A. Logic i. What is Logic? – The study of the methods and principles used to distinguish correct from incorrect reasoning B. PROPOSITION i. Propositions - An assertion that something is (or is not) the case - All proposition are either true or false - May be affirmed or denied -If a proposition is true, then we say it has a truth value of “true”; if a proposition is false, its truth value is “False”. Examples: “Grass is green” and “2 + 5 = 5” ii. Statement - The meaning of a declarative sentence at a particular time - In Logic, the word “statement” is sometimes used instead of “propositions” - An argument consists of premises and a conclusion. Premises and conclusions are sentences that claim certain things. They can be either true or false. Such sentences are called statements. Examples: “Today is Monday” and “This book is expensive” - Sentences that are neither true, nor false cannot be statements Examples: “Close the door” and “You must read this book” iii. Simple Proposition (Atomic proposition) - A proposition making only one assertion. - They cannot be further subdivided Example: “The sun is shining” iv. Compound Proposition - A proposition containing two or more simple propositions - Expressions built out of atomic propositions and logical connectives - Containing other propositions within themselves Example: “The sun is shining and the sky is blue” v. Disjunctive (or Alternative) Proposition - A type of compound proposition which presents two or more alternatives of which one may be true. - If true, at least one of the component proposition must be true - Its members are linked by the conjunctions “either…or” Kinds of Disjunctive Proposition 1. Strict Disjunctive – one in which only one member is true and the other is false. Example: “Either he is an angel or a devil”. 2. Broad Disjunctive – one in which one member or more than one member may be true. Example: “Either Ana or Karen will pass the exam” vi. Hypothetical (or Conditional) Proposition - A type of compound proposition which expresses a condition or relation of dependence between two propositions. - Expressed relation points out that one proposition necessarily follows from the other because of a definite condition. - It is false only when the antecedent is true and the consequent is false. -Note that a conditional proposition is one in which two parts are joined by if, unless, when, where, suppose, in case. - Sometimes called an if-then proposition; Antecedent and Consequent Examples: “If a man is farsighted, he needs eyeglasses” “If dry weather continues, the harvest will be poor” vii. Conjunctive Proposition - A type of compound proposition, asserting the conjunction of two proposition is equivalent to asserting each of the component propositions themselves; both propositions asserted are equivalent. Example: “The British were at the gates of Hamburg and Bremen” – Conjunction of two propositions namely: “The British were at the gates of Hamburg” and “The British were at the gates of Bremen”