Working at Height

KVMRT LINE 2
 Class Room Rules
1. No political rumor/ discussion should be included during training carried out.
2. Pay full attention in class.
3. Phone should be in silent/Switch Off.
4. Participant attendance 100%.
5. Raise your hand if you have question.
6. No talking during class (No whispering).
7. Please follow directions during emergency.
8. One person talk at any one time.
9. Please be punctual.
 Course Assessment
Assessed through this course (100%)

 Multiple Choice Question (60%)

 Practical Assessment (40%)

Passing Grade (>75%)

 MODULE 1

INTRODUCTION
 Introduction
• Develop your understanding of working at height

• Types of fall protection

• Components of working at height equipment's

• Types of working at height

 Definition Working at Height
Whenever people are working risk for fall from/into or through one level to another level.

According to Factory Machinery Act (Safety, Health Welfare) 1970, Regulation 12 state
“Where any person is required to work at a place from which he will be liable to fall a distance of more than ten
foots ( 3 meters), means shall be provided to ensure his safety and such means shall where practicable include
the use if safety belt or ropes”

However, Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) 1994, Section 4 (d) state that :-
“to provide the means whereby the associated occupational safety and health legislations may be
progressively replaced by a system of regulations and approved industry codes of practice
operating in combination with the provisions of this Act designed to maintain or improve the
standards of safety and health.”

But in KVMRT Project, WAH is assume when work more than 2 meters
Safety Video
 Duty of Employer
In accordance with the Malaysian Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994,
• the provision and maintenance of plant and systems of work that are.
• the making of arrangements for ensuring, so far as is practicable.
• the provision of such information, instruction, training and supervision as is
necessary to ensure, so far as is practicable, the safety and health at work of his
employees
• the maintenance of it in a condition that is safe and without risks to health and the
provision and maintenance of the means of access to and egress from it that are safe
and without such risks, and
• the provision and maintenance of a working environment for his employees that is,
so far as is practicable, safe, without risks to health, and adequate as regards
facilities for their welfare at work.
(Part IV, Section 15 of the OSHA 1994).
 Duty of Employee
The Act also specifies duties of employees, including:
• to take reasonable care for the safety and health of himself and of other persons

• to co-operate with his employer or any other person in the discharge of any duty

• to wear or use at all times any protective equipment or clothing provided by the
employer for the purpose of preventing risks to his safety and health, and

• to comply with any instruction or measure on occupational safety and health

instituted by his employer or any other person by or under this Act or any regulation
made thereunder.

(Part VI, Section 24 of the OSHA 1994).

Fall Speed
Statistic Fall Fatality Accident From DOSH

Floors,
Loading Non-moving
Docks, Ground Vehicles 3%
Other 12%
Level 4%

Structural Steel Roofs 37%

9%

Ladders 15%
Scaffolds 20%
 MODULE 2

TYPES OF FALL PROTECTION

 Types of Fall Protection
a. Fall Arrest

A fall arrest system provides maximum freedom of movements for workers to

conduct their duties

In doing so it allows the, to reach the points where a fall could occur, such as the
edge of a roof for gutter maintenance

However, in the event of a fall, the fall will be arrested and so allow the person to
either effect a self rescue or be rescued
 Types of Fall Protection
b. Fall Restraint
Fall restraint system prevents people from reaching a fall
through a tie of system.

This system allow person access to conduct their duties but

prevent from them reaching a point where a fall can occur

Restraint system are generally positions more than 2 meter

from hazard. This is because common practice is for the
workers to connected to the system by fixed length 1.5 m
lanyard
Fall Restraint Systems
 Types of Fall Protection
c. Fall Positioning

A positioning system restrains the elevated workers,

preventing him from getting into a hazardous where a fall
could occur and also allows hands free for work

This system hold the workers in place while keeping his

hands free for works
 The ABCDE of Fall Protection
A ANCHORAGE Provides a secure point of attachment for the
fall arrest system

B BODY HARNESS Support device designed to distribute fall arrest

forces across the body

C CONNECTORS Devices that connect the full body harness to

the anchorage system

D DECELERATION DEVICE Limits the forces on the body during a fall

E EMERGENCY RESCUE PLAN Allows for rescue in a much time frame

 Anchorage: Life line
• Length of lanyard of the user

• Distance below the user (= height of person + sag factor +

length of lanyard + length of shock absorber once deployed)
 Anchorage : Permanent vs. Temporary

The minimum structural

requirements for permanent
and temporary anchorage
points are identical. All anchor
points must be designed to Engineered Permanent Engineered Permanent Static
maintain the minimum Anchor Point Line

strength required over their

lifetime.

Beam Clamp Beam Strap Temporary Roof

Anchor
 Safety Body Harness
A full body safety harness is a key part of an active fall arrest system.

The harness serves two purposes:

a. distributes fall forces safely across a worker’s body in the event of a free fall

b. provides freedom of movement sufficient to allow the worker to effectively

perform his or her job
 Harness: Weight Restrictions
It is important to note that fall arrest equipment are rated for use by personnel up to
136kg.

Harnesses can be made to fit a person greater than a “large” size, however the weight
limit for that person must not exceed 136kg including tools and equipment.

Most harnesses and lanyards are designed and tested for a maximum weight limit of
136kg and therefore product performance beyond this limit is unknown.

In cases where the user exceeds the weight limit of 136kg, some equipment providers are
able to supply a harness for users up to 160kg (including tools and equipment), however a
“Certificate of Conformance” must be provided with the harness at the time of purchase.
 MODULE 3

FALL PROTECTION EQUIPMENTS

 Connectors: Webbing Lanyards
Lanyards

o Designed to bring an employee to a complete stop when falling

o All lanyards must incorporate a shock absorber

There are various types of lanyards available on the market, made from different types
of material.

Fixed Length Lanyard Adjustable Lanyard Retractable Lanyard

Twin Tailed Lanyard Elasticated Lanyard Twin Tailed Elasticated Lanyard

Connectors: Rope & Wire Lanyards

Fixed Length Rope Lanyard Adjustable Rope Lanyard Twin Tailed Rope Lanyard

Fixed Length Wire Lanyard Twin Tailed Wire

Lanyard
 Connectors: Lanyards
Lanyards can have:

• double or triple action karabiners at either end

• double action hooks at both ends or

• double-action “scaff hooks” at the anchor end

Triple Action Double Action Double Action

Karabiner Hook Scaffold Hook
 Connectors: Rope Grabs
The grabs are available in two different styles:

Manual – the worker manually slides the device to the

desired position on the rope and releases it, locking it on the
lifeline and providing the worker with fall protection. Great
for sloped roofs because they lock in place once positioned.

Automatic – the automatic rope grab allows a worker to

move up and down freely and can be attached/detached
at any point onto the anchorage line. In the event of a fall it
will automatically lock onto the rope and stop the fall.
 Connectors: Inertia Reels
Inertia reels are also available with recovery capabilities allowing for
emergency lifting and lowering, rescue and work positioning applications.

Inertia reels utilize an inertia brake system that minimizes free fall by locking
off immediately in the event of a fall. Therefore, a personal shock absorber
is not required.
 Connectors: Inertia Reels
Inertia reels (also known as self retracting lifelines) are designed to arrest your fall in a free
fall situation.

For an inertia reel to work correctly it must be mounted above you to prevent the
pendulum effect encountered during a fall.

Prior to using an inertia reel, you must consider the following:

• must only be used in a fall arrest situation (not for fall restraint)

• must be mounted above the user

• must be used vertically and must not be locked off and leant on

• are only effective in a 30 degree arc

• NEVER use two inertia units connected together

 Deceleration
A deceleration device (also known as a shock absorber) is a mechanism, that dissipates
or reduces the substantial amount of energy imposed on a person during a fall arrest.

A shock absorber is designed to unzip gradually so the force of coming to a stop never
exceeds 6kN (equivalent to 600 kg), which is regarded as a safe limit.

The shock absorber will start to deploy at 2kN (200kg) and will extend to a length of up
to 1.75m.
 Deceleration
A 100kg person who is jerked to a stop after falling 2 meters generates a force on a
lanyard without a shock absorber approximately equivalent to a 1500kg mass. If there is
no shock absorber this will either cause a severe injury or cause the lanyard or harness
to fail resulting in severe injury.

All lanyards must incorporate a shock absorber, regardless of whether they are used for
fall restraint or fall arrest.
 KVMRT Requirements
All fall protection equipment's that want to be supply to the workers and install at site
should have SIRIM Certification Testing and get approval to use from PDP SHE .
China made safety body harness NOT allow to use in this site.

OK X
 MODULE 4

FALL CLEARANCE
 Fall Clearance
Some factors that affect this determination include:

• Deceleration distance (deployment of shock absorber)

• Worker height

• Safety factor

To determine the required fall clearance, add up the appropriate factors. This will give
you the safe required distance below the working surface for work which is to be carried
out where there is any risk of falling.
Calculation for Shock Absorbing Lanyard
 Fall Clearance: SRL
A worker using a self retracting lanyard (SRL) on a fixed anchor point
will have to taken into consideration the following:

Lock Off & Deceleration 1.40m

Height of Worker 1.80m

Safety Margin 1.00m

FALL CLEARANCE 4.20m

For a fall arrest system to be effective in this scenario, the working height would need to be
at least 4.2m from the nearest obstruction.

Anything less than that and there is potential for the worker to be injured in the event of a
fall.

Note that the 1.4m for lock off and deceleration has an allowance for the start
position/extension prior to commencement of fall.
 Fall Clearance: Shock Absorbing Lanyard
A worker using a shock absorbing lanyard on a fixed anchor point will have to taken
into consideration the following:

Length of Lanyard 2.00m

Length of Shock Absorber 1.75m

Height of Worker 1.80m

Safety factor 1.00m

FALL CLEARANCE 6.55m

For a fall arrest system to be effective in this scenario, the working height would
need to be at least 6.55m from the nearest obstruction.

Anything less than that and there is potential for the worker to be injured in the
event of a fall.
 Fall Clearance: Life Line
In a third example, a worker using a shock absorbing lanyard on a life line will have to taken into
consideration the following:

Life Line Sag Factor 1.50m

Length of Lanyard 2.00m
Length of Shock Absorber 1.75m
Height of Worker 1.80m
Safety Margin 1.00m
FALL CLEARANCE 8.05m

For a fall arrest system to be effective in this scenario, the working height
would need to be at least 8.05m from the nearest obstruction.
Anything less than that and there is potential for the worker to be injured in
the event of a fall.
Note that the 1.5m for the life linesag factor is an estimated maximum and will vary depending
on the
length of the static line, the number of users attached and the weight of the worker who has
fallen.
 Harness Pressure Point

Spread load across butt strap Excess pressure here can cut
and belt strap if on the blood flow to the legs
harness
Some studies have indicated permanent damage to the lower extremities when the worker hangs for
more than twenty (10) minutes
Effect Not Wear Safety Body Harness Properly
 Storage of Equipment
How should fall protection equipment be stored?
•If possible store your harness and gear in a bag, keep it clean
away from light

•Store in clean, dry cool area free from chemical fumes and
corrosive materials

•Never store wet or in direct sun light and keep equipment

off the ground by hanging it up

•Ensure that lanyards and connectors are not hanging on the

ground
 MODULE 5

HARNESS INSPECTION
 Harness: Inspection
Before starting any job, the harness requires inspection to ensure safety. To inspect your
harness, perform the following steps:

1) Webbing/Stitching
Grasp the webbing with your hands and bend in an inverted “U” as
shown. The surface tension resulting makes damaged fibres or cuts
easier to detect. Follow this procedure the entire length of the
webbing, inspecting both sides of each strap. Look for frayed edges,
broken fibres, pulled stitches, cuts, burns and chemical damage.

2) D-Rings/Back Pads
Check D-rings for distortion, cracks, breaks, and rough or sharp edges.
The D-ring should pivot freely. Inspect for any unusual wear, frayed or
cut fibres, or broken stitching of the D-ring attachments. Pads should
also be inspected for cracks, excessive wear, or other signs of
damage.
Harness: Inspection

3) Buckles
Inspect for any unusual wear, frayed or cut fibres, or broken stitching of the
buckle attachments.

4) Tongue Buckles
Buckle tongues should be free of distortion in shape and motion. They
should overlap the buckle frame and move freely back and forth in their
socket. Roller should turn freely on frame. Check for distortion or sharp
edges. Inspect for loose, distorted or broken grommets. Webbing should
not have additional punched holes.
Harness: Inspection

5) Mating Buckles
Inspect the buckle for distortion. The outer bars and centre bars must be
straight. Pay special attention to corners and attachment points at the
centre bar.

6) Quick-Connect Buckles
Inspect the buckle for distortion. The outer bars and centre bars must be
straight. Make sure dual-tab release mechanism is free of debris and
engages properly.
Harness: Inspection
7) Tagging System
Every harness must have a legible tag identifying the harness, model, date
of manufacture, name of manufacturer, limitations and warnings.
Harnesses have a life of 10 years from date of manufacture. If tagging
system is missing or not legible remove harness from service.
 Harness: Inspection
Some harnesses on the market also have an impact indicator that
allows the user to quickly and easily inspect the harness for impact
loading (i.e. has the harness been subjected to a fall).

Some examples are shown below:

D-Ring Pad Impact Indicator Rip Stitch Indicator Exposed Impact

Indicator
Harness: Inspection
Harness: Inspection
Harness: Inspection
Safety Video
 MODULE 6

WORKING AT HEIGHT
ACTIVITIES
 Preparation For Working at Height
 Toolbox
 Pre Task Talk
 Inspection of PPE
 Tools and equipment required for the task
 Who does what job and when
 Workplace Procedures
 Briefing on Hazard Identification and Control
Methods
 Scaffold
In accordance with the Factories and Machinery (Building Operations and Works of
Engineering Construction) (Safety) Regulations 1986, a scaffold is defined as:
• any temporarily provided structure on or from which persons perform work in
connection with operations or works to which this Regulation apply, and
• any temporarily provided structure which enables persons to obtain access to or
which enables materials to be taken to any place at which such work is performed,
and
• includes any working platform, gangway, skip, ladder or step-ladder which does not
form part of such structure together with any guard-rail, toe-board or other
safeguards and all fixing,
• does not include a lifting appliance or a lifting machine or a structure used merely to
support such an appliance or such a machine as to support other plant or equipment.
 Scaffold
According to British Standard, scaffold can be use as SLAPS :-
S – Support.
Formwork or temporary support of floor.
L – Loading .
Temporary loading platform.
A – Access .
Giving workers safe and comfortable temporary access to requested area.
P – Protection
Temporary protection to people on equipment from falling objects.
S – Storage
Temporary storage such as shelving or racks for general housekeeping.
 Scaffold
 All scaffold materials that will be used at KVMRT
Line 2 should comply to MS 1462.
 Scaffold A Frame should be BANNED from used in
KVMRT Line 2
 Scaffold erector should attend Grey Card training to
erect the scaffold.
 All scaffold should be inspect before used by
Scaffold Inspector
 Ladder
 Ladders shall be secured against displacement in any direction
 No person on a ladder should work over another person.
 Only one person should be on a ladder at any time.
 Ladders should be secured against movement and be supported from a firm, level,
non-slip surface.
 All work from a ladder should be performed while facing the ladder.
 Ladders should not be set up on scaffolding or elevating work platform to gain extra
height.
Ladder

Ladder

Type Aluminium

Position 1 : 4 @ 75 degree

- 1.5 m from landing platform

Platform - Every 9 m should have landing
platform

Extension Joint 3 rungs

 Elevating Work Platform
 Boom type, scissor lifts or vertical mast
 Harness must be worn and secured to the anchor point
during work using elevating work platform
 Do not tie off to any adjacent structure
 Must be operate by train personal.
 Elevating work platform must be park at level, and stable
platform or ground
 Do not exit the machine cage during at height
 Life Line
 Life line should be designed by Professional Engineer.

 Life line material and installation should follow PE

Design.

 Life line should be testing before can be use to hook the

harness.
 MODULE 7

GOOD & BAD OBSERVATION

 Safety Body Harness

OK X

Approved safety body harness with shock absorber Not approved safety body harness
 Safety Body Harness

X X

Hook at the back Carabiner that not lock

 Lanyard

OK X

Good of lanyard Damaged of lanyard

 Lanyard

X X

Damaged of safety lanyard

 Lanyard

X X

Damaged of safety lanyard

 Carabiner

OK X

Good of carabiner Damaged of carabiner

 Ladder

OK X

Good of ladder Damaged of ladder

 Ladder

OK X

Good of ladder Damaged of ladder

 Ladder

Unsafe condition joining of extension ladder

 Ladder

Landing of staircase at the rebar

 Ladder

Using stairway for as Joint of double stairway Home made

normal ladder timber ladder
Unsafe Working at Height

Unsafe act
 Working Platform

OK X

Workers hook their harness No life line provided

 Edge Protection

OK X

Hard barricade using GI Pipe Using warning tape only

 Opening Edge

OK X

Hard barricade Using warning tape only

 Opening Edge

X X

Workers work outside the cage Using forklift to lift scissor lift
 Edge Protection

X X

Workers work outside the cage Using forklift to lift scissor lift
 Edge Protection

OK X

Hard barricade Using warning tape only

 Scaffold

X X

Unsafe working platform Scaffold without proper access and working platfrom
 Scaffold

X X

Mobile scaffold Scaffold without proper access and working platform

 Steel Work

X X

Mobile scaffold Scaffold without proper access and working platform

 Working at Pier Head

X X

No guardrail No guardrail
 Working at Pier Head

X X

No guardrail No guardrail
 MODULE 8

PRACTICAL SESSION
 Practical Session
Trainer need to show
 Method how to wear Safety Body Harness
 Method to check its Safety Body Harness
 All workers try to wear Safety Body Harness with right method