November 2018.

Prepared by: Approved by:

(Siti Zaharah Binti Azhari) (Muhammad Ruzain Hamidon)

Secretary Chairperson
 APPENDIX 3

MINUTE OF MEETING 3/2018

BRIDGE ANALYSIS AND MODEL PROJECT
FACULTY OF CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

DATE : 28th NOVEMBER 2018 (WEDNESDAY)

TIME : 02.00 PM - 06.30 PM
PLACE : BESTARI RESIDENTIAL COLLEGE, UTHM

Presents:
1. Muhammad Ruzain Bin Hamidon
2. Mohamad Al-Zaim Bin Omar
3. Siti Zaharah Binti Azhari
4. Ahmad Haziq Bin Mohamad Akhradzi
5. Mior Muhamad Hazim B. Zainal Abidin
Member Apologies : (NONE)
NO SUBJECT ACTION FEEDBACK
1.0 CHAIRPERSON ADRESS
a. Greetings to all members a. Loaded test on prototype has
b. Prototype bridge test been determined 10kg
c. Making actual Model b. Making the actual bridge Ideas accepted
d. Report c. Dividing works for report
2.0 PAPER PRESENTATION
a. Making Actual Model a. Brain-storming for the
b. Prepare for report procedure before making the
bridge
b. Making the actual bridge- 4 Ideas accepted.
pieces satay stick for each
members
c. Take all pictures of bridge and
all steps of procedure are
listed
3.0 CLOSING
All members were reminded Members agreed Closing in
about their part and the satisfactionary.
presentation will be held on
week 13.

Prepared by: Approved by:

(Siti Zaharah Binti Azhari) (Muhammad Ruzain Hamidon)

Secretary Chairperson