c o h e r e

COHERE

Architectural Design Studio

RVCA | BArch15B
CREDIBILITY Contents
Syllabus 
Introduction - Climate Responsive Architecture 
Cohere
Core Content 
Volume 1
Transects and Classification 
2018
RV College of Architecture
C OA S TA L
This book is a documentation and research published as a GEOGRAPHY Climate 
part of Architctural Design Studio of 2018 in RV College of Hydrology 4
Architecture, Bangalore Topography 3
Geology 5
Research and Publication under the guidance of
Diya Banerjee Vegetation 6
Govind Rao Wildlife 7
Raji Sunderkrishnan DEMOGRAPHY Religion / Caste 8
Swetha Gowri Occupation 9
Agriculture 9
All information unless cited are primarily documented by Migration 9
7-B, B.Arch Batch of 2015 of RV College of Architecture. Education 9
Gratitude towards the seniors and the post graduate students Tradition- Culture
for their previous studies which were referred to during the ISSUES E COLOGIC AL
research and publication. Efforts are made to authentically
source all the photographs and data referred to. Forest Encroachment 9
Frequent Fires 9
Composition Landfill Crisis 9
Keerthana Vivin, Ketan Naidu, Kirthan Shekar, Krishna Mangrove Depletion 9
Vamsi, Madhuri Sharma, N Srishti Prabakar, Namitha
Marine Food Web 9
Gurumurthy, Neha Harish, Niriksha R Kadur, Paarth Agrawal,
Pravani Pagadala,Ravi Kiran, Sachin Gola, Sumanth,Sadhvi Biomagnification 9
Chandrakesari Coral Depletion 9
S O C I O - C U LT U R A L
Layout and Cover Impact of Modern Practices 9
Kirthan Shekar, Neha Harish
Communal Tension 9
Brief and Introduction Netravati River Diversion Project 9
Swetha Gowri SETTLEMENT PATTERNS Reason for Settlement 9
Cluster Patterrns 9
Print Principles of Organisation 9
Kapricorn Prints, Sangam Circle, JP Nagar, Bangalore
Architectural Elements 9
Cohere , vol 1, RVCA B.Arch15B, 2018
W E S TE RN G H AT S ISSUES Cauvery Water Conflict
Fall of Channapatna Toys
GEOGRAPHY Climate
Wildlife Poisoning in Mysore
Hydrology
Water Contamination
Topography
Pesticide Poisoning among farmers
Vegetation
Market infrastructure for farmers
Wildlife
Unplanned development of Bangalore
Geology
SETTLEMENT PATTERNS Growth of Bangalore
DEMOGRAPHY Religion / Caste
Settlement along Mysore Mandya corridor
Occupation
Housing tytpologies in Melukote, Mandya
Agriculture and Plantations
Architectural Typologies of Mysore
Migration
Tibetan Settlement
Education
Tradition- Culture
HOT A N D D RY
ISSUES ECOLOGIC AL
GEOGRAPHY Climate
Mining
Soil
Kodagu Floods
Water Source
HCPL
Vegetation
Hydrology and Power Projects
DEMOGRAPHY Religion / Caste
Forest Encroachment
Occupation
Endangerment of Medicinal Species
Literacy
Deforestation and Depletion
Population
S O C I O - C U LT U R A L
ISSUES Water
Impact of Excess Tourism 9
Political
Communal Tension Instances 9
Climate
Impact on Local / Indigeonous People 9
SETTLEMENT PATTERNS Yadgir- Housing Typology
SETTLEMENT PATTERNS Reason for Settlement 9
Chitradurga - Housing Typology
Cluster Patterrns 9
Principles of Organisation 9
Architectural Elements 9
M O D E R AT E
GEOGRAPHY Climate 9
Hydrology 9
Topography 9
Geology 9
Vegetation 9
Agriculture 9
DEMOGRAPHY Census 9
Tradition- Culture 9

OBJECTIVE:
To enable the students to integrate design with history, theory, building construction and material
science in a more informed way.
OUTLINE:
To understand the role of built environments of increasing complexity by:
a) Intrinsic factors: Size, volume, levels, functional spaces or zones, structural possibilities
b) External factors: site, approach, traffic, ecology, services
c) Constraints: bye-laws, budget, ideology, attitudes
d) Create an ‘ Identity’ to the Campus through integration of the above.
MODES OF STUDY:
The aim of the studio is to explore STRUCTURING: structuring of a research or a case study,
structuring of the program, spatial structuring and informal structuring.
Structuring of research:
Case studies, reading material and site studies have to be a directed exercise with the involvement
of tutors where visiting the project of concern would be of utmost importance. This studio is also
about how one organizes research. It should be mandatory to use analytical models, diagrams to
understand the chosen case study in terms of Design Intent, site and spatial structuring. There
needs to be emphasis on Graphical consistency and legibility of the study. It is recommended to
add a reading list as part of the studio to further enrich this discussion about institutions. Once
a week, students could be asked to present the case studies and selected readings to the class.
Structuring program:
Studying requirements from various point of views which include relationship between
requirements and values, requirements and phenomenology, area of the site and functional area
requirements, issues of public and private domains, open and closed spaces, interrelationship
between the various components, formal and informal, service requirements, relationship
between whole and the part, requirement and climate etc. information resulting from this
exercise becomes the individual’s program for the project which can then lead to structuring of
space.
PROJECTS
a). One major project and one minor/time project to be tackled in the semester. Institutional
projects like facilities of higher learning, such as, Engineering college campus, medical college
campus, management institute campus, hotel management institute, Law college campus, Dental
college campus, Nursing college campus, Juvenile Correction Centre, etc.
b). The minor project could include a case study documentation of the project proposed for the
design intervention. This work could be done in a group and as part of its findings shall be an
outline program to be a major project.
Syllabus
In view of the current urban contexts where land is precious and resources are scarce, the
project could also be institutional buildings on a small urban plot, on multiple levels and still
engage with its context and establish an environment within that captures the essential nature of
an institution. However, Project selection is left to the discretion of the tutors.
Project work could be done in 5 stages of activity jointly with research and analysis.
1. Introduction to the initial design parameters which include choice of:
a. Geography/situation (context)
b. Constraints (bye-laws, budget, ideology, attitudes, etc.)
2. Spatial structuring: To understand spatial structuring as a set of logical operations after an
analytical understanding of the site, surroundings, program and intent expressing diversity of
program and its resulting spatial variety and the relationship between the built and the unbuilt
established through movement systems ,linkages and nodes etc.
3. Informal structuring: Architecture is an integrative discipline. Establishment of a structure
enables reverse integration with other subjects where the students look beyond their studio
offering a mechanism to observe the surroundings and document it, understand history and
theory analytically, integrate design with building construction, climatic, environmental and
material science in a more informed way.
4. The design exercise shall focus on ideas of scale, engagement (social, economic, political),
hierarchy, public/private space, and challenge the students to reflect on these as part of the
design development. The emphasis should be to establishing these larger goals as part of the
discussion on the nature of an institution.
5. Goal of the studio shall be to see the architect as instigator - defining the nature of engagement
with the city, through the articulation of the program and its relationship with the context. Studio
must provoke students to define clearly their agenda and to think of architecture as an active,
live engagement rather than a passive and inert one. By having students spell out a hypothesis it
then doesn’t matter what the type is. This prepares the students to frame a series of questions
to address the problem at hand.

PROBLEM:
We started off the studio with two parallel discussions: one was to enquire into the themes
presented in the syllabus such as “Meta Architecture” and “Performative Surfaces” and the other
was to confront each of our personal position on Climate Change and how the impending
apocalypse is not arriving tomorrow, we are in it, breathing its air.
The latter conversation resulted in a lot of personal stories being shared and corresponding
connections and disconnections with events in our larger world; stories of growing up in the
village and foraging for greens, and how that relates to the epidemic of malnourishment in rural
India; stories of craft, of using objects made by hand and how the ubiquitous plastic has replaced
everything of such value; stories about farmers dying, famine and debt in villages and how in the
cities there’s never a dearth of grains and groceries in neatly packaged plastic bags; stories about
young, uneducated road-workers in Leh, chipping away at mountains and the social inequity
between rural and urban India; stories about beauty and waste.
We collectively decided that this had to be addressed and explored in terms of Architecture:
the implications and possibilities. What can Architecture become when we look at it through the
window of such stories.
PROCESS:
The studio started with physical geography; of understanding where we are. 9 transects were
taken through the Deccan Plateau, especially focusing on Karnataka and looking at the terrain
across the transects from coast to the inland. Important towns were identified along the
transects and the respective climate and socio-cultural context was studied. What emerged
when we looked at the smattering of towns and cities along the 9 transects were 4 distinct
climatic zones, the Coastal, Ghats, Moderate and Hot-Dry. As the study evolved for each of the
respective zones, serious ecological and social concerns also emerged. A broad outline for the
program was evolved from these issues for each of the zones.
METHOD:
The studio was divided into 4 groups based on the 4 distinct climate zones and specific
sites, approximately 10 acres each, were chosen in each of these climate zones for the final
Architectural Intervention.
SITE:
Coastal Zone: A site between Kumta and Gokarna
Ghats: A site in Madikeri
Moderate: A site in Nandi Hills
Hot and Dry: A site in Gulbarga district
Introduction
PROGRAM:
The issues that emerged for each of the Climate zones were crystallized into an Area Program
(~8000sqm) with a central Research Component (“Institution”) and a substantial Community
Component and a Tourism Component.
Coastal Zone: Marine Ecosystem Research Center
Ghats: Hydrology and Ecosystem Management Center
Moderate: Recycling and Waste Management Research Center
Hot and Dry: Agricultural Research and Water Management Resource Center
PRODUCTION:
Throughout the semester there was equal emphasis on Group work as well as Individual work.
The studio started with trying to understand the macro-scale impact of anthropogenic events;
with a large research component focusing on regionally-relevant ecological and social issues
pertaining to Climate Change and Urbanization. The design agenda emerged only in the 6th
week of Studio and started with developing the program for their intervention. This was done in
groups of 4 based on the climate zones.
After the Mid-Semester Review, we started again with group work, this time exploring Climate
responsive attitudes toward the Site and Architecture at the micro-scale of the specific sites
and the intended intervention. Relevant architectural construction techniques pertaining to the
specific Climate zones were documented (sourced from Vernacular precedents and contemporary
experiments); systems and materials for walls, fenestration, roofing and flooring were explored.
The specific sites in each zone were investigated in layers of ecology, hydrology and vegetation in
order to construe a framework for intervening in the site (and experiencing the site).
The expectation after the group study was that these would be applied and adapted to each of
the individual designs resulting in unique variations based on conceptual and contextual iterations
by each of the students. The last few weeks of the semester were dedicated to developing the
individual Designs responding to the respective context and exploring materials and detail.
 Core Content

Ideas are motive driven. Motive is well established with intention. Intention is
planned out to serve the prevalent circumstances. Approaches in education are
often driven by end motives that serve the idealistic brain and mind operations.
We often forego the layer of “human” in order to achieve all pre-planned
aspirations. The understanding that architectural motive is, in the present
day, mono-driven and uni-controlled brings alarming attention to the actual
applicability to all things educational and experimental. The dire need of this
changing world emerges from the thorough understanding of the present human
activities and its outreaching impacts on the future. We are no more looking at
a static progression of today’s direct effects but a dynamic implication of our
actions on our multidimensional futures. This forms the impetus for awareness
through research which then provides a strong foundation to all intended motive.
Architecture, at the end of the day, must serve man but not at the cost of serving
nature. Through this volume of Part I of the book, the intention for exploration
is through of eyes of the changing world, its needs and demands with an underlay
of climatic responsive techniques largely connecting man back nature. This well-
equipped mind set must be what drives architecture - a collective correlation
between intention and its sub rooting with comprehensive understanding.
 Coastal Plains
Settlement
Geography Pg 26 Demography Pg 26 Issues Pg 26
Patterns Pg 26

Landform of coastal Communities and Impact of Modern Geographic Influence on

Karnataka Occupation Practices Settlement Patterns

Pg 26 Pg 26 Pg 26 Pg 26

The vegetation type most Agriculture Communal Tension The range of communities
observed in the coastal. forming different edges
Pg 26 Pg 26
Pg 26 Pg 26

The geology of the Migration and Influence Netravati River Diversion Clustering Patterns
coastal mostly consists of Project observed
laterite Pg 26
Pg 26 Pg 26
Pg 26

Traditional Art Elements of Architecture

Pg 26 Pg 26
 Geography Climate

Coastal Plains
Climate in this very day’s context is the most alarming component of debate. The effects and
repercussions that it carries within itself are the key elements to focus upon with question
of architecture relating to its climate. The focus then shifts to the responsibilities that one
must execute with relating architecture to not just the immediate micro climate but also to
Karwar the everchanging macro climate.

With talks about global warming becoming the forefront of discussions, architecture that is
Honnavar synonymous to climate change becomes the impetus for responsible adaptation. Living as a
culture has to change with the changing dynamics of mother Nature, without which the next
Gokarna topic of debate will be peril.

The climatic conditions of the coastal plains of Karnataka is heavily masked by its identifying
Bhatkal characteristics of heat and humidity.The Tropical monsoon climate covers the entire coastal
belt and adjoining areas. The climate in this region is hot with excessive rainfall during the
Murudeshwar monsoon season i.e., June to September. The southern half of the State experiences hot,
seasonally dry tropical savana climate while most of the northern half experiences hot, semi-
Kundapura arid, tropical steppe type of climate. The climate of the State varies with the seasons. The
winter season from January to February is followed by summer season from March to May.
The period from October to December forms the post-monsoon season. The period from
Udupi October to March, covering the post-monsoon and winter seasons, is generally pleasant
over the entire State except during a few spells of rain associated with north-east monsoon
Malpe which affects the south-eastern parts of the State during October to December. The months
April and May are hot, very dry and generally uncomfortable. Weather tends to be oppressive
Manipal during June due to high humidity and temperature. The next three months (July, August
and September) are somewhat comfortable due to reduced day temperature although the
humiciities continue to be very high. The local variations along the coast line is evident as
Karkala one comes down from the Gulf to the peninsular tip. Karnataka as a region is influenced
by the hot summers and mild winters with maximum temperatures in the range of 30-34
Mangalore degrees and minimum temperatures of 20-22 degrees. The humidity aspect of the region is
strongly felt during the summers and the monsoons when percentages reach upto 90-95,
owing to an annual precipitation of around 400mm.

Top graph corresponding to maximum tempertaure, minimum temperature and

average temperature of the different regions in coastal karnataka
Middle graph corresponding to the average annual rainfall in coastal karnataka
KH[H JVSSLJ[LK MYVT ¸*SPTH[L +H[H -VY *P[PLZ
>VYSK^PKL  *SPTH[L+H[H6YN¹ ,U*SPTH[L
Bottom left aghanashini estuary
+H[H6YNLUJSPTH[LKH[HVYN
Bottom center the paddy fields in gokarna

 Karnataka 
Geography Hydrology

Coastal Plains
The people of the coastal plains of Karnataka quite sumptuous rely on the abundant
sources of water reserves that the area is bestowed with. The rivers that originate in
the mountains of the Western Ghats, take prominence as they reach the coast prior to
joining the sea. The five major rivers of Uttara Kannada, namely, Bedthi (Bedti / Gangavalli),
Karwar Aganashini (Tadri), Varda, Sharavathi and Kali form the major sources of drainage system
while flowing from West through the district into the Arabian Sea.
Honnavar

Gokarna The presence of huge water reserves feed the groundwater and aquifers augmenting the
water table level. This resource is tapped into by the locals with their use of wells and
Bhatkal borewells. The heavy rainfall also is carefully collected with their systems of tanks in the
area.

Murudeshwar

Kundapura

Udupi

Malpe

Manipal

Karkala

Mangalore

Top map of the principal aquifers in the region

Right1 hydrology map of the coastal
Bottom Right 2 key map with labels.

 Karnataka 
 Coastal Plains
Geography

Karwar

Honnavar

Gokarna

Bhatkal

Murudeshwar

Kundapura

Udupi

Malpe

Manipal

Karkala

Mangalore

Top Left koti teertha, gokarna, karnataka

Top Right underground well, brahmin residence, gokarna,
karnataka
Right aghanashini river

 Karnataka 
 Topography

Coastal Plains
Geography

The coastal plains of Karnataka, also called the Karavalli coast, is a vast stretch of 320km
along the western edge of the Indian peninsula giving life to a number of natural features
that sing character to the region. The high degree of variation in the differing altitudes
gives rise to the small plateaus and the huge expanses of the plains. Steep cliffs and
undulated landscape that flow down from the Western ghats gives the Karnataka coast
Karwar its differentiating quality, when compared to the relatively low lying and mostly evened-
out coasts above and below it.
Honnavar
Encompassing the Uttar Kannada and Dakshin Kannada districs of Karnataka, elevation
of the Karavalli coast is less than 300 msl and is torrentially exposed to the south
Gokarna Westerlies, that bring heavy rain to the region during the monsoon months of July-
October.
Bhatkal

Murudeshwar

Kundapura

Udupi

Malpe

Manipal

Karkala

Mangalore

Above The aghanashini estuary landform.

Bottom Right Key map
Right Topography map showing the terrain of the coastal region.

 Karnataka 
 Coastal Plains
Left The landform of the karwar
estuary
Top Karwar landfrom
Bottom gokarna beach landform.

 Karnataka 
 Geography Vegetation

Coastal Plains
Due to the vast variation is topography, influenced by a high degree of rainfall and higher levels of heat,
a vast populace of vegetation thrives in accordance to this variation. The broader category is named as
semi evergreen and evergreen forests, which only pays little heed to the diverse flora and fauna that
exists within the region. Semi evergreen often merges with the evergreen and the moist deciduous
type of vegetation, and it is almost an extension of the evergreen forests of the Western ghats. With
Karwar a rainfall of 4000-5000mm supporting the vegetation, it sustains many different species of the semi-
evergreen type, namely - Cinnamomum malabaricum, Holigarna arnottiana, Dalbergia latifolia, Ficus
Honnavar spp., Pterocarpus marsupium, Aglaia roxbhurgiana; Moist deciduous - Terminalia paniculata, Terminalia
tomentosa, Xylia xylocarpa Careya arborea, Spondias spp., Tectona grandis, Lagerstroemia parviflora,
Dillenia pentagyna, Strychnos nuxvomica, Bambusa arundinaceae;
Gokarna
Dry deciduous - Acacia catechu, Sepium insigne, Anoegissus spp.,Bauhinia racemosa, Bombax ceiba. The
Bhatkal natural vegetation also supports the cultivation of food and cash crops with large expanses of land
converted into plantation fields. The Plantations include Tectona grandis, Areca catechu, Cocos nucifera,
Murudeshwar Casuarina equisetifolia, Acacia auriculiformis, Acacia nilotica, Eucalyptus spp. All the various species
then form the collective vast vegetation that thrives in the coastal plain of Karnataka.
Kundapura MANGROVES :

Udupi These are usually woody,evergreen, salt tolerant plants of soft and swampy mud of tropical sub-tropical
coastal zones preferring river mouths, lagoons and creeks. They are found in stagnant swampy coastal
Malpe waters. They have special adaptations like physiological and structural mechanisms to combat excessive
salt in the medium, special aerial root systems for support in unstable slushy substratum and for gaseous
exchange as they are anchored in anoxic water-logged conditions. They play a veryimportant role in
Manipal ecosystem functioning and are of great economic importance for fisheries. They contribute to the
stabilization of the shoreline and prevention of shore erosion. They act as barrier against storms so as
Karkala to lessen damage to coastal land and residents

Mangalore

Top Vegetation type at Gokarna, Karnataka

Right Land cover of coastal Karnataka
Bottom Right Key map


Karnataka 15
 Geography

Coastal Plains
Karwar

Honnavar

Gokarna

Bhatkal

Murudeshwar

Kundapura Top Left Acrostichum aureum

Top center Rhizophora Mucronata
Udupi Top Right Porteresia coarctata
Left Rhizophora apiculata
Malpe Middle Type of vegetation in Gokarna, Karnataka
Middle Bottom Sonneratia alba flower
Manipal Bottom Right agallocha aerial roots

Karkala

Mangalore

moist decidious forest

evergreen forest

evergreen scrub

Top paddy fields in Gokarna, Karnataka

Middle coconut plantations in Gokarna, Karnataka evergreen thickets
Right vegetation map of coastal karnataka
evergreen savana

plantation

 Karnataka 
 Geography Wildlife

Coastal Plains
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Left map of the locations of corals along

the coastal region
Middle map of pelagic birds of the coastal Right map of the marine life of the coastal
Right map of the sea turtle types

 Karnataka 
 Geography

Coastal Plains
Karwar

Honnavar

Gokarna

Bhatkal

Murudeshwar

Kundapura

Udupi Top Left Dendrophyllia ( Genus :Stony Cup Coral

Top Left Ocyceros griseus (Malabar grey hornbill)
Top Center Pseudibis papillosa (Red-naped ibis)
Malpe
Top right Pavo cristatus ( peacock,peafowl)
Manipal Middle left Macaca silenus (lion tailed macaque)
Center olive ridley turtle
Karkala Bottom left Herpestes fuscus indian brown mongoose
Bottom Right Dermochelys coriacea (leatherback turtle)
Top Center Plesiastrea versipora )
Top right Great barracuda (onakaandi)
Right Center Donax scortum,( bivalves)
Center Goldspot mullet, Liza parsia (common name
:Madle)
Bottom left Loligo duvauceli (cephalopods )
Bottom Center Carpilius convexus ( crabs)

Mangalore Bottom Right Seaweed (Dictyota dichotoma)

 Karnataka 

 Geography Geology

Coastal Plains
The constant inundation provided by the sea, ocean and the riverine systems has helped shape one of
the most ancient metamorphic rocks in India, being rich in iron and manganese. The soils of the district
are basically divided into two distinct zones based on topography; the coastal alluvial soil and the upghat
lateritic and granitic soils. Mixed lateritic soils are found in taluks of Supa, Haliyal and Mundgod, which
contains certain patches of black soil as well.The lateritic soils are highly leached, reddish brown in colour,
Karwar shallow to medium in depth and loamy in texture.The rocks types of the district could be classified
into (i) high grade schists of Sargur Group, (ii) migmatites, granites and gneisses of Peninsular Gneissic
Honnavar Complex and (iii) metal volcano-sedimentary sequence of Bababudan Group. Extensive lateritisation
during the Tertiary Quaternary period has given rise to 15-20 m thick cappings of laterite on all the
Iithounits in the district. Coastal sands and “Teri” sands are seen in the coastal plains as parallel sand
Gokarna
flats consisting of coarse sands mainly of quartz with limonite coating. These soils are found in the taluks
of Karwar, Kumta, Honnavar, Bhatkal, Sirsi and Siddapur aiding the diverse population of vegetation and
Bhatkal making way for the growing of cash and food crops for the purpose of agriculture.

Murudeshwar

Kundapura

Udupi

Malpe

Manipal

Karkala

Mangalore

 Karnataka 
Demography
Religion- Caste

Coastal Plains
Coastal Karnataka sees a strong presence of Hinduism as a general majority, except in a few regions
around Bhatkal, where there is a strong Islamic influence. Christianity and Islam are other prominent
religions.

Islam arrived in Karnataka and Kerala in the 7th century with Arab merchants trading in spices, and
Karwar these Muslims (Mappila) are predominantly found in the regions bordering Kerala. Often, the language
spoken by these communities are the vernacular influenced by Dakhni Urdu. 4.

Honnavar
Christianity arrived in Karnataka between 1500-1600 CE with the Portuguese and thus having
the strongest influence along the coast, compared to other parts of Karnataka. Mangalore has the
Gokarna largest population of Roman Catholics in Karnataka and are said to have their roots with the Goan
Catholic community who immigrated from Goa in the 17th and 18th centuries 4.. There are also
Bhatkal some Protestants found in along the coast, as a result of British missionaries’ work during the British
empire in India. However, the British conversion was voluntary and not compulsory as Portuguese
was in most cases, due to which the Protestants are less in number as compared to the Catholics
Murudeshwar
Karnataka, has a long association with Jainism, a religion that enjoyed the patronage of major historic
Kundapura kingdoms in the state such as the Western Ganga, Kadamba and Chalukya dynasties and the Hoysala
Empire. Jain influence on literature and philosophy is particularly evident. Today, Jainism is not widely
Udupi practised across the coast, but has a significant presence in Karkala and Moodbidri, which houses
historical Jain architecture of significance. 5.
Malpe
Hinduism, with it’s various local variations is seen predominantly across the coast. Udupi, Dharmasthala
Manipal and Gokarna have been important religious centres for centuries.

Karkala 5.
Devadiga, Mogaveera, Billavas, Ganigas, Bunts, Kota Brahmins, Shivalli Brahmins, Havyaka Brahmins,
Sthanika Brahmins, Goud Saraswat Brahmins, Chitpavan Brahmins, Daivadnyas are some of the
prominent castes across Coastal Karnataka. Caste and family occupations are closely interlinked,
Mangalore
as in most parts of Karnataka. The settlement cluster patterns show strong patterns of caste based
divisions and hierarchy, and usually interdependent. Several Konkani Brahmins on Goa migrated
southwards and settled in Uttara Kannada to escape forced conversations by the Portuguese.

Left : Percentage wise population 1.

Top left: Halakki Vokkaliga Tribeswoman 2.

Top Right Milagres Church, Mangalore 3.

Right Bottom: Savira Kambada Basadi, A famous Jain monument in Karkala. 4. Left 1: Population of various religious communities expressed as percentages of total population of
1. Census Survey of India-2011
2. Murthy, Keertana the region.
3. Prasad, Rakshith. https://
commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.
php?curid=12663140. Accessed on
7.10.18 5pm Hinduism Islam Christianity
4. K , Sumitha. https://cdn.karnataka.
com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/1000-
pillar-temple-moodabidri.jpg Accessed
on 7.10.18 5pm
5. Kamath, SU
A Concise History of Karnataka, 2006
6. Sastri , K.A. Nilakanta A History of
South India, From Prehistoric times to
fall of Vijayanagar, 1999

 Karnataka 
Demography

Coastal Plains
Occupation
Agriculture and Fishing form the most important occupations along the
entire coast. Bivalve Collection and Salt making are also significant sources
of economy. The Moghavira community have various fishing traditional
Karwar techniques, some of them very specific to their sub-castes.5. Tourism has
been a major economy booster as well, associated with religion related
businesses, hospitality, transportation, etc. Production of hosiery and coir
Honnavar yarns along with sericulture are also practised widely.

Gokarna The Daivadnya Brahmins of Karwar have been traditionally associated with
goldsmithing, which is on the decline today, due to the rise of growing
Bhatkal gold jewellery brands. 5. INS Kadamba is an Indian Navy base located near
Karwar, popularly called ‘Project Seabird’.
Murudeshwar
Mangalore’s economy comprises industrial, commercial, agricultural
Kundapura processing and port-related activities.

Left : Salt Pans in Udupi 1.

Several banks (some of them nationalised today) have their origins in the
Udupi
Top New Mangalore Port 2. former Dakshina Kannada district such as the Syndicate bank, Canara bank,
Karnataka Bank, Vijaya Bank and Corporation Bank.
Malpe
Bottom Left: Markets for Tourists in Gokarna 3.

Bottom Right: Daivadnya Goldsmith from Karwar 4.

Manipal

Karkala

Mangalore
1. Dey, Sandip, https://
upload.wikimedia.org/
wikipedia/commons/
thumb/9/93/Mara_Salt_Pans.
JPG/1200px-Marak_Salt_
Pans.JPG Retrieved on
08.10.18, 8AM
2. http://newmangaloreport.
gov.in:8080/images/wtwe.jpg.
Retrieved on 08.10.1, 8AM
3. S Murthy, Keertana, RVCA
4. S Kurup, Ramesh,
https://www.thehindu.
com/migration_catalog/
article11568223.
ece/alternates/
FREE_300/14MPCT-
BALADASAN-GOLDSMITH,
Retrieved on 08.10.18
5. Kamath, SU
A Concise History of
Karnataka, 2006
 Karnataka 
Demography

Coastal Plains
Left : Fishermen in Kumta, Uttara Kannada
Top Left: Fisherwomen cleaning fish at Tadadi.
Top Right: Tadadi Port, Uttara Kannada

(Photography by S. Murthy, Keertana and Sharma, Madhuri)

6 Karnataka 
 Demography
Agriculture

Coastal Plains
Agriculture forms the major occupation of the Coastal Plains. Abundant
rainfall and good soil conditions has favoured the sustainence of
Agriculture for centuries. On comparing various argricultural factors
with other districts in the state, Uttara Kannada, Udupi and Dakshina
Kannada, the 3 coastal districts usually perform well.

Karwar
The coastal cuisine relies on sea food and rice- based dishes for most
of the year. A few local vegetables are grown such as Mangalore-
Honnavar cucumbers, Ladies Fingers, Snake gourd, Bitter Gourd, etc are eaten
in the non-monsoon seasons. During the Monsoon season, various
Gokarna green vegetables like Spinach, Basle Soppu, Dantu, Kemp Dantu, etc are
consumed locally.

Bhatkal
Commercial crops like Cashew, Pepper, Areca nut, Coconut are
cultivated.
Murudeshwar

Kundapura

Udupi

Malpe

Manipal

Karkala

Mangalore

1. Dey, Sandip, https://upload.

wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/thumb/9/93/
Mara_Salt_Pans.JPG/1200px-
Marak_Salt_Pans.JPG
Retrieved on 08.10.18, 8AM
2. http://newmangaloreport.
gov.in:8080/images/wtwe.jpg.
Retrieved on 08.10.1, 8AM
3. S Murthy, Keertana, RVCA
4. S Kurup, Ramesh, https:// Left : Local ‘Kagga’ rice
www.thehindu.com/migration_
catalog/article11568223. growing in brackish
e c e / a l t e r n a t e s / waters.1.
F R E E _ 3 0 0 / 1 4 M P C T-
Top : Statistics comparing
BALADASAN-GOLDSMITH, Uttara Kannada, Udupi and Bottom clockwise:
Retrieved on 08.10.18 Dakshina Kannada with Cashew 2, .Black Pepper
5. Kamath, SU other districts of Karnataka 3.
, Areca Nut 4.,Bhatkal
A Concise History of Karnataka, Mangoes 5.,Groundnuts 6.
2006

 Karnataka 
 Demography
Migration

Karwar
Honnavar
Gokarna
Bhatkal
Murudeshwar
Kundapura
Udupi
Malpe
Manipal
Karkala
Mangalore
1. NP, Ullekh -http://www.
openthemagazine.com/article/india/a-
place-called-bhatkal Retrieved 7.10.18,
9pm
2. https://buda-honnavar.blogspot.
com/2010/08/tribes-of-uttara-kannada.
html5. Retrieved 7.10.18, 10pm
3. Mayaram, Shail; M. S. S., Pandian;
Skaria , Ajay (2005). Muslims, Dalits, and
the Fabrications of History. Ravi Dayal
Publisher. pp. 39–. ISBN 978-81-7824-
115-9.
4. T.A. West, Barbara- Encyclopedia
of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania,
Infobase Publishers, 2010
5. Uday, Savitha, https://buda-honnavar.
blogspot.com/2010/08/tribes-of-uttara-
kannada.html Retrieved 08.10.18
6. Khalid, Omar (2006). Muslims in the
Deccan: A Historical Survey. New Delhi:
Global Media Publications.
7. Green, Nile (2011). Bombay Islam:
the religious economy of the West
Indian Ocean, 1840–1915. Cambridge
University Press
 O[[WZ!^^^THWZVÄUKPHJVTTHWZ
india/india-outline-map.jpg Retrieved
10.10.18

Top Left : Maqdoom Colony, near Bhatkal’s
Jama Masjid, has several traditional houses
with Arabesque patterns, some of them
over a century old 1.
Bottom left: Trade and Migration links
between the Indian Western Coast and the
Middle-East
Coastal Plains
It is generally agreed among scholars that Middle Eastern merchants frequented the Malabar Coast,
which was the link between the West and ports of East Asia, even before Islam had been established in
Arabia. The western coast of India was the chief centre of Middle Eastern trading activities right from
at least 4th century AD and by about 7th century AD, and several West Asian merchants had taken
permanent residence in some port cites of Malabar Coast. 3.
Nawayats are migrants predominantly from Iran, who married into another trading community of
India, the Jains who had been converted to Islam more than 1,000 years ago. These groups are based
mainly in the Bhatkal, Tonse, Malpe, Kandlur. The Nawayaths belong to the Sunni Shafi’i school of Islamic
jurisprudence, unlike most Indian Muslims who generally adhere to the Sunni Hanafi school. 4.
They trace their ancestry back to the Arab and Persian traders who arrived on the Western coast of
South India during the medieval era.They are known to be one of the Zoroastrians who migrated from
Iran, while others argue that they were merchants that came from the Hadramowth region in Yemen,
following the Sunni Shafi Madhab. They have several traditions similar to that of the Parsees of India.
There is a large Nawayath diaspora community of economic migrants working in the Arab states of the
Persian Gulf. 6.
The Assadis are Arabs who were immigrants from Karbala, Iraq. They claim that they are a part of the
Banu Asad tribe. They are found in Bhatkal, Tokur, Shirva, Bolar, Udupi, Mangalore. Although they come
from a prominent Shiite tribe, they are Sunni. They claim that their ancenstors arrived in India during
the reign of Tipu Sultan. This fact may be true because Tipu Sultan also claimed ancestry from Arabia and
perhaps favored their migration.7.
The Land Reforms Act of India (1962) which intended to abolish the fuedal Zamindari system forced
many of the Brahmins, Bunts and Naadavars to lose large tracts of land causing many to migrate to
Bombay and the Middle East for work.
Halakki Vokkaligas stayed like the Nilgiri Thodas near the foothills of the Western Ghats and depended
on the Kumbri system of agriculture. When the British government banned Kumbri agriculture, they
gradually migrated to riverbanks, seashores, flatlands and started working for landlords. Many of them,
even today, work on Geni basis. Some own pieces of land after ‘tiller is the owner’ legislation was passed.
After hunting was declared illegal, they are dependant upon agriculture for their livelihood.They have
a middle position between forest and the city. Their symbolic hunt once a year and their prayer-appeal
to Byate Beera suggests their strong ancient connection with the forest and their cheerful harvesting
festival suggests that they gradually turned to agriculture. 5.
Karnataka 
 Demography

Coastal Plains
Education
Education is held with a lot of importance along the Western Coast.
The average Literacy rates across all the districts is compartively
higher than other parts of Karnataka and India with an average of
86% across the districts of Uttara Kannada, Dakshin Kannada and
Karwar Udupi which is 12% higher than the average literacy of India 1..

Honnavar Mangalore city has become one of the important educational

hubs in India. This has been attributed to the strong foundation of
Gokarna primary education laid by forefathers of undivided South Canara
district. Mangalore and Moodbidri also attracts a lot of students
at the pre-university level for quality education, directed towards
Bhatkal
competitive examinations.2. Quality professional education offered
by two districts of Dakshina Kannada and Udupi has attracted
Murudeshwar students from all over the country, especially in the fields of
Medical Sciences and Engneering.
Kundapura

Udupi

Malpe

Manipal

Karkala

Mangalore

‹ 1. Census Survey
of India-2011
‹ 2. www.
alvascollege.com/
Retrieved 10.10.18
‹ 3. www.nitk.ac.in/ Left Top: Alwa’s College,
Retrieved 10.10.18 Literacy Rates by Percentage of Total Population of selected Districts
Moodbidri, Dakshin Kannada 2.
‹ 4. www. manipal.
edu/mu/about-us. Left Middle Manipal University,
html Retrieved on Manipal, Udupi, one of Karnataka’s
10.10.18 earliest established private
instituion. 3.

 Karnataka 
 Demography
Tradition-Culture

Coastal Plains
The culture and traditions of the coastal region are very distinct
compared to other parts of Karnataka. V arious aspects of
dance, music and drama are ritualistic and are performed
only during certain times of the year, on certain religious
periods or festivals. A strong belief in the spiritual nature of
Karwar
the environment has influenced their rituals and festivities.

Honnavar As spirits have benevolent and malevolent aspects and are believed to
possess power over human health, fertility and fortune and over the
Gokarna land and cattle, they must be ritually propitiated.Each spirit has its own
form, mythic history, special powers and propitiatory requirements.
Therefore the worship of each spirit differs somewhat from that of
Bhatkal all others. Every spirit has devotees (most of whom are also devotees
of other spirits as well) who worship and make offerings to it daily
Murudeshwar at domestic shrines. Public worship occurs monthly in ceremonies in
which the spirit’s priest is possessed by the spirit.
Kundapura
Devotees across the country flock in great numbers to places of
religious interest like Shree Manjunathesware temple at Dharmastala,
Udupi
Shree Kukke Subramanya temple, Kateel Durga Parameshwari temple,
Puttur Mahalingesware temple, Shree Krishna Mutt, Udupi, Bahubali
Malpe statue at Karkal, Anegudde Shree Vinayaka temple, Mahabalesware
temple at Gokarna, Murdeshwara temple at Bhatkal, Marikamba
Manipal temple at Sirsi, Siddhi Vinayaka temple at Idugungi, Syed Madani Dargah
at Ullal, St.Aloysious Church at Mangalore, Attur Chruch Karkal, Jain
Basadi at Moodabidri, and others.
Karkala

Mangalore
1. MB, Chandrasekara, www.
mangaloreuniversity.ac.in/sites/
KLMH\S[ÄSLZF4.FJVW`
jpg Retrieved 10.10.18
2. Vaarshan, Varun, www..
bp.blogspot.com/-nol-cZaeesU/
UtqW1GbzhyI/AAAAAAAAASw/
XcAmxaTpjNo/s1600/13.jpg
Retrieved 10.10.18
3. www.procaffenation.com/
wp-content/uploads/2017/11/
Bhoota-kola-story.jpg Retrieved
10.10.18
4. www.holidify.com/images/
compressed/attractions/
attr_1112.jpg Retrieved 10.10.18
5. Mubashir, www.fotogallery. Top Left: Bootaradhane, a spirit
in/news/2015/sep15/bhatkal_
eid_gaah_24_01.JPG Retrieved ritual, Mangalore 1.
10.10.18
6. Bush Anton, Martha. The Top Right: Yakshagana, Udupi 2.
Drama Review: TDR, Vol. 23,
No. 2, Performance Theory: Left Top: Shiva
Southeast Asia Issue, MIT Press. Bottom Left: Hulikunitha or temple during
7. Bhat, D N Shankara, The
Secret Code of South Kanara Pulivesha/Pilvesha Kunitha, Dakshin Mahashivratri,
Devil Dancers Linguistics
Anthropological Linguistics, Vol. Murudeshwar 4.
10, No. 4 (Apr., 1968), pp. 15-
18 Published by: The Trustees of
Indiana University
 Karnataka 

 Coastal Plains
Karwar
Left : Kambala-
Honnavar Traditional cattle-
racing practised during
Gokarna the Harvest festival 1.
Right Top:
Bhatkal Bhootakola- a spirit
ritual, Mangalore 2.
Murudeshwar Right Middle: The
annual processional
Kundapura chariot, Sri Krishna
Temple, Udupi.
Udupi Right Bottom: Suggi
Dance by Halakki
Malpe Vokkaliga community 3.

Manipal 1.
www.fotogallery.
in/news/2015/
Karkala sep15/bhatkal_eid_
gaah_24_01.JPG
Mangalore Retrieved 10.10.18

2.
Rayabhari,www.
upload.wikimedia.
org/wikipedia/
en/thumb/7/7d/
Decorated_
chariot%2C_
Udupi%2C_India.
jpg/1280px-Decorated_
chariot%2C_
Udupi%2C_India.jpg
www.dineshmaneer.
3.

com/suggi-dancers-
of-halakki-tribes/
Retrieved 10.10.18

 Karnataka 
 Issues
Socio-Cultural

Coastal Plains
Coastal Karnataka is abound with diverse communities that are distinct in both occupation and culture.
The aforementioned environmental issues have a significant impact on these communities since most
of them are are heavily dependent on their environment and surroundings. Besides this, the occupation
and traditions of many communities are threatened today. Changing times has lead to evolving lifestyles
that is not always for the better and can leave few unscathed.

Karwar
Impact of Modern Practices on Local Communities
Honnavar Modern practices have had a severe impact on local communities in the coastal region. The Hallakki
Vokkalinga community are an agricultural community that migrated to coast from regions such as Hubli
Gokarna and Dharwad several centuries ago. They are known for their colourful garb, tanned skin, heavy neck
ornamentation and their unique blouse. Their traditional practices are threatened today because of
upcoming generations no longer wanting to continue in their way living and instead moving to cities
Bhatkal
insearch of other work.2

Murudeshwar
The Mogaveera community of fishermen are also native the coast of Karnataka and their traditional
methods of fishing are threatened due to competition from fishermen with mechanised boats. Practices
Kundapura such as trawling that reels in far more catch than by traditional fishing has made several fishermen leave
their practice in search of better livelihoods.
Udupi

Malpe
Communal Tension
Manipal
The cities of Bhatkal and Honnavar have seen several instances of communal strife in the name of
Karkala religion. Bhatkal in particular has a large Muslim population and has been afflicted by numerous clashes
between the Hindu and Muslim communites in the city. The allegiance of pollitical parties with either
Mangalore of the communities has lead to riots, protests and violence. Bhatkal has also been linked to terrorism
activities. The communal discord and violence in the area has been a deterent to Hindu tourists.

Left Gokarna, a city of contrast1
Top Women of Hallaki Vokkalinga community2
Top Right Trawling
Bottom Right Traditional fishing methods
Gokarna is known for its high Brahmin popultation and is a temple town that sees a heavy influx of
pilgrims during Shivaratri. In recent years it has been popularised as a tourism hotspot and is seen as a
less populous alternative to Goa. Interestingly, the beaches are not the only attraction to the tourists.
Many of the tourists ae foreigners who often visit the temple and even reside in Gokarna for several
months. There has been friction between the Brahmin communities and the foreigners. Sometimes
temple access to foreigners has been banned. Also, there have been incidents of the locals assaulting
the foreign tourists.

UVTHKHUKHIHNISVNZWV[JVT

 :OVKONHUNH 690.05 (5+



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 Karnataka 
 Issues The Netravati river diversion project

Coastal Plains
The Netravati river diversion project is an attempt to divert the West flowing Netraviti river towards
the east in order to meet water needs of cities in non-coastal dryer regions. The mega project, which is
estimated to cost more than Rs.8,000 crore, has faced several challenges from the day of conception till
the date of issuing tenders and laying of the foundation stone. On completion, the project would divert
more than 24 tmcft of water from Netravati to the above districts. According to experts, the project, if
implemented, would be environmentally disastrous. The catchment area of Netravati, which is a part of
the Western Ghats, is recognised as one of the 25 hotspots for biodiversity conservation in the world.
Karwar Apart from being the lifeline of the district, the Netravati has several tributaries that keep alive the
hydro-system of the Western Ghats by feeding excess water into the streams, small rivers and rivulets.

Honnavar
The Netravati River Diversion Project envisages the formation of a series of canals at mid-elevation
of the Western Ghats starting from Gadikal Gudda near Naravi, passing through Shirlal, Elaniru, Didipe
Gokarna and Charmady, and crossing NH-48 and the Southern Railway line near Shiradi Ghats and across the
ridgeline of Yettinahole. A second garland canal is proposed south of Shiradi from Surlabi Betta through
Bhatkal Koikaslu Betta in Kumaradhara catchment. Yet another canal is also proposed for the catchment of
Bhadra that joins the garland canal from the Netravati catchment near Samse.1
Murudeshwar
Above Student protest against Netravati River project. Above all, the project which also proposes to form 38 reservoirs across 38 streams in the Western
Ghats would submerge about 77 sq. km of grassland and surroundings in the Kumaradhara catchment
Kundapura Left showing plan for river diversion.
area and necessitate the rebuilding of damaged access roads and canals.Besides the large ecological
Below Construction at Yettinahole. damage and infrastructural requirements, the diversion would also cause in influx of salt water from
Udupi the sea and thus change ther nature if the river w Left Student protest against Netravati River
project.
Malpe
Middle Map showing plan for river diversion.
Manipal
Bottom Construction at Yettinahole. ater making it insreasingly brackish. This would affect
Karkala marine life and inturn the livelihoods of the fishermen.

Mangalore


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VYNHY[PJSLZ^O`MPZOLYTLU
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 Karnataka 
 Coastal Plains
Left Bhuta Kola ritual being performed.

Top Yakshagana

Right A Bhuta Kola performer

The State of Traditional Dance Forms

The coast has many traditional dance forms such as Yakshagana, Bhuta Kola etc. The
debate today is how these dance forms should be preserved. The government ois making
several efforts to preserve Yakshagana, but many argue that has now become a very flashy,
commercial ordeal which was not in line with the way it was originally practiced. But on
the other hand, without such interference, the dance practice may be lost and forgotten.

 Karnataka 
 Settlement

Coastal Plains
Patterns Reason for Settlement
Land, water and air being the basic primordials for the existence of life on any piece
of land, play the similar role of establishing the pretext for the settlemet along
the coasts of Karnataka. The role that the three basic elements play bacomes the
datum atop of which the needs, necessities and wants of the peopl of the region are
established. Water is said to be the driving force behind many prehistoric and historic
Karwar settlememts along the spans of time. The basis for pausing, settling comes from this
very notion of water being the provider for various necessities of life. Water also
becomes the primary place-making and identity driver. It takes the form of what it
Honnavar touches, rolling sediments along the path it courses on and dispersing the obstacles it
faces along its path. Throughout history, settlements grew along water basins, where
Gokarna the most advantageous locations for alluvial fertile land could be tapped into for
agriculture. The floodplains fo the coasts of Karnataka provide just this, adding to the
Bhatkal estuarine qualities of the region, supporting vast flora and fauna and being the wheels
behind the r eason for settlement. The second factor that also allows for dense
Murudeshwar magnitudes of settlement is the topography of the land. Shaped and curated by the
powerful waters of the ocean and sea, the land has assumed the forms of plain, plateaus,
bays and estuaries forming multitudes of concentrations of reasons to influence the
Kundapura decision for settlement. The mountaneous cliff ranges, the reefs, bays and flat coastal
land have a variation in the form and densities of settlement. The proportions of
Udupi sea to inland water reserves largely influence the settlement type. With activies and
occupations of the poeple paying more importance to the ocean, the daily lives of he
Malpe people is sustained by the inland potable water reserves. High magnitudes of rainfall
and annual precipitation helps in keeping up the underground water reserves and
Manipal water tables, but this abundancy calls for its resourceful management as opposed to
exploitation of this resource. The impetus of climate change offers the steering of the
Karkala decision for settlement towards inland riverbasins making the estuarine and oceanic
coasts the place of occupation. The rising sea levels have set forces of alarm all along
the ranges of the coast and there is continual migration from the fringes towards the
Mangalore inland, now concentrated on the foothills of the Western Ghats.

Left the satellite imagery of the Kali estuary and the settlement 1
River systems
Top The Estuary of the River Kali on the banks of which Karwar is located 2
Right The physiographic map of the coast and its influence of it on the location of the Water being the primary driving force behind all biotic and abiotic activities of the
towns 4 region, the river systems in association with the salty ocean becomes the datum on
top which the coastal life depends on. On the top fringe of the coastal plains, the Kali
.VVNSL,HY[O.VVNSL0UJ river basin near Karwar forms the largest plain where agriculture is in abundance
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 :OLRHY 2PY[OHU (WP4HWIV_*VT
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 Karnataka 
 Settlement

Coastal Plains
Patterns
Topography
The coastal plains of Karnataka, also called the Karavalli coast, is a vast stretch of
320km along the western edge of the Indian peninsula giving life to a number of
natural features that sing character to the region. The high degree of variation in
the differing altitudes gives rise to the small plateaus and the huge expanses of the
plains. Steep cliffs and undulated landscape that flow down from the Western ghats
Karwar gives the Karnataka coast its differentiating quality, when compared to the relatively
low lying and mostly evened-out coasts above and below it. The topography in
Honnavar specific relation to the case of Gokarna portrays a special characteristic with large
expanses of mountain ranges that divide the coast up into smaller bays and beaches
Gokarna along ocean edge and also acts as a physical set barrieer between the tourist driven
beaches and the religious activities that drives the inner city network of Gokarna,
that is a part of the pilgrimage pentagon of Uttar Kannada.
Bhatkal

Murudeshwar
Cultural significance
Gokarna lies along the mid range of the pentagonal route for pilgrimage in Karnataka.
Kundapura The Shaivite community largely influences the economic and cultural motivations of
Left The Sharavati Estuary and the visual physiographic layers 1
the place. The culture is widely derived from the religious Brahmin sects that have
Udupi Top The satellite image of the Estuarine belt of Sharavati and the Honnavar settled in the region and give rise to its rich historical cultural heritage that is pr
town 2 esent to this day. The beautiful city of Gokarna was initially visited for its religious
Bottom The fishing port of Honnavar town 1 significance. Shrouded in interesting legends, the enthralling temples of the city are
Malpe held in high reverence by devotees from all parts of the country. Slowly but gradually,
Gokarna has now carved a niche for itself as a charming holiday destination. Owing
Manipal to its pristine beaches, abundant greenery, swaying palm and coconut trees, laid back
lifestyle and str ong cultural values, the city is visited by a number of people.
Karkala
Migration
Mangalore
Bhatkal is home to the largest and oldest migrations of the coast of Karnataka.
Nawayats are migrants predominantly from Iran, who married into another trading
community of India, the Jains who had been converted to Islam more than 1,000
years ago. With this a new caste system emerged. This new community of migrants
largely influence the presetn day activities of the economic and social strata of
Bhatkal, while also feeding to some of the largest cultural and econimic controversies
of the region.


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 Karnataka 
 Settlement

Coastal Plains
Patterns Zoning of Economic Classes
The topography of the region allows for a vast variation in the settlement
patterns according to the social and economic stratifiation of people. The
plains and the higher elevations along the farther edge of the coast is majorly
occupied by the wealthier classes of social strata whereas the coasts and
the lower elevations are home to the lower sections of social strata. This
also corresponds to the choice of occupation which inturn depend on
Karwar the communities that the people belong to and their proximities to their
resource bags. The development of the fishing communities along the coast
Honnavar is predominantly location driven, concentrating on the lasrgest mouths of
Tadadi, Gangoli, Bhatkal, Honnavar, Karwar, Malpe, Mangalore where the fish
Gokarna reserves are abundant.

Bhatkal

Murudeshwar

Kundapura
Left The settlement pattern of the Gokarna peninsula in the
Aghanashini and Gangavai esturanie region. 1
Udupi
Above The trade port of Tadadi on the Aghanashini estuary.
Right TopThe maps of Panchagangavali, Souparnika and the
Malpe Chakra river and the location of Kundapur.
Right The zoning different communities in the Kundapur
Manipal peninsula.
Bottom The fishing port of Gangoli.
Karkala

Mangalore

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 Karnataka 
 Coastal Plains
Settlement
Patterns

Karwar

Honnavar

Gokarna

Bhatkal

Murudeshwar

Kundapura

Udupi

Malpe

Manipal

Karkala

Mangalore

Left The comparision od the growth desnsity and the Land Use map of the Udupi and
Manipal region 1
Top The growth of the Mangalore town on the Arabian Coast.2

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 Karnataka 
 Cluster Patterns

Coastal Plains
Settlement
Patterns
Multiple layers of influences orient the way people settle down. From
small, unintentional decisions to large, planned courses of action, a
wide range of reasons determine the settlement ranges and pattern.
The three primary reasons that mould these decisions are the prime
necessities of survival - food, air and shelter. In the case of coastal
Karwar Karnataka, the climate is a huge influencer for all three, with the land,
air and water shaping the people’s decisions.
Honnavar

Gokarna Due to the high predominancy of local factors, general patterns in

case of settlement is observed all along the coast marking the stark
Bhatkal characteristics with which one can differentiate a coastal settlement
from that of any other climatic zone. These are largely the open
Murudeshwar spaces left in and around a single house to aide ventilation, the social
influences that determine the way in which these settlements work
Kundapura with each community choosing to form an entire fabric of settlement
and to even the details of the space behind the house that leads up to
the agricultural lands.
Udupi

Malpe
Dependency on occupation further demands necessities of proximity
Manipal to the available resources. This is once again dependent on the
geographical conditions that allow for circumstances of the resources
Karkala to thrive. Present settlement patterns in the Kundapura region present
a case along the ridge where the geographic conditions intermix with
a layer of social stratification to produce a settlement with the upper
Mangalore
sections of society occupying the higher altitudes and the lower sections
occupying the lowlands. Similar layers influence the cluster patterns to
bring about settlements that have slight to large modifications due to
the added influence of the local climatic conditions.

Left Top The region prone to low degree of floods due to its elevation 1

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24 Karnataka 
 Coastal Plains
Settlement
Patterns A typical settlement has multiple components to itself, ranging from small
scale settlements to the infrastructural components. The coasts serve largely
to it residential component with settlements that are independent in their
work ethics but dependent on other settlements to satisfy their basic needs.
This arises due to the basic upon which these settlements work - occupation.
Every community is equipped with providing for the larger society through
their occupation and this is what drives communal settlement, with various
Karwar hierarchies operating amongst itself based on the communities functioning
module. Such socially driven settlements are evident in the case of Malpe,
Manipal and Udupi where the religious sects of the towns choose to be
Honnavar
separated out from those who are involved in the latest wave of commercial
education that is leaving a huge footprint on the shift in patterns of occupation.
Gokarna

Bhatkal

Murudeshwar

Kundapura

Udupi

Malpe

Manipal

Karkala

Mangalore

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 Karnataka 
 Coastal Plains
Settlement
Patterns

Karwar

Honnavar

Gokarna

Bhatkal

Murudeshwar

Kundapura

Udupi

Malpe

Manipal
Top Left The satellite imagery of the Malpe, Udupi and Manipal belt 1
Karkala
Left Figureground patterns in the various layouts. ( from the left ) Malpe-organic layout, Udupi-curvilinear layout and
Manipal-orthogonal layout 2
Mangalore
Above The aerial drone captures of (from the left) Malpe fishing harbour 3, Udupi Sri Krishna Temple 4
and Manipal
University 5


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 Karnataka 
 Coastal Plains
Settlement
Patterns Principles of Organisation
People of the coasts depend heavily on their occupational needs that define their additions to
the collective societies they live in. This determinate character of their lifestyles force a specific
organisation of the built and its relation to the unbuilt. The internal layouts are driven by the flow of
daily activities of the people, with tasks that have to be performed demanding a specific type of space.

Karwar Many communities that have passed down traditions have an added component of their religious
views that make for place making principles.This is then modified according to the climatic necessities
Honnavar of the place, with specific numbers and orientations adhering to the absolute local contexuality of
the built. The adaptations to cope with the climate then make for interesting spaces in and out of
the building, like the large overhangs providing a pause point which later developed into designated
Gokarna
spaces like the Jagali Katte, and many more.

Bhatkal

Murudeshwar The fishermen form the largest portions of the population which makes them large influencers of
space organisation and principles derived directly from their reactions to dealing with land, air and
specially water. The fishermen community Gabit in Alvewara serve for their larger necessities of
Kundapura outdoor fish cleaning activities by having a small footprint of the built with the designated activities
being performed on the outdoors. Other influences for space distribution and organisation includes
Udupi migratory influences such as those of the Jain architectural influences in Karkala.

Malpe

Manipal

Karkala
Left Top Satellite imagery of Alvewada cluster 2

Left The Bhat residential complex 1

Mangalore
Left bottom The Gabit fishing community cluster in Alvewada 1

Above The Bhat community cluster in Karwar 1

Below Typical section through a residential complex in Karwar 1


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 Karnataka 
 Coastal Plains
Settlement
Patterns

Karwar

Honnavar

Gokarna

Bhatkal
Top Typical layous of Karkala houses

Murudeshwar Left Typologies of houses found in Karkala

Bottom Typical facade showing Jain influence 1

Kundapura

Udupi

Malpe

Manipal

Karkala

Mangalore
Top Guthu house of a Bunt in Pilikula 3

Left Bhootakola in a Guthu mane 1

Right Cultural influence and symbology in Guthu mane 2

Bottom Drawings of a typical Guthu mane3


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 Karnataka 
 Coastal Plains
Settlement
Patterns
Architectural Elements

Karwar Architecture serving to the three basic needs of the people of the area has a strong sense of
expression through the craft that revolves around its inception. A lot of the materials, techniques,
practices used by the locals to bring this up are heavily dependent on their understanding of their
Honnavar
climate and context. A vivid language that recurs all along the coast also resonates here, with
its application on any given region, sloping roofs, large overhanging eaves to ward off the rain,
Gokarna the buffers – corridors and verandahs surrounding the main inner spaces etc. being a few.

Bhatkal The context and climate play significant roles in shaping specificity to the architecture in the area
around. The high, continual rains paired with higher temperatures all-round the year sensitise the
Murudeshwar responses towards them. Climate dictates the orientation, external and internal site planning,
boundary conditions, the materials used and even the details that constitute the entirety of the
architecture of the area. The vernacular buildings portray a clear understanding of this, feeling
Kundapura the need to react directly to the climate of the area, and the urgency it poses to the future of
the climate of the larger context.
Udupi
The next major factor that determines and organises architecture is the need for an interdependent
Malpe community that operates in regulated terms. Community living along the coast is pronounced
by providing each community with a specific occupational task that drives their living habits,
Manipal economy and much more. Hence, it is only natural that settlement patterns, proximities, built
language all directly depend on their functioning as a community. The different activities that are
performed by an individual owing to their loyalties to their community’s purpose gives shape to
Karkala
the internal organisation and layout to many of the houses. Whereas on the other hand, the way
they function on a larger scale, with inter communal interactions and their dependencies on each
Mangalore other as communities dictates their settlement proximities.

Ever present as a dominating force is monetary standards. And in this specific case as well, it
clearly demarcates zones and regions among and outside of the communities along the coasts to
place them based on their economies. Individual economies and economic standards determine
Top Typical wall sections of houses of (from the right) Brahmin, farmer and fisherman 1
the social hierarchy with their dwelling spaces responding directly to this; whereas economies
Right The nature of resedential setup of (from the top) fisherman 2, farmer and Brahmin of larger societies and underlying communities shape the resources that will then be available at
hand to bring to life the desires of the people. Acting along the physiography of coast, all factors
lead to the siting of specific communities of higher economic grade of living on a higher ground
and the slightly lesser economic sections of the society occupying the lower grounds. Another
huge determining factor for communities and their settlements are their occupations that keep
up the specific economies.

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 Karnataka 
 Coastal Plains
Settlement
Patterns

Climate, community and economy also drive the choice of material to achieve the desired
result for a place of dwelling. Responsible responses with respect to choice of material is
based off of the before mentioned factors. Material acts as a king pin for the establishment of
a specific nature of architecture and this comes directly from the choice of materials. Although
Karwar diverse material availability is plenty along the coast, their usage in the construction industry
is often limited. The right materials needed for the various components of the building actually
comes from experimentation along many years to arrive at a particular material that is best
Honnavar suited for the job. Closely, climate is an overshadowing factor in the choice of materials as they
are the physical manifestations of reactionary desires of the people.
Gokarna

Bhatkal

Murudeshwar

Kundapura

Udupi

Malpe

Manipal

Karkala

Mangalore

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 Karnataka 
 Coastal Plains
Settlement
Patterns

Gokarna Town

Karwar

Honnavar

Gokarna

Bhatkal

Murudeshwar

Kundapura

Udupi

Malpe

Manipal

Karkala

Mangalore

 Karnataka 
 40
Karnataka

Coastal Plains
41
 Coastal Plains
Settlement
Patterns

Karwar

Honnavar

Gokarna

Bhatkal

Murudeshwar

Kundapura

Udupi

Malpe

Manipal

Karkala

Mangalore

Bankikodla

 Karnataka 
 Coastal Plains
Settlement
Patterns

Karwar

Honnavar

Gokarna

Bhatkal

Murudeshwar

Kundapura

Udupi

Malpe

Manipal

Karkala

Mangalore

 Karnataka 
 Coastal Plains
Settlement
Patterns
Dubbanshashi
A large community completely dedicated to the act of fishing for a livelihood, the neighbourhood of Dubbanshashi sits right next to Dubbanshashi beach.
Deriving a lot of socio cultural activities and influences being directly dictated by their profession of artisanal fishing, the day to day activities have a large
impact on their architecture as well. As they are an artisanal fishing community, the large family numbers, segregated into smaller clustered houses, that are
Karwar also as units close to each other, form the built language around the area, with attention to minor details of auxiliary spaces for activities such as drying
of the caught batch of fish, segregating spaces, etc. taken care of.
Honnavar

Gokarna

Bhatkal

Murudeshwar 4
3
Kundapura

Udupi 2 1. Store

1 2. Well
Malpe
3. Katte
Manipal
4. Residence

Karkala

Mangalore

Left Location of Dubbanshashi

Top Satellite imagery of Dubbanshashi village 1

Right Top Plan of a house in Dubbanshashi

Top Far Right (from left to right)the back door, the kitchen and the storage
Right the store and the residence with the well forming a composition
Next page the elevation of the store and the residence

 Karnataka 
 48
Karnataka

Coastal Plains
49
 50
Karnataka

Coastal Plains
51
 

 
 
 
 

 
 
 

 


 
 
 
 

 
 Moderate
Settlement
Geography Demography Issues Patterns

2 Karnataka 3
 Geography

Moderate
Climate

Moderate climate has weather patterns that remain within reasonable limits. A place with a moderate
climate is neither too hot nor too cold. Moderate climate is also characterized by moderate wind and
moderate rains. The changes between summer and winter are generally moderate in the temperate, or
tepid, latitudes of the globe, which lie between the tropics and the polar regions.
Bangalore
In some parts, the deviations between summer and winter can be extreme because these regions are
Bellandur located far away from the sea, which causes them to have a continental climate. The world’s oceans are
critical for heating the planet. Whereas the land and atmosphere absorb some sunlight, most of the sun’s
radiation is absorbed by the ocean. The ocean, especially in the tropical waters around the equator, acts
Mandya
as a vast heat-retaining solar panel. The ocean currents act more like a conveyor belt, transporting warm
water and precipitation from the equator toward the poles and cold water from the poles back to the
Mysore tropics. In this way, currents regulate the global climate, which counteracts the uneven distribution of
solar radiation reaching the earth’s surface. Regional temperatures would be more extreme without
Chikkaballapura currents. It would be extremely hot at the equator and extremely cold toward the poles, rendering most
parts of the earth uninhabitable.
Channapatna As visible from the Avg. mean temperature graph on the left, maximum difference in temperature acros
districts from north to south karnataka is a maximum of 4C over a period of 10 years.
Ramanagara
Also avg. rainfall can be seen as not being on the extreme side but a fair amount remaining consistent
Chamrajanagara throught the moderate region.

Bottom Left Comaprison graph of avg. rainfall

1
meteoblue. (2018). Weather Bengaluru. [online] Top Left Comparison graph of Mean avg Temperature
Available at: https://www.meteoblue.com/en/weather/
ftorecast/week/bengaluru_india_1277333 [Accessed Top Wind rose diagram for Bangalore, Mandya, Mysore and Chikkaballapura1
9 Oct. 2018].
RIght Wind rose diagram for Ramanagara and Chamrajanagara1

Karnataka
 Moderate
Hydrology

Bangalore- The major rivers of the district are Shimsa, Kanva, Arkavathi, South Pennar and Vrishabharathi. There are two major river basins in
the district namely Cauvery and South Pennar. Shimsha and Kanva river of the Cauvery basin is draining majority of the district and Anekal taluk is
drained by South Pennar river of Ponnaiyar basin, which takes its birth from Nandi hills and flows towards south.
A dotted ridge line divides the city between the Vrishabhavathy-Arkavathy-Cauvery basin and the Dakshina Pinakini, from the North to the South.
There is a huge difference between these two in the slope, the hydro-geology, the soil, the rainfall, the built up area etc.
The drainage patterns are more dendritic in the Vrishabhavathy-Arkavathy-Cauvery basin and less so in the Dakshina Pinakini basin. Especially
the North East of the city has a much flatter terrain and the slope and lake connections move West to East before they eventually join the Dakshina
Pinakini and start sloping Southwards.
In the Western part of the city the slopes and hence the naalas – raj kaluves are more pronounced. During rains, water flows down streams more
in the Cauvery basin while it gets collected and causes flooding more in the Dakshina Pinakini area.
The hydrogeology and hence the capacity of the aquifers to absorb water too is different in the two river basins. Groundwater is more
abundantly available and the weathered zone hence recharge is better in the Cauvery basin than the Dakshina Pinakini basin. De-silted tanks should
have better recharge in the Cauvery basin, while those in the Dakshina Pinakini will hold water longer and better.
Rainfall patterns too are incredibly localised as the tracking by the Karnataka State Natural Disaster Management Cell (KSNDMC) is showing us
daily. Rain is more in the South and West of the city than the North and the East of the city, making the South and West more flood-prone than the
North and the East.
Source: Srikantaiah, Vishwanath. “Mitigating Rain And Floods In Bengaluru Needs Holistic Approach |”. Citizen Matters, Bengaluru, 2017, http://bengaluru.citizenmatters.in/flood-rain-water-management-bangalore-21802. Accessed 19 Nov 2018.

Ramanagara district is part of the Cauvery basin. The major tributaries of the Cauvery river draining the district are Arkavathi and Shimsha
rivers. The Arkavathi basin is primarily comprised of four watersheds and Shimsha river comprised of three watersheds 4B3C1,2 and 5. The rivers and
streams originate from small watersheds and empty into number of tanks scattered in the district. The drainage pattern in the area can be described as
semi dendritic to dendritic.
Source: GROUND WATER INFORMATION BOOKLET RAMANAGARA DISTRICT, KARNATAKA. GOVERNMENT OF INDIA MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES CENTRAL GROUND WATER BOARD, 2013, http://cgwb.gov.in/District_Profile/karnataka/2012/Ramanagaram-2012.pdf.
Accessed 19 Nov 2018.

Mandya - The Cauvery river system drains the district towards the Bay of Bengal. The important rivers in the district are Cauvery, Hemanvathy,
Shimsha, Lokapavani and Viravaishnavi all of which flow towards south and finally eastwards cutting through eastern range of hills. Apart from these
rivers the district is endowed with number of streams, which along with the rivers form sub dendritic drainage pattern. The district is characterized by
sub dendritic drainage probably dissected by numerous streams. The drainage density in the district ranges from 1.12 to 2.73 km sq km.
Source: GROUND WATER INFORMATION BOOKLET MANDYA DISTRICT, KARNATAKA. GOVERNMENT OF INDIA MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES CENTRAL GROUND WATER BOARD, 2012, http://cgwb.gov.in/District_Profile/karnataka/2012/Mandya_Brouchere%202012.pdf.
Accessed 19 Nov 2018.

Mysore district is endowed with a number of perennial and non-perennial rivers. The Cauvery, which is the major river system of the district,
traverses the Mysore plateau from northwest to east along with its tributaries, Kabini, Suvarnavathi, Laxmanathirtha and others. The Cauvery rises at
Talacauvery in Kodagu district and flows along the boundary of Periyapatna taluk, enters into the district through K R Nagar taluk. It further moves
into T. Narasipur and Kollegal before reaching Tamil Nadu. The total catchment area of the river is the second largest in the State and it covers nearly
18 per cent of the land area of the State. It is the only river which has been harnessed for irrigation from ancient times and it is estimated that as much
as 95 per cent of its surface flow is put to use before it enters into the Bay of Bengal.
source: GROUND WATER INFORMATION BOOKLET MYSORE DISTRICT, KARNATAKA. GOVERNMENT OF INDIA MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES CENTRAL GROUND WATER BOARD, 2012, http://cgwb.gov.in/District_Profile/karnataka/2012/MYSORE-2012.pdf. Accessed 19 Nov
2018.

Chamrajnagar - The district is in Cauvery river basin. There are no perennial rivers in the district, however, Cauvery, the perennial river flows
along the border of Kollegal taluk of the district. The district is mainly drained by the tributaries of Cauvery like Suvarnavathy and Chikkahole and their
tributary systems. Suvarnavathy rises near Gajjalahalli, southeastern portion of direction and flowing through Yalandur taluk it joins the river Cauvery
at Hampapura in Kollegal taluk. It has a catchment area of 1787 sq.km with total length of 88 kms in the district. The stream is ephemeral in nature and
effluent upto Umbale village and influent to the rest of it’s course. A dam has been constructed across Suvarnavathy at Atgulipura in Chamarajanagar
taluk. The Chikkahole is a tributary of Suvarnavathy, which rises at Hasanur ghat range to the south of Chamarajanagar and flows in northerly direction.
A dam is constructed across this tributary about 12 kms away from Chamarajanagar. Besides these, Gundal, Thattaihalla, Uduthore halla and Palar are
the tributaries of Cauvery river which drain parts of Kollegala taluk. The area is characterized by sub-dendritic to subparallel drainage pattern. The
drainage density varies from 0.25 to 3.58 km/km2. The density decreases towards Suvarnavathy river.
source: GROUND WATER INFORMATION BOOKLET CHAMRAJNAGAR DISTRICT, KARNATAKA. GOVERNMENT OF INDIA MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES CENTRAL GROUND WATER BOARD, 2012, http://cgwb.gov.in/District_Profile/karnataka/2012/C%20R%20Nagar_
BROCHURE%202012.pdf. Accessed 19 Nov 2018.

TOP (Left to Right) Drainage pattern maps(Bangalore, Ramnagar, Mandya, Mysore, Chamrajnagar)1
BOTTOM (Left to Right) Hydrogeology maps(Bangalore, Ramnagar, Mandya, Mysore, Chamrajnagar) 1

6 Karnataka 7
 Geography

Moderate
Physiography

Topography of moderate Karnataka region is varied ranging from hills of chamrajnagar

to plains of Bangalore and Mysore. Hills are found all over the moderate region from
Chamundi hill in Mysore, Nandi hills in rural Bangalore & BR hills in Chamrajnagar to
granite rock hills in Ramnagar and Melukote,Mandya. But from the map on the left, it’s
clearly cvisible majorty of hilly regions lie in Chamrajnagar and Mysore area.
Bangalore
BR hills are home to the infamous tribe Sholigas who have been relocated and are
employed in furniture making out of Lantana. Also lantana can be used for fire wood
Bellandur
due to it’s dry nature.

Mandya Nandi hill and Chamundi hills have become a famous attraction for tourists, travelers,
nature and wildlife enthusiasts and families looking for a quick getaway.
Mysore

Chikkaballapura Geology

Red and red loamy soil - They are light textured from sandy or gravel
Channapatna to loams with poor aggregating ability.The soil are poor in bases and acidic
to neutral in reaction.
Ramanagara
Dark brown clayey soil - They are clayey ,low bases,rich in organic
Chamrajanagara matter, as the surface soil receive the decomposition product of the virgin
forest .
source: “Soils Of Karnataka | Agropedia”. Agropedia.Iitk.Ac.In, 2010, http://agropedia.iitk.ac.in/content/soils-karnataka. Accessed 19 Oct 2018.
Previous page
1
 6KRGKJDQJD,QÁLEQHW$F,Q  KWWSVKRGKJDQJD
inflibnet.ac .in/bitstream/10603/105676/9/09_
chapter%202.pdf. Accessed 20 Nov 2018. Yellow soil - Soil formed under broad-leaved forests in humid
subtropical regions, chiefly on parent material fromclayey shales. It has an
Current page acid reaction and low humus content, and its yellow color is caused by the
1
Team, M. (2011). Satellite 3D Map of Karnataka,
physical outside. [online] Maphill.com. Available at: presence of ferric hydroxide.
http://www.maphill.com/india/karnataka/3d-maps/
satellite-map/physical-outside/ [Accessed 9 Oct. 2018]. source: “Yellow Soil.” The Great Soviet Encyclopedia, 3rd Edition. 1970-1979. The Gale Group, Inc. 19 Nov. 2018 https://encyclopedia2.
thefreedictionary.com/Yellow+Soil
2
6KRGKJDQJD,QÁLEQHW$F,QKWWSVKRGKJDQJD
LQÁLEQHWDFLQELWVWUHDP
chapter%203.pdf. Accessed 9 Oct 2018.
From the moisture mapping of soil in karnataka, it’s inferred that
3
S, Thiyaku. “Soil Moisture Map For The State
Of Karnataka - Aapah Innovations Pvt Ltd”. moderate region has soil moisture ranging between Very dry to medium dry/
Aapah Innovations Pvt Ltd, 2017, http://www.
aapahinnovations.com/soil-moisture-map-for-the- wet.
state-of-karnataka-3/. Accessed 9 Oct 2018.

4
“Soils Of Karnataka | Agropedia”. Agropedia.Iitk.
Ac.In, 2010, http://agropedia.iitk.ac.in/content/soils-
karnataka. Accessed 9 Oct 2018.

Leftmost Comaprison graph of avg. rainfall2

Left Comparison graph of Mean avg Temperature3
Left Topographical representation in cities under moderate zo
zone in relation to the rest of karnataka1 Top Types of soils (top to bottom) clayey loamy, reddish brown
soil, yellow soil, red clay and red sandy loamy4

Karnataka
 Geography

Moderate
Vegetation

The native trees of moderate region include Jack fruit, Neem, Red silk cotton, Alada mara, Ashwatha, Sausage
tre, Pride of India, Mango, Mehwa or Ippe, Malabar Neem, Kadamba, Honge, Honne, Jaamun, Seeta Asok, Mahogani,
Arjuna, Tare. Other trees commonly found in abundance are Rosewood trees, Coconut groves, Sandalwood Trees,
Banyan trees and Eucalyptus plantations.
The Biligiris are Charnocktite hills, covered with tropical dry broadleaf forest, part of the South Deccan Plateau
Bangalore dry deciduous forests ecoregion. The forests range from scrub forests at lower elevations, degraded by over-use, to
the tall deciduous forests typical of the ecoregion, to stunted shola forests and montane grasslands at the highest
elevations, which exceed 1800 meters. The forests form an important wildlife corridor between the Western Ghats
Bellandur and the Eastern Ghats, linking the largest populations of Asian elephants and tigers in southern India.
Source: “Biligiriranga Hills”. En.Wikipedia.Org, 2018, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biligiriranga_Hills#/media/File:Brhpan.JPG. Accessed 19 Nov 2018.

Mandya

Mysore

Chikkaballapura

Channapatna

Ramanagara

Chamrajanagara

1
Images WorthvieW. (2011). A Trip To BR Hills -
Images WorthvieW. [online] Available at: http://
images.worthview.com/travelogue/a-trip-to-br-hills/
[Accessed 9 Oct. 2018].

2
Wild For Life. (n.d.). Rosewood. [online] Available at:
https://wildfor.life/species/rosewood [Accessed 9 Oct.
2018].

3
Stay, J., hotels, M. and hotels, 4. (n.d.). Jaladarshini Farm
House and Home Stay, Mandya. Use Coupon Code
!! %(67%8<  *HW   &DVKEDFN >RQOLQH@
Cleartrip Hotels. Available at: https://www.cleartrip.
com/hotels/info/jaladarshini-farm-house-and-home-
stay-733840 [Accessed 9 Oct. 2018].

4
Downtoearth.org.in. (2018). Why Eucalyptus?.
[online] Available at: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/
blog/why-eucalyptus--60275 [Accessed 9 Oct. 2018].

5
Aromaticmedicineschool.com. (2018). The Ancient
Divinity and Healing of Sandalwood — The Northwest
School of Aromatic Medicine. [online] Available
at: https://aromaticmedicineschool.com/divine-
sandalwood/ [Accessed 9 Oct. 2018].

6
Achari, R. (2017). Big Banyan tree, Bangalore.
[online] 500px.com. Available at: https://500px.com/
photo/100718619/big-banyan-tree-bangalore-by-
rohan-achari [Accessed 9 Oct. 2018].

7
“Biligiriranga Hills”. En.Wikipedia.Org, 2018, https://
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biligiriranga_Hills#/media/
File:Brhpan.JPG. Accessed 19 Nov 2018.

Bottom Left Wild forest in BR hills, Chamarajanagar1

Top Left Rosewood Tree2
Top - Panoramic view of the Biligirirangans. The pointed peak is Malkibetta, to its left is the high ridge of Honnematti7
Above From left to right - Coconut grove3, Eucalyptus plantation4 Sandalwood forest5 and Big Banyan Tree, Tavarekere Hobli, Bengaluru, Karnataka6
Karnataka
 Agriculture
Geography

Moderate
Bangalore- Agriculture is the main occupation of the district. The major crops grownin the district are
Paddy, Ragi, Jowar, Bajra, Maize and Wheat. Pulses like Gram, Tur are also cultivated along with oilseed like
Groundnut, sunflower. Different varieties of fruits and vegetables are also produced.
Source: Srikantaiah, Vishwanath. “Mitigating Rain And Floods In Bengaluru Needs Holistic Approach |”. Citizen Matters, Bengaluru, 2017, http://bengaluru.citizenmatters.in/flood-rain-water-management-bangalore-21802.
Accessed 19 Nov 2018.

Ramanagara - Agricultural activity is mainly confined to the traditional kharif season depending on the
monsoon rainfall and rabi cultivation is restricted to localized patches where irrigation facilities are available.
During the year 2010-11,the major crops grown were Ragi(73474 ha), Mulbery(10123ha),paddy(8473 ha),
Bangalore Horsegram (8288 ha),Groundnut (4250 ha),maize(1725 ha), Sugarcane (1171 ha) and Fruits(20888 ha).
Source: GROUND WATER INFORMATION BOOKLET RAMANAGARA DISTRICT, KARNATAKA. GOVERNMENT OF INDIA MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES CENTRAL GROUND WATER BOARD, 2013, http://

Bellandur
cgwb.gov.in/District_Profile/karnataka/2012/Ramanagaram-2012.pdf. Accessed 19 Nov 2018.

Mandya - Agriculture is the main occupation of the people of the district. The agro climatic zone is
Southern dry zone and following are the main crops grown
Mandya Cereals: Ragi, Paddy, Maize, Jowar
Pulses: Cowpea, Green gram, Red gram, Tur
Mysore Oilseeds: Groundnut, sesame, Castor, Soyabean
Commercial crop: Sugarcane
Chikkaballapura Among horticulture product, plantation crops, vegetables, fruits, spices and flower are grown like
Plantation crops: Coconut, Arecanut
Vegetables: Tomato, Lady finger, Brinjal, chilli, Bean
Channapatna Spices: Tamarind, Coriander, Ginger, Turmeric
Fruits: Banana, Mango, Guava, Chickoo
Ramanagara Flower: Jasmine, Marigold, Crossandra
Source: GROUND WATER INFORMATION BOOKLET MANDYA DISTRICT, KARNATAKA. GOVERNMENT OF INDIA MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES CENTRAL GROUND WATER BOARD, 2012, http://cgwb.
gov.in/District_Profile/karnataka/2012/Mandya_Brouchere%202012.pdf. Accessed 19 Nov 2018.

Chamrajanagara
Mysore - The net sown area comprises 72% of the total geographical area, of which about 20% is sown more
1
“Mango Crop And Export Outlook | Agriculture than once. Paddy is the major crop in the district and is grown in favourable areas totalling about 1107 km2, followed
Corner”. Agricorner.Com, 2014, http://www.
agricorner.com/mango-crop-and-export-outlook/. by pulses and Ragi which are cultivated in 913 and 722 km2 respectively. Other major crops grown in the district
Accessed 9 Oct 2018.
2
“Shona Guide On Groundnut Harvesting And Post are Cotton, Sugarcane, Jowar Tobacco and Oilseeds. About 17% of the total geographical area is under irrigation
Harvest Handling For Lead Farmers”. Livelihoods,
Food And Security Programme, 2017, https:// in the district, comprising of the command area of K.R.Sagar and Kabini Projects. The right bank high level canal
lfspzim.com/2017/05/25/shona-guide-on-groundnut-
har vesting-and-post-har vest-handling-for-lead- of K.R.Sagar known as the Varuna canal passes through Mysore, T. Narsipur, Nanjangud, & H.D.Kote taluks. Out of
farmers/. Accessed 9 Oct 2018.
3
Jakobsen, Rasmus Kragh. “5,000-Year-Old Cob the total area of 1180 km2 under irrigation about, 11% is irrigated from groundwater by dug wells and bore wells.
Reveals The Origins Of Corn”. Sciencenordic.Com,
2016, http://sciencenordic.com/5000-year-old-cob- While canals account for 81% of the total area under irrigation, tanks account for approximately 7% of the total
reveals-origins-corn. Accessed 9 Oct 2018.
4
Grover, Zampa. “Grover Zampa - An Atemporal area irrigated.
Vineyard Visit - Memory Carver”. Memory Carver,
2018, https://memorycarver.com/travel/grover-zampa-
Top to bottom - Mango grove1, Groundnut crop2, Maize3, Vineyard 4, Cotton Agriculture is the predominant occupation of people in Mysore district. Of the total geographical area
vineyard-visit/. Accessed 9 Oct 2018. farm5, Tomato crop6, Ragi7 and Sugarcane8
5
“Maharashtra Cuts Cotton Crop Outlook By 37% of 676382 ha. in the district, about 342852 ha. is cultivable area. The district has about 1.65 lakh agricultural
On Worm Infestation”. Commodityonline.Com, 2018, Top Crop Distribution over Karnataka9
https://www.commodityonline.com/commodity-news/ labourers. Based on rainfall, soils and crops grown, the district is classified into two agro climatic zones viz.,
maharashtra-cuts-cotton-crop-outlook-by-37-on- Right Paddy10
worm-infestation/news-now/18917/. Accessed 9 Oct Southern Dry Zone (Krishnarajanagar, Mysore,T.Narasipur and Nanjangud) and Southern Transitional Zone
2018. Corner right Tobacco11
6
Beginners, Tomato. “Tomato Cultivation Guide For (H.D.Kote, Hunsur and Periyapatna)
Beginners | Agri Farming”. Agri Farming, https://www.
agrifarming.in/tomato-cultivation/. Accessed 9 Oct
2018. source: GROUND WATER INFORMATION BOOKLET MYSORE DISTRICT, KARNATAKA. GOVERNMENT OF INDIA MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES CENTRAL GROUND WATER BOARD, 2012, http://cgwb.
7
SYWOWGDSYWOWGDDQGSURÀOH90DQGXD$WWD gov.in/District_Profile/karnataka/2012/MYSORE-2012.pdf. Accessed 19 Nov 2018.
Finger Millet. [online] Bishtravindrasingh.blogspot.
com. Available at: http://bishtravindrasingh.blogspot. Chamrajnagar - The district falls in southern dry agro-climatic zone. Among the agricultural crops cereals
FRPUDJLRUÀQJHUPLOOHWRUPDQGXDNDDWWD
html [Accessed 9 Oct. 2018]. (paddy,ragi, jowar and maize), pulses (gram, tur), oil seeds (groundnut, sunflower), cash crop (sugarcane) and
3
“Rice Blast Disease | Agriculture And Food”. Agric.
Wa.Gov.Au, 2018, https://www.agric.wa.gov.au/rice/ non-food crops (cotton and tobacco) and vegetables are important. Mango, banana and mulberry are important
rice-blast-disease. Accessed 9 Oct 2018.
8
A. B. Davis, Linda. “Southern Perspective: Bamboo horticultural crops. Sericulture is a traditional activity in the district. Net sown area which constitutes 12% of
Could Be The Next Big Crop For Florida”. Pnj, 2018,
https://www.pnj.com/story/news/neighborhoods/ the district area. Among the different sources of irrigation like canals, tanks, wells and bore wells etc, irrigation
characters/2018/01/19/southern-perspective-
bamboo-could-next-big-crop-florida/1044623001/. by canals covers 19%, tanks 13% and wells and bore wells contribute 68%. Thus, in irrigated agriculture, the
Accessed 9 Oct 2018.
9
 µ$JULFXOWXUDO ,Q .DUQDWDNDµ 0DSVRÀQGLD&RP groundwater contribution is considerably high (68%) compared to the surface water surface water (32%).
 KWWSVZZZPDSVRÀQGLDFRPPDSVNDUQDWDND
karnatakaagriculture.htm#. Accessed 9 Oct 2018. source: GROUND WATER INFORMATION BOOKLET CHAMRAJNAGAR DISTRICT, KARNATAKA. GOVERNMENT OF INDIA MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES CENTRAL GROUND WATER BOARD, 2012,
10
“Child Labor And Tobacco Farming: Are Kids http://cgwb.gov.in/District_Profile/karnataka/2012/C%20R%20Nagar_BROCHURE%202012.pdf. Accessed 19 Nov 2018.
Adequately Protected?”. Wbur.Org, 2018, http://
www.wbur.org/hereandnow/2018/07/12/child-labor-
tobacco-farming. Accessed 9 Oct 2018.

Karnataka
Demography Census

Moderate
Bangalore - As per the 2011 census, total population of the district is 9588910 with population density of 4378 persons per sq.km
compared to 2985 persons per sq.km in the year 2001. The sex ratio is 908 female among thousand males and the literacy rate of
the district has increased from 83.91% on 2001 to 88.48 % in 2011.
Source: Srikantaiah, Vishwanath. “Mitigating Rain And Floods In Bengaluru Needs Holistic Approach |”. Citizen Matters, Bengaluru, 2017, http://bengaluru.citizenmatters.in/flood-rain-water-management-bangalore-21802. Accessed 19
Nov 2018.

Ramnagar - As per 2011 census, the total population in the district is 10,82,739 persons which is 1.77% of Karnataka population,
Bangalore with a density of 303 persons/sq.km. The percentage decadal growth rate is 5.06% (2001-2011).The rural and urban population
constitutes 75.31% and 24.69%respectively.The sex ratio is 976 and the literates constitute 69.20% of total population.
Bellandur Source: GROUND WATER INFORMATION BOOKLET RAMANAGARA DISTRICT, KARNATAKA. GOVERNMENT OF INDIA MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES CENTRAL GROUND WATER BOARD, 2013, http://cgwb.gov.in/
District_Profile/karnataka/2012/Ramanagaram-2012.pdf. Accessed 19 Nov 2018.

Mandya Mandya - As per 2011 census, the total population in the district is around 1,808680 with a population density of
365 persons per sq km. The total male and female in the district is 909441 and 899239 respectively. The average literacy
of the district is 70.14% and the sex ratio is 989 among 1000 males. The rural population is 1499891 constituting 82.92%
Mysore and urban population is 308849 comprising 17.08% of the total population.
Source: GROUND WATER INFORMATION BOOKLET MANDYA DISTRICT, KARNATAKA. GOVERNMENT OF INDIA MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES CENTRAL GROUND WATER BOARD, 2012, http://cgwb.gov.in/District_
Profile/karnataka/2012/Mandya_Brouchere%202012.pdf. Accessed 19 Nov 2018.

Chikkaballapura
Chamrajnagar
Channapatna The total population in the district is around 10,20,962 (as per 2011 census), out of which 513359 are male and 507603 are female. Thus,
the sex ratio in the district is 989 females for every 1000 males. The average literacy rate is 51%(2001 census). The district has a rich
Ramanagara forest wealth. About 48% of the district area is under forest cover. The rural population constitutes about 85% and is mainly dependent
on agriculture. The agriculture in the district heavily depends on monsoon. The Net sown area is 34% of the district out of which in 20%
Chamrajanagara area crop is raised more than once. Irrigation facility is available only in 35% of the Net sown area which constitutes 12% of the district
area. Among the different sources of irrigation like canals, tanks, wells and bore wells etc, irrigation by canals contributes 19%, tanks 13
% and wells and bore wells contribute 68%. This indicates that in irrigated agriculture the groundwater contribution is considerably high
(68%) and the remaining is met by surface water. Krishnarajasagar Irrigation project is serving mainly in Yalandur and parts of Kollegal
taluks. In other areas surface water irrigation is provided through minor irrigation tanks.
source: GROUND WATER INFORMATION BOOKLET CHAMRAJNAGAR DISTRICT, KARNATAKA. GOVERNMENT OF INDIA MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES CENTRAL GROUND WATER BOARD, 2012, http://cgwb.gov.in/
District_Profile/karnataka/2012/C%20R%20Nagar_BROCHURE%202012.pdf. Accessed 19 Nov 2018.

Top Religion distribution over the districts(top to bottom): Bangalore, Chamrajnagar, Mandya, Mysore and Ramanagara
Top Right Populaton Graph of urban rural
Middle Right Literacy Rate
Bottom Right Sex ratio in the 5 districts

Karnataka
 Demography

Moderate
Culture & Tradition

The people of Bangalore are called Bangalorean (Bengalurenavaru in Kannada) and the definition
permeates class, religion and language. One of the major religions of Bangalore is Hinduism. The city celebrates
what is known to be Bangalore’s oldest festival called “Karaga Shaktyotsava” or Bengalooru Karaga. Dasara,
a traditional celebratory hallmark of the old Kingdom of Mysore is another important festival. The diversity
of cuisine is reflective of the social and economic diversity of Bangalore. Roadside vendors, tea stalls, South
Indian, North Indian, Muslim food, Chinese and Western fast food are all very popular in the city. Bangalore
Bangalore is marked by many musical bards who have contributed significantly to both forms of Indian classical music,
the Carnatic and Hindustani traditions. A home to many outstanding musicians, veterans and upcoming,
Karnataka prides itself of renowned musical personalities like Purandara Dasa (the father of Carnatic
Bellandur music), Tyagraja, Kalakkad Subbiah Ramanarayanan Iyer, Dr Nithyasree Mahadevan, Gingger Shankar, Basavaraj
Rajguru, and Gangubai Hangal. The City is home to the Kannada film industry, cultural scene is very diverse due
Mandya to Bangalore’s mixed ethnic groups.

Mysore Culture of Mandya district in Karnataka as of any other place, is inherent in the traditions that are
embraced and passed down by the generations. Mandya is the land of art, and culture. Mandya District is well
known for patronizing dramas and artists. Temple festivals and village festivals, called Jatra are performed
Chikkaballapura with great enthusiasm and gaiety. t has state wide reputation for its colourful and luxurious drama sceneries.
Well worth a mention here are ‘Benne’ and ‘Bangari’. Smt. Puttamma, who associated herself with ‘Hirannaiah
Channapatna Sthree Nataka Mandali’, was also a Hari Vidhwan. Another well-known artist in the field of drama was ‘Malavalli
Sudramma’. The Mandya district is also famous for Ganjifa Art. Mysore Ganjifa Art had almost been lost in India
till it was revived by Raghupathi Bhatta. Paintings served not only to decorate the walls of a house but were
Ramanagara perceived to be ‘Mangala Vastus’ or objects of auspiciousness.

Chamrajanagara Mysore is known as cultural capital of Karnataka. Mysore was the capital of the Wodeyar kings who ruled
over the Mysore Kingdom for many centuries, who were great patrons of art anad music. Mysore has also lent
its name to popular dishes like Mysore Masala Dosa and Mysore Pak. Mysore is also the origin of the popular
silk sari known as Mysore silk sari and has also given rise to a popular form of painting known as Mysore
1
“Chamarajanagara Taluk | Mapio.Net”. Mapio.Net, 2018, https://mapio.net/a/114481402/.
Accessed 20 Nov 2018.

painting. Rosewood Inlay work - British writers mention the existence of thousands of workers in Mysore
2
“Ganjifa Art - Google Search”. Google.Co.In, 2018, https://www.google.
co.in/search?hl=en&authuser=0&biw=1536&bih=754&tbm=isch&sa=
1&ei=jza-W9jtJsHQrQG6nZz4Cw&q=ganjifa+art&oq=ganjifa+Art&

involved in inlaying etched ivory motifs into rosewood to create intricate wood work. Even now an estimated
gs_l=img.3.0.0l4.30662.32941.0.36635.11.9.0.2.2.0.129.1003.1j8.9.0....0...1c.1.64.
img..0.11.1006...35i39k1j0i67k1.0.Tq8rDeEqNew#imgrc=M0Na3bCzZzW_GM:. Accessed
20 Nov 2018.

3
”Culture Of Bangalore”. En.Wikipedia.Org, 2018, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_
of_Bangalore#/media/File:Kereetadavesha.jpg. Accessed 20 Nov 2018.
4000 people in Mysore are involved in rosewood inlay work though other media like plastic have replaced ivory.
4
”Culture Of Mysore”. En.Wikipedia.Org, 2018, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_
Mysore#/media/File:Wood_inlay_Mysore.jpg. Accessed 20 Nov 2018.
Notable writers from the place are Kuvempu, R.K Narayan, R.K. Laxman, Gopala Krishna Adiga, U R Anantha
5
“Culture Of Bangalore”. En.Wikipedia.Org, 2018, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_
of_Bangalore#/media/File:Ready_for_sell_(9453890725).jpg. Accessed 20 Nov 2018.
Murthy.
6
“Bombee Kunitha - Google Search”. Google.Co.In, 2018, https://www.google.
co.in/search?hl=en&authuser=0&biw=1536&bih=754&tbm=isch&sa=1&ei=E

The Chamarajeshwaraswamy Rathayathra with four chariots is one of the famous festival celebrated
U K - W- s F 1 O C t A e H k v r A H & q = B o m b e e + k u n i t h a & o q = B o m b e e + k u n i t h a & g s _
l=img.3...5170.5170.0.6784.1.1.0.0.0.0.100.100.0j1.1.0....0...1c.1.64.img..0.0.0....0.mrciP-
QoNYo#imgrc=VXTO2LdhTmdjqM:. Accessed 20 Nov 2018.

7
“Purandara Dasa - Google Search”. Google.Co.In, 2018, https://www.google.co.in/sea
rch?hl=en&authuser=0&biw=1536&bih=754&tbs=isz%3Alt%2Cislt%3Asvga&tbm=isc
during Ashada (July -August) in Chamarajanagara. The Rathyatra attracts the newly married couples as they
adhere the ritual of throwing a pair of ripe bananas under the chariot while its rolling.
h&sa=1&ei=3DK-W7yBEc749QPUrq_YAQ&q=purandara+dasa&oq=Purandasa&gs_
l=img.1.0.0i7i30k1l10.16692.16692.0.18065.1.1.0.0.0.0.101.101.0j1.1.0....0...1c.1.64.
img..0.1.101....0.0Bm4sK0LAmk#imgrc=rqms0W0sjYLj1M:. Accessed 20 Nov 2018.

8
“Mysore Paintings - Google Search”. Google.Co.In, 2018, https://www.google.co.in/
search?hl=en&authuser=0&tbm=isch&source=hp&biw=1536&bih=754&ei=6Tu-W_
Girija Kalyana is another major festival celebrated with great pomp and grandeur in Chamarajanagara
every year in June.
DqD5C9rQHmgK74Aw&q=mysore+paintings&oq=MYsore+Pain&gs_
l=img.3.0.0l10.1563.3604.0.5244.12.11.0.1.1.0.157.1001.8j2.10.0....0...1ac.1.64.
img..1.11.1006.0..35i39k1.0.9viz1vom7D8#imgrc=iFmWcyZ4wV34DM:. Accessed 20 Nov
2018.

9
“Culture Of Mysore”. En.Wikipedia.Org, 2018, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_
Mysore#/media/File:Mysore_Silk_Saree.jpg. Accessed 20 Nov 2018.

10
“Preparations Begin For Car Fest On July 15”. Deccan Herald, 2018, https://www.
deccanherald.com/content/175466/preparations-begin-car-fest-july.html. Accessed 20 Nov
2018.

11
”Bangalore For The Visitor | Bangalore | Transport”. Scribd, 2018, https://www.scribd.com/ Left to Right Chamrajeshwara swamy- Rathyatra1 , Mysore Painting2, Yakshagana-a theatre art is often played in town hall3, An elephant created using wood-inlay work4,
document/98273644/Bangalore-for-the-Visitor. Accessed 20 Nov 2018.

12
“Dasara Mysore - Google Search”. Google.Co.In, 2018, https://www.google.co.in/
search?hl=en&authuser=0&tbm=isch&source=hp&biw=1536&bih=754&ei=Jju-W_
Kebabs5, Bombee Kunita – Lige like dolls adoring6, Purandara Dasa - Renowned Musician7, Ganjifa Art8, Mysore Silk9, Chamrajeshwara swamy- Rathyatra10, Karaga Shakyotsava11,
icJZL2rQG9m6KYC A&q=dasara+mysore&oq=dasara+mysore&gs_ Dasara Festival12

Karnataka
 Socio Cultural
Issues

Moderate
Cauvery Water conflict1

The sharing of waters of the Kaveri River has been the source of a serious conflict between the two
states of Tamil Nadu and Karnataka. The genesis of this conflict rests in two agreements in 1892 and
1924 between the Madras Presidency and Kingdom of Mysore. The 802 kilometres (498 mi) Cauvery
river has 44,000 km2 basin area in Tamil Nadu and 32,000 km2 basin area in Karnataka. The inflow from
Karnataka is 425 TMCft whereas that from Tamil Nadu is 252 TMCft Based on the inflow Karnataka is
demanding its due share of water from the river.
Bangalore
It states that the pre-independence agreements are invalid and are skewed heavily in the favour of the
Bellandur Madras Presidency, and has demanded a renegotiated settlement based on “equitable sharing of the
waters”. Tamil Nadu, on the other hand, pleads that it has already developed almost 3,000,000 acres
(12,000 km2) of land and as a result has come to depend very heavily on the existing pattern of usage.
Mandya Any change in this pattern, it says, will adversely affect the livelihood of millions of farmers in the state.
Mysore The Supreme Court on 16 February 2018 delivered its verdict in the decades-old Cauvery water
dispute, allocating more water to the state of Karnataka. The judgment clarified that Karnataka will now
Chikkaballapura have an enhanced share of 14.75 tmcft water per year while Tamil Nadu will get 404.25 tmcft. All tis led
to violent protest in both the states.
Channapatna Decline in Channapatna toys2

Ramanagara Channapatna toys are a particular form of wooden toys (and dolls) that are manufactured in the town
of channapatna in the ramanagara district of karnataka state, india. This traditional craft is protected as
Chamrajanagara a geographical indication (gi) under the world trade organization, administered by the government of
karnataka.

The work involved lacquering the wood of the aale mara (ivory-wood). Today, the use of ivory has been
banned, and rosewood and sandalwood have become expensive. Toymakers at channapatna use cedar,
pine, teak, or just about any wood they can lay their hands on.

Channapatna toys origin: can be traced to tipu’s era (18th century) uniqueness: vibrant colour and
symmetrical shapes. Vegetable dyes are used in the colouring process to ensure that the toys and dolls
are safe for use by children.
1
En.wikipedia.org. (2018). Kaveri River water dispute.
[online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Over 6,000 people are engaged in making and selling toys. The khdc plays a major role in marketing their
Kaveri_River_water_dispute [Accessed 8 Oct. 2018].
products. Due to no proper marketing and emerge of cheap chinese products and plastic products, the
2
Thenewsminute.com. (2015).Tragedy of Channapatna,
the land of wooden toys in India. [online] Available at: Left Wooden toys of Channapatna3 channapatna toy industry faced a financial crunch for more than a decade and was almost on the verge
https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/tragedy-
channapatna-land-wooden-toys-india [Accessed 8 Oct.
Top Route of Cauvery river taken between karnataka and Tamil Nadu upto Bay of Bengal 4 of dying out. The indian government in 2009, banned the export and import of toys from and to china
2018].
Bottom Right Violent protest staged by localites in Karnataka on Cauvery water dispute5 for six months on the basis of quality standards.
3
Upload.wikimedia.org.(2010). Channapatna Toys or
Chennapatna Toys. [online] Available at: https://upload.
wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/Channapatna-
toys.jpg [Accessed 8 Oct. 2018].
Previous Page Mettur Dam, Salem district1
Folk channapatna toys and handicrafts, a group formed by bharath art and crafts, promotes and supports
4
Vishwakarma, D. and Vishwakarma, D. (2016). kaveri lacquerware artisans to do innovation and modernization of their products. Now the toymakers have
Archives - MP Study. [online] MP Study. Available at: Left Temporary stall beside HIghway passing through CHannapatna to sell the famous channapatna
http://mpstudy.com/tag/kaveri/ [Accessed 8 Oct. toys2 also learnt to look beyond toys—at home accessories and decorative items.
2018].
Top Channapatna toys and its process of carving and dyeing3
5
Prasad, S. (2016). Cauvery water dispute: Politicians,
RIÀFLDOVDQGPHGLDRQO\DGGWRFRQIXVLRQQRWWUXWK Channapatna toys on display at a retail outlet, cauvery art & craft emporium, on bangalore’s mg road.
Firstpost. [online] Firstpost. Available at: https://www.
ÀUVWSRVWFRPLQGLDNDYHULZDWHUGLVSXWHSROLWLFLDQV
officials-and-media-only-add-to-confusion-not-
truth-2998876.html [Accessed 8 Oct. 2018].

Karnataka
 Moderate
20 Karnataka 21
 Issues Ecological

Moderate
Decline in vulture population,Mysore1

Indian Vulture populations took a hit in late 1990’s and more than 90% of the population died out
in a short time span.

Feeding on cattle carcasses that had medical Diclofenac content had caused renal failure in these
vultures. Ever since then, veterinary use of Diclofenac has been banned. A short documentary was
made by a group of biologists in 2009 on the same population of vultures. They discovered that,
Bangalore while none of the veterinary shops nearby stocked Diclofenac, the vets were circumventing the
ban by using human-prescribed Diclofenac drugs on cattle. Though alternative drugs like meloxicam
Bellandur has been popularised, incidents of veterinarians using diclofenac is found in traces till date,” a bird
expert revealed.
Mandya
The vulture population in India started to fall dramatically in the early ‘90s and declined by almost
99% by 2008. The population of the white-rumped vulture fell 99.7% between 1993 and 2002. In
Mysore January 2012, the Kumble Foundation was approached to intervene in declaring Ramadevarabetta
as a Vulture Sanctuary. Ramadevarabetta, with an area of 346.14 hectares, was declared as a Vulture
Chikkaballapura Sanctuary on January 31, 2012. Vulture populations have continued to decline in India at a rate of
between 20% and 40% each year since 2007. The drug was banned for veterinary use in India on
March 11, 2006
Channapatna
Water Scarcity & contamination and Air pollution2
Ramanagara
Rapid growth and urbanization have led to a concentration of economic activities in the capital city
Chamrajanagara of Karnataka. The population of Bangalore has reached nearly 8.5 million as per 2011, recording a
growth rate of 46% during the last decade. As a consequence, Bangalore, like other metropolitan
Previous Page
cities, is threatened by pollution, congestion and other environmental hazards. Deteriorating
1
Kaveri lake dam waters. (2013). [video].
environmental conditions cannot, however, be attributed solely to urbanization. Unsustainable
2
Wikiwand. (n.d.). Bugle Rock | Wikiwand.
[online] Available at: http://www.wikiwand. consumption of resources and lifestyle changes are also a major contributing factor. Following is an
com/en/Bugle_Rock [Accessed 8 Oct. 2018]. overview of the key environmental issues of the city.
3
Gitikasaksena.com. (2013). The toys of
Channapatna – Gitika Saksena. [online]
Available at: http://www.gitikasaksena.com/ Water Scarcity
the-toys-of-channapatna/ [Accessed 8 Oct.
2018].
The demand for water for domestic as well as non-domestic uses is continuously on the rise. The
Current Page
1
News, M. and News, K. (2015). Ban on
main sources of water to the city are ground water and river water systems. BWSSB which is
diclofenac, a lifeline for vultures - Times of responsible for supply of water to the city sources water from two rivers, Cauvery and Arkavathy.
India. [online] The Times of India. Available
DW KWWSVWLPHVRÀQGLDLQGLDWLPHVFRPFLW\ The average total quantity of water supplied to the city from these two rivers is 810 MLD and 184
kozhikode/Ban-on-diclofenac-a-lifeline-for- Left Rare sighting of Cinereous Vulture3
vultures/articleshow/48767339.cms [Accessed
MLD respectively with a total of 994 MLD.2 An estimated quantity of another 200 MLD is extracted
Top Indian vulture (Gyps indicus) is an Old World vulture native to India4
7 Oct. 2018]. from the groundwater sources. As such the total quantity of water available from all sources under
normal conditions is about 1194 MLD. The requirement of water for Bangalore for a population
Bengaluru, Bangalore, Bengaluru. (2012). 2nd
Exploitation of Watershed5
2

ed. SAGE Publications India Pvt Ltd, pp.8-15.

of about 9 million at the rate of 135 LPCD (National Building Code of India norms) is 1215 MLD.
3
Star of Mysore. (2018). Very rare vulture
sighted at Kabini Backwaters - Star of Mysore.
Thus, there is a shortage of 21 MLD. This arithmetical shortage is rather misleading. It may not
[online] Available at: https://starofmysore. appear to be a major issue at present, but this will increase with the growth of population and by
com/very-rare-vulture-sighted-at-kabini-
backwaters/ [Accessed 7 Oct. 2018]. 2021, we would require a quantity of 1350 MLD for a population of 10 million. Secondly, because
4
Kaav.com. (n.d.). Kaav Safari Lodge |
of the inequitable distribution of water, some sections of the population get far less water than
Experience wildlife in Kabini. [online] Available
at: http://kaav.com/about [Accessed 7 Oct.
the average per capita requirement. Today, some of the population particularly in the new layouts
2018]. depend on private bore well water as well as bought out water. Thirdly water losses, estimated
5
Cgwb.gov.in. (2012). District anywhere between 30-50% present a serious problem
SURÀOH.DUQDWDND >RQOLQH@$YDLODEOH DW KWWS
FJZEJRYLQ'LVWULFWB3URÀOHNDUQDWDND
Ramanagaram-2012.pdf [Accessed 7 Oct.
2018].

Karnataka
 Issues Groundwater

Moderate
Groundwater being a natural source available underneath the earth surface occurs in the hard
rock terrains under unconfined and semi-confined conditions. Inadequacy of the piped water supply
by BWSSB has resulted on the dependency of groundwater. Complementary to the BWSSB water
supply, groundwater helps in meeting the growing water demand. Unfortunately, the groundwater
table has depleted due to alarming rate of unscrupulous groundwater extraction by interested
parties. In some of the areas of Bangalore it has been reported that the bore wells have dried up
with no water or less of water. However, some measures have been taken to mitigate the adverse
effects. Rain Water Harvesting has been made mandatory for all households with over 2400 Sq.ft
Bangalore
or more, including the government and industrial establishments. At the same time, wastewater
recycling has been made compulsory for >1000 dwellings residing at a common apartment block so
Bellandur that the dependency on the groundwater can be reduced to an extent.

Mandya Waste Water/Sewerage

In most of the sewage treatment plants owned and operated by the BWSSB, the treatment is only
Mysore
up to secondary level before the water is discharged into natural water bodies and nallas. The total
treatment capacity of all the treatment plants put together is only about 70% indicating a shortfall
Chikkaballapura of nearly 30% of untreated waste escaping into receiving bodies of water. The city’s major drains
carry a certain percentage of untreated sewage and sullage from local leakages as well as non
connection to the BWSSB sewers. The sewerage system of Bangalore is designed only for sewage
Channapatna
which is generated and not for the storm water during heavy rainfall. As such, during stormy
weather the sewers are full and the man holes start over flowing resulting in escape of mixed rain
Ramanagara water and untreated sewage flowing in the streets adding to the misery of the residents.

Chamrajanagara

Bottom Left Sewer manhole and dumping of solid waste – reducing channel section 2

1
Ijcmas.com. (2018). [online] Available at: https://www. Top Left Water shortage. People waiting in queue to fill water from one borewell source 3

ijcmas.com/7-4-2018/G.%20Keshavareddy,%20et%20
al.pdf [Accessed 8 Oct. 2018]. Bottom Right overflowing manhols due to stormwater during heavy rains due to low capacity of sewers and blockages in them 4

2
Ramachandra T. V. and Pradeep P. Mujumdar, 2009,
Urban Floods: Case Study of Bangalore, Journal of the
National Institute of Disaster Management, Vol. 3, No.
2, April 2009, pp. 1 – 98.

3
Bernard van Leer Foundation. (2012). Improving the
lives of young children - visiting urban slums and remote
rural pockets in India. - Bernard van Leer Foundation.
[online] Available at: https://bernardvanleer.org/blog/
improving-lives-young-children-visiting-urban-slums-
remote-rural-pockets-india/ [Accessed 8 Oct. 2018].

4
$%& 1HZV  0DQKROH RYHUÁRZLQJ >RQOLQH@
Available at: http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-03-30/
a-manhole-overflows-in-newmarket-as-ex-cyclone-
debbie-rains/8402090 [Accessed 8 Oct. 2018].

Karnataka
 Moderate
Left Vrishabhavathi river polluted 1

Top Waste water process flow diagram2

Right Vrishabhavathi river route3

26 Karnataka 27
 Issues Water Contamination , Ramanagara1

Moderate
Byramangala Lake of Ramanagara District has been chosen as study area. The lake joins river Arkavathi
downstream, which ultimately joins the river Cauvery. The pollution of the lake began in the 1960’s.
The main sources of pollution are the industrial effluents, the municipal effluents and the untreated
sewage discharge from the Bangalore urban area, which eventually enters the Vrishabhavathi reservoir.
The right bank of the lake houses a large industrial zone known as the Bidadi Industrial Area. Most of
these industries discharge their effluents into the Byramangala Lake without subjecting the effluents
to secondary or advanced treatment.

Bangalore Remedial measures Construction of a Wastewater Treatment Plant Most of the industries from the
Bidadi industrial area discharge their effluents into the Byramangala Lake without subjecting the
Bellandur effluents to secondary or advanced treatment [2]. The construction of a waste water treatment plant
for treating the effluents from the major large scale industries before discharging into the Byramangala
Lake can help in mitigating the pollution in the lake.
Mandya
Portable Activated Carbon Filters: The portable filters can be used at the site of the bore well. The
Mysore water drawn from the bore well can be passed through the filter system and then used for the various
domestic needs. This system of filtration keeps a check on the COD and BOD levels in the bore well
water. Activated Carbon Filter are used to reduce chlorine, organics, color, tannin, objectionable tastes
Chikkaballapura and odors, and dissolved organic chemicals from municipal and industrial water supplies Green Bridge:

Channapatna Green Bridge technology is Eco technological horizontal filtration – having different physical and
biological filters working in combination removes suspended and dissolved impurities of water.
Ramanagara
Pesticide poisoning among farmers in Ramanagara 2

Chamrajanagara Ramanagara which is near to the Bengaluru, is one of the main district of Karnataka where tomato
Previous Page is widely grown among all the vegetables. In this district more than 80% tomato growing farmers are
1
Jinkchak. (2013). Jinkchak. [online] Available
at: https://jinkchak.wordpress.com/page/3/ smallholders. Tomato is of great importance to the smallholders in the district in terms of income
[Accessed 8 Oct. 2018].
2
Ccert.info. (2018). Water Treatment
generation and local consumption. The farmers grow tomatoes all-round the year in the district due
Flow Diagram Water Treatment Flow
Left Farmer in Ramanagara using pesticides without protective gear 1
to which the crop is greatly affected by insect pests and diseases. This problem has prompted farmers
Diagram Conventional Water Treatment
Flow Diagram Flow Diagram Of Typical
Bottom Results of a survey done on farmers to study the lack of awareness regarding usage of pesticides 2
to use several pesticides injudiciously as a means to control pests and diseases and to improve the
Surface Water Treatment Plant – wiring
diagram pro. [online] Available at: http:// productivity. In due process, farmers are often exposed to health risks in terms of mixing chemicals,
ccert.info/water-treatment-flow-diagram/
w a t e r- t re a t m e n t - f l ow - d i a g r a m - w a t e r-
application and disposal of pesticides or their containers.This type of exposure to hazardous chemicals
WUHDWPHQWÁRZGLDJUDPFRQYHQWLRQDOZDWHU can lead to pesticide poisoning causing short and or long-term health effects
treatment-flow-diagram-flow-diagram-
of-typical-surface-water-treatment-plant/
[Accessed 8 Oct. 2018].
3
Route of cauvery water from Karnataka to
The major diseases are bacterial wilt, fungal wilt and blight (early and late) diseases predominantly
TN. (2016). [video] Karnataka:Youtube. during November to February. Most of the tomato growers in the district lack knowledge about
Current Page specific insecticides / fungicides / bactericides and integrated pest and diseases management practices.
1
Gupta, R. (2017). India’s plague of pesticide
poisoning: Why does the government not
act to regulate pesticides better?. [online]
Times of India Blog. Available at: https://blogs.
Most of the farmers do wash their farm cloths along with their family member’s cloths which raises
timesofindia.indiatimes.com/toi-edit-page/ the possibility of cross contamination. Since knapsack sprayer was the main pesticide application
indias-plague-of-pesticide-poisoning-why-
does-the-government-not-act-to-regulate- equipment used by the farmers, it is important to keep knapsack sprayers in good and operating
pesticides-better/ [Accessed 8 Oct. 2018].
2
I3s.net.in. (2015). District_wise_skill_gap_
condition. Sprayers have been known to spill or leak, especially when farmers are using them for many
study_for_the_State_of_Karnataka. [online] years.
Available at: http://www.i3s.net.in/uploads/
pdf/Resources/Karnataka/District_wise_skill_
gap_study_for_the_State_of_Karnataka.pdf
[Accessed 8 Oct. 2018]. Bio- waste3
3
Planning Commission on ‘Urban Solid Waste
Management in India’,GOI(1995). (2000). The
expert Committee,2000. Bangalore’s rapid urbanization has also meant growing mountains of waste – solid and liquid – over 1000
MLD of waste water flows out of the city everyday into the 3 valleys of Vrishabhavathi, Koramangala
and Hebbal. 50%heavy metal discharge from peenya industrial area goes straight into the river. These
metals are chromium,Zn,Cu,Mn,Al.

ATREE( non profit organisation) conducted a study -discharge from alloy smelters, textile industries,
Karnataka
 Issues

Moderate
Economical

Market Infrastructure1

There has been concern in recent years regarding the efficiency of marketing of fruits and
vegetables, leading to high and fluctuating consumer price and only a small share of consumer
rupee reaching to the farmer
Bangalore Fruits and vegetable crops assume a unique role in India’s economy by improving the
income of the rural households. Cultivation of fruits and vegetable crops is labour intensive and
Bellandur hence, generate lot of employment opportunities for the rural population.
Fruits and vegetables are not only used for domestic consumption and processing into
various products but also export,, bringing much-needed foreign exchange for the country.
Mandya

Mysore Therefore, it is the responsibility of the APMCs and policymakers to reduce the
involvement of intermediaries in the sale of the agricultural produce to benefit the farming
community as well as the ultimate consumers. The maximization of benefit to the farmer and
Chikkaballapura consumer can also be done by creating local marketing infrastructure, on-farm storage facilities,
cold storage and high quality of inputs. This would lead the farming community to high quality
Channapatna produce.
APMC- Agricultural Produce Market Committee
In January 2009, Government has declared HOPCOMS as the unit of Horticulture
Ramanagara department. The area of operation of HOPCOMS is Bangalore urban, Bangalore rural, Kolar,
Chikkaballapura, Ramanagar districts.
Chamrajanagara
HOPCOMS is offering a number of facilities to the farmers : HOPCOMS purchase the
Horticulture produces directly from farmers at remunerative prices; and Provide transport
facilities from collection centres. Provide weighment and immediate cash payment; Arrange
input supply at reasonable prices; Arrange subsidisd supply of plastic crates to its farmer
members to handholding fruits and vegetables; Supply of seeds under 74 A Study on Marketing
Infrastructure for Fruits and Vegetables in India RS 91 subsidised rates; Conducting farmers’
tours and technical guidance; Training on production and processing of Horticultural crops;
Accommodation for night stay; Canteen and Banking facilities, minimum support price during
distress sales under Government schemes (MIS) and assistance for preliminary processing
activities.

Unplanned Development in Bangalore2

Urbanization is a global phenomenon involving unprecedented expansion of land

1
I3s.net.in. (2015). District_wise_skill_gap_
study_for_the_State_of_Karnataka. [online]
Available at: http://www.i3s.net.in/uploads/
pdf/Resources/Karnataka/District_wise_skill_
gap_study_for_the_State_of_Karnataka.pdf
[Accessed 8 Oct. 2018].
2
ENVIS Technical Report 75. (2014).
Environment Information System[ENVIS]
Centre for ecological Sciences. Indian Institute
of Science.
Left Ward wise distribution of population in Bangalore2
Top Market infrastructure in Ramanagara1
Top Right Share of all the middlemen from producer till the retailer1
Middle Right Comparison in escalation of population in Bangalore2
Bottom Right Increment in the spatial extent of Bangalore2
cover has invariably led to rapid increase of urban extents and growth of unplanned regions.
Unplanned urbanization and lack of optimal management of natural resources by city officials
has led to the gradual decline of urban services such as water quality, air quality, inadequate
infrastructure, poor quality of life, etc.
Bangalore is the principal administrative, cultural, commercial, industrial, and knowledge
capital of the state. The city is subdivided into 8 zones with 198 wards under the jurisdiction of
BBMP. Bangalore geographically encompasses an area of 741 km2. Spatial extent of Bangalore
has increased over 10 times from 1949 (69km2) to 2006 (7411cm2). Currently, it is the 5th
largest metropolis in India. The population of Bangalore urban (BBMP limits) has increased by
48%, from 6.53 million in 2001(Census, 2001) to about 9.58 million in 2011(Census, 2011).

Karnataka
 Issues

Moderate
From 1965 onwards, the city began to evolve into a city of small—scale industries. By
1998, it became recognized as an IT hub. Bangalore also houses IT and TT based industries and
numerous leading commercial and educational institutions, and specialized industries of textiles,
aviation, space, and biotechnology. The immediate consequence of the growth of these created
pressure on infrastructure and basic amenities like water supply, energy, public transportation,
land etc. Large plots and colonial bungalows with home gardens gave way to multi-storied
apartment blocks with just small patches of lawns. In terms of natural flora, Bangalore city
had 979 species in 542 genera, 133 families during early 1970s. Due to the rapid unplanned
urbanization and urban sprawl, the spatial extent of Bangalore increased from 69 sq.km (in
Bangalore 1949) to 741 sq. km (in 2010). Now, Bangalore is the fifth largest metropolis in India with a
population of about 8.4 million (census, 2011).
Bellandur
Roads are also being widened by axing the numerous roadside frees. Many lakes and tanks
were encroached and converted into residential layouts, multi-storey buildings, playgrounds, bus
Mandya stands etc. and some lakes were used for dumping of municipal solid waste or building debris.

Mysore Due to the evolution of IT sectors during and after the year 2000, there occurred large
scale land use changes with urbanization at White field, Electronic city, Domlur, and Hebbal with
Chikkaballapura the help of private players and development of Special Economic Zones. Bangalore was once
branded as the Garden city due to its dense vegetation cover, but the amount of vegetation
has declined from 68.27% (in 1973) to less than 25% (in 2012). The water bodies have reduced
Channapatna Left Land use dynamics:Comparative study1
from 3.4% (1973) to less than 1% (2012). other land uses have changed from 20.35% (1973) to
Top Predicted growth of Bangalore by 20201
17.49% (2012).
Bottom Land cover changes from 1973-20101
Ramanagara

Chamrajanagara

1 ENVIS Technical Report 75. (2014).

Environment Information System[ENVIS]
Centre for ecological Sciences. Indian Institute
of Science.

Karnataka
 Growth
Settlement

Moderate
pattern Bangalore was laid out in 1537 by Kempe Gowda-I, with permission from the emperor of Vijayanagar.
He constructed a mud fort which had four entry points/gates signifying the cardinal directions
of north, east, west and south - ‘Yelahanka gate’, ‘Halsoor gate’, ‘Kengeri gate’ and ‘Anekal gate’-
respectively. The layout inside the fort was mainly meant for commerce, divided into various ‘petes’
(markets)- Nagarth Pete, Ballapurada Pete, Taragu Pete, Bale Pete, Chikka Pete and so on- each
specialized in different commodities. Bangalore was then surrounded by forests, agricultural fields,
tanks and was dotted with temples.
Bangalore Around 1800, the fort town was a place of armament manufacturing and a commercial centre.
Agricultural products were available in abundance in the city. Bangalore’s importance as a commercial
Bellandur centre catered to the court at Srirangapatna and also regions as far away as Bidanur, Chitradurga,
Gubbi and even the distant markets of the Middle East.
Mandya By the end of 18th century, Bangalore had become a vast military camp, intensely active, with a mass
of fighting forces. The confinement of the town to the fortified area was transformed after the
Mysore British East India Company decided to set up its military establishment on Civil and Military Station
at Bangalore in 1807. Bangalore was part of the territory restored to the Wodeyar dynasty under
Chikkaballapura the political authority of the British. For environmental and strategic reasons, the British shifted their
troops from Seringapatnam to Bangalore. Land near Ulsoor village was acquired for the British troops
to be stationed and a new social area came into being. In 1807 a layout was prepared for British
Channapatna Regiments and barracks and other military buildings.

Ramanagara The first major physical expansion of Bangalore happened in the early nineteenth century. British
developed Military-Administrative District for the settlement of army personnel and its officers.
Chamrajanagara This happened within the context of the colonial establishment/arrangement in agreement with the
Mysore Princely State. The expanded space was worked out as an independent unit, though it was, in
some ways connected to the Bangalore Town by its sheer physical proximity. This implanted townstate,
in the course of time expanded and was termed the Civil and Military Station. ‘Civil and Military
Station’ was later known as the ‘Cantonment area’. Bangalore town became a bi-nucleated town with
two different administrations for ‘City’ and ‘Civil and Military Station’ in the nineteenth century. Civil
and Military Station area developed into a heterogeneous area with migrant populations belonging to
different ethnic and religious communities on the one hand and the British population.

By the end of the Commissioners’ regime, Bangalore was an established binuclear town. Civil and
Military Station was a new kind of a layout formation of the expanded town; it had become a full
fledged town with diverse built structures. On the one hand, the new town was a militarized space to
control the whole region of Princely Mysore, with a spatial form which had a great number of vacant
lands put to various uses, apart from the built up area. On the other, a new ‘aesthetics in- architecture,
creation of parks, spacious bungalows etc., was inscribed in the new core. Bangalore became the
administrative/power centre of the Princely Mysore State. This kind of urbanization process is also
1
“Bangalore 1914. : Bangalore”. Reddit.Com, indicative of regimented land use and development. The new urban socio-spatial organization of the
2018, https://www.reddit.com/r/bangalore/
comments/8phu1p/bangalore_1914/. Accessed 20 Nov emerging city displayed ‘the fort-settlement and market-tank model, ‘English parks and gardens model
2018.
and the militarized space.
2

From the point of the view of urbanization changes were both spatial and demographic. The making
of Bangalore town into a bi-nuclear town, coupled by its spatial and demographic growth was
unprecedented. Each nucleus developed its own market, railway station, centre for economic activities
etc. In 1889, the built-up area of the city was about 3.9 square miles, the remainder being parks and
open spaces. With the rendition in 1881, or the restoration of power to the Wodeyar monarchy,
Left Bangalore 1914 map1
Bangalore town was again divided between two regimes- native town and the Civil and Military
Top Bangalore Landuse plan 18952
Station. New models of town planning were developed for the city and Civil and Military Station areas.

Karnataka
 Settlement

Moderate
pattern

Bangalore

Bellandur

Mandya

Mysore

Chikkaballapura

Channapatna

Ramanagara

Chamrajanagara

1
Upload.Wikimedia.Org, 2018, https://upload.
wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/
Bangalore1924_map.png. Accessed 20 Nov
2018.

2
”Yashmanjipoor To Yeshwanthpur: Bengaluru
Suburban History Through Maps |”. Citizen Left Bangalore - 1924 1

Matters, Bengaluru, 2017, http://bengaluru.

citizenmatters.in/yashawanthpur-bangalore- Top Bangalore in 1800s v

history-topography-story-22245. Accessed 20
Nov 2018. Top centre 1 to 5 Belts of Bangalore city 3

3
“Bangalore - The City Of Gardens |
Archinomy”. Archinomy.Com, 2018, http:// Top Right Proposed development and green belt area for the Bangalore city3
www.archinomy.com/case-studies/983/
bangalore-the-city-of-gardens. Accessed 20
Nov 2018.

Karnataka
 One of many interventions in the last decade of the 19th century was the physical expansion of the town. Extensions were newly
Settlement

Moderate
created, and the consequence of extension formation was the concentration of population on a massive scale in an area, though
pattern development of the place was gradual.

If one were to look at the 1895 map, Bangalore area’s land use was broadly classified as – Residential and Commercial; Military
lands with buildings and open areas – comprising of drill grounds, ranges, etc.,; tanks and parks; roads and railways; and major
government buildings and public institutions.

Town expansion was by and large fashioned by forming extensions throughout the first half of the 20th century. By the 1940s
new public sector industries and their concomitant residential extensions occupied more space. By this time, the native town
Bangalore had overtaken the Civil and Military Station area. The Civil and Military Station area continued to be a residential and military
area, though it was expanding, whereas the city developed very different heterogeneous and new kinds of land uses giving way to
Bellandur industry and its townships and other institutions.

During this period, Civil and Military Station area too was expanding. In response to congestion, the government took steps
Mandya in this direction by creating extensions to decongest the town. The Municipal Commission was expanding the town with the
double-edged strategy of providing relief to the town dwellers from congestion and making provision for residential sites for the
Mysore middleclass.

By the end of the 19th century industrial units in Bangalore began to appear. State-run or joint stock companies, especially in the
Chikkaballapura 1930s and 40s marked the industrialisation pattern of the city. The planning of science and technology institutions in the native
town area got impetus from the statesman Viswesvaraiah. The story of Hindustan Aircraft Pvt. Ltd. (HAL) which began in 1940
Channapatna is important in the history of the city.44 Following the success of HAL, many other industries sprang up. For instance, in 1942,
the government of Mysore established Radio and Electrical Manufacturing Company, and in 1945, Mysore Electrical Industries
was established. Thus, the spatial distribution of the city changed with the establishment of a wide range of technical and service
Ramanagara
industries on the outskirts of the city.

Chamrajanagara The main reason for the increase in city’s population has been migration. During 1941-51, migrants generally were from Tamil
Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Kerala. The total population growth contribution dropped from 20 percent in 1961 to 15 percent in
1981. The natural increase of the population in the city was 65%, whereas the increase of population due to migration stood at
35%. Migration was propelled by the perceived opportunities for education, marriage, employment etc. The rapidly expanding city
which provided increasing employment and educational opportunities acted as pull factors and the impoverished regions socio-
economic conditions. The increase in the concentration of population and the spatial expansion were mainly attributed to rapid
industrialization. Bangalore was already a place where modernization in many spheres, had become a defining attribute of the
city. Industrialization was central to modernization process which was initiated. Bangalore City became the site for the planned
industrial development. The national policy channelized resources for the development of public sector enterprises-large-scale
heavy industries.

The period between the late 1940s and the late 1960s was a period of intensive industrialization. In the last two decades of
the twentieth century Bangalore became a ‘network city’. Individual efforts and enterprise both public and private sector, and
foreign aid/collaboration for the development of the new sectors of the economy, like electronics and computer industry was
finding a relatively uncontrolled/liberalized space but it was guided, facilitated and monitored by the Government. One of the
initial six STPIs (Software Tech Parks of India Scheme) was set up at the Electronics City with the government’s facilities which
included broadband communication networks, tax concessions, and tariff-free imports of equipment. In the context of all these
developments, KEONICS claimed Electronics City to be ‘Silicon Valley of India’ and with more publicity the Silicon Valley image
was being projected to the whole of Bangalore city itself.
1
“Carte : Bangalore, Mégapole Multipolaire En
2007 (Cartothèque Sciences Po) | Géographie
De L’inde Et Du Monde Indien”. Scoop.It, During the last two decades of the twentieth century, the unplanned expansions of the city had become a regular feature of the
2018, https://www.scoop.it/t/geographie-du-
monde-indien/p/4042689897/2015/05/02/
Left Bangalore Metropolitan area planning1 city growth. Apart from such formations, Bangalore city was expanding into the vast tracts of agricultural lands within the green
carte-bangalore-megapole-multipolaire-en-
2007-cartotheque-sciences-po. Accessed 20
belt. With the new wave of industrialization, there was a new configuration of space owing to high-technology industrialization.
Nov 2018.

Source: Shodhganga.Inflibnet.Ac.In, 2018, http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/87674/12/12_chapter%203.pdf. Accessed 20 Nov 2018.

38
Karnataka 39
 Settlement

Moderate
pattern

Mysore - Mandya
On one hand urbanization has the power to attract people, whereby towns
and cities become the point of convergence. On the other hand, it radiates its
Bangalore
influence outwards based on its centrifugal potentials. Same has happened with
Bellandur Mysore-Mandya corridor.

Mandya Mysore urban region was concentrated around the palace and its surroundings
extending hardly one Kilometer outwards. The growth of population and
Mysore
urbanization in particular has been indeed very slow at this time 1901 up to 1931,
with a decadal growth rate of average 4%. But the rate of growth almost doubled
Chikkaballapura
from 1941 through 2001 with 41%, 62%, 40%, 34%, 36%, 22%, 25% respectively. The
Channapatna main causes for the increasing population size is the natural growth of population
as well as rural to urban in-migration taking place, parallel to the growth of natural
Ramanagara population growth.
The development of the outer ring road, the functionalization of Mysore
Chamrajanagara
airport and the connectivity of Mysore city with the major commercial centers
of India has opened up the doors for expansion. In this scenario, migration would
increase putting pressure on the city’s infrastructure.
Urbanization in Mandya urban region has been slow with a negative rate of
5% during 1911. But the rate of growth almost has increased from 1931 onwards
with almost 22%, 91%, 86%, 57%, 116%, 39%, 19%, a slow growth of 9% in 2001,
37% respectively. The population is increasing both from the natural growth of
population as well as through the in-migration taking place mostly as a result of
the rural to urban.
The growth of population is rapid in Mysore UA than compared to Mandya UA.
However the rate of spatial expansion taking place in Mandy UA is tremendously
in higher proportions than compared to its population increase, than compared
to Mysore UA. The worry here is that the spatial expansion is conflicting with the
environmental issues. Mandya being basically agrarian in nature can easily give way
for reduction in the land under green spaces, thereby leading grossly towards the
conversion of land in the category of barren land, uncultivated land or even in
1
6KRGKJDQJD,QÁLEQHW$F,Q  KWWSVKRGKJDQJD
inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/136224/12/12_
chapter%204.pdf. Accessed 20 Nov 2018.
cultivable waste.
Left Urban expansion (1981-2011) 1

Top Distribution of population of settlements into classes along Mandya-Mysore Corridor Region (1981-2031)1

Karnataka
 Moderate
Mysore - Mandya

Proximity of the settlements from the main city as well as from the main
road of the corridor region has been determined to identify the relative distance
of the settlements in radial and linear growth. There is radial growth observed
with a distance of 5 km concentric zone from Mysore UA. The road network
giving access to every part of the city which is expanding the ring road for further
development.

• The growth of population is not exactly captivating along the Mysore –

Mandya Corridor. However the growth of population is dispersing away
from the corridor region, and mostly concentrating in the north western
direction of Mysore, chiefly around Pandavapura taluk.
• There is sleek growth in Population along the corridor and the reason
could be probably due to the uncertainty of the land-use policy which
might hinder the growth pattern in the later years.
• There is a massive urban expansion around the towns chiefly in a radial
pattern.
• The shifting of the villages into the higher ranks is widely observed than
the shifts in the ranks of towns.
source: Shodhganga.Inflibnet.Ac.In, 2001, http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/136224/12/12_chapter%204.pdf. Accessed 20 Nov 2018.

Left Proximity of settlements (1991-2011)1

Right Classification of population density along Mysore-
Mandya Corridor region 1

42 Karnataka 43
 Melukote, Mandya
Settlement

Moderate
pattern Melukote in Pandavapura taluk of Mandya district, Karnataka, in southern
India, is one of the sacred places in Karnataka. The place is also known as
Thirunarayanapuram. It is built on rocky hills, known as Yadugiri, Yaadavagiri and
Yadushailadeepa, overlooking the Cauvery valley. Melukote is about 51 km (32 miles)
from Mysore and 133 km (83 mi) from Bangalore.
Melukote is the location of the Cheluvanarayana Swamy Temple, with a
collection of crowns and jewels which are brought to the temple for the annual
celebration. On the top of the hill is the temple of Yoganarasimha. Many more shrines
Bangalore and ponds are located in the town.
Melukote has been known for quality handlooms especially weaving dhoties,
Bellandur sarees, etc. An artisans training centre, a dairy unit and a residential school are
established in the place.
Mandya There are three main sects found here namely Brahmin , Weaver and farmer.
Dwellings found near the kalyani’s around the temples are that of brahmins
Mysore (Priests), those living within the city are weavers and those in the periphery and
RXWVNLUWVDUHIDUPHUVVWD\LQJFORVHUWRWKHLUUHVSHFWLYHÀHOGV
Chikkaballapura

Channapatna

Ramanagara

Chamrajanagara

Previous Page
1
6KRGKJDQJD,QÁLEQHW$F,Q  KWWSVKRGKJDQJD
inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/136224/12/12_
chapter%204.pdf. Accessed 20 Nov 2018.

Left Settlement distribution in the town of Melkote, Mandya, Karnataka

Top One of three typology oh house found in Melkote - Farmer Typology

Karnataka
 Moderate
Left Two of three typology oh house found in Melkote - Brahmin
and Weaver(left to right) Typology
Right View of the settlement around the Kalyani in Melkote, Mandya

46 Karnataka 47
 Mysore
Settlement

Moderate
pattern . An Agraharam or Agrahara is the name given to the Brahmin quarter of a heterogenous village or to any village
inhabited by Brahmins. Agraharams: The name literally means “a garland of houses”. It originates from the fact that
the agraharams have lines of houses on either side of the road and the temple to the village god at the centre, thus
resembling a garland around the temple. The row of houses is either single or double storied, with the traditional
pitched roof form striking a significant profile against the sky. The streets were narrow and formed an integral
extension of the ‘living space’.The agraharams were often built on land donated by the royals and often the land was
divided amongst the migrant Brahmins based on the social hierarchy existing within their caste group.

Bangalore The spatial planning of the agraharams follows a linear pattern with rooms arranged one after the other in contrast
to the arrangement of rooms around the courtyard. The spaces inside have special purposes, and among them
Bellandur privacy of the occupants is of the least concern. A passage which starts at the street face, runs through the house
ending at the backyard. There are some open spaces too, in the form of sunken courtyards or backyards which
are highly functional. The row houses shared a common wall made of ‘Cheekkal katta’, a strong locally available
Mandya building material, these blocks were cemented with lime plaster had a long verandah running along the front portion,
supported by stone and wooden pillars. The plinth in which the house stood was made of large granite blocks, laid
Mysore in a special manner, which according to them is very efficient that the centuries old houses had not been affected
by the earthquakes. In old days the roofs were thatched and the supporting pillars and mezzanine floors were made
of timbre.,
Chikkaballapura
There was always a tendency amongst the members of the brahmin communities to settle together to ensure safety.
Channapatna Another reason behind this was that in most cases the migrants to a particular place may be the members of a
same family, and thus when they settle down in an alien land, they automatically evolved into a close knit community
Ramanagara whose principles were based on strict religious norms.

Traditionally in Vastu, the open courtyard in a house is considered as the ‘devasthana’, The most sacred place
Chamrajanagara assigned to the gods and hence construction is not allowed there. The agraharams also incorporates a courtyard in
its design however, here its position is not in the deva sthana . The sacred tulsi planted and worshipped in the center
of the courtyard. The court has provisions of taps for ablution and also outlets for water drainage which takes the
rainwater outside. In the old days the agraharams did not have toilets associated with the house and the system of
scavengers lanes thus came into existence. There were narrow lanes running behind the agraharams, through which
the scavengers came and collected the night each agraharam.
Source: teenashyjan. “Agraharam”. Slideshare.Net, 2015, https://www.slideshare.net/teenashyjan/agraharam. Accessed 20 Nov 2018.

1
teenashyjan. “Agraharam”. Slideshare.Net, 2015,
https://www.slideshare.net/teenashyjan/agraharam.
Accessed 20 Nov 2018.

Left Drawings for a typical Agraharam dwelling (Brahmin dwelling) found in Mysore district1

Karnataka
 Moderate
in between the two rows acting as extended living room spaces, Row of houses with a
front porch acting as buffer between Inside and outside living spaces, View into the house
from the entrance, Aerial view of the courtyard opening in roof, Tulasi plant kept in the
Courtyard to receive the earlu morning sunrays as an auspiscious belief.

Source: teenashyjan. “Agraharam”. Slideshare.Net, 2015, https://www.slideshare.net/teenashyjan/agraharam. Accessed

20 Nov 2018.

Left Axo View of a typical Agraharam Dwelling1

Top Left Layuout of Nalekettu and courtyard and Layout of Agraharam with Courtyard (Left to Right)1
Right Roof plan of Agraharam house1
Rightmost (top to bottom) Row of houses with traditional pitched roof, Narrow street1

50 Karnataka 51
 Moderate
Mysore

Lugsung Samdupling Tibetan Settlement is the first Tibetan settlement in India. It was started in 1960 with the
help of Indian Government for initial population of 3000 settlers. Later assisted by number of other foreign
funding agencies and individuals assisted to improve upon the existing infrastructure. This settlement is also
one of the biggest Tibetan refugee settlements in India and the total area of the settlement is 3210 acre.

Bangalore It is located at Bylakuppe village in Periyapatna Taluk of Karnataka State, south of India at about 52 miles west
of Mysore City. The nearest town of the settlement is Kushal Nagar. It is at 7 Km from the settlement Office. It
Bellandur lies on a flat plain at the height of 2,600ft., above sea level. Average temperatures at Bylakuppe ranges between
80° to 95° Fahrenheit, and average rainfall is around 30-34 inches annually.

Mandya Most of the original families have a small piece of agricultural land for their living. Due to lack of irrigation
facilities, the rain fed crop agriculture is practiced, which is not sufficient to sustain the families on farming
Mysore alone. Besides agricultural, the settlers are engaged in trading, restaurants, shop keeping, and seasonal sweater
selling etc
Chikkaballapura
The settlers themselves in 1961 started a Co-operative Society and it was formally registered in 1964 under
the Indian Co-operative society act. The main purpose of the co-operative society was to carry out the
Channapatna trading activities of the settlement. These seemed to be profitable undertaking as the main market is far
from the settlement. The co-operative Society now runs few small enterprises, including a flour-mill, a carpet
Ramanagara weaving Centre, a poultry farm, an animal husbandry program, a mechanical workshop, and several shops. It
also helps farmers in procuring and supplying farm inputs. In order to pursue the more advantages to the
settlers, the Co-operative society has created a small marketing and support unit.
Chamrajanagara
Source: “Lugsung Samdupling Tibetan Refugee Settlement, Bylakuppe”. Centraltibetanreliefcommittee.Org, 2018, http://centraltibetanreliefcommittee.org/doh/settlements/india/south/lugsung-samdupling.html. Accessed
20 Nov 2018.

Previous Page
1
teenashyjan. “Agraharam”. Slideshare.Net, 2015,
https://www.slideshare.net/teenashyjan/agraharam.
Accessed 20 Nov 2018

Left View of the Tibetan bylakuppe settlement in Mysore district1

Karnataka
 HotHot
andandDry
Dry

Settlement
Geography Demography Issues Patterns

Climate Caste and Religion Water Yadgir Settlement

Soil Occupation Political Cluster settlement

Water Source Literacy Climate Housing Typology

Vegetation Population Industries Chitradurga Settlement

 Geography Climate

Hot and Dry

Karnataka, housing the most distint climatic zones has evolved and developed a mixed variety of diversed
culture, flora, funa, occupation and architecture that the climate nourished.

Hot and Dry, sounding to be the most bizzare place to imagine once existance in, has grown in a most
Bidar distint manner giving birth to one of the most distint forms of srchitecture across the country
Bidar Bagolkot
This part of Karnataka experiences the extremities of the temperatures; the summers that make broth
Gulbarga boil, experience temperature as high as 42 degree centigrade while the winters can go as low as 16
degree centigrade. The extreme temperatures are accompanied by very dry weather and consistently
Yadgir low rainfall Bagalkot, receives an annual rain fall of 340mm. Bellary, Koppal and ChitraDurga receive a
relatively higher rainfall between 515mm-586mm. Bidar, Gulbarga, Yadgir and Raichur receive an annual
rainfall between 711mm-789mm. Receiving the highest rainfall of all, up to 1100mm is Bijapur, that
Raichur
houses several rivers and waterbodies that enhance the annual precipitation.

Bijapur

Bagolkot Gulbarga Bellary

Bellary

Koppal

Chitradurga

Yadgir Koppal

1
Top is the dried out land agriculture land due to scarcity of water
2
Left shows a street in a mid day hot summer

Raichur Bidar

Source every information using footnotes

and the reference number.Use MLA format
of bibliography.
1
”Weather”. Meteoblue, 2018, https://www.
meteoblue.com/en/weather/forecast/week/
karnataka_india_1274056.

Karnataka
Bijapur
 Geography Soil

Hot and Dry

The major soil types found in this region are variants of black soil and red
soil. In texture these soils vary from loam to clays, generally alkane in nature.
The black soil is known to get self ploughed due to its swelling and shrinking
Bidar properties with change in moisture content.

Black Soil are characterized by their deep black colour. Their composition
Gulbarga
has a large amount of clay. This helps the black soil retain water, making them
ideal for crops that require water year round. This also gives them a unique
Yadgir self-ploughing ability.

Raichur These soil are rich in lime, iron and magnesia. They are also known as Black
Cotton Soil, since cotton grows exclusively in black soil, and is one of the
Bijapur main cash crops in this region
1
Left shows red sandy soil before sowing
Red soils are generally derived from crystalline rock. They are usually poor
Bagolkot 2
Top shows red soil
growing soils, low in nutrients and humus and difficult to cultivate because
3
Bottom shows a ploughed black soil field
of its low water holding capacity
Bellary

Koppal

Chitradurga

Source every information using footnotes and

the reference number.Use MLA format of
bibliography.
1
Google Image. Google Inc.,2018.

Karnataka
 Geography Vegetation

Hot and Dry

Agriculture, occupying ¾ of the economy of these regions resulted in the growth of varies cash
crops and food crops; the major cash crops being groundnut, sugarcane, cotton and sunflower
and the food crops being wheat, jowar, bajra, paddy, maize, pluses etc..

Bidar

Gulbarga

Yadgir

Raichur

Bijapur
Jowar Sunflower

Bagolkot

Bellary

Koppal

Chitradurga

Paddy Groundnut

1
Bottom left is ragi field

2
Bottom right is harvested ground nut

Source every information using footnotes

3
Top right is sunflower
and the reference number.Use MLA format
of bibliography.
1
Google Image. Google Inc.,2018.
4
Top shows bajra Sugarcane

5
Bottom shows jowar
Karnataka
 Hot and Dry
Water Souces

1
Left is the river map in our region The hot and dry region is always faced water crisis considering the low rainfall
and eventually lower ground water level
2
Top is the Krishna river
The water to the northern hot and dry region is majorly sourced from rivers
3
Middle is the bheema river Bheema and Krishna, the southern region being fed by river Tungabhadra
4
Top right is the Tungabhadra

Karnataka
 Demography
Population

Hot and Dry

The population varies drastically across entire hot and
dry region. Koppal having the least population of 70698
as per 2011 census, Raichur, Bidar and Bijapur housing
population from 2lakh to 3 lakh people.In Gulbarga
and Yadgir, the numbers go upto 5 lakh and 11 lakh in
Bidar Baglkot..
Bidar Bijapur
Gulbarga

Yadgir

Raichur

Bijapur

Bagolkot

Bellary
Gulbarga Bagolkot
Koppal

Chitradurga

Yadgir Bellary

Source every information using footnotes and

Source every information using footnotes the reference number.Use MLA format of
and the reference number.Use MLA format bibliography.
of bibliography. 1
Google Image. Google Inc.,2018.
1
Google Image. Google Inc.,2018. Raichur Koppal

Karnataka
 Demography

Hot and Dry

Occupation

The majority of the population depends on agriculture for the major source of income. Animal husbandry
is also a very common practice in these regions. Also, people run small scale home industries and
business. Seasonal crop farmers migrate in search of construction or industrial jobs. Water scarcity or
droughts often led to crop failures that compelled the farmers to shift into occupations that could yield
consistent income throughout the year. Also, the caste-based division of occupation among people has
not allowed any scheduled castes to have any vertical occupational mobility.
Bidar

Gulbarga

Yadgir

Raichur

Bijapur

Bagolkot

Bellary

Koppal

Chitradurga

Source every information using footnotes

and the reference number.Use MLA format
of bibliography.
1
Google Image. Google Inc.,2018.

Karnataka
 Demography

Hot and Dry

Literacy and education

Access and affordability to proper education has always remained as a major drawback in these cities of hot and dry
parts of Karnataka. The literacy rates in these cities are relatively low from other parts of Karnataka. Yadgir and Raichur
Bidar
experience lower literacy rates of 74% and 77% respectively, the other regions are relatively higher up to 85%.

Gulbarga

Yadgir

Raichur

Bijapur

Bagolkot

Bellary

Koppal

Chitradurga

Source every information using footnotes

and the reference number.Use MLA format
of bibliography.
1
Google Image. Google Inc.,2018.

Karnataka
 Demography

Hot and Dry

Bidar

Gulbarga

Yadgir

Raichur

Bijapur

Bagolkot

Bellary

Koppal
Religion and caste
Chitradurga
The population being less diverse houses majorly hindus, muslims and Christians.
About 2/3 of population being Hindu and 1/3 Muslims, very small portion of population
is occupied by the Christians. The hindu population further houses several sub castes
distinct to every region. The scheduled caste and scheduled tribes also form one third
of the hindu population, while chitradurga sees upto 42% of sc/st population. Kannada
stands as the language most spoken while urdu is also a common spoken language
1
Left is the river map in our region among a minor population cover. Hindi and Marathi are common among the borders
of bidar influences being from the Maharashtra. A similar fluctuation is seen in the
2
Top is the Krishna river population of bellary with its telugu speaking population.

3
Middle is the bheema river

4
Top right is the Tungabhadra

Source every information using footnotes

and the reference number.Use MLA format
of bibliography.
1
Google Image. Google Inc.,2018.

Karnataka
 Issues

Hot and Dry

The hot and dry regions of North Karnataka once boasted rich societies flowing
with wealth and culture. Post colonial changes have created severe disparities
and while deep rooted archaic issues remain, the people aspire to a false vision
Bidar of progress for the future. A cycle of forgetting the strength of ones history and
roots coupled with the government’s political play that seeks to fight for power
while making hollow promises, has left the region crippled and unable to rise
Gulbarga from deepening problems.

Yadgir

Raichur Bidar

Bijapur Family politics to maintain power changes nothing for the issues of water
scarcity, drainage and electricity. Parties fight amongst one other for rule of
the state making hollow promises while thousands of women walk miles in the
Bagolkot

Bellary

Koppal 1
Top shows the chief minister of the state addressing the issues faced
by the people of that reagion.
Chitradurga
Right shows a lady trying to carry water from a man made well dug
near a settlement.

1
Left shows an ilustration of issues faced by the hot and dry region of Karnataka.

Source every information using footnotes

and the reference number.Use MLA format
of bibliography.
1
”Weather”. Meteoblue, 2018, https://www.
meteoblue.com/en/weather/forecast/week/
karnataka_india_1274056.

Karnataka
 Issues

Hot and Dry

Bellary

The trauma of the iron ore mining scam in bellary left a huge impact on the social conditions of the people. Farmers leased land out to mining and
women and children were employed at miserly wages for dangerous work. The subsequent damage destroyed flora and fauna and the state continues
to face pollution and sanitation issues. Archaic marriage practices are still predominant.
Bidar

Gulbarga Raichur

Alongside water crisis many districts face acute power shortages. Major industries though thriving do little to improve the social welfare of the people
Yadgir at the micro scale.

Raichur

Bijapur

Bagolkot

Bellary

Koppal

Chitradurga

Left shows agricultural land which has been dried up due to lack of water

Right shows people finding ways to collect and harvest water for household and agricultural
purposes

Source every information using footnotes and

the reference number.Use MLA format of
bibliography.
1
Google Image. Google Inc.,2018.

Karnataka
 Issues

Hot and Dry

Bidar

Gulbarga

Yadgir

Raichur

Bijapur

Bagolkot

Bellary

Koppal

Chitradurga

1
Top shows people waiting in line to collect water
Bottom shows people trying to pump water into their water
storage ponds Bagalkot
Right shows dry land unfit for cultivation due to lack of water
The politics in the state involves a power play that, in the name of industrialisation of the prominent cement industry, seeks to
forcibly oust farmers from their lands, leading to several protests. Although some progress is made on the urban scale, people
still suffer from malnourishment and poverty.

Gulbarga
Source every information using footnotes
and the reference number.Use MLA format
of bibliography. Primarily agrarian societies face several issues of sanitation and acute drinking water crises, which, coupled with a lack of access
1
Google Image. Google Inc.,2018.
to health facilities has crippled the district.

Karnataka
 Issues

Hot and Dry

The water crisis being the main issue, these
districts are now unable to move to sustainable
water conservation methods that were tried
and tested for thousands of years and survive
till date, due to a long battle for water on a
daily basis that has forced the water table to
shockingly low levels. While the rich are able to
Bidar sit in the lap of industrial progress as luxury, the
poor suffer on a long term basis.
Gulbarga

Yadgir
Besides, most efforts to alleviate the situation
have been half-hearted, unplanned or
Raichur
disorganized and subsequently inefficient. The
region looks to the future with dying hope,
Bijapur
social issues that can only be resolved by full
scale efforts to ensure education and awareness
Bagolkot
for all in a system that has moved too fast for
what was a working and thriving structure.
Bellary

Koppal

Chitradurga

1
Top shows people collecting water from man made wells

Right shows untreated drains which cause constant trouble to the residents

Source every information using footnotes

and the reference number.Use MLA format
of bibliography.
1
Google Image. Google Inc.,2018.

Karnataka
 Issues Industrial Issues

Hot and Dry

The presence of numerous pharma companies in Bidar which
work with a wide range of chemicals pollute the atmosphere
as well as water since the traces of all these chemicals will still
remain after processing as well.

Limestone, cement and tyre factories in Gulbarga end up

Bidar constantly polluting the atmosphere which has lead to many
respiratory problems in this region.

Gulbarga The proposal of setting up a Uranium plant in Yadgir is still

being discussed since this will have a large impact on the
Yadgir settlements.

Cement factories are abundant in Bagalkot while the handloom

Raichur industry is the only unit in India which manufactures Indian
flags.
Bijapur
Oil refineries in Bajpur are facing a crisis due to low yield of
oil seeds.
Bagolkot
Bellary, which is well known as an industrial hub ,comprising
Bellary iron steel cotton and mining industries is facing issues due to
insufficient water quantity .While all these industries use up
a large amount of water ,the city is being depleted of water.
Koppal Hence the lack of balance between industries and the city in
terms of water usage is causing major trouble to residents.
Chitradurga
On the other hand ,mining has to a large extent destroyed
the flora of the place and is also harming the bedrock and soil
profile, leaving the land infertile and barren.

Hydel and biomass power is a major source of revenue in

Koppal while gold and copper mines in Chitradurga are inviting
many industries ,giving the people more job opportunities.

Top left shows industries working on heavy metals

Top shows a wide angle shot of a cement Top right shows mining process
industry.
Source every information using footnotes
Bottom shows iron ore refinery
and the reference number.Use MLA format
Bottom left shows people working in
of bibliography. cotton industries
1
Google Image. Google Inc.,2018.

Bottom right shows paper mills

Karnataka
 Settlement Yadgir Settlement

Hot and Dry

Patterns
Karnataka, housing the most distint climatic zones has evolved and developed a mixed variety of
diversed culture, flora, funa, occupation and architecture that the climate nourished.

Hot and Dry, sounding to be the most bizzare place to imagine once existance in, has grown in a
most distint manner giving birth to one of the most distint forms of srchitecture across the country

This part of Karnataka experiences the extremities of the temperatures; the summers that make broth
Bidar boil, experience temperature as high as 42 degree centigrade while the winters can go as low as 16
degree centigrade. The extreme temperatures are accompanied by very dry weather and consistently
Gulbarga low rainfall Bagalkot, receives an annual rain fall of 340mm. Bellary, Koppal and ChitraDurga receive
a relatively higher rainfall between 515mm-586mm. Bidar, Gulbarga, Yadgir and Raichur receive an
annual rainfall between 711mm-789mm. Receiving the highest rainfall of all, up to 1100mm is Bijapur,
Yadgir
that houses several rivers and waterbodies that enhance the annual precipitation.
Raichur

Bijapur

Bagolkot

Bellary

Koppal

Chitradurga

Source every information using footnotes

and the reference number.Use MLA format
of bibliography.
1
http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/
bitstream/10603/36553/8/chapter%204.pd

Karnataka
 Settlement Typology 1

Hot and Dry

Patterns 250 years old, two storied.

The main entrance -East side, entrance gate is 6’-0” wide and 10’-0” height.

The plan - square in shape with attached back yard.

central courtyard admeasuring 33’-0” x 23’-0”.

Bidar
external wall - 3’-0” internal walls - 1’-6” thick.

Gulbarga Small openings are in external wall to get light and required ventilation.

Yadgir Wall - stone masonry ; roof - layers of well compacted mud

Raichur Southern first floor - rooms constructed ; remaining portion - open Terrace.

The major light is admitted through central courtyard.

Bijapur
Only one external entrance.
Bagolkot
very less ventilation system. In summer courtyard and rooftop - sleeping.
Bellary
The backyard- used for the utility.
Koppal

Chitradurga

Source every information using footnotes

and the reference number.Use MLA format
of bibliography.
1
http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/
bitstream/10603/36553/8/chapter%204.pdf

Karnataka
 Typology 2 Typology 3

Hot and Dry

200 years old, two storied. 80 years old, two storied building in hot-dry climate.

The main entrance - North and 6’-0” wide and 10’-0” height. plan - simple, square, and symmetrical about East-West axis.

Symmetrical about north - south axis. The main entrance - south.

Almost square in shape, strict adherence to the Vastushastra. The first entry leads to the front yard, rooms around central courtyard.

The external walls - 3’th. Internal - 1’-6” thick. External wall - 2’-9” and the internal walls - 1’-6” th.

The main entrance leads to the verandah, four stair cases. Small openings are provided in external wall.

The courtyard - 24’ x 24’ in size. Two staircases leads to the upper floor on either side of the entrance.

Walls - store mud, lime mortar ; roof - well compacted mud. No mechanical cooling system.

All walls - stone, mud and lime mortar

Roof - flat in nature; compacted mud and lime mortar finish on the top

external walls are thick in nature and it reduces the heat.

The courtyard and rooftop is used for the sleeping at night in summer.

Karnataka
 Settlement Typology 4

Hot and Dry

Patterns Two storied

Almost square plan.

The staircase - centre of the building - gives double height to roof.

Walls - brick masonry; external walls 1.5 br thick wall , internal walls - 1 br
Bidar thick.

Construction Techniques - similar to the rat-trap bond.

Gulbarga
Openings - All windows 2’-0” x 5’-0”. I
Yadgir
vertical window - ventilator +window. Roof -R.C.C. slab. Cast sloping.
Raichur
Flooring - Shahabad stone flooring. locally available
Bijapur
Materials used All materials locally available.
Bagolkot

Bellary

Koppal

Chitradurga

Source every information using footnotes

and the reference number.Use MLA
format of bibliography.
1
http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/
bitstream/10603/36553/8/chapter%204.pdf

Karnataka
 Typology 5 Typology 6

Hot and Dry

A modern conventional middle class residence, a common pattern.

Two storied. climatic factors considered by architect. Built in 1998, a prototype of conventional residential building.

Road facing - South-West. Flat roof - using R.C.C. as a roof casting materials.

Planning : Central Courtyard - rooms around. R.C.C. roof - the indoor temperature increases.

Concept to generate the required movement of air. The increasing use of glass on building facade.

Rainwater collection and recycling of water. large window openings - thermal discomfort

Hence making it an energy conscious. Few rooms - only one window - improper planning.

Four vertical tower is used to extract hot air. No importance to window placement and of cross ventilation.

From above courtyard cool air passes downward & circulates.

South and West direction - pergola - avoid solar radiation.

East and West - no windows - to avoid the direct sunlight.

Interior arrangement - ease for courtyard air to circulate through

room

Walls : load bearing brick masonry, 1.5 br thick.

plastic barrels placed very close to wall - evaporative cooling.

Karnataka
 Settlement
Chitradurga Settlement

Hot and Dry

CHITRADURGA is located 202 km to the northwest of Bangalore in
Patterns Chitradurga District, central Karnataka. Chitradurga is recognized as the
land of valour and chivalry. The district headquarters town, Chitradurga
owes its name to “Chitrakaladurga,” or “Picturesque castle”. This is a
massive fortress on top of granite hills that rises dramatically from the
ground. Archaeological remains found in the area, trace its history to the
Bidar 3nd millennium B.C. The city of Chitradurga is known for its seven-tiered
stone fort and consists of many ancient temples and monuments
Gulbarga interspersed between the strong stone layers of the hill fort. The three lower
tiers are adjacent to the hill and four tiers are on the hill. The first tier has
Yadgir
four entrances: Rangaiyyana bagilu (Rangaiyya’s gate) on the east; Santhe
Raichur bagilu (market gate) on the north; Seenirina hondada bagilu (sweet water
pond gate) on the northwest and Lal Kote Bagilu (red fort gate) on the
Bijapur south

Bagolkot

Bellary

Koppal

Chitradurga

Source every information using footnotes

and the reference number.Use MLA format
of bibliography.
1
Contemporary Traditions Chitradurga, RV
College Of Architecture 2015.

Karnataka
 Settlement Typology 1

Hot and Dry

Patterns This house has been passed down for many generations,the
1.jagali
owner proudly tells us that it has withstood the tides of time
2.room no.1-recreation room

3.room no,2-hall
for 300 years.it is a little hard to believe that from the times of
4.kitchen

5.bathroom kings,forts and grand temples,this little dwelling managed to

6.coutryard-hittilu
Bidar stay putthrough the ravages of nature,time and
7.room no 3-bedroom

8.room no 4- pooja room

Gulbarga 9.rented space
commercialization.the family currently residing in the house

10.attic
delt in a business of selling chilli powder.in the times of the
Yadgir
monarchs,the people mostly produced supplies just enough
Raichur
to make thr settlement sustainable.
Bijapur
Originally the house was built with mud walls on a stone
Bagolkot plinth.on entering the house,one could look up at a

Bellary high,sloped ceiling made with wooden rafters and clay pot

Koppal tiles.the front of the house had a cowshed like structure

which underwent modifications later on,just as large parts of

Chitradurga
the house did.

Source every information using footnotes

and the reference number.Use MLA format
of bibliography.
1
Contemporary Traditions Chitradurga, RV
College Of Architecture 2015.

Karnataka
 Typology 2
This house is about 200 years old.initially it was a single house,now,it
is partitioned and let out to rent.the walls are built in mud and
are 500mm thick.roofing material is pot tiles.there is an attic made
of bamoo and aracnut.the courtyard is in front of the house
surrounded by a compound wall.
Typology 3
Hot and Dry
The house of mrs madhura, was a prominent
household back in the days. The house built
entirely of stone is over 150 years old. Originally
part of a very big plot of land, now sits next to a
church on one side and a temple on the other,
for which the family donated the land. The
house itself is constructed entirely of stone on
the lower level and timber on the upper level.
The structure is simple. Since a lot of activities
happens outside for the family, the house has a
big courtyard with a cowshed. The house has
two entrances, both of which lie on the main
road, one acting as the main entrance and the
other as the back.
Karnataka
 Settlement
Typology 4

Hot and Dry

Patterns
House was built in 1930.house is located
on doddapete main road. Seven members
stays in house. The owner of the house is
a tailor. It has a linear plan ( 4m x 16m)
with walls made of stone and plastered.
Teak wood was used for ceiling. Columns
Bidar and ladder are made of wood. The ground
floor of the house has a shop in front.
Gulbarga Then there is a living room, bedroom,
kitchen and in the end is an open
Yadgir courtyard with bathroom and
washroom.there is an atic on firstfloor.the
Raichur house has small rooms .there are three
types of roofing material used- mangalore
Bijapur tiles for the main part of the house,pot
tiles and asbestos sheet for the backyard.
Bagolkot The house doesnt have any openings on
sides, therefore light enters only through
front and back side . The house faces
Bellary
south direction hence has really small
openings in front. The inside of house is
Koppal
relatively cooler as stone walls and small
Chitradurga openings provides good thermal insulation
. The front facade of house has lot of
wooden framework with columns. The
house has not been renovated till now.

Source every information using footnotes

and the reference number.Use MLA format
of bibliography.
1
Contemporary Traditions Chitradurga, RV
College Of Architecture 2015.

Karnataka
 Typology 5

Hot and Dry

Mr. Jagdish and his family are the 3rd generation residents of ‘ the angadi
mane;house with a shop front. An independent business house located on
doddapete main road, chitradurga. This house falls under the mixed use
typology with the family selling grocery goods at the store front built in
1941, this house is now over 75 years old and measures 128 sq metre in
area. This house was originally built using a framed wooden structure with
stone and old brick walls, madras rcc for the floor slab and finished with a
mangalore tile roof on top. The house was renovated 10 years ago in 2005,
with the introduction of a rcc slab for the extended floor , asbestos sheet
roof , tiled roof and walls in new brick to partition the space within.

Karnataka
Karnataka

Hot and Dry