MANAGING TURN-TAKING INTERRUPTING SUSTAINING TALK PARALINGUITIC PARTICIPATING

DISCUSSIONS FEATURES IN GROUP

DISCUSSION
MEANING A skill of Stops another A skill to initiate, Signals beyond Include
knowing when person’s speaking maintain and end a the basic verbal ourselves in a
to start and for a short period talk. message or group
finish a turn in a to say something. speech. discussion.
conversation.
ELABORATION -it is an -Interruptions Initiating -Sets a great - Talk/give
important tool prevent the first -setting a scene to store on how opinions (clearly
in a spoken speaker from start a discussion something is said and speak up)
discourse. finishing his/her -Begin with a not on what is
turn, at the same suitable greetings said. - Give
-Enables time gaining a turn -eg: “First of all, I cooperation to
another person for the second would like to state -Includes accent, the other group
to share their speaker. that…” pitch, volume & members (be
thoughts & body language. interested)
opinions. -However, to do an Mantaining
interruption we -Ways: - Different ways - Be tactful and
-One way to must have Expressing of delivering considerate.
finish a turn is manners. agreement/ speech will give
by dropping the disagreement, different -Be animated
pitch or volume -using polite expressing meanings. (let your face
of their voice at phrases (Excuse opinions, making and gestures
the end of me/ May I suggestions. show that
utterance. interrupt you for a you’re involve)
second, please?) Ending
- Other ways; -closing the
current speaker - enables the discussion with a
selects next discussion to go conclusion/
speaker/ next further/ deeper results of
speaker self- with the idea given discussion.
selects/ current by the current -eg: Can we resolve
speaker speaker. that…?
continues. -Thank everyone
for participating
the discussion.
HYPONYMS SYNONYMS ANTONYMS HOMOPHONES
-a word that give more -a word or phrase that -words lying in an Two or more words that
specific meaning. means exactly or nearly inherently incompatible have the same
the same as another binary relationship. pronunciation but
word or phrase in the different meaning.
same language.
Hyponym of Big = Large Big vs Small I & eye
spoon: cutlery See & sea
pencil: stationery

MINIMAL PAIRS

CONSONANT VOWEL DIPTHTHONG

Sat – Cat Bat – Bet Hear – Hair
Band – Hand Pen – Pan Peer – Pair
Coin – Join Heat - Hit Naught - Night

ATTENTION GRABBER

Attention grabbers are techniques you use at the very beginning of an essay as a means to hook your
readers' attention and get them interested in your topic. You can use one of several techniques, such as
a surprising statistic, a generalization or even a story. However, no matter which method you use, you
need to make sure that your hook either supports your thesis or provides an opposing stance to which
you can argue.

Rhetorical Generalizations

 One effective way to grab your reader's attention is to issue a general statement about your subject
as a pathway into the argument.
 Consider the following thesis: "Because recycling technology isn't yet cost effective, we'd be better
off relying on traditional garbage disposal while using funds currently allocated for recycling to
develop new, efficient recycling technology." You could open with a generalization, such as "We can
all agree that recycling is a good idea."
 A statement like this aligns your sensibilities with your reader's, and simultaneously introduces your
subject in a way that leads you into an argument that will challenge the way readers think about
recycling.

Surprising Facts

 Surprising facts work as attention grabbers because they teach the reader something interesting
and unexpected.
 These facts can take the form of statistics, or obscure information related to your subject.
  For example, if your essay argues that higher education is a waste of money, you could open
with a statistic about the staggering number of college graduates who can't find employment
within their fields of study.
 Remember, if you're going to use a surprising fact or statistic, make sure it works to support
your thesis, and isn't just an unrelated gimmick to get your reader's attention.

Quotations

 Quotations, like surprising facts, are effective for engaging your reader with the subject of your
argument, and make the reader feel as though they've been dropped right into a conversation
about the topic.
 Using quotations also bolsters your credibility because you are citing an outside source to help
prove your thesis.
 When quoting somebody directly, make sure to place their words in quotation marks, and
attribute the quote to its source.
 For example, if you are writing an essay arguing that the U.S. government should increase
funding for NASA to search for alien life on distant planets, you might open with the following
quote and attribution: "'To confine our attention to terrestrial matters would be to limit the
human spirit.' These were Dr. Stephen Hawking's words regarding our need to explore the
cosmos."

Anecdotes

 Perhaps the most effective method of grabbing a reader's attention is to use an anecdote.
 Anecdotes are short stories that illustrate a point. When used properly, they can captivate your
audience, and even make them forget they're reading an essay.
 When opening with a story, start right in the middle of a scene. Use descriptive language to
paint the setting, and strong verbs to describe the actions so your reader can experience the
events as though they were reading a novel.
 Furthermore, don't tell readers how they should feel about the anecdote, show them in a way
that allows them to figure out the theme for themselves.
 For example, if you're writing a personal essay about how your brother always stole from your
family and made life difficult, don't say that he's a thief; show him stealing something.
SPEECH ACTS

FUNCTION LANGUAGE FORM

To greet Hello, Siti.
To introduce I would like to introduce you my friend, Sofia.
To welcome Please come in.
To compliment What a beautiful dress you’re wearing!
To persuade I think you should go.
To inform My house is big and comfortable.
To take a leave May I take a leave?
To interrupt Excuse me,…
To accept Thank you for the gift.
To disagree Sorry but I think I have a different idea.
To suggest Why don’t we catch a movie on Saturday?
To confirm I could not agree more.
To give a reason I’m late because of traffic jam.
To thank Thank you for lending your help.
To ask/enquire Have you take your breakfast today?
To request I would like to have a cup of tea, please.
To ask for permission May I go to the toilet?