Paul D.

Griffi
fiths, PhD, FRCR
Professor of Radiology and Head of Department, Academic Unit of Radiology,
University of Sheffield,
fi Sheffi
field, United Kingdom

Janet Morris, MSc

Senior Radiographer, University of Sheffield,
fi Sheffi
field, United Kingdom

Jeanne-Claudie Larroche
Ex-Directeur de Recherches au CNRS, Hôpital Port-Royal, Paris, France

Michael Reeves, FRCR

Clinical Research Fellow, Academic Unit of Radiology, University of Sheffield,
fi Sheffi
field,
United Kingdom
1600 John F. Kennedy Blvd.
Ste 1800
Philadelphia, PA 19103-2899

ATLAS OF FETAL AND POSTNATAL BRAIN MR ISBN: 978-0-323-05296-2

© 2010 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate
fi of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and
retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek per-
mission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements
with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency,
can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions.

This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the
Publisher (other than as may be noted herein).

Notices

Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience
broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical
treatment may become necessary.
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in
evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In
using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of
others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility.
With respect to any drug or pharmaceutical products identified,fi readers are advised to check the
most current information provided (i) on procedures featured or (ii) by the manufacturer of each
product to be administered, to verify the recommended dose or formula, the method and duration
of administration, and contraindications. It is the responsibility of practitioners, relying on their
own experience and knowledge of their patients, to make diagnoses, to determine dosages and the
best treatment for each individual patient, and to take all appropriate safety precautions.
To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors,
assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products
liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products,
instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Atlas of fetal and postnatal brain MR / Paul D. Griffiths

fi — [et al.]. — 1st ed.
p. ; cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-323-05296-2
1. Fetal brain—Magnetic resonance imaging—Atlases. 2. Newborn infants—Diseases—
Diagnosis—Atlases. 3. Developmental neurology—Atlases. 4. Pediatric neurology—Atlases.
I. Griffifiths, Paul, 1960 Feb. 27-
[DNLM: 1. Brain—anatomy & histology—Atlases. 2. Fetus. 3. Infant. 4. Magnetic Resonance
Imaging—Atlases. WL 17 A88345 2009]
RG629.B73A86 2009
618.92’01—dc22
2009039290

Acquisitions Editor: Rebecca Gaertner

Editorial Assistant: David Mack
Project Manager: David Saltzberg
Design Direction: Steve Stave

Printed in the United States of America

Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1


It became obvious in the late 1990s that magnetic reso-
nance (MR) imaging of the fetal central nervous system
was going to be more than an intellectual curiosity
wrapped around a technical challenge. There was (and
remains in some circles) some resistance to accept that
there is any need for supplementing ultrasonography
with fetal MR in cases of suspected developmental brain
abnormalities. Many recent studies have shown value of
in utero MR of the fetus and there is also gathering inter-
est in postmortem MR of the fetus as an adjunct or
replacement to autopsy. The problem was how to start.
Few radiologists have experience of the normal MR app-
earances of the brain at 20 to 40 weeks gestational age.
Those who do have the experience have usually gained it
from imaging premature babies in whom the predomi-
nant pathologies are the complications of prematurity,
not malformations. It has taken us a long time to build up
a base of normal fetal brain examinations; therefore our
appreciation of age-related normality was slow to form.
We hope, therefore, that this atlas will help others in this
complex area of image interpretation. We must accept
that fetal MR (particularly in utero MR) is still in its early
stages of development. It is likely that in a few years I will
look back in horror at the quality of the images that we
were expected to interpret, very much like modern feto-
maternal experts reviewing early obstetric ultrasonogra-
phy. But you have to start somewhere.
When I was struggling to come to terms with mid-
trimester brain anatomy I was fortunate to be directed
to the pathology atlas of Alison Fess-Higgins and Jeanne-
Claudie Larroche. The book was out of print and proved
difficult
fi to find but once it was located it was invaluable.
It occurred to me first of all that the book should be rep-
rinted, but then considered an updated work including
preface
MR. I managed to contact Professor Larroche and was
very pleased when she agreed to co-author this
updated work with the Sheffield fi group. It has been a
great privilege to work with her.
On a personal level, I have to mention my wife Jane,
who is my inspiration, and on occasion, my refuge. Pro-
fessionally, I would like to acknowledge a number of
people who have influenced
fl me over the years. Some
have shaped my thinking by reading their papers, hear-
ing them lecture, and subsequently coming to think of
them as colleagues and I would include Jim Barkovich,
Tom Naidich, Susan Blaser, and Erin Simon in that
group. More fundamentally, however, I need to acknowl-
edge the great burden of gratitude I owe to two people
who shaped my career at different stages. First, Profes-
sor Ian Isherwood, Professor of Radiology at the Univer-
sity of Manchester, who persuaded me to become a
neuroradiologist sometime in 1987, having known very
little about the speciality previously. And then there was
the late Derek Harwood-Nash! It was during my period
at the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, as the Neuro-
radiology scholar in 1994-95 that Derek convinced me
that pediatric neuroradiology was the only game in
town, a decision I have not regretted since!
Paul D. Griffiths
fi
When people listen to you don’t you know it means a lot?
‘Cause you’ve got to work so hard for everything you’ve got
Can’t rest on your laurels now not when you’ve got none
You’ll find
fi yourself in a gutter right back where you
came from.
Novelty (I. Curtis)
iii
This page intentionally left blank
 SECTION TITLE v

contents

INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

SECTION 1 SURFACE ANATOMY OF THE BRAIN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Anatomy of the Sulci and Fissures in the “Mature” Supratentorial Brain 7
fining Lobar Anatomy 9
Major Sulci Responsible for Defi
Other Sulci of Importance for Fetal Imaging 9
Location of the Central Sulcus on Cross-Sectional Imaging 14
Appearance of Cortical Sulci on In Utero MR Imaging in Relation to
Gestational Age 15
Other Sulci of Importance for Fetal Imaging 17
Surface Views of the Fetal Brain 19
SUPERIOR SURFACE 19
LATERAL SURFACE 23
INFERIOR SURFACE 27
MEDIAL SURFACE 31

SECTION 2 SECTIONAL ANATOMY OF THE FETAL BRAIN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35

Transient Structures in the Fetal Cerebral Hemispheres 35
Cross-Sectional Imaging of the Fetal Brain 41
FETAL BRAIN MR IMAGES AT 19-20 WEEKS 42
FETAL BRAIN MR IMAGES AT 22-23 WEEKS 61
FETAL BRAIN MR IMAGES AT 25-26 WEEKS 78
FETAL BRAIN MR IMAGES AT 28-29 WEEKS 96
FETAL BRAIN MR IMAGES AT 32-33 WEEKS 114
FETAL BRAIN MR IMAGES AT 36-37 WEEKS 135

SECTION 3 SECTIONAL ANATOMY OF THE POSTNATAL BRAIN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153

Cross-Sectional Imaging of the Neonatal Brain 159
POSTNATAL BRAIN MR IMAGES AT 0-1 MONTH 160
POSTNATAL BRAIN MR IMAGES AT 3-4 MONTHS 180
POSTNATAL BRAIN MR IMAGES AT 6 MONTHS 197
POSTNATAL BRAIN MR IMAGES AT 9 MONTHS 213
POSTNATAL BRAIN MR IMAGES AT 12 MONTHS 229
POSTNATAL BRAIN MR IMAGES AT 18 MONTHS 245

INDEX 261
v
This page intentionally left blank
INTRODUCTION
The development of the brain is an exceptionally com-
plicated process, which makes interpretation of radio-
logic images of the fetal brain challenging. Imaging of
the immature brain has become important in recent
years for several reasons, with a corresponding in-
creased requirement for clinicians with experience in
fetal and neonatal brain imaging. One reason for this
need is the desire to detect abnormalities of the brain
during the second trimester of pregnancy in order to
provide the best-quality information to parents about
the likely clinical sequelae of the anomaly. Second is the
need to investigate the increasing number of neonates
surviving premature delivery who are at high risk
for intracranial complications, both hemorrhagic and
hypoxic/ischemic. The need for imaging and the manner
in which it is delivered has infl fluenced the techniques
used. One of the overriding requirements is to not ex-
pose the fetus or child to ionizing radiation or at least to
keep the exposure to the barest minimum because the
potential risks are high in this population. A screening
program of second-trimester fetuses cannot be built
around an X-ray–based technique such as X-ray com-
puted tomography (CT), hence the rapid rise and refine- fi
ment of antenatal ultrasonography over the last few
decades. It is also desirable to limit the amount of
X-rays to which newborn babies are exposed, and ultra-
sonography has an important role here as well, although
other factors are at play. Some ultrasound machines are
relatively inexpensive and are portable, making them
ideal for use in neonatal intensive care units given the
risk management issues associated with moving a child
from the neonatal intensive care unit to the radiology
department.
Recent studies have shown the limitations of ultra-
sound for assessment of the fetal and neonatal brain
that make the diagnosis of some types of pathology
difficult
fi or impossible. For example, the early stages
of neonatal hypoxic/ischemic brain injury are difficultfi
to show with transfontanelle ultrasonography; they
are shown much better by X-ray CT or magnetic reso-
nance (MR) imaging, particularly using diffusion-
weighted imaging. It is becoming increasingly appar-
ent that in utero detection of some developmental
brain abnormalities is diffi ficult with ultrasound; agen-
esis of the corpus callosum is a leading example.
These factors have led many groups to explore alter-
native methods of fetal and neonatal neuroimaging,
most of which involve MR imaging. Another use for
MR imaging of the immature brain that has been ex-
plored by a small number of groups, including our
own, is postmortem MR imaging as either an adjunct
or an alternative to autopsy. The drive for this in the
United Kingdom is the reduction in uptake of fetal/
neonatal autopsy by parents concerned about the
well-publicized retention of tissues and organs with-
out consent at some British hospitals. It is possible to
gain valuable information about brain abnormalities
in the post 16-week fetus using postmortem MR imag-
ing and to inform parents about the risk to future
pregnancies based on the anatomic definitionfi of the
malformation.
The requirements for MR imaging of the brain in
these three situations (in utero, postmortem, and post-
natal) are fundamentally different, but all have been
made possible by signifi ficant technologic advances in
the field. They are also linked by another factor, namely,
problems in interpretation for the reporter. A clinician
who reports imaging studies from any specialty has two
basic tenets for his/her work: knowledge of normality
and knowledge of pathology. The purpose of this book
is to assist clinical personnel involved in providing an
imaging service to learn and understand normal MR
appearances of the brain from the second half of preg-
nancy to 18 months postnatally.
The histologic basis of this book is the Development
of the Human Foetal Brain: An Anatomical Atlas by
Feess-Higgins and Larroche,1 which was published in
the 1980s but has been out of print for some time. It
has been a great privilege for us to work with Professor
Larroche on this project. We have used a large number
of the line diagrams and histologic photographs from
the original INSERM publication in the production of
this atlas. The text of the original publication was in
French and in English. The annotation of the line dia-
grams was in Latin, as was the classic approach. We
have decided to use a more anglicized approach to the
1
2 ATL A S OF FE T A L A ND POS T NA T A L BR A IN M R
anatomic descriptions, more often than not using the
nomenclature provided by Carpenter’s Core Text of
Neuroanatomy.2
One of the primary goals of this atlas is to assist doc-
tors who report brain imaging in interpreting in utero
MR (iuMR) examinations, a procedure that is gaining
in popularity as many centers begin to offer a fetal MR
service. MR imaging of the fetus is not recommended
before 19 weeks’ gestational age (calculated from last
menstrual period, as are all of the dates in this book);
therefore we start our imaging at 19 to 20 weeks’ gesta-
tional age. From that maturity to 37 weeks, we present
iuMR and postmortem MR (pmMR) images to match
the histologic sections and line diagrams as closely as
possible. This atlas is illustrated with T2-weighted MR
imaging only in fetuses for reasons that are outlined
later in the book. Unlike the original Larroche atlas,
we continue into the postnatal period, showing both
T1- and T2-weighted images of normal infants up to
18 months.
OVERALL LAYOUT OF THE ATLAS
As explained previously, the core of this atlas is the
histologic sections and line diagrams published by
Professor Larroche more than 20 years ago. The fi first
section of this atlas merely reproduces the images of
surface views of the fetal brain, but we use only the
gestational ages shown in cross-sectional detail in
Section 2. We do not show fetuses ranging from 10 to
18 weeks’ gestational age that were included in the
original atlas because we do not perform iuMR imag-
ing at those early ages. The images of the surface
anatomy of the brains are included to highlight the
huge changes occurring in the late second- and third-
trimester brain, particularly with respect to sulcation
of the cerebral hemispheres. We go into some detail
about the timing of the appearance of the major sulci
at the start of Section 1 and give an overview about the
appearance of sulci in the “mature” brain.
Section 2 shows images from six sequential gesta-
tional age periods ranging from 19 to 37 weeks and
shows pmMR and iuMR images matched as closely as
possible to the tissue sections and line diagrams of the
original atlas. One of the most important features of
fetal brains during that period is the complicated ap-
pearance of transient structures within the developing
cerebral wall. We provide a simplified
fi overview of those
structures with the aim of assisting interpretation of
fetal MR images.
Section 3 shows images of the brain from infants
after birth for whom iuMR imaging is not a consider-
ation. Six ages (ranges) are illustrated: 0 to 1 month,
3 to 4 months, 6 months, 9 months, 12 months, and
18 months. For all of the cases we provide the appro-
priate line diagram of anatomic features from the
40-week fetus of the Larroche atlas. The primary pur-
pose of doing so is to remind the reader of the impor-
tance not only of knowing the gross anatomy of the
brain but of becoming familiar with the normal pat-
terns of myelination.
DESCRIPTIONS OF THE TECHNIQUES
USED
We use four different methods to show the neuroanat-
omy of the fetus and infant in this atlas: postmortem
tissue sections, pmMR, iuMR, and postnatal MR imag-
ing of live children. The techniques used for each of the
methods are described here.
Postmortem Fetal Tissue Sections
Brains that appeared normal were chosen for the study.
Cases were excluded if the pregnancy was complicated by
maternal diabetes, toxemia, intrauterine growth restric-
tion, viral or parasitic fetal infection, maternofetal bacte-
rial infection, or blood group incompatibility. Brains with
malformations were excluded, as were cases with large
hemorrhages that altered the appearance of the brain.
Most of the cases were infants who were stillborn or who
survived for only a few hours or days. Exceptionally, sur-
vival for 10 days and 2 weeks has been accepted and the
corrected age calculated (gestational age plus survival
time). The brains were weighed in the fresh state, but be-
cause fetal brain tissue is extremely fragile the brains were
fixed in formalin before being measured and photo-
graphed. After dehydration the brains were embedded
whole in celloidin and cut in serial sections at 30 ␮m.
(Techniques for obtaining postmortem fetal tissue sec-
tions are modifi fied from Feess-Higgins and Larroche.1)
The histologic stains used were hematoxylin–eosin,
cresyl violet, and the myelin stains Loyez and Luxol
fast blue.
Postmortem MR Imaging of the Fetus
The rationale behind our program of pmMR imaging of
the fetal central nervous system was to explore the pos-
sibility of using imaging as either an adjunct or an alter-
native to autopsy. The interested reader is directed to
some of our earlier publications.3–5 The majority of our
cases resulted from either therapeutic abortions for
known central nervous system abnormalities shown on
antenatal sonography or from spontaneous abortions.
All of the cases in this book were referred to the pediatric
pathology department at Sheffield fi Children’s Hospital,
which is a regional referral center for fetal and pediatric
autopsies. The parents were asked to consent to MR im-
aging as well as the formal autopsy. All of the pmMR
cases shown in this atlas had no abnormality of any de-
scription shown on autopsy, pmMR imaging, or any
chromosomal/genetic tests performed subsequently.
MR imaging is exquisitely sensitive to patient move-
ment, which usually imposes limits on image acquisition
time. This is not an issue when imaging postmortem, and
long acquisitions with improved signal-to-noise ratios
can be obtained. We took full advantage of this in our
earlier cases, routinely acquiring four excitations for each
imaging data set. That acquisition required more than
12 minutes for each T2-weighted sequence at 1.5 T, but
we subsequently dropped to two excitations at 6 minutes
with little noticeable reduction in image quality.

The fundamental goal of this type of imaging is to
obtain images with the highest anatomic resolution pos-
sible (defifined as the smallest objects that can be resolved
as separate). The two key elements in providing ana-
tomic resolution are spatial resolution and contrast
resolution. Spatial resolution in imaging is dependent
on the field of view and matrix size if the amount of MR
signal is not otherwise limited. Contrast resolution is
the ability to distinguish between two adjacent tissues of
different composition. In MR imaging this can be opti-
mized by knowing the composition of the tissue of inter-
est and modifying the MR sequences accordingly. In this
respect, MR imaging and X-ray CT have comparable in-
plane anatomic resolution, but the improved contrast
resolution of brain structures provided by MR imaging
makes it the method of choice in most circumstances.
The choice of sequence parameters is important
for pmMR imaging. Over the 8 years that we have
performed pmMR, we have concluded that the best
anatomic information from unfixed fi brain comes from
T2-weighted images. As described in detail in Section 2,
this is in contrast to other groups that studied fixed
fi fetal
brains. In that situation, T1-weighted images seem opti-
mal, at least in second-trimester fetuses. The precise
optimal parameters we use for T2-weighted images
required lengthy empirical experimentation (i.e., inspired
guesswork!) in earlier pilot studies, but there were
theoretical and observational reasons to believe that
T2-weighted images would be superior. This is in com-
parison with imaging of the adult brain, in which gray
matter and white matter are best resolved on T1-weighted
images. This can be explained by knowledge of the chem-
ical differences between the brains of fetuses and adults/
older children. MR images rely on hydrogen nuclei, and
the most abundant forms in the body are water and lip-
ids. There is approximately 82% water in mature gray
matter and 72% water in myelinated white matter,6 and
A B
Figure 1 Postmortem magnetic resonance imaging at 1.5 T from two different cases. A, Image of an early second-trimester fetus with
alobar holoprosencephaly. B, Sagittal image of an early third-trimester fetus with a low occipital encephalocoele extending into the upper
cervical region.
I N T R O D U C TIO N 3
more lipid is present in myelinated white matter than
in gray matter (54.9% dry weight vs 32.7%7). These two
factors account for the superb gray/white distinction on
T1-weighted MR imaging, particularly on T1 in the fully
myelinated brain. The major difference in the brains of
fetuses compared to adult brains is the virtual absence of
myelin. In this case, the water content and the lipid con-
tent of gray and “white” matter in the fetus are similar,
leading to the prediction of poor tissue contrast. This
certainly is the case for T1-weighted images where even
in the “ideal” imaging conditions of pmMR, obtaining a
T1 sequence with good tissue contrast for normal brain
structures at 1.5 T is difficult,
fi at least in our experience.
Tissue contrast between the future gray matter and white
matter structures is present on T2-weighted sequences,
but the contrast is modest. However, some structures
present in the fetal brain, such as neuronal and glial peri-
ventricular formation areas (germinal matrix) and the
“transient fetal zones” within the developing cerebral
hemispheres as described, greatly improve the predicted
tissue contrast resolution.
The examinations shown in this atlas were performed
using either a 1.5-T or 3-T superconducting system
(Infifinion 1.5T or Intera 3.0T, Philips Medical Systems,
Best, Netherlands). Brain imaging consisted of high-
resolution imaging in the three orthogonal planes using
fast spin echo methods to produce T2-weighted images
using either a wrist or a knee coil (depending on the size
of the fetus). The sequences at 1.5 T consisted of fast
spin echo (echo train length 32) T2-weighted images
(TR 15,662 ms, TE 92 ms) with a bandwidth of 20.8 kHz
using two acquisitions. A field
fi of view of 14 cm and ma-
trix size of 256 ⫻ 256 were used, giving in-plane resolu-
tion of 0.5-mm and 2-mm thick slices (no interslice gap)
of the whole brain. These parameters have now been
used extensively to show both developmental and ac-
quired fetal brain pathology postmortem (Figure 1).
4 ATL A S OF FE T A L A ND POS T NA T A L BR A IN M R

The cases included in this atlas acquired after 2006
were taken on a 3-T system. In theory, imaging at higher
field strength should improve both anatomic and tissue
fi was lack of knowledge of normal second-trimester fetal
resolution of the fetal brain and allow better delineation
of the complicated infrastructure of the developing brain.
Anecdotally this appears to be correct, but formal com-
parison is pending. The sequence data at 3 T are fast spin
echo T2-weighted, echo train length 10, TR 4000 ms, TE
200 ms, flip angle 90°, field of view 120 mm, with recon-
structed matrix size 640 ⫻ 640. Thirty 2-mm-thick slices
with no gap and two excitations take 16 minutes to ac-
quire. The resulting images produce excellent delinea-
tion of normal and abnormal fetal brain anatomy, but
we also obtained some early good results producing
T1-weighted images at 3 T (Figure 2).
In Utero MR Imaging of the Fetus
Our group has performed iuMR studies of the fetal
brain since 1999 when clinical MR scanners with suffi- fi Full written consent is obtained from the woman by
cient gradient power to perform ultrafast imaging were
being produced. Fetal MR imaging had been performed
before that time, but mechanisms for preventing the
fetus from moving were needed. Some groups used
muscular blockade of the fetus with pancuronium ad-
ministration into the umbilical vessels, usually while the
vessel was being cannulated for another reason. Good
images were obtained using standard sequences, but the
procedure was highly invasive and was associated with
risk to the fetus. A less invasive approach used intrave-
nous benzodiazepines to sedate the fetus, but monitor-
ing the mother in the MR environment presented other
problems. The introduction of ultrafast MR imaging
methods into clinical practice has made iuMR imaging
(potentially) widely accessible.
Our approach to iuMR imaging has been published
previously,8 as have our results showing many advantages
of iuMR imaging over ultrasonography for developmental
fetal neuropathology.9,10 One of the problems we faced
anatomy as demonstrated by MR imaging. This problem
continued for a considerable time because our examina-
tions for the first
fi 4 years were performed as research stud-
ies. We did not have approval from our local research
ethics committee to study women with normal pregnan-
cies because of the unknown effects of iuMR imaging on
the fetus, so we investigated only those fetuses with
known or suspected abnormality on ultrasonography.
This is still the case now, although we offered fetomater-
nal and genetic centers an iuMR facility (with the support
of our local research ethics committee) to study women
whose fetus was at higher risk from brain and/or spine
malformation. Many of those fetuses were normal, and by
obtaining clinical follow-up of those children, we built up
a library of normal cases, some of which are used to
illustrate this book.
the attending radiologist after explanation of the proce-
dure. She is screened for the known contraindications
to MR, as is her partner or relative if he/she intends to
go into the MR scanner room with the mother. A fl flexible
phased-array coil is placed around the lower abdomen,
and a series of three plane scout views is made to locate
the fetal brain. Fetal imaging is first fi performed in
an attempt to image the brain in the three natural
orthogonal planes using single-shot fast spin echo
(SSFSE) sequences initially with 5-mm-thick sections.
The sequence parameters are TR 20,000 ms, TE 93.6 ms,
field of view 250 mm, matrix size 232 ⫻ 256, echo train
length 128, and flip angle 90°. The studies then are
repeated using 3-mm-thick sections with parameters
TR 21,032 ms, TE 103.6 ms, field of view 250 mm,
matrix size 256 ⫻ 256, echo train length 140, and flip fl
angle 90°. The acquisition times typically are 20 and

A B
Figure 2 Axial images at 3.0 T from postmortem magnetic resonance examination of a fetus with ventriculomegaly and hypoplasia of the
corpus callosum (confi firmed on sagittal imaging). A, Routine T2-weighted image. B, Equivalent T1-weighted image. Note the high-signal germi-
nal matrix and cortical plate on the T1 image. This contrast is a great improvement over the 1.5-T imaging we performed earlier. Note that the
region superfificial to the left germinal matrix shows postmortem damage and artifactual signal disturbance.

25 seconds, respectively. These sequences provide heav-
ily T2-weighted images. As part of our imaging protocol,
we also acquire T1-weighted images in at least one
plane (usually axial). The sequence we currently use is
T1 RFFAST with parameters TR 210 ms, TE 4.47 ms,
flip angle 80°, bandwidth 41.67 kHz, field of view
fl small moving target and the limited amount of time
250 mm, and matrix size 256 ⫻ 140. Twenty 5-mm-thick
sections take 29 seconds to acquire.
The major problem with T1-weighted iuMR images
of the fetal brain is the lack of inherent tissue contrast
because of high water and low lipid content. This com-
bination produces a very “flat”
fl image that, in our experi-
ence, has poor delineation even of the normal high sig-
nal from the germinal matrices on T1-weighted images.
Therefore we use this sequence to look for abnormal
fat-containing structures or subacute hemorrhage. No
T1-weighted fetal images are shown in this atlas.
Although the individual acquisitions are only in the or-
der of 20 to 30 seconds, the table occupancy time can be
quite long because of fetal movement and the “chasing”
required to obtain the orthogonal planes. Experienced
radiographers are vital to reduce the overall examina-
tion time; in most cases we can obtain all of the se-
quences described in less than 20 minutes.
Postnatal MR Imaging
The five cases used to illustrate the postnatal section
are taken from children who were being investigated
for possible head injuries but who had no focal neuro-
logic problems, had normal X-ray CT and MR exami-
nations, and were normal at clinical follow-up. All of
the children were examined under general anesthesia
using the following parameters: (1) Fast spin echo
T2-weighted, echo train length 8, TR 4500 ms, TE 94.5
ms, field of view 240 mm, matrix size 352 ⫻ 512, two
excitations. Sections 5 mm thick were taken with a
1-mm gap, and 21 slices took 6 minutes 36 seconds to
acquire. (2) Spin echo T1-weighted, TR 588 ms, TE
15.2 ms, field of view 240 mm, matrix size 256 ⫻ 256,
two excitations. Sections 5 mm thick were taken with
a 1-mm gap, and 21 slices took 5 minutes 2 seconds to
acquire.
Differences Between the Techniques
The three imaging methods used to illustrate fetal
brain anatomy in this atlas are not directly compara-
ble for many reasons. The fi first and most obvious
problem is that the iuMR, pmMR, and histologic
sections were obtained from different individuals.
Suffificient variation among individual fetal brains en-
sures that perfect matches can never be made. An
added complication arises when trying to ensure the
sections have been taken from matched anatomic
planes. This is a particular problem for axial and
coronal images where the planes of section are arbi-
trary, unlike sagittal/parasagittal images where the
plane of section is easily defined.
fi We use the tissue
sections in the original Larroche atlas as the reference
I N T R O D U C TIO N 5
standard in this book and attempt to match the MR
images to the tissue sections. This is relatively easy
with pmMR imaging because scan time is not an issue
and there are no problems with movement. In con-
trast, this is a major problem for iuMR because of the
we believe a pregnant woman should be kept on the
MR scanner.
There are, however, more fundamental differences
between the methods. The fetal tissue sections used in
the study came from brains that had been removed from
the calvarium and fixed prior to staining. This has cer-
tain obvious and inevitable consequences. First, a large
proportion of the extraaxial anatomy is lost, unlike the
in situ pmMR cases shown in this atlas and the iuMR
cases. Second, the fixation process itself likely has some
effect on the overall morphology of the brain as the al-
teration of protein elements and the removal of water
likely have differential effects on different parts of the
brain. For example, in our experience (and that of other
workers), the cortical sulci appear more prominent on
tissue sections than on pmMR images when fetuses of
the same gestational age are matched. It also is likely
that the relative effacement of cortical sulci seen on
pmMR imaging compared to the other techniques re-
sults from premortem swelling of the brain prior to
abortion.
One of the major advantages of histologic studies of
the brain is the ability to use different staining meth-
ods to show different cellular elements to advantage.
The two categories of stains used in the Larroche atlas
were “histologic” (hematoxylin–eosin or cresyl violet)
and myelin stains (Loyez or Luxol fast blue). Although
we can use different sequences and parameters in
pmMR imaging, we cannot hope to rival the tissue
contrast provided by histologic stains. In some cases
this is of little detriment; for example, the germinal
matrix has a signifi ficantly lower signal on T2-weighted
images and is well demonstrated on both pmMR im-
ages and stained tissue sections. On the other hand,
the transient layers within the fetal white matter are
present but are more difficult
fi to separate on pmMR
images than on histologic sections. It should also be
remembered that MR sections are much thicker than
histologic sections.
Many other features seen in postmortem fetal brains
result either from the effects of the fetal demise itself or
as a complication of traumatic delivery. Some damage
to normal brain anatomy is commonly seen on post-
mortem studies (both autopsy and pmMR), and some
structures (e.g., fetal corpus callosum) show marked
susceptibility to artifactual injury. This was discussed
in Larroche’s atlas and is seen on pmMR, such as the
19- to 20-week case used to illustrate this book. MR
imaging is highly sensitive to early subacute hemor-
rhage, and intraventricular, germinal matrix, and/or
choroid plexus hemorrhage are commonly seen on
postmortem MR. We believe that, in many cases, this is
an effect of the fetal loss per se and is not the cause of
the abortion.
6 ATL A S OF FE T A L A ND POS T NA T A L BR A IN M R
There are also major differences between postmor-
tem and in utero fetal imaging studies. The SSFSE
T2-weighted images used to acquire rapid images of
the fetus do not allow great definition
fi of the ultra-
structure of the developing cerebral hemispheres. The
germinal matrix often can be distinguished in the
second-trimester fetus, but the transient layers fre-
quently are indistinct. Another significant
fi difference
between iuMR, pmMR, and tissue sections are the
sizes of the extraaxial spaces and ventricles. The ven-
tricles look smaller on tissue sections than on iuMR
images and look considerably smaller on pmMR im-
ages. The size of the extra-axial cerebrospinal fluid fl
spaces can be compared on iuMR and pmMR images
(where the brain is still in situ), and in many cases the
subarachnoid space is barely seen on pmMR images
but is very prominent on iuMR images. This is almost
certainly due to lack of cerebrospinal fluidfl after fetal
demise, perhaps combined with premortem swelling
of the fetal brain prior to abortion. One other effect of
this difference is that the cortical sulci that have
formed appear more prominent on iuMR, although
the degree of sulcation is no different.
In spite of these differences, the wealth of anatomic
knowledge amassed from the study of histologic sec-
tions over the years can be used to assist with the inter-
pretation of pmMR and iuMR examinations.
REFERENCES
1. Feess-Higgins A, Larroche J-C: In Feess-Higgins A, Larroche
J-C (eds): Development of the Human Foetal Brain: An
Anatomical Atlas. Paris, INSERM CNRS, 1987, pp 13–189.
2. Carpenter MB: Core Text of Neuroanatomy, 4th ed. Baltimore,
Williams & Wilkins, 1991.
3. Griffiths
fi PD, Variend D, Evans M, et al: Post mortem mag-
netic resonance imaging of the fetal and stillborn central
nervous system. Am J Neuroradiol 24:22–27, 2003.
4. Griffiths
fi PD, Paley MNJ, Whitby EH: Post-mortem MR imag-
ing as an alternative to fetal/neonatal autopsy: The position
in 2005. Lancet 365:1271–1273, 2005.
5. Widjaja E, Whitby EH, Paley MNJ, Griffithsfi PD: Normal fetal
lumbar spine on post-mortem MR imaging. Am J Neuroradiol
27:553–559, 2006.
6. Van der Knaap MS, Valk J: Myelin and white matter. In Van
der Knaap MS, Valk J (eds): Magnetic Resonance of Myelin,
Myelination and Myelin Disorders, 2nd ed. Berlin, Springer,
1995, pp 1–17.
7. Norton WT, Cammer W: Isolation and characterization of
myelin. In Morrel P (ed): Myelin. New York, Plenum, 1984,
pp 147–195.
8. Griffiths
fi PD, Paley MNJ, Widjaja E, Taylor C, Whitby EH:
The emergence of in utero MR imaging for fetal brain and
spine abnormalities. BMJ 331:562–565, 2005.
9. Whitby EH, Paley MNJ, Sprigg A, et al: Outcome of 100
singleton pregnancies with suspected brain abnormalities
diagnosed on ultrasound and investigated by in utero MR
imaging. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 111:784–792, 2004.
10. Griffiths
fi PD, Widjaja E, Paley MNJ, Whitby EH: Imaging the
fetal spine using in utero MR: Diagnostic accuracy and impact
on management. Pediatr Radiol 36:927–933, 2006.

SURFACE ANATOMY OF THE BRAIN
The adult human brain has a highly complex external
morphology, and this is particularly true of the cerebral
hemispheres. The clinical neuroimager needs to know
the normal patterns of cortical gyri and their associated
sulci in order to make accurate anatomic diagnoses that
will assist in functional assessment and/or surgical plan-
ning. Someone looking at the surface of the adult brain
for the fi
first time likely would be convinced by the appar-
ent randomness of the convoluted surface. However, it
becomes apparent that the gyri/sulci form patterns that
are common among individuals and, although variations
exist, a large number of recurring themes can be found.
It is important for anyone trying to understand the devel-
opment of fetal cerebral hemispheres for diagnostic
purposes to have a deep understanding of the finalfi adult
patterns and common variations. It is also necessary to
appreciate the gestalt of being able to understand the
surface anatomy of the brain and applying that knowl-
edge when interpreting cross-sectional imaging studies.
Naidich et al.1,2 have provided many illuminating publi-
cations on the subject, and the interested reader is
directed to their work.
Before 16 weeks’ gestational age the fetal human ce-
rebral hemispheres are effectively smooth and feature-
less. In contrast, the overall degree of sulcation at birth
is effectively the same as the adult pattern. The huge
changes in the external morphology of the brain that
occur between those two time points are due to the de-
velopment of the cerebral cortex and the massive num-
bers of neurons and glia that migrate there from the
germinal matrices. The gyral convolutions produce a
greater surface area per unit volume compared with the
smooth, agyric cortex present in many other mammals.
Indeed, the gyric human cerebral cortex is estimated to
have three times the surface area as an agyric brain of
the same volume. The major sulci of the brain tend to
appear in an ordered and predictable sequence, and the
person interpreting fetal magnetic resonance (MR)
images should be aware of the normal patterns and
schedules of appearance. However, the patterns are only
approximations, and one should not expect to be able to
defifine with any degree of accuracy the gestational age of
a fetus based on the sulcal patterns. Biologic variation is
section 1
one issue, and the mechanisms for estimating the dates
of a pregnancy have wide margins of error. In addition,
the possible signifi
ficant differences in the degree of sul-
cation between the two hemispheres within the same
individual are well documented.
The purpose of this section is to show the development
of the surface cortical patterns of the fetal brain between
19 weeks’ gestational age and term. We recommend that
you refer back to this section when studying the cross-
sectional images of the appropriate gestational age in
Section 2 or the neonatal cases in Section 3 because an
understanding of sulcation both on cross-sectional imag-
ing and on representations of surfaces is necessary. This
section begins with a discussion of the appearances of the
major cortical sulci that may be described as mature” or
adult pattern. This section uses the surface projections of
the developing fetal brain from the Larroche atlas.3
ANATOMY OF THE SULCI AND FISSURES
IN THE “MATURE” SUPRATENTORIAL
BRAIN
The cerebral hemispheres are separated from each
other in the midline by the median (great) longitudinal
fissure and its contents: the pia and arachnoid mater
fi
with the intervening subarachnoid space that overlie
both cerebral hemispheres, and two layers of dura ma-
ter that are fused for the most part as the falx cerebri.
The inferior sagittal sinus is contained within the free
inferior border of the falx, whereas superiorly the two
leaves of dura separate to contain the superior sagittal
sinus (Figure 1-1). The falx is attached to the crista galli
anteriorly, where it is quite narrow, but it widens as it
sweeps posteriorly and eventually attaches along the
midline of the tentorium cerebelli. The drainage of ve-
nous blood in the sagittal sinuses normally is from an-
terior to posterior; therefore the structure increases in
size passing posteriorly to accommodate for increasing
drainage from the cortical veins. These features are well
shown on coronal MR imaging.
The surfaces of the cerebral hemispheres show many
convolutions consisting of cortical gyri separated by
7
 8 ATL A S OF FE T A L A ND POS T NA T A L BR A IN M R

Arachnoid
Venous Superior granulations
lacuna sagittal sinus
Venous
Emissary lacuna Dura matter
vein

Diploic
vein

Meningeal Superficial Pia mater Arachnoid Cerebral Subarachnoid

vein cerebral vein cortex space
A Falx cerebri

Superior Superior
sagittal frontal
Falx sinus gyrus
cerebri
Cingulate
sulcus

Callosal
Inferior Cingulate sulcus
Branches sagittal gyrus
of the sinus
anterior
cerebral Corpus
artery callosum
B C
Figure 1-1 Anatomy of the median longitudinal fi fissure. A, Line diagram of the anatomy of the medial longitudinal fi fissure and its contents
in the coronal plane. (From Stranding S [ed]: Gray’s Anatomy, 39th ed. Edinburgh, Elsevier, 2005.) B, C, Coronal T2-weighted images from a
3-year-old child with mild atrophic changes due to an unknown, progressive degenerative process of the brain. Showing respectively the
contents of the median longitudinal fissure and the adjacent brain anatomy. The midline falx cerebri has low signal on this sequence
because of its high fibrous content. The superior and inferior sinuses related to either end of the falx have low signal because of flow
phenomena (as for the branches of the anterior cerebral artery). Free water has high signal on this sequence, which explains the high signal
in the cortical sulci and other cerebrospinal fluid–containing spaces.

sulci of varying sizes. Most of the sulci are prominent
and easily delineated in whole brain preparations, and
many of them are constant between individuals. The
cerebral cortex and associated white matter form four
lobes in each hemisphere (frontal, temporal, parietal,
occipital), and those lobes are (incompletely) defifined by
prominent, relatively constant sulci. The appearances
of sulci on imaging studies can be appreciated only if
the anatomy of the meninges is understood. The inner-
most layer of the meninges, the pia mater, is closely
adherent to the surface of the brain at all sites. In con-
trast, the thicker arachnoid mater encompasses the
brain without extending into the recesses. The sub-
arachnoid space lies between the two, contains cerebro-
spinal fluid (CSF), and usually is quite thin. However,
some regions contain local dilatations of the subarach-
noid space with large pools of CSF. One such region is
the basal cisterns related to the inferior surface of the
brain; another is the space between adjacent cortical
gyri. Thus the cortical sulci have the same intensity as
the fluid within the ventricles on all sequences (e.g.,
high signal on T2-weighted images), and their shape is
dependent solely on the shape of the adjacent gyri. The
major sulci and associated brain structures of a fetus of
40 weeks gestational age are shown in Figure 1-2.
MAJORR SULCI RESPONSIBLE
R DEFINING LOBAR
FOR R ANATOMY
These consist of the lateral (sylvian) sulcus, central sul-
cus, and parieto-occipital sulcus. For the most part the
lobar anatomy is best defined
fi on the lateral surface of
the brain by the lateral and central sulci.
Lateral Sulcus
The lateral sulcus is a deep fi
fissure that is first identifi
fied
on the inferior surface of the brain close to the anterior
perforated substance but becomes most visible on the
lateral surface where it separates the frontal and pari-
etal lobes from the temporal lobe. The frontal lobe is
separated completely from the temporal lobe, whereas
the posterior aspects of the parietal and temporal lobes
remain in continuity without a well-defined fi external
border. The parts of the frontal, temporal, and parietal
lobes that protrude into and surround the lateral fissure
fi cuneus of the occipital lobe before joining the calca-
are called the opercula. The anatomy of the lateral sul-
cus on the lateral surface of the brain is complicated as
it divides into three rami: anterior horizontal, anterior
ascending, and posterior. These can be seen well on MR
imaging that allows nonorthogonal plane reformation
of volume data (Figure 1-3). The anterior horizontal ra-
mus protrudes into the inferior frontal gyrus running
horizontally and anteriorly. The anterior ascending ra-
mus runs vertically into the same gyrus and definesfi the
pars triangularis portion of the inferior frontal gyrus
anterior to the ascending ramus and the pars opercu-
laris posteriorly. The posterior ramus extends posteri-
orly and slightly superiorly for approximately 8 cm be-
fore dividing into the posterior ascending and posterior
SU R F A C E A N A T O M Y O F T H E BR A IN 9
descending rami.4 Naidich et al. have shown that the
anatomy of the subcentral gyrus is well seen on MR, and
this topic is discussed in the section on locating the cen-
tral sulcus.
The insula is defi fined as the cortical surface in the
depth of the lateral fissure
fi and is considered to be the
“fifth
fi cortical lobe” by some researchers. The mature
insula has a complicated surface structure, which is
best appreciated on whole brain preparations when the
opercula have been removed (similar “virtual” proce-
dures can be performed on T1-weighted volume data;
Figure 1-4). The insula is pyramidal in shape, with its
apex directed inferiorly and anteriorly. The apex is the
only portion of the insula that is not bounded by the
circular gyrus. The large central insular sulcus runs
from the apex, superiorly and posteriorly to form larger
anterior and smaller posterior surfaces. The posterior
region usually is divided by a single sulcus to form two
“gyri longi,” whereas the anterior area is inconsistently
divided into three or four “gyri brevi.”
Central Sulcus
This prominent sulcus on the lateral aspect of the cere-
bral hemisphere barely extends onto the medial surface,
if at all. The central sulcus separates the frontal and
parietal lobes, and the frontal lobe can be completely
delineated by the lateral and central sulci on the lateral
surface of the brain. It takes a curved course posteriorly
at approximately 70° towards the lateral sulcus but does
not contact it. The postcentral sulcus lies approximately
1.5 cm posterior to the central sulcus and runs parallel
to it. The correct localization of the central sulcus is
hugely important on cross-sectional imaging as it de-
fines the primary motor cortex anteriorly and the pri-
mary sensorimotor cortex posteriorly. This can be diffi- fi
cult and is best achieved on axial imaging as described
in the section on the cingulate sulcus.
Parieto-occipital Sulcus
This is predominantly a feature of the posterior por-
tion of the medial hemispheric surface, although it
can extend onto the lateral surface for a short way in
some cases. It runs inferiorly and slightly anteriorly,
separating the precuneus of the parietal lobe and the
rine fi
fissure.
Note that a temporo-occipital sulcus exists on the
inferior surface of the brain but has highly variable
appearances.
OTHERR SULCI OF IMPORTANCE
R FETAL IMAGING
FOR
Superior and Inferior Frontal Sulci
The lateral surface of the frontal lobe is indented by
two sulci running in a broadly horizontal fashion, the
superior and inferior frontal sulci. These demarcate
10 ATL A S OF FE T A L A ND POS T NA T A L BR A IN M R

Median longitudinal fissure

Superior frontal gyrus

Precentral gyrus

Central sulcus

Postcentral gyrus

A Parieto-occipital
P i i i l sulcus
l

Precentral Central Postcentral

gyrus sulcus gyrus
Precentral sulcus Postcentral sulcus

Supramarginal gyrus
Superior frontal sulcus

Pa
arieto-occipital sulcus

Middle frontal gyruss

Occipital lobe

Inferior frontal gyruss

La
ateral sulcus
Superior temporal gyrus
S

Superior
temporal
sulcus Inferior
temporal Inferior temporal gyrus
Middle
sulcus
temporal gyrus

B
Figure 1-2 Surface features of a 40-week gestational age fetus. A, Superior. B, Lateral.
 SU R F A C E A N A T O M Y O F T H E BR A IN 11

Median longitudinal fissure

Olfactory trac
ct

Optic chiasm

Pons
Inferior temporal gyrus

Medulla

Cerebellar hemisphere

Central sulcus
Callosal sulcus
Cing late gyrus
Cingulate g r s Pars marginalis of cingulate
c sulcus
Supe
erior frontal gyrus
Cingula
ate sulcus Precuneuss

Pa
arieto-occipital sulcus
Corpus callosum
m

Cuneus

Calcarine sulcus

Optic chiasm

Pons
Cerebellar verm
mis

Medulla

D
Figure 1-2, cont’d C, Inferior. D, Medial. The same annotation is used for these figures as in the developmental series at the end of the section.
12 ATL A S OF FE T A L A ND POS T NA T A L BR A IN M R

6
1

Anterior Central
ascending ramus sulcus

Posterior
ascending
ramus

Anterior
horizontal
ramus

Posterior
descending
ramus

Stem of
lateral
sulcus

Posterior
horizontal
ramus

B
Figure 1-3 Anatomy of the lateral sulcus and surrounding brain on magnetic resonance imaging. The anatomy of the lateral sulcus can be
studied on parasagittal sections of the brain but often is best shown using nonorthogonal curvilinear reformations of T1-weighted volume
data. A, Plane of reformation on axial section (same case as Figure 1-1). B, C Same curvilinear reformation showing the sulci and brain
structures, respectively. Note the pars orbitalis, pas triangularis, and pars opercularis all are subdivisions of the inferior frontal gyrus.

Pars
opercularis
Pars
triangularis
Pars
orbitalis
C
Figure 1-3, cont’d
the superior frontal gyrus (above the superior frontal
sulcus), inferior frontal gyrus (below the inferior
frontal sulcus), and middle frontal gyrus between the
two. These are well shown on coronal MR images.
The precise pattern of sulcation varies a great deal,
but most frequently the superior frontal sulcus is
defificient posteriorly, allowing continuity between
the posterior parts of the superior and middle fron-
tal gyri.
Cingulate Sulcus
The most prominent feature on the medial aspect of
the anterior cerebral hemisphere is the cingulate sul-
cus. The majority of this sulcus is related to the frontal
lobe, commencing below the rostrum of the corpus
callosum and curving anteriorly and then posteriorly
roughly parallel to the corpus callosum and delineat-
ing the cingulate gyrus. At a point approximately
above the splenium of the corpus callosum, the cingu-
late sulcus curves upward into the parietal lobe to be-
come the pars marginalis of the cingulate gyrus, which
extends onto the superior portion of the lateral aspect
of the hemisphere. As described by Naidich et al., this
is a useful landmark for locating the central sulcus on
cross-sectional imaging.1
SU R F A C E A N A T O M Y O F T H E BR A IN 13
Precentral
gyrus
Postcentral
gyrus
Subcentral
gyrus
Superior
temporal
gyrus
Superior and Inferior Temporal Sulci
The lateral aspects of the temporal lobes are subdivided
in a fashion similar to the frontal lobes. Two horizon-
tally directed sulci, the superior and inferior temporal
sulci, divide the surface into three gyri, the superior,
middle, and inferior temporal gyri. Posteriorly there ex-
ists an indistinct boundary between the temporal gyri
and the parietal and occipital lobes.
Calcarine Sulcus
The calcarine sulcus is a feature of the medial surface of
the occipital lobe. It is important because the visual
cortex lies above and below the calcarine sulcus. It com-
mences at the occipital pole and runs anteriorly to meet
the parieto-occipital sulcus.
Collateral Sulcus
The collateral sulcus starts at the occipital pole on the
inferior surface of the brain and runs anteriorly parallel
to the calcarine sulcus. At its anterior extent it separates
the parahippocampal gyrus from the more lateral por-
tions of the temporal lobe. It may join the rhinal sulcus,
but more often it remains isolated.
14 ATL A S OF FE T A L A ND POS T NA T A L BR A IN M R

Central
al
sulcus
s

Circular sulcus
C

Central
insular sulcus
Gyrus brevi
G b i Gyrus
G
A longus

Central
insular sulcus

Gyri
brevi

Gyri
longi

Lateral
sulcus

B
Figure 1-4 Anatomy of the insula. A, Line diagram depicting the anatomy of the insula. (From Stranding S [ed]: Gray’s Anatomy, 39th ed.
Edinburgh, Elsevier, 2005.) B, Sagittal oblique reformation of T1-weighted volume images from a child with no structural brain abnormality.
The insula is divided into a larger anterior part (containing the gyri brevi) and a smaller posterior part (containing the gyri longi) by the
central insular sulcus.

LOCATION OF THE CENTRAL SULCUS postcentral gyri with confidence.

ON CROSS-SECTIONAL IMAGING
There are many situations in clinical practice when it is
necessary to demonstrate the central sulcus on cross-
sectional imaging in order to locate the precentral and
fi This can be done only
with an understanding of the anatomy of other sulcal
structures. This is best performed on axial imaging for
the superior portion of the central sulcus and on para-
sagittal images for the inferior portion. The anatomy of
cortical sulci is best appreciated in older adults in whom

some volume loss of the brain results in prominence of
the sulci. Conversely, the brains of most children have a
relative paucity of CSF-containing structures on the
surface, which can make appreciation of sulcal anatomy
difficult.
fi Neonates, however, often have prominent sulci
(and ventricles), which assists with location of the fol-
lowing structures.
Superior Portion of the Central Sulcus
The key to locating the superior portion of the central
sulcus is being able to find
fi the pars marginalis portion of
the cingulate sulcus and the postcentral sulcus. As previ-
ously described the main stem of the cingulate sulcus is
best shown on sagittal imaging just off the midline. The
anterior portion of the cingulate sulcus is directly supe-
rior to the cingulate gyrus and runs parallel to the corpus
callosum. Above the posterior part of the body of the
corpus callosum a branch of the cingulate sulcus arcs
superiorly. This is the pars marginalis, and it extends
onto the superior surface of the cerebral hemispheres for
a short distance. As a result, the pars marginalis has a
highly characteristic appearance on the superior sec-
tions of axial brain images. It appears as an anteriorly
curved sulcus that, when both sides are viewed together,
has been likened to Salvador Dali’s moustache. The posi-
tion of the pars marginalis in relation to the center of the
image is dependent on the angulation of the axial sec-
tions. For example, axial MR images usually are set par-
allel to the anterior/posterior commissural line, which
broadly approximates to the plane of the anterior cranial
fossa. In this situation the pars marginalis is situated
close to the posterior edge of the superior-most axial im-
ages (Figure 1-5). If a steeper angulation is made, as for
X-ray CT of the brain (in order to reduce radiation dose
to the lens of the eyes), the pars marginalis is much
closer to the center of the field of view.
In either case the correct location of the pars margi-
nalis must be made by judging its relationship to the
postcentral sulcus in the anterior portion of the parietal
lobe. The postcentral sulcus appears as a “bracket-
shaped” CSF-containing structure that is convex later-
ally, with neither end of the bracket extending medial to
the pars marginalis. In some cases the transverse pari-
etal sulcus contributes to the postcentral “bracket.”
Once those two structures are located, the central sulcus
is easily identified
fi just anterior to the postcentral sulcus.
Other features that can confi firm the correct anatomy
include the following:
• The central sulcus extends medial to and “inside”
the curve of the pars marginalis (of the postcentral
“bracket,” which remains lateral).
• The cortex of the precentral gyrus should be thicker
than the cortex of the postcentral gyrus.
• The precentral gyrus has a prominent “knob”-
shaped bulge on its posterior aspect that represents
the expanded portion of cortex containing the hand
motor area.
• More anteriorly, the superior frontal sulcus often
joins with the precentral sulcus. It does not join
with the central sulcus.
SU R F A C E A N A T O M Y O F T H E BR A IN 15
Inferior Portion of the Central Sulcus
Once the central sulcus has been located on the
superior-most images, it can be tracked on its pathway
inferiorly along the lateral surface of the cerebral
hemisphere. However, it is useful to locate the lower
portion of the central sulcus on sagittal images, and to
do so requires a more detailed review of the anatomy
of the lateral sulcus as described by Naidich et al.5 The
posterior horizontal ramus is the longest portion of
the lateral sulcus, and it is joined by smaller sulci
along its midcourse. Inferiorly, transverse temporal
sulci indent the superior temporal gyrus. Of greater
importance in locating the central sulcus are the two
sulci on the superior aspect of the posterior horizontal
ramus: the anterior and posterior subcentral sulci.
The small protrusion of the brain between those sulci
is the subcentral gyrus, and the central sulcus ap-
proaches (but does not contact) the cortex of the gy-
rus. The precentral gyrus can be located anteriorly and
the postcentral gyrus behind (Figure 1-3, C).
APPEARANCE OF CORTICAL SULCI ON
IN UTERO MR IMAGING IN RELATION
TO GESTATIONAL AGE
This subject has been studied in great depth by
Dr. Catherine Garel and colleagues, and the reader
is directed to her excellent textbook on fetal MR.6
The cerebral hemispheres separate from each other
very early in development, a process that starts in the
sixth week of gestation and is complete around 9 to
10 weeks, during a period of intense growth of the
cerebral hemispheres termed ventral and dorsal induc-
tion. The median interhemispheric fi fissure and falx
should be clearly visible in their entirety if fetal imag-
ing is performed at 19 weeks’ gestational age or later.
Any abnormal communication of forebrain derivatives
over the midline defi fines the group of abnormalities
called holoprosencephaly.
Sulci Defining
fi Lobar Anatomy
Differences are seen between the conspicuity of cortical
sulci on postmortem tissue sections and in utero MR
(iuMR) imaging. Specifically,
fi our anecdotal experience
indicates delineation of sulci at earlier gestational ages
on tissue sections. This is supported by Garel’s compari-
son of her iuMR cases with the pathologic studies of Chi
et al.7 The lateral sulcus is well seen on histologic stud-
ies as early as 16 weeks’ gestational age but usually is
not clearly demarcated in all fetuses at 19 to 20 weeks’
gestation. Garel’s textbook presents cases at 22 to
23 weeks, and at that stage the lateral sulcus was seen
in 100% of normal fetuses. It is not sufficient
fi to know
merely when the lateral sulcus can fi first be located. The
lateral sulcus is an exceptionally complicated structure
that continues to develop after birth, and an under-
standing of its normal sequence of development is im-
portant. When the lateral sulcus first fi appears, it is
 16 ATL A S OF FE T A L A ND POS T NA T A L BR A IN M R

A B

Central sulcus

Precentral
gyrus

Postcentral
sulcus

Postcentral
gyrus
Pars
marginalis C D
Figure 1-5 Effects of scan angulation on the anatomy of the paracentral lobule on axial imaging. All images from a T1-weighted volume data
set of a 4-year-old child with no structural brain abnormality. A, Sagittal image just off midline showing the cingulate sulcus (arrow) and its pars
marginalis portion (arrowhead). B is the equivalent image showing the approximate angulation used for X-ray computed tomographic proce-
dures. C shows the normal anatomy of the paracentral lobule on “MR angulation” whilst D shows the equivalent “CT angulation”. The position
of the pars marginalis is shown for comparison in D.

merely an oblique indentation in the lateral aspect of
the second-trimester hemisphere. Over time it deepens
and develops secondary sulci on the insular cortex, and
the opercula portions of the surrounding frontal, pari-
etal, and temporal lobes completely cover the insula, as
described previously. The insular sulci form late. Garel
did not see any evidence of the insular sulci before
31 weeks, and those structures were present in only 10%
of 31-week fetuses. Insular sulci were present in all
36-week gestational age fetuses. Imaging of the fetal
brain in the axial plane allows good assessment of devel-
oping opercularization. The anterior and posterior lips
of the opercula are everted up to 20 weeks’ gestational
age, but rapid cortical/subcortical growth causes the lips
to grow toward each other, a process that is quite ad-
vanced by 26 weeks’ gestational age. Garel assessed this
development by measuring the distance between the
anterior and posterior opercula and found few cases
where the interopercular distance was less than 10 mm
before 29 weeks. The distance then gradually reduced so

that at 36 weeks’ gestation, for example, 80% of values
were between 4 and 8 mm. However, the opercula did
not close completely before birth in any of the cases, so
this event appears to occur postnatally. Cortical malfor-
mations may disrupt this process, but underopercular-
ization without obvious structural abnormality is one of
the “soft” neuroradiologic features seen with high fre-
quency in children with developmental delay.
The central and precentral sulci are early features on
the lateral surface of the developing hemispheres, with
the central sulcus appearing fi first. Both structures are
best assessed on axial imaging of the fetal brain. Garel
found that the central sulcus was seen in 20% of her
cases at 22 to 23 weeks, in 75% of cases at 26 weeks, and
in all cases thereafter. Our experience is broadly compa-
rable, although we saw the central sulcus consistently in
25- to 26-week fetuses on iuMR imaging. In contrast,
the precentral sulcus was not shown by Garel before
26 weeks but was seen in 90% of 28-week fetuses and
consistently after that time. The parieto-occipital sulcus
is best appreciated on sagittal images of the fetus.
It is visible after 22 weeks’ gestational age in the vast
majority of, if not all, fetuses.
OTHERR SULCI OF IMPORTANCE
R FETAL IMAGING
FOR
Superior and Inferior Frontal Sulci
Both of these sulci are best assessed on coronal images
of the fetal brain. The data from Garel suggest the two
sulci appear at approximately the same time, although
fetuses with superior frontal sulci without inferior fron-
tal gyri, but not vice versa, are a common finding. Both
sulci are seen in a minority of fetuses at 26 weeks but in
a majority at 27 weeks. Both sulci are consistently seen
at 30 weeks and after.
Cingulate Sulcus
This sulcus was seen in two thirds of 22- to 23-week fe-
tuses in Garel’s cohort and was consistently visualized
after that time. A similar schedule was demonstrated for
the callosal sulcus, which is situated between the cingu-
late gyrus and the corpus callosum. Both of these sulci
are best visualized on coronal iuMR images.
Superior and Inferior Temporal Sulci
Garel distinguished between the anterior and posterior
portions of the superior temporal sulcus. We found that
the anterior portion can be located with greater cer-
tainty, so we discuss the anterior portion of the superior
temporal sulcus and the inferior temporal sulcus only.
The coronal plane is required to assess both of these
sulci, which appear to show much greater variation
than the structures listed earlier. Neither is routinely
seen before 27 weeks, but both are consistently seen
after 33 weeks. Garel showed that more than 50%
SU R F A C E A N A T O M Y O F T H E BR A IN 17
of fetuses had defifinable superior temporal sulci by
31 weeks and inferior temporal sulci by 30 weeks.
Calcarine Sulcus
This feature of the medial portion of the occipital lobe
is well-visualized on both coronal and sagittal images
close to the midline. It is seen in two thirds of 22-
to 23-week fetuses and in all fetuses after 25 weeks’
gestation.
Collateral Sulcus
The coronal plane is optimal for assessing this sulcus,
although ensuring that some of the rhinal sulcus is not
included, particularly on 5-mm-thick sections, may be
diffi
ficult. This sulcus is visualized in more than 50% of
cases at 26 weeks and in all normal fetuses at 28 weeks
and later.
The overall results of fetal sulcation are summarized
in Table 1-1. Much more work is needed in this field in
order to obtain more robust data. Garel’s textbook did
not extend back before 22 weeks’ gestational age, and
the number of cases under 25 weeks is limited. This is
unfortunate because of the great need to understand
normality in second-trimester fetuses so that robust
interpretation of abnormal cases can be made. A corol-
lary of this in clinical practice is the urgent need for
research on the gestational age at which neocortical
formation abnormalities can be confi fidently diagnosed
or excluded. For example, lissencephaly is an uncom-
mon malformation of cortical development, and the
imaging features of lissencephaly are well described.
Most cases show an absence or paucity of sulci with
wide, abnormal gyri, which produce smooth hemi-
spheric surfaces. If the only diagnostic feature of lis-
sencephaly is lack of sulcation, how can the condition
be diagnosed in the fetus when the normally developing
TABLE 1-1
Summary of Fetal Sulcation Milestones
Gestational Age
(weeks) Sulcus Visualization
22–24 100% visualization of
• Median interhemispheric fi fissure
• Lateral sulcus
• Parieto-occipital sulcus
• Calcarine sulcus
• Cingulate sulcus
26 New sulci visible in the majority of cases
• Central sulcus
• Precentral sulcus
• Collateral sulcus
30 New sulci visible in the majority of cases
• Inferior temporal sulcus
31 New sulci visible in the majority of cases
• Superior temporal sulcus (anterior
portion)
Data from Garel C (ed): MRI of the Fetal Brain. Berlin, Springer-Verlag, 2004.
18 ATL A S OF FE T A L A ND POS T NA T A L BR A IN M R
early brain is agyric? Although many cases of pediatric
lissencephaly do have abnormal thickening of the cere-
bral cortex, this may not be obvious while the cortex is
still developing in utero. The accuracy of in utero imag-
ing in diagnosing lissencephaly at different stages of
pregnancy is not known. In our experience, the vast
majority of cases are not diagnosed by antenatal ultra-
sound in the second trimester, and it seems that iuMR
also misses many cases of the subtler abnormalities of
cortical formation in the second trimester. Therefore
performing further studies of normal sulcation in the
second-trimester fetus is vital because, for now, such
REFERENCES
1. Naidich TP, Brightbill TC: The pars marginalis I. A “bracket”
sign for the central sulcus in axial plane CT and MRI. Int
J Neuroradiol 2:3–19, 1996.
2. Naidich TP, Kang E, Fatterpekar G, et al: The insula: Ana-
tomic study and MR imaging at 1.5 T. Am J Neuroradiol
25:222–232, 2004.
3. Feess-Higgins A, Larroche J-C (eds): Development of the
Human Foetal Brain: An Anatomical Atlas. Paris, INSERM
CNRS, 1987.
studies appear to be the only chance for early detection
of abnormalities such as lissencephaly. This may be an
overoptimistic view, however, remembering that pa-
thologists have said for many years that accurate
assessment of gestational age by inspection of fetal
brains (certainly within 2 weeks) is not possible. The
following figures
fi show the normal changes in the sur-
face appearance of the fetal brain between 19 and
37 weeks gestational age. Please note that there has
been no attempt to scale the images with respect to the
different gestational ages for purposes of anatomical
clarity.
4. Stranding S (ed): Gray’s Anatomy, 39th ed. Edinburgh, Elsevier,
2005.
5. Naidich TP, Valavanis AG, Kubik S: Anatomic relationships
along the low-middle convexity: Part 1—Normal specimens
and MR imaging. Neurosurgery 36:517–531, 1995.
6. Garel C (ed): MRI of the Fetal Brain. Berlin, Springer-Verlag,
2004.
7. Chi JG, Dooling EC, Gilles FH: Gyral development of the human
brain. Ann Neurol 1:86–93, 1977.
SUPERIOR SURFACE

19
20 ATL A S OF FE T A L A ND POS T NA T A L BR A IN M R

Median longitudinal fissure

SUPERIOR SURFACE, 19–20 WEEKS

Median longitudinal fissure

SUPERIOR SURFACE, 22–23 WEEKS Parieto-occipital sulcus

 SU R F A C E A N A T O M Y O F T H E BR A IN 21

Median longitudinal fissure

Prece
entral sulcus

Central sullcus
Pre
ecentral gyrus

Parieto-occipital sulcus

SSUPERIOR SURFACE, 25–26 WEEKS

Median longitudinal fissure

Pre
ecentral gyrus

Central sulcus

Postcentral gyrus

Postcentral sulcus

Parieto-occipital sulcus SUPERIOR SURFACE, 28–29 WEEKS

22 ATL A S OF FE T A L A ND POS T NA T A L BR A IN M R

Median longitudinal fisssure

Sup
perior frontal
gyrus

Superior frontal
f sulcus

Pre
ecentral sulcus

Precentral gyrus
P

Central sulcus
C

Postcentral gyrus

Postcentral sulcus

SUPERIOR SURFAC
CE, 32–33 WEEKS Parieto-occipital sulcus

Median longitudinal
fissure

Precenttral gyrus

Ce
entral sulcus

Posttcentral gyrus

SUPERIOR SURFAC
CE, 36–37 WEEKS Occipital lobe
LATERAL SURFACE

23
24 ATL A S OF FE T A L A ND POS T NA T A L BR A IN M R

Lateral sulcus

Cerebelllar hemisphere

LATERAL SURFACE, 19–20 WEEEKS

Insula

Cerebe
ellar hemisphere

LATERAL SURFACE, 22–23 WEEEKS

 SU R F A C E A N A T O M Y O F T H E BR A IN 25

Central sulcus
Precentral gyrus
gy
Postcentral gyrus

Lateral sulcus

Superior temporal sulcus

Insula

LATERAL SURFACE, 25–26 WEEKS

Central sulcus
Precentral gyrus Postcentral gyrus

Supramarg
ginal gyrus

Sup
perior temporal gyrus

Superior temporal sulcus

Insula

Lateral sulcus

LATERAL SURFACE, 28–29 WEEKS

26 ATL A S OF FE T A L A ND POS T NA T A L BR A IN M R

Precentral Central Postcentral

gyrus sulcus
Superior frontal sulcus gyrus Postcentral
sulcus
Superior frontal gyrus

Precentral sulcus
Supramargiinal gyrus

Occipital lobe
O

Inferior frontal gyrrus

Insula

Lateral sulcus Superior tempo

oral gyrus

Superior temporal sulcus

LATERAL SURFACE, 32–33 WEEKS

Precentral
gyrus Central sulcus
Superior frontal gyrus
Postcentral gyrus
Postcentral sulcus
Middle frontal gyrus

Supramarginal gyrus
Precentral sulcus

erior
Infe
fronntal Occcipital lobe
gyyrus

Insula
Lateral
sulcus Middle tempo
oral gyrus
Superior
temporal Superior
gyrus temporal Inferior Inferior temporal gyru
us
sulcus temporal
LATERAL SURFACE, 36–37 WEEKS sulcus
INFERIOR SURFACE

27
28 ATL A S OF FE T A L A ND POS T NA T A L BR A IN M R

Median longitudinal fissure

Olfactory tract

Late
eral sulcus

Pons Cerebellar hemisphere

INFERIOR SURFACE, 19–20 WEEKS Medulla

Median longitudinal fissure

Olfactoryy tract

Lateral sulcus

Pons

INFERIOR SURFACE, 22–23 WEEKS Medulla

 SU R F A C E A N A T O M Y O F T H E BR A IN 29

Median longitudinal fissure

Olfactorry tract

Lateral sulc
cus

Po
ons

Cerebellar hemisphere
C

Medulla

INFERIOR SURFACE, 25–26 WEEKS

Median longitudinal fissure

Olfactory tract

Lateral sulcus

Op
ptic chiasm

Pons

M
Medulla

Calcarine sulcus INFERIOR SURFACE, 28–29 WEEKS

30 ATL A S OF FE T A L A ND POS T NA T A L BR A IN M R

Median
longitudinal Olfactory sulcus
fissure

Olfactory tra
act

Laterral sulcus

Optic chiasm

Pons

Cerebellar hemisphere

Medulla
INFERIOR SURFACE, 32
2–33 WEEKS
Median longitudinal fissure

Olfactory sulcus Orbital sulcus

Olfacctory tract

Optic chia
asm

Cereb
bellar hemisphere

INFERIOR SURFACE, 36–37

6–37 WEEKS
MEDIAL SURFACE

31
32 ATL A S OF FE T A L A ND POS T NA T A L BR A IN M R

Callosal sulcus
Corpus callosum

Parieto-occipital sulcus

Calcarine su
ulcus

Fornix

Thalamus Midbrain

MEDIAL SURFACE, 19––20 WEEKS

Callosal sulcus

pus callosum
Corp

Parieto-occipital sulcus

Calcarine
e sulcus

Pineal gland

Midbrain
MEDIAL SURFACE, 22––23 WEEKS
 SU R F A C E A N A T O M Y O F T H E BR A IN 33

Callosal
sulcus
Cingulate sulcus

Cingulate gyrus

Parieto-occipital sulcus
Corpus callosum

Cuneus

Calcarine sulcus
Midbrain
Thalamus

Cerebellar vermis

MEDIAL SURFACE,, 25–26 WEEKS

Cingulate
sulcus Central sulcus
Callosal sulcus
pars marginalis of
cingulate sulcus
Cingulate gyrus

Precuneus

Corpus callo
osum
Parieto-occipital sulcus

Cuneus

Calcarine sulcus
Olfactory tract
Thalamus

Cerebellar vermis

MEDIAL SURFACE,, 28–29 WEEKS

34 ATL A S OF FE T A L A ND POS T NA T A L BR A IN M R

Corpus
Superior frontal gyrus callosum Central sulcus
Cingulate gyrus
Cingulate sulcus

Callosal
sulcus
Precuneus

Parieto-occipital sulcus

Cuneus

Olfactory tract

Optic chiasm Calcarine

e sulcus

Thalamus

Pons Midbrain

Cerebellar vermis

MEDIAL SURFACE, 32–33 WEEKS

Cingulate
pars marginalis of
sulcus
Superior frontal gyrus cingulate sulcus

Callosal sulcus
Precuneus

Cingulate gyrus
Parieto-occipital sulcu
us

Corrpus
callossum

Cuneus

Calcarine sulcuss

Thalamus Optic
chiasm
Midbrain
Pons Cerebellar vermis

Medulla
MEDIAL SURFACE, 36–37 WEEKS

SECTIONAL ANATOMY
OF THE FETAL BRAIN
The major part of this section is a pictorial review of
cross-sectional fetal brain anatomy using magnetic res-
onance (MR) imaging matched as closely as possible
with postmortem histologic sections. It should be ap-
preciated that by the time the fetal brain has reached
19 to 20 weeks (the earliest fetal images shown in this
text), all of the major structural components visible in
routine neuroradiologic practice have formed and are
clearly visible. Because of this, previous knowledge of
adult neuroanatomy can be used to a large extent; in-
deed, the basic neuroanatomy does not change during
this period. The diffi ficulty in interpreting fetal and neo-
natal imaging arises in the evolving anatomic features of
the brain. We discussed the evolution of the “sulcated
brain” at the start of Section 1 and myelination is dis-
cussed in Section 3, which covers postnatal imaging.
The purpose of this section is to give an introduction to
the transient structures in the wall of the developing
fetal brain, that is, structures that are not found in the
adult, pediatric, or even the term newborn brain.
TRANSIENT STRUCTURES IN THE FETAL
CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES
The original Larroche atlas used anatomic terminology
from the Nomina Anatomica of the International Ana-
tomical Nomenclature Committee.1 As explained in the
introduction of the Larroche atlas, some anatomic fea-
tures are not fully covered by Nomina Anatomica, par-
ticularly structures peculiar to the developing brain.
The authors made reference to more specifi fic papers,
such as the work of Rakic and Yakovlev2 and Angevine
et al.3 in order to assist with nomenclature. The two
main structures that are found in the fetus but not in
the brain of adults or children are the subependymal
germinative zones (“germinal matrix”) and the tran-
sient laminated structures found in the developing
cerebral hemispheres. The latter arise from the ventri-
cofugal migration of neurons and glia toward the
section 2
future cortex and deep gray matter structures. Recently,
there has been considerable interest and research in
the development of the cerebral cortex in the human
fetus. The second trimester is an exceptionally active
period of neuronal/glial cell birth, proliferation, and
migration. MR imaging has played a role because it
allows visualization of the normal structures of the
developing cerebral hemispheres, which appear to cor-
respond to the features shown on histologic studies.4
This has had important clinical repercussions for clas-
sifying neocortical brain malformations on pediatric
neuroimaging.5,6
One of the striking macroscopic and histologic fea-
tures of the fetal brain is the presence of large germinal
matrices adjacent to the ventricles, which are particu-
larly prominent in the second-trimester fetus.7 The pri-
mary germinal matrix or neuroepithelium is a cell-dense
structure that lines the cerebral ventricles. Those cells
proliferate extensively and produce neurons, glia, and
the secondary germinal matrix. Bayer and Altman7
found that the secondary germinal matrix (or subven-
tricular zone) produces mainly neurons that are des-
tined to become cortical interneurons and astrocytes.
Some of the secondary germinal matrices migrate away
from the ventricles and complete their cell-producing
role at sites distant from the ventricles. Leading among
these are the matrices that form the granule, basket and
stellate cells of the cerebellar cortex, and granule cells in
the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus.
At some sites in the brain of the second-trimester
fetus the germinal matrix is particularly large and is
named by the structures that ultimately will be pro-
duced. For example, large neuroepithelial/subventricular
zones are found around the lateral ventricles and are
called the striatal matrices because they will form the
putamen and caudate. Feess-Higgins and Larroche used
terms such as matrix rhombencephalica, matrix mesence-
phalica, and matrix telencephalica in their atlas (but
labeled simply as matrix in the fi figures of the original
text) to distinguish the anatomic site of the germinal
35
36 ATL A S OF FE T A L A ND POS T NA T A L BR A IN M R
matrix and therefore imply the structures formed from
those regions of neural/glial proliferation. In this atlas
we simply use the term germinal matrix in our annota-
tion in the hope that which portion of the ventricular
system is adjacent is obvious. This simplification
fi does
not undervalue the importance of the germinal matrix
from either a developmental or an imaging point of
view. On the contrary, the germinal matrix is a promi-
nent landmark on fetal MR imaging, particularly in the
second trimester, and may hold the key to early detec-
tion of some disorders of cortical formation.
The germinal matrix is one of the few structures in
the normal fetal brain that has very short T2 values (i.e.,
appears dark on T2-weighted images). This feature pro-
vides superb contrast between the high signal of the
cerebrospinal fluid
fl in the ventricles on its deep surface
and the intermediate signal of the developing brain su-
perfificially. This tissue contrast is exceptionally well seen
on postmortem MR (pmMR) because of the lack of time
constraints that allow the use of sequences with low
echo train lengths and high number of excitations. The
contrast resolution of the germinal matrix is sometimes
poor on in utero MR (iuMR) using single-shot fast spin
echo (SSFSE) sequences. This is partly due to the low
sensitivity to susceptibility changes because of the blur-
ring brought about as a result of the high number of
echoes in the sequence (T2 decay k-space filtering). The
primary and secondary germinal matrices can be shown
and differentiated on histologic studies. On MR imag-
ing, however, the two structures cannot be resolved even
on high-resolution pmMR because they are so closely
opposed and have identical signal characteristics. The
pmMR images in this atlas show the primary and
secondary matrices clearly on 19- to 20-week, 22- to
23-week, and 25- to 26-week fetuses, and the matrices
can often be seen on iuMR at these gestational ages.
However, by 29 to 30 weeks, the germinal matrices are
less distinct on pmMR, and by 32 to 33 weeks they can
be seen only in a minority of sites.
The other transient structures that are of great inter-
est to researchers in the field are the laminar, cellular
compartments within the developing cerebral wall
that ultimately will govern the organized formation of
the cortex and other subcortical gray matter regions
of the cerebral hemispheres. Bayer and Altman7 discuss
the historical approach to describing the developing
cerebral mantle and explain the new developments in
understanding the process. The classic description of
the second-trimester cerebral cortex involves only three
layers: the deep, periventricular germinal matrix that
forms the neurons and glia, the superfi ficial cortical plate
(which will become layers 2–6 of the neocortex), and an
intermediate zone. The intermediate zone recently has
come under particular scrutiny by some groups. Its mi-
croscopic anatomy reveals a highly complex, regionally
specifific pattern called “stratifified transitional fields” by
Altman and Bayer7,8 and the “transient fetal zones” by
Kostovic et al.9,10 One component of the intermediate
zone is the huge number of radial glial cells extending
through the full thickness of the hemisphere. Further-
more, Kostovic et al showed that those glial structures
guide the migration of cells formed in the germinal
matrix to a predetermined site in the developing cortex
by a process called fate mapping. Those radial fibers
fi can-
not be resolved on MR imaging, although their presence
can be inferred in some developmental abnormalities
such as focal cortical dysplasias and cortical tubers
associated with tuberous sclerosis complex.11 The obser-
vations by Bayer and Altman stress, however, that the
intermediate zone should not be viewed as a passive
structure, merely allowing the transit of neurons and
glia en passant. Instead it is an important region where
cell migration is arrested to allow stratification
fi and
early synaptic contact. The authors suggest that “precor-
tical” interactions are vital for normal cortical develop-
ment. By implication the intermediate zone must be an
important area of further imaging research in cases
where the neocortex does not form properly.
Bland and Altman describe six different regions in
the intermediate zone: stratified
fi transitional fields 1 to 6
(i.e., STF1 [superfi ficial] through to STF6 [abutting the
germinal matrix]). These strata develop in the fi first tri-
mester but undergo considerable growth in the second
trimester and for the most part have undergone involu-
tion in the third trimester, although some portions per-
sist to become the established mature white matter.
Histologically, significant
fi differences between the STF
strata in regions will become “sensory regions,” with
large numbers of granular cells in layer IV (granular
cortex) in the mature brain, and the “motor regions”
with greater numbers of pyramidal cells in layer V
(agranular cortex). In principle, knowledge of the strata
and their contents can help explain the regional differ-
ences in MR signal seen in the second-trimester fetal
brain on pmMR and, to a lesser extent, on iuMR.
STF1 lies just below the cortical plate and is a rela-
tively thick structure. It contains mainly fibrous
fi struc-
tures with a large proportion of free extra-cellular fluid
fl
and few cell bodies. It has high signal on T2-weighted
images in contrast to the low-signal cortical plate
superficially.
fi It is seen in both granular and agranular
cortices and will become the subcortical white matter.
STF2 and STF3 are cell-rich regions and are the last
“sojourn” site before neurons and glia enter the cortical
plate. STF2 is most prominent in agranular cortex; STF3
is found only in granular cortical regions. Both of these
structures have disappeared in the mature brain. STF4,
STF5, and STF6 are fibrous, cellular, and fibrous, respec-
tively. STF5 is thought to be the firstfi “sojourn” site of
migrating cells; STF4 will become the deep white matter;
and the last-to-form STF6 contributes primarily to cal-
losal fibers. These structures are seen well on histologic
studies, and STF2 to STF6 can be clearly delineated from
STF1 superfi ficially and the deeper germinal matrix on
pmMR. Areas of regional heterogeneity within STF2 to
STF6 are seen on pmMR, but how they relate to the his-
tologically defi
fined regions has not yet been determined.
It would be of great value if the wealth of information
from histologic studies on human fetuses could be used to
improve our understanding and interpretation of fetal
 SE C T I O N A L A N A T O M Y O F T H E F E T A L B R A IN 37

TABLE 2-1 Rados et al. describe the early fetal brain (10–13
Overview of Stages of Development of the Cerebral weeks postovulatory weeks, therefore approximately
Cortex and White Matter 12–15 weeks post last menstrual period) as having the
standard three-layer structure, namely, cortical plate,
Gestational Age
intermediate zone, and ventricular zone. By the midfe-
(Converted to Post
Last Menstrual Period) Main Features
tal period (which they defi fined as 15–22 weeks postovu-
latory weeks, approximately 17–24 weeks post last
Embryonic Phase I: 6–9 weeks Universal embryonic zone menstrual period) the transient zones have developed,
Early fetal Phase II: 10–14 weeks Formation of cortical plate and the authors describe seven layers demonstrable on
Mid fetal Phase III: 15–17 weeks Formation of transient histologic studies. From superficial
fi to deep they are as
fetal zones follows (Figure 2-1):
Phase IV: 18–26 weeks Peak of subplate zone 1. Marginal zone: Not visible in neocortical regions
Late fetal Phase V: 27–38 weeks Dissolution of transient on pmMR studies
fetal zones 2. Cortical plate
Neonate Phase VI Immature six-layer cortex 3. Subplate zone
Modified from Rados M, Judas M, Kostvic I: In vitro MRI of brain development. 4. Intermediate zone
Eur J Radiol 57:187–198, 2006. 5. Subventricular zone
6. Fiber-rich periventricular zone
7. Ventricular zone: Equivalent to the primary
and secondary germinal matrices of Bayer and
imaging studies. Interpretation of MR images without Altman
direct comparison with histologic studies is fraught with Rados et al. place great importance on the subplate zone
problems; fortunately, Rados et al.4 have made significant
fi in the normal development of the cerebral cortex; it
inroads into the subject. Many of the details described reaches its developmental peak at 27 to 30 weeks post-
here are seen well on pmMR images, particularly on the ovulatory weeks (approximately 29–32 weeks post last
coronal sections of 19- to 20-week and 22- to 23-week fe- menstrual period). They note that the subplate is
tuses. Rados et al. used a different nomenclature system the largest single component of the cerebral wall in the
for the transient layers in the wall of the cerebral hemi- second-trimester fetus and that it is proportionally
spheres of the second- and third-trimester fetus than did much larger in human fetuses than in fetuses of other
Bayer and Altman, what might be considered a more mammalian species. Although the subplate does contain
“classic” system. They studied fetuses from all three cell bodies of both neurons and glia, Rados et al. con-
trimesters, and their overall view of the development of sider the subplate to be the major “waiting” compart-
the cerebral cortex is summarized in Table 2-1. ment for fibers that are destined to project to the future

CP
CP
SP
SP
IZ
IZ
SZ SZ
VZ
VZ
G G

TH IC P

A B
Figure 2-1 Transient fetal zones of the developing cerebral hemispheres. A, Coronal T1-weighted image of an 18-week postovulatory
week fixed fetal brain (20 weeks post last menstrual period). B, Histologic section from a 20- to 21-week postovulatory week fi fixed fetal brain
(22–23 weeks post last menstrual period). CP, Cortical plate; IC, internal capsule; IZ, intermediate zone; G, germinal matrix; P, putamen SP,
subplate, SZ, subventricular zone; TH, thalamus; VZ, ventricular zone. (From Rados M, Judas M, Kostovic I: In vitro MRI of brain development.
Eur J Radiol 57:187–198, 2006.)
38 ATL A S OF FE T A L A ND POS T NA T A L BR A IN M R
mature cerebral cortex. They detailed the major axonal
contributors to the subplate in earlier publications9,
which include thalamocortical projections, projections
from the basal forebrain, and ipsilateral and cortico–
cortical projections via the corpus callosum. It is sus-
pected that modeling and parcellation of the future
cerebral cortex is instigated at this time.
The subplate zone also appears to have a signifi- fi T1-weighted images and low signal on T2-weighted
cant effect on the morphologic development of the
sulcal/gyral pattern of the future cerebral cortex. Kos-
tovic cites the following supporting evidence:
• The subplate zone is much thinner in species that
have smooth oligogyric brains in mature animals.
• Within the human brain, there is greater gyra-
tion in the regions that have the thickest subplate
zone.
• The frontal lobes continue to develop tertiary gyri
postnatally, and this is accompanied by persistence
of the subplate zone in those regions.
Rados et al. used their extensive experience in fetal
histology to explain the signal characteristics of the
transient fetal layers on MR imaging. It should be
appreciated that major differences exist between their
methods of pmMR and those we present in this atlas.
They performed pmMR on brains that had been fi fixed
with aldehyde after removal from the body, whereas we
used pmMR on unfixed fi tissue with the fetal brain still
in situ. In those circumstances, they found that T1-
weighted images were best for second-trimester fetuses,
whereas T2-weighted images gave better results in
more mature fetuses. In contrast, we used T2-weighted
sequences throughout the gestational age ranges stud-
ied. In spite of this, similar interpretation of the signal
characteristics likely is valid for our studies as well. The
two regions of the second-trimester fetal cerebral hemi-
sphere that have the highest cellular density are the
ventricular zone (germinal matrix) and the cortical
plate. Those regions returned high signal on the T1-
weighted pmMR studies of Rados et al. and low signal
on our T2-weighted pmMR studies. This is not surpris-
ing because we know from other imaging studies that
regions that have high cellular density and high
nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratios (e.g., primitive neuroecto-
dermal tumors and lymphoma) have T1 and T2 short-
ening in comparison to normal brain. In contrast, the
subplate zone has a high proportion of extracellular
components that are intensely hydrophilic. Therefore
the high water content in the subplate zone is respon-
sible for the low signal on T1-weighted images and the
high signal on T2-weighted images. This is true at least
in fetuses at 30 weeks’ gestation post last menstrual
period, but from then on the disappearance of the ex-
tracellular, hydrophilic matrix produces blurring be-
tween the subplate and intermediate zone (and to a
lesser extent between the subplate and cortical plate).
The appearance of the other transient layers of the
second-trimester fetus (intermediate zone, fi fiber-rich peri-
ventricular zone, and subventricular zone) is more diffi- fi
cult to resolve on MR. This is because of the reduced in-
herent contrast resolution between the adjacent layers
and intense regional and temporal variations. Judging by
the images of the second-trimester fetus shown in the
Rados paper, T1-weighted images of fixed fi tissue appear
to discriminate between those structures better than T2-
weighted images of unfixed fi tissue. However, the basic
principles appear to hold true: regions with high cellular-
ity (e.g., cortical plate) have comparatively high signal on
images, whereas the reverse signal pattern is seen in cell-
sparse regions (subplate zone). These features are sum-
marized in Table 2-2.
The reasons why the rapid SSFSE T2-weighted se-
quences used for in utero fetal imaging discriminate
between germinal matrix and fetal brain with less clar-
ity than do short echo train length FSE T2-weighted
sequences used for pmMR have already been discussed.
Those arguments also hold true for the transient fetal
structures of the developing cerebral hemisphere. That
is not to say that they cannot be seen in utero, because
in some cases they can, but in our experience not in a
robust fashion. The development of the germinal matrix
and transient hemispheric structures must hold the key
to the abnormal development of many cortical malfor-
mations, and this warrants further research and devel-
opment of imaging methods to show those structures
with greater clarity. This is not a problem in fetuses
postmortem, and interesting features can be shown in
developmental abnormalities. An example is shown in
Figure 2-2.
Some improvements have been made in delineating
the transient zones of the fetus using iuMR, particularly
with refinements
fi of diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI).
This is a difficult
fi sequence to use in utero but has been
shown to be possible by many groups. Most frequently
DWI is performed with an echoplanar imaging method
using its “ultrafast” capability. The signal contrast pro-
duced on DWI and the associated apparent diffusion
coefficient
fi (ADC) map is dependent on how freely water
can diffuse on a microscopic scale. In regions where
water diffusion is restricted, DWI shows very high sig-
nal matched by low-signal (low-diffusion) regions on
the ADC maps (Figure 2-3). It is possible that further
refinement
fi of such techniques will contribute to im-
proved early detection of subtle abnormalities of neo-
cortical development.
TABLE 2-2
Summary of Signal Characteristics of Different Regions
of the Developing Cerebral Hemispheric Wall of the
Fetus on Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Predominant T1W T2W
Zone Histology Signal Signal
Cortical plate Cell dense ↑ ↓
Subplate Extracellular hydro- ↓ ↑
philic matrix
Intermediate Cellular ↑ ↓
Subventricular Cell sparse ↓ ↑
Ventricular Cellular ↑ ↓
 SE C T I O N A L A N A T O M Y O F T H E F E T A L B R A IN 39

A B

Defect in
intermediate
zone

C
Figure 2-2 Postmortem magnetic resonance imaging of a fetus that underwent spontaneous abortion at 19 weeks’ gestational age. All
images are T2-weighted. A, B, Images in the axial plane at the level of the superior portions of the ventricles. Both hemispheres are abnormal,
showing ventriculomegaly, but the right hemisphere also has a parietal meningoencephalocystocele and an abnormal cleft with an anomalous
venous structure in it adjacent to the right frontal lobe. Note that the intermediate zone is markedly thinner in the right hemisphere which is
shown well on parasagittal imaging (C) along with a focal defect as indicated.
40 ATL A S OF FE T A L A ND POS T NA T A L BR A IN M R

A B

C D
Figure 2-3 Examples of diffusion-weighted imaging in a 22-week fetus with isolated ventriculomegaly. A, B, Single-shot fast spin echo images
in the axial plane through the ventricles. C, D, Equivalent diffusion-weighted images (b ⫽ 1000). Note that the germinal matrix has high signal
on diffusion-weighted images (arrows) indicating low diffusivity, and the subplate has low signal on diffusion-weighted imaging indicating high
diffusivity.

REFERENCES 7. Bayer SA, Altman J: Atlas of Human CNS Development:

1. International Anatomical Nomenclature Committee: Nomina
Anatomica, 5th ed. Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins, 1983.
2. Rakic P, Yakovlev PI: Development of the corpus callosum and
cavum septi in man. J Comp Neurol 132:45–72, 1968.
3. Angevine JB, Mancall EL, Yakovlev PI: The Human Cerebellum.
An Atlas of Gross Topography in Serial Sections. Boston, Little
Brown & Co., 1961.
4. Rados M, Judas M, Kostovic I: In vitro MRI of brain develop-
ment. Eur J Radiol 57:187–198, 2006.
5. Dobyns WB, Truwit CL: Lissencephaly and other malforma-
tions of cortical development: 1995 update. Neuropediatrics
26:132–147, 1995.
6. Barkovich AJ, Kuzniecky RI, Dobyns WB, et al: A classification
fi in tuberous sclerosis complex. Acta Radiol 39:482–486, 1998.
scheme for malformations of cortical development. Neurope-
diatrics 27:59–63, 1996.
Volume 3—The Human Brain During the Second Trimester.
Boca Raton, FL, CRC Press, 2005.
8. Altman J, Bayer SA: Regional differences in the stratified
fi
transitional field
fi and the honeycomb matrix of the develop-
ing human cerebral cortex. J Neurocytol 31:613–632, 2002.
9. Kostovic I, Rakic P: Developmental history of the transient
subplate zone in the visual and somatosensory cortex of the
macaque monkey and human brain. J Comp Neurol 297:
441–470, 1990.
10. Kostovic I, Judas M, Rados M, Hrabac P: Laminar organiza-
tion of the human fetal cerebrum revealed by histochemical
markers and MR imaging. Cereb Cortex 12:536–544, 2002.
11. Griffiths
fi PD, Bolton P, Verity C: White matter abnormalities
 In Utero Fetal MR Image Line Diagram

Postmortem Fetal MR Imaging Histologic Specimen

41
42 ATL A S OF FE T A L A ND POS T NA T A L BR A IN M R

Migrating
cells

Germinal
matrix

19–20 WEEKS GESTATI ONAL AGE , AXIAL SECTION

 SE C T I O N A L A N A T O M Y O F T H E F E T A L B R A IN 43

Caudeate
e Corpus
nucleus
s callossum

Choroid
plexus

Latera al
ventriclle

19–20 WEEKS GESTATIONAL AGE , AXIAL SECTION

44 ATL A S OF FE T A L A ND POS T NA T A L BR A IN M R

Corpu us
callossum

Caudeatte Ca
avum septi
nucleu
us pellucidi
La
amina of
Interna
al se
eptum
capsule pe
ellucidum
Putam
men
Thalamus

Corpus
callosum

Migrating
cells

19–20 WEEKS GESTATIONAL AGE , AXIAL SECTION

 SE C T I O N A L A N A T O M Y O F T H E F E T A L B R A IN 45

Head of
caudate An
nterior horn
nucleu
us of lateral
ve
entricle

Putam
men A
Anterior thalamic
n
nucleus
Claustrrum V
Ventrolaeral thalamic
n
nuclei
Tail of C
Crus of
caudate the fornix
nucleus
Th
hird ventricle

Spleniumm of
Migrating
ting corpus ccallosum
cells

19–20 WEEKS GESTATI ONAL AGE, AXIAL SECTI ON

46 ATL A S OF FE T A L A ND POS T NA T A L BR A IN M R

Genu of corpus
callosum
m

Reticular nucleus
of tthalamus
Glob bus
pallid
dus
Masssa intermedia

Centromedian
C
n
nucleus

Pu
ulvinar
Habenu
ula

Pine
eal gland
d

Hippocampus

19–20 WEEKS GESTATI ONAL AGE, AXIAL SECTI ON

 SE C T I O N A L A N A T O M Y O F T H E F E T A L B R A IN 47

Head of caudate
udate
nuccleus
Septal area
Putam
men
Co
olumn of fornix
Claustru
um
Zo
ona incerta
Globus pallid
dus Mammillothalamic tract
M
Centromedian nucleus
Habenulo-interpeduncular
tract
La
ateral geniculate body

Quad
drigeminal plate

Brachium m of
inferior co
colliculus

19–20 WEEKS GESTATI ONAL AGE, AXIAL SECTI ON

48 ATL A S OF FE T A L A ND POS T NA T A L BR A IN M R

An
nterior
commiissure Column
n of fornix

Sub
bthalamic nucleus
Optic tract Optic tract

Cerebral peduncle
R
Red nucleus
Ha
abenulo-interpeduncular tract

Germinal Oculo
omotor nucleus
matrix Inferior colliculu
us

Migratting
cells

19–20 WEEKS GESTATI ONAL AGE, AXIAL SECTI ON

 SE C T I O N A L A N A T O M Y O F T H E F E T A L B R A IN 49

Migrating ccells

Olfactorry tract
Amygdala
Optic tract
Infund
dibular nucleus
Mamm
millary body
Cere
ebral peduncle
Subsstantia nigra
Su
uperior
ce
erebellar
pe
eduncle

Cerebellar Mediaal longitudinal

hemisphere fascic
culus
Dentate nucleus Vermis

19–20 WEEKS GESTATI ONAL AGE, AXIAL SECTI ON

50 ATL A S OF FE T A L A ND POS T NA T A L BR A IN M R

Pons

Nucleus of Pyramidal tract

abducen
nt nerve Mottor nucleus of
trige
eminal nerve

Principal sensory
nucleus of
n
ttrigeminal nerve

Dentate nucleus

Vestibularr nuclei
Fourth ventricle

19–20 WEEKS GESTATI ONAL AGE, AXIAL SECTI ON

 SE C T I O N A L A N A T O M Y O F T H E F E T A L B R A IN 51

Cortex

Germinal
G
m
matrix

Lateral
ventricle

Mig
grating
cells

19–20 WEEKS GESTATIONAL AGE , CORONAL SECTION

52 ATL A S OF FE T A L A ND POS T NA T A L BR A IN M R

Corpus callosum
La
ateral ventricle

Caudeate
nucleus

Clausstrum

Puta
amen Germin nal
matrix

Rhinencep
phalic
Internal ca
apsule cavity

Olfactory tract
Cavum septi
pellucidi

19–20 WEEKS GESTATI ONAL AGE , C ORONAL SECTI ON

 SE C T I O N A L A N A T O M Y O F T H E F E T A L B R A IN 53

Migrating cells
Germinal matrix

Latera
al
cerebra
al
foss
sa
T
Thalamus

Claustrum
m
Coolumn of
fornix
Putamen

Anterior
Third ven
ntricle
comm
missure
Globus pallidus

19–20 WEEKS GESTATI ONAL AGE , C ORONAL SECTI ON

54 ATL A S OF FE T A L A ND POS T NA T A L BR A IN M R

Caudeate nucleus
Germinal matrix
Interna
al Corp
pus callosum
capsule
e

Third ventricle

Thalamus

Mammillothalamic
tra
act

Column of
Optic
forn
nix
tract

Amygdala Subthalamic nucleus

S

19–20 WEEKS GESTATIONAL AGE , CORONAL SECTION

 SE C T I O N A L A N A T O M Y O F T H E F E T A L B R A IN 55

Tela choroidea of
third ventricle

Crus of the fornix Habenu ulo-

interpedunncular
tract

Choroid plexus La
ateral
ge
eniculate
bo
ody

Fimb
bria of
hippoca
ampus

Cerebral peduncle
Hippoca
ampus Pyramida
al tract
Pons
Sub
bstantia nigra
Basilar artery
Red nucleus

Interpeduncular
fossa

19–20 WEEKS GESTATI ONAL AGE , C ORONAL SECTI ON

56 ATL A S OF FE T A L A ND POS T NA T A L BR A IN M R

Superior
colliculus

Cerebral Inferio
or
aqueduct collicu
ulus

Su
uperior
ce
erebellar
pe
eduncle

Fourth Cerebellum
ventricle

Nuc
cleus of
abducent
nerv
ve
Superior
olive
Pyramid
d

Vertebral
artery
Inferior
olive

19–20 WEEKS GESTATI ONAL AGE , C ORONAL SECTI ON

 SE C T I O N A L A N A T O M Y O F T H E F E T A L B R A IN 57

Internal capsule

Putamen Tail of caudate nu

ucleus

Claustrrum

H
Hippocampus

Olfactorry region
Choroid fissure
Anterior co
ommissure
Lateral genicu
ulate body
Amygdala
Inferior
f horn off
lateral ventricle

19–20 WEEKS GESTATIONAL AGE, SAGITTAL SECTIO N

58 ATL A S OF FE T A L A ND POS T NA T A L BR A IN M R

Reticular nucleus of thalamus

Crus of the fornix

Germinal matrix

Anterior horn of
lateral ventric
cle Posterior horn of
Caudate e lateral ventricle
nucleuss
M
Medial geniculate
b
body
Putamen
Inferior cerebellar
Globus pallidus peeduncle
Denttate nucleus
Flocculuss
Cerebral peduncle
Lateral recesss of
fourth ventricle

19–20 WEEKS GESTATI ONAL AGE, SAGITTAL SECTION

 SE C T I O N A L A N A T O M Y O F T H E F E T A L B R A IN 59

Ventrolateral
thalam
thalamic
nuclei

Externall Ce
entromedian
capsule
e nu
ucleus

Head of Pulvinar
caudate
nucleus
Medial
M
g
geniculate
Olfactorry b
body
trac
ct
Subth
halamic nucleus Fou
urth
ventricle
Substantia nigra

Pyramidal tract
Pons

19–20 WEEKS GESTATIONAL AGE, SAGITTAL SECTIO N

60 ATL A S OF FE T A L A ND POS T NA T A L BR A IN M R

Pariieto-occipital
sulccus
Anterior horn of
lateral ventricle
e Posterior horn of
lateral ventricle
Rhinencephalic Red nucleus
cavity

Infe
erior colliculus
Olfactory tra
act
Optic chiasm Ve
ermis

Cerebral peduncle
Gra
acile nucleus
Pyramidal tract Inferio
or olive

19–20 WEEKS GESTATIONAL AGE, SAGITTAL SECTION

 SE C T I O N A L A N A T O M Y O F T H E F E T A L B R A IN 61

Migrating
cells

Centrum
semiovale

Co
ortex

22–23 WEEKS GESTATIONAL AGE , AXIAL SECTION

62 ATL A S OF FE T A L A ND POS T NA T A L BR A IN M R

Ge
erminal
matrix

Caudeate nucleus

Internal ca
apsule

Lateral cereebral Corpus

fo
ossa callosum

Migrating
cells

Lateral
ventricle
e

Choroid plexus

22–23 WEEKS GESTATIONAL AGE, AXIAL SECTION

 SE C T I O N A L A N A T O M Y O F T H E F E T A L B R A IN 63

Head of caudate
nucleus Annterior horn of
latteral ventricle
Puta
amen
La
amina of
septum
Claustrrum pe
ellucidum
Fornix
In
nterventricular
Globus pallidus fo
oramen
(of Monro)
Thhird ventricle
Tail of caudate
nucleus

Thalamus
Choroid plexus of
lateral ventricle

22–23 WEEKS GESTATI ONAL AGE , AXIAL SECTION

64 ATL A S OF FE T A L A ND POS T NA T A L BR A IN M R

Germina
al matrix

Anterior thalamicc nuclei

Medial thalamic nuclei
Sep
ptal area

Centromedian nucle eus Column of fornix

C
Reticular nucleus of
thalamu
us Massa intermedia
M
Ventrolateral
thalamic nuclei Habenula
Germinall
matrixx
Pineal gland
P
Choroid
plexus Pu
ulvinar

Fascio
olar gyrus

22–23 WEEKS GESTATI ONAL AGE , AXIAL SECTION

 SE C T I O N A L A N A T O M Y O F T H E F E T A L B R A IN 65

Lamina
terminalis
Column of Third ventric
cle
forn
nix Putame en
Anterrior commissure
Mammillothalam
mic Gllobus pallidus
tra
act Subthalamic nucleus
Retrolenticular limb of
internal capsule
Lateral geniculate body
L
M
Medial geniculate body
Hippocampus
Cereb
bral aqueduct

Quadrigeeminal plate
Nucl. ruber et fasc. retroflexus

22–23 WEEKS GESTATI ONAL AGE , AXIAL SECTION

66 ATL A S OF FE T A L A ND POS T NA T A L BR A IN M R

Optic
recess
Infundibular nucleus
Olfactory tract Optic tract
Mammillary b
body
Amygda
ala
Germinal matrixx Anterior
A
c
commissure
Cornu ammonis Fimbria of
hippocampus

Dentate Inferior horn of

fascia lateral ventricle

Superior cere
ebellar
Limbus
s peduncle
Giacomin
ni
Inferior colliculus
Substanttia nigra Vermis

22–23 WEEKS GESTATI ONAL AGE , AXIAL SECTION

 SE C T I O N A L A N A T O M Y O F T H E F E T A L B R A IN 67

Pons
Superior
olive
Inferiorr
cerebellarr M
Middle cerebellar
peduncle e p
peduncle

Nucleus of
abducent nerve
a
Cochlear
nucleus

Dentate nucleus
Vestibular
nuclei

Fourth Cerebella
ar
ventricle Vermis hemisphere

22–23 WEEKS GESTATI ONAL AGE , AXIAL SECTION

68 ATL A S OF FE T A L A ND POS T NA T A L BR A IN M R

Migrating
cells

Cortex

22–23 WEEKS GESTATI ONAL AGE , C ORONAL SECTI ON

 SE C T I O N A L A N A T O M Y O F T H E F E T A L B R A IN 69

Germin
nal matrix
Bodyy of corpus
Head of caudate callossum
nuccleus
A
Anterior horn of
llateral ventricle

Internal capsule
Cavum septi
pellucidi
Putamen
n
Rosstrum of
corp
pus callosum
Claustru
um

Olfactory tract

22–23 WEEKS GESTATI ONAL AGE , C ORONAL SECTI ON

70 ATL A S OF FE T A L A ND POS T NA T A L BR A IN M R

Migrating cells
Caudate
e nucleus
Internal capsule
Putamen
Fornix
Insular corttex Anterior thalamic
nucleus
Claustru
um
Third ventricle
T
Globus pallidus
Co
olumn of fornix
Anterior commissure

Am
mygdala Hypotha
alamus
Optic tract

22–23 WEEKS GESTATI ONAL AGE , C ORONAL SECTI ON

 SE C T I O N A L A N A T O M Y O F T H E F E T A L B R A IN 71

Thalamostriate vein

M
Migrating
Middle cerebrral ce
ells
artery

Lateral cerebral Mammillothalamic

fossa tract

Subthalamic
us
Thalamu nucleus

Optic tract

Anterrior
commissu
ure
Globus pallidus

22–23 WEEKS GESTATI ONAL AGE , C ORONAL SECTI ON

72 ATL A S OF FE T A L A ND POS T NA T A L BR A IN M R

Germinal matriix
Reticcular nucleus
of thalamus
Internal capsule
Massa intermedia

Su
ubthalamic nucleus

Cerrebral peduncle
Germinal matrix

Mammillary body
Inferior horn of
lateral ventricle
l Hippocampus

22–23 WEEKS GESTATIONAL AGE , CORONAL SECTION

 SE C T I O N A L A N A T O M Y O F T H E F E T A L B R A IN 73

Falx

Inferior colliculus Tentorium

Fourth ventricle
Vermis

Dentate nucleuss
Cerebellar
hemisphere
Lateral recess of
choroid plexu
us Floc
cculus

Laterral recess of
Pyramid fourth
h ventricle
Inferior olive Glossopharyngeal nerve
Glossophar

22–23 WEEKS GESTATIONAL AGE , CORONAL SECTION

74 ATL A S OF FE T A L A ND POS T NA T A L BR A IN M R

Internal capsule

Migrating Choroid plexus of

cells lateral ve
entricle

Transverse ceerebral
Putamen fissure
Globus pallidus
Choroidal fissure
fissur
Inferior horn of
lateral ventricle

22–23 WEEKS GESTATIONAL AGE , SAGITTAL SECTION

 SE C T I O N A L A N A T O M Y O F T H E F E T A L B R A IN 75

Ventrolateral thalamic
nuclei
Head of caudate nucleus G
Germinal
i l matrix
ti
Chorooid plexus of
lateral ventricle
M
Medial geniculate
bo
ody
Anterior horn of Posterior horn of
lateral ventricle lateral ventricle

Cerebellar hemisphere
Subthalam
mic nucleus
Denttate nucleus
Cerebral peduncle
Tentorium Flocculuus
Lateral recess off
Cochlear
C hl nucleus
l fourth ventricle

22–23 WEEKS GESTATIONAL AGE , SAGITTAL SECTION

76 ATL A S OF FE T A L A ND POS T NA T A L BR A IN M R

Interventricular foramen
((of Monro))
Cavum sep
pti pellucidi Internal cerebral vein
Column of fo
ornix Splenium of ccorpus callosum
Supprapineal recess
Greeat cerebral vein
Ante
erior (of Galen)
commisssure
Quadrigeminal
Q
pllate
Third ventricle Vermis

Red nucleus
Chhoroid plexus of
fou
urth ventricle
Pyramidal tract Cunea
ate nucleus

Inferior olive

22–23 WEEKS GESTATIONAL AGE , SAGITTAL SECTION

 SE C T I O N A L A N A T O M Y O F T H E F E T A L B R A IN 77

Thalamus
Th
hird ventricle Velum interpositum
Cavum verrgae
Cavum se epti
pelluccidi Suprapineal recess
Genu of corp
pus Pinea
al gland
callosum
Poste
erior commissure
Ce
erebral aqueduct

Optic chiasm Fourth ventricle

Mamm
millary body

Nucleus of oculomotor nerve Choroid plexus

C

Pyramidal tract
IInferior
f i olive
l

22–23 WEEKS GESTATIONAL AGE , SAGITTAL SECTION

78 ATL A S OF FE T A L A ND POS T NA T A L BR A IN M R

Co te
Cortex

Migra
ating cells

Germinal
G
m
matrix

Central
sulcus

Centrum
semiovale

25–26 WEEKS GESTATIONAL AGE , AXIAL SECTION

 SE C T I O N A L A N A T O M Y O F T H E F E T A L B R A IN 79

Germinal matrix
Corpus callosum

Caudate nucleus

Internal
capsule Cavvum septi pellucidi

Radiation of
corpus callosum
Choroid plexus of
lateral ventricle Migrating
cells

25–26 WEEKS GESTATIONAL AGE , AXIAL SECTION

80 ATL A S OF FE T A L A ND POS T NA T A L BR A IN M R

Putamen Area se
eptalis
Glo
obus pallidus Colu
umn of fornix
Cla
austrum Massa intermedia
M
Mammillothalamic tract

Ventrolateral thalamic nuclei

Tail of
Centromedian nucleus
caudate
nucleeus P
Pulvinar
Haben
nula
Fasciolar
Suprapineal recess
gyrus

25–26 WEEKS GESTATIONAL AGE , AXIAL SECTION

 SE C T I O N A L A N A T O M Y O F T H E F E T A L B R A IN 81

Germinal
minal matrix
Anterior horn of latera
al ventricle
Internal capsule

Zona incerta
Ante
erior commissure
Co
olumn of fornix
Gangliothalamic body
Ma
ammillothalamic tract
Ventrolateral thalamic nuclei
Germinal matrixx Centromedian nucleus
C
Haabenulo-interpeduncular tract
Hippocampu
us Subccommissural organ
Pulvinar

25–26 WEEKS GESTATIONAL AGE , AXIAL SECTION

82 ATL A S OF FE T A L A ND POS T NA T A L BR A IN M R

Olfactory tract
Middle cerebra
al artery Optic re
ecess
Ante erior cerebral artery
Amygd
dala Optic tract
O

Hippocampu
us Mammillary body
Cerebral peduncle
Inferior horn off
lateral ventricle Basal vein

Germinal Nucleus of oculomotor

matrix nerve and medial
longitudinal fasciculus

25–26 WEEKS GESTATIONAL AGE , AXIAL SECTION

 SE C T I O N A L A N A T O M Y O F T H E F E T A L B R A IN 83

Amygdala Uncus Optic chiasm

Hippocam
mpus
Inffundibulum
Oculomotor nucleus
O
Posterior cerebral
artery
Substantia nigra

De
ecussation of
su
uperior cerebellar
pe
peduncle
Hippocampal sulcus

25–26 WEEKS GESTATIONAL AGE , AXIAL SECTION

84 ATL A S OF FE T A L A ND POS T NA T A L BR A IN M R

Pyramidal
y tract

Motoor nucleus of
Medial lemniscus trigeminal nerve

Principal sensory
nucleus of
trigeminal nerve

Dentate nucleus

25–26 WEEKS GESTATIONAL AGE , AXIAL SECTION

 SE C T I O N A L A N A T O M Y O F T H E F E T A L B R A IN 85

Anterior hornn of
lateral ventricle
Head of caudate
e
nucleus Corpus
C
ca
allosum

Cavum
Internal caps
sule septi
pellucidi
Puta
amen

Germ
minal matrix

Olfactory tract

25–26 WEEKS GESTATIONAL AGE , CORONAL SECTION

86 ATL A S OF FE T A L A ND POS T NA T A L BR A IN M R

Germinal
rminal
matrix
Body of caudate
nucleus
Fo
ornix
Laterall Anterior thalamic nuclei
A
sulcuss
Ventrolateral thalamic nuclei

Claustrumm R
Reticular nucleus of thalamus
Globus pallidus
s Mammillothalamic tract
Hyypothalamus
Anterior commiss
sure
Coluumn of fornix
Amygdala Optic chiasm
c
Germinal
matrix

25–26 WEEKS GESTATIONAL AGE , CORONAL SECTION

 SE C T I O N A L A N A T O M Y O F T H E F E T A L B R A IN 87

Migratting cells
Germinal matrix
Medullary stria
of thalamus
Medial thalamic nuclei
M
Ventrolateral thalamic
nucle
ei Massa intermedia
M
Centromedia an Z
Zona incerta
nucleus
Subthalamic nucleus
Germinal matrixx
Optic tract
O
Inferior horn of
lateral ventric
cle A
Amygdala
Hippocampus Mammillary
body

25–26 WEEKS GESTATIONAL AGE , CORONAL SECTION

88 ATL A S OF FE T A L A ND POS T NA T A L BR A IN M R

Cavum verrgae
Tail of caudatte
nucleu
us
Crus off the fornix
Lateral & Medial In
nternal cerebral vein
geniculate bodyy H
Habenula

Centromedian nucleus
C
Tail of caudatte
nucleu
us Lateral geniculate body
Fimbria of
Cornu ammonis
hippocampu us
D
Dentate fascia
Substantia nigra
Red
ed nucleus Oculomoto
or nerve
Cerebral
peduncle

25–26 WEEKS GESTATIONAL AGE , CORONAL SECTION

 SE C T I O N A L A N A T O M Y O F T H E F E T A L B R A IN 89

Migratiing
ce
ells Sp
plenium of
co
orpus callosum

Germinall
matrixx Ce
erebral aqueduct

Chorooid
A
Alveus
plexxus
Cornu ammonis

M
Medial longitudinal
fa
asciculus
Pyramidal
y tract
Pons Trigeminal
nerve

25–26 WEEKS GESTATIONAL AGE , CORONAL SECTION

90 ATL A S OF FE T A L A ND POS T NA T A L BR A IN M R

Indusium griseum

Fasciolar gyrus De
entate gyrus

Hippocampus
Inferior colliculus

Lateral lemniscus

Fourth ventricle Middle cerebellar

peduncle
Medial longitudinal Fib
bres of trigeminal nerve
fasciculus
Vestibuulocochlear nerve
Pyramidal tract Facial nerrve
Abducent nerve

25–26 WEEKS GESTATIONAL AGE , CORONAL SECTION

 SE C T I O N A L A N A T O M Y O F T H E F E T A L B R A IN 91

Fallx P
Posterior horn of
la
ateral ventricle

Calcarine sulcus
Globose nucle
eus

De
entate nucleus

Lateral recess off Cunea ate nucleus

choroid plexuss Tractus so
olitarius
Inferior Nucleus of hypoglossal nerve
olive

25–26 WEEKS GESTATIONAL AGE , CORONAL SECTION

92 ATL A S OF FE T A L A ND POS T NA T A L BR A IN M R

Lateral
sulcus

Lateral
Germinal ventricle
matrix

25–26 WEEKS GESTATIONAL AGE , SAGITTAL SECTION

 SE C T I O N A L A N A T O M Y O F T H E F E T A L B R A IN 93

Head of caudate nucleus

Centrum Reticular nucleus
Germinal semiovale of thalamus
matrix
ti Trigone of the lateral
lat ventricle
Radiation of
corpuss callosum

Migrating
M
c
cells
Posterior
P
horn of
h
l
lateral
amen
Puta Pulvinar v
ventricle
Glob
bus pallidus Transverse cerebral fissure
Inferior horn of Lateral geniculate body
lateral ventricle

25–26 WEEKS GESTATIONAL AGE , SAGITTAL SECTION

94 ATL A S OF FE T A L A ND POS T NA T A L BR A IN M R

Lateral
ventricle Thalamus
Germinal
al
matrixx
Olfactory
Inferior
tract
colliculus

Optic tract F
Fibres of
Cerebral peduncle ffacial nerve
Pyramidal tract Choroid plexus of
Superior olive fourth ventricle
Fibres of abducent
nerve C
Cuneate nucleus
Inferior and fasciculus
olive

25–26 WEEKS GESTATIONAL AGE , SAGITTAL SECTION

 SE C T I O N A L A N A T O M Y O F T H E F E T A L B R A IN 95

Corpus
us callosum
Third ventricle
Lateral ventricle
Pineal g
gland
Anterior commissure

Column of fornix Ce
erebral aqueduct
Mammmillary body Fourth ventricle

Medial longitudinal fasciculus Area postrema

A

Pyramidal tract

25–26 WEEKS GESTATIONAL AGE , SAGITTAL SECTION

96 ATL A S OF FE T A L A ND POS T NA T A L BR A IN M R

Great longitudinal
fissurre Falx
fissure

Germin
nal
nal
matrix

Central
sulcus

Ce
entrum
entrum
sem
miovale

28–29 WEEKS GESTATIONAL AGE , AXIAL SECTION

 SE C T I O N A L A N A T O M Y O F T H E F E T A L B R A IN 97

Anterior cere
ebral artery
Lateral
ve
entricle Indu
usium griseum

Corpus callosum
L
Lamina of
septum
p
pellucidum
Cavum septi
pelllucidi
Caudate
nucleus Co
orpus
callosum
Claustrum
Indussium
grise
eum

Germin nal
matrix

28–29 WEEKS GESTATIONAL AGE , AXIAL SECTION

98 ATL A S OF FE T A L A ND POS T NA T A L BR A IN M R

Gerrminal Genu off corpus

matrix callosum
m
Anterior thalam
mic
nuclei
Reticular nucleus
Interventricular
of thalam
mus
foramen
Ventrolateraal (of M
Monro)
thalamic
nucle
ei
ei Chooroid
plexxus
Medial thalamic
nuclei Meedullary stria
of thalamus
Choroid plexus of
lateral ventricle
Germinal
matrix

Splenium of
corpus callosum

28–29 WEEKS GESTATIONAL AGE , AXIAL SECTION

 SE C T I O N A L A N A T O M Y O F T H E F E T A L B R A IN 99

Germ
minal
matrix
Anterior hhorn of
Insular lateral ven
ntricle
cortex
Area sep
ptalis
Globus Columnn of fornix
pallidus
Third ve
entricle
Mamm
millothalamic tract
Interna
al
capsule
e Ventrolateral thalamic nuclei
Cen
ntromedian nucleus
Pulvinar
Fimbria off
hippocampuss
Splenium of
Fasciolar corpus callosum
gyruss

Germinal
matrix

28–29 WEEKS GESTATIONAL AGE , AXIAL SECTION

100 ATL A S OF FE T A L A ND POS T NA T A L BR A IN M R

Head of caudate nucleus

Puta
amen
Anterior com
mmissure
Lateral partt of
globus pallid
dus Column of
o fornix
Zona in
ncerta
Medial part of
globus pallidus
s Mamm
millothalamic tract
Ventro
olateral thalamic nuclei
Centtromedian nucleus
Head of caudate
e P
Pulvinar
nucleuss
H
Hippocampus
D
Dentate fascia
Germinal matrix
H
Habenula
Choroid plexus of
lateral ventric
cle

28–29 WEEKS GESTATIONAL AGE , AXIAL SECTION

 SE C T I O N A L A N A T O M Y O F T H E F E T A L B R A IN 101

Uncus
Inferior horn of Gyrus rectus
lateral ventricle Olfactory tract
Anterior Germinal matrix
commissure
Optic radiation

Optic tract
Limbus Mammillary body
Giacomini
Cerebral peduncle
Cornu Substantia nigra
ammonis
Fibres of oculomotor nerve
Dentate
fascia Nucleus of trochlear nerve and
medial longitudinal fasciculus
Hippocampus Inferior colliculus

Posterior horn of
lateral ventricle

28–29 WEEKS GESTATIONAL AGE , AXIAL SECTION

102 ATL A S OF FE T A L A ND POS T NA T A L BR A IN M R

Medial longitudinal
Trigeminal nerve fasciculus
Middlee cerebellar
peduncle
Superior
vestibular
Inferior cerebellar
nuclei
peduncle

Noduluss

Uvula Dentate
D
n
nucleus
Pyramid
Globose
nucleus

28–29 WEEKS GESTATIONAL AGE , AXIAL SECTION

 SE C T I O N A L A N A T O M Y O F T H E F E T A L B R A IN 103

Lateral recess of Pyramid

y
fourth ventricle

In
nferior olive
Floccu
ulus
Glossopharyngeal
nerve

Spinal tract of
trigeminal nerve

N
Nucleus of
h
hypoglossal nerve

Area po
ostrema

Cuneate nucleus

28–29 WEEKS GESTATIONAL AGE , AXIAL SECTION

104 ATL A S OF FE T A L A ND POS T NA T A L BR A IN M R

Migrating cells

Germinal matrix

28–29 WEEKS GESTATIONAL AGE , CORONAL SECTION

 SE C T I O N A L A N A T O M Y O F T H E F E T A L B R A IN 105

Germ
minal matrix
Corpus calllosum
H
Head of caudate
n
nucleus

IInternal capsule

Cavum seepti Lateral sulcus

pelluccidi
Claustrum

Putamen

Germinal Temporal pole

T
matrix Olfactory
tract

28–29 WEEKS GESTATIONAL AGE , CORONAL SECTION

106 ATL A S OF FE T A L A ND POS T NA T A L BR A IN M R

Anterior
thalamicc
nuclei
Ge
erminal matrix

Body of caudate nucleus

B
Insular Thalamostriate vein
cortex
Intern
nal
capsuule Column of fornix
C
Globus Hypothalamus
H
pallidus
Middle cerebral artery
M
Anteriorr
commissuree
Amygdala

28–29 WEEKS GESTATIONAL AGE , CORONAL SECTION

 SE C T I O N A L A N A T O M Y O F T H E F E T A L B R A IN 107

Crus of the fornix

Reticular nucleus
of thalamus Corpus callosum
C

Ventrolaterall Cavum vergae

thalamicc
Medial thalamic
nucleii
nuclei
Third ventricle
T
Centromediann
nucleuss Ce
erebral
ped
duncle
Germinal
matrix
Zona incerta
Hippocampus
pocampus
Subthalamic nucleus

28–29 WEEKS GESTATIONAL AGE , CORONAL SECTION

108 ATL A S OF FE T A L A ND POS T NA T A L BR A IN M R

Trigone of the
lateral ve
entricle
Tentorium

Hipp
pocampus

Inferior colliculus

Lateral lemnis
scus

hlear
Fibres of troch
nerve Medial longitud
dinal
fasciculus

Pyramida
al tract Trigeminal nerve
nerv
Pons

28–29 WEEKS GESTATIONAL AGE , CORONAL SECTION

 SE C T I O N A L A N A T O M Y O F T H E F E T A L B R A IN 109

Fastigial
g nucleus

Vestibular nuclei
Denttate nucleus

Inferior cerebellar
peduncle

Lateral recesss of Fllocculus

choroid ple
exus
Latera
al recess
Medial lemniscus
Glossoppharyngeal nerve
Fibres of hypoglossal
nerve

28–29 WEEKS GESTATIONAL AGE , CORONAL SECTION

110 ATL A S OF FE T A L A ND POS T NA T A L BR A IN M R

Germinal
matrix Crus of the ffornix
Caudate
e nucleus
Trigone of
o the
Internal cap
psule lateral ventricle
Centrum
m Calcaarine sulcus
semiovale
e Migrating cells

Posterior horn
of lateral ventricle
Putam
men Pulvinar
Globuss pallidus Lateral geniculatee body
Anterio
or commissure Hippocampus
Amygdala IInferior
f i horn
h off lateral
l t l ventricle
t

28–29 WEEKS GESTATIONAL AGE , SAGITTAL SECTION

 SE C T I O N A L A N A T O M Y O F T H E F E T A L B R A IN 111

Centrum
semiovale
Thalamostriate vein
Head of cauddate
nuccleus Corpus callosu
um sulcus

Anterior Pa
arieto-occipital
horn s
sulcus
of lateral
ventricle
Calc
carine sulcus
Internal
capsule Pulvina
ar
Putam
men Centromedian nucleus
Subbstantia innominata
Ventrolate
eral thalamic nuclei
Middle cerebral artery Substantia n
nigra
Hippocampall Subthalamic n
Amygdala Hi nucleus
sulcus

28–29 WEEKS GESTATIONAL AGE , SAGITTAL SECTION

112 ATL A S OF FE T A L A ND POS T NA T A L BR A IN M R

Anterior
Vein of septum thalamic
nucleus Medial
pellucidum
thalamic
th l i
Cavum seepti nuclei
pelluccidi Cavum verga
ae
Spleniumm of
corpus ca allosum
Inferior colliculus
c

Germinal Latera
al lemniscus
matrix

Op
ptic tract
Dentate
Red nucleus
nucleus
Ce
erebral peduncle
Flo
occulus
Fibres of trigeminal nerve

28–29 WEEKS GESTATIONAL AGE , SAGITTAL SECTION

 SE C T I O N A L A N A T O M Y O F T H E F E T A L B R A IN 113

Cavum
Lateral ventricle vergae
Cavum septi Sple
Splenium of
pellucidi corp
pus callosum
Genu of corpuss Postterior
callosumm commissure
Anterior commissure Medial
longiitudinal
Column of fornix fasciculus
Mammillary body
Red nucleus Choroid plexus of
Oculomotor nucleus ffourth ventricle
Pons

Pyramidal tract

28–29 WEEKS GESTATIONAL AGE , SAGITTAL SECTION

114 ATL A S OF FE T A L A ND POS T NA T A L BR A IN M R

Great longitudinal
fissure

Germ
minal
matrix
x

Late
eral
ven
ntricle

Post-
central
sulcus

Centrum
C t
semiovale

32–33 WEEKS GESTATIONAL AGE , AXIAL SECTION

 SE C T I O N A L A N A T O M Y O F T H E F E T A L B R A IN 115

Germinal matrix

Latteral
venttricle

Caudate
e Inddusium
nucleus
s grriseum

Subependymaal
vein
n Corpus
callosum

In
ndusium
g
griseum
Germinal
matrix

Choroid plexus

32–33 WEEKS GESTATIONAL AGE , AXIAL SECTION

116 ATL A S OF FE T A L A ND POS T NA T A L BR A IN M R

Anterior horn of
lateral ventricle

Head of caud
date
nucle
eus Cavum septi pellucidi

Veinn of septum
Germinal pelllucidum
matrix
Lammina of septum
pellucidum
Lateral
sulcus
Internal cerebral
v
vein
Velum
Claustrum
m interpositum
Choroidal
fissure

Crus of
the fornix
en
Putame
Cavum vergae
Cavu
Thalamus

32–33 WEEKS GESTATIONAL AGE , AXIAL SECTION

 SE C T I O N A L A N A T O M Y O F T H E F E T A L B R A IN 117

Anterior limb of internal capsule Genu of corpus

callossum
ortex
Insular co
Interventric
cular
foramen
Globus palllidus Colu
umn of fornix

Posterior limb
b of Third ventricle
internal capssule Ma
assa intermedia
Ventrolaterral Thirrd ventricle
thalamic nuclei Meddullary stria of
thala
amus
Medial thalam
mic
nucclei Internal cerebral
Pulvinar vein
Crus of the fornix
C

Trigone of thee
lateral ventricle
e R
Radiation of
co
orpus callosum

Glomu us of
choroid plexus
Splenium of
corpus callosum

32–33 WEEKS GESTATIONAL AGE , AXIAL SECTION

118 ATL A S OF FE T A L A ND POS T NA T A L BR A IN M R

Head of caudate Anterior horn of lateral ventricle

nucleus
Latera
al part of
s pallidus
globus
An
nterior commissure
Medial part of
globus pa
allidus Column of fornix
C
Centromedian nuc
cleus Mammillothalamic
tract
Ventrolateral thalam
mic
nucllei Habenula
Pineal gland
Pulvinar

Tail of caudate nucle

eus Great cerebral vein
G

Fimbria of hippocamp
pus Sple
enium of
corp
pus callosum
Posterrior horn of
laterall ventricle
i l Fasciolar gyrus

32–33 WEEKS GESTATIONAL AGE , AXIAL SECTION

 SE C T I O N A L A N A T O M Y O F T H E F E T A L B R A IN 119

Perforating fibres and

internal capsule

Anterior commis
ssure
Germ
minal matrix

Lamina terminalis
Medial medullaryy
lamina of globuss Third ventricle
T
palliduss C
Column of fornix
Mammillothalamic
M
Subthalamiic trract
nucleuus
Lateral geniculate
body Posterior commissure
Subcommissural organ
S
Germinal matrix
Ce
entromedian nucleus
Hippocampu
us Pulvinar

Calcarine sulcus
Posterior horn of
lateral ve
entricle

3 2–33 WEEKS GESTATIONAL AGE , AXIAL SECTION

120 ATL A S OF FE T A L A ND POS T NA T A L BR A IN M R

Nucleus accumbens
Ansa lenticularis

Anterior perfora
ated Germin
nal matrix
substance

Substan
ntia
innomina
ata
Hypotthalamus
Anterrior
commissuure Column of fornix
C
Red nucleus
R
Putamen
n

Medial part of
globus pallidus

Cerebral
aqueduct
x
Germinal matrix Suuperior
co
olliculus
Subthalamic
nucleuss

Lateral and mediall

geniculate body

32–33 WEEKS GESTATIONAL AGE , AXIAL SECTION

 SE C T I O N A L A N A T O M Y O F T H E F E T A L B R A IN 121

Olfa
actory sulcus
Olfactory tract
Gyrus re
ectus
Middle cerebral
artery Optic
O ti chiasm
Optiic tract
Inferior horn of
lateral ventricle Hypothalamus
Mammillary body
M
Red nucleus
Hippocampus

Hippocampa al
sulcuss

Culme
en
Posterior horrn of
lateral ventricle
i l

32–33 WEEKS GESTATIONAL AGE , AXIAL SECTIO N

122 ATL A S OF FE T A L A ND POS T NA T A L BR A IN M R

Medial
longitudinal
fasciculus
Pons Vesttibulomesencephalic
Medial lemniscus tractt

Inferior
Lateral lemniscus
cerebellar
peduncle

Mesencephalic tract Superior

S
of trigeminal nerve c
cerebellar
p
peduncle

Dentate
Fourth ven
ntricle nu
ucleus
Emboliform
Embo
Fastigial nucleus
nucleus

32–33 WEEKS GESTATIONAL AGE , AXIAL SECTION

 SE C T I O N A L A N A T O M Y O F T H E F E T A L B R A IN 123

Fibres of abducent nerve

Superior oli
olive
Fibres of faccial nerve
Trapezoid
d body
Fibres of
trigeminal nerv
ve

Inferior cerebella
ar
pedunclee

Juxtarestiform body Vestibular nuclei

32–33 WEEKS GESTATIONAL AGE , AXIAL SECTION

124 ATL A S OF FE T A L A ND POS T NA T A L BR A IN M R

Medial lemniscus

Vestibulocochle
ear nerve Basilar artery
Fibress of
facial neerve
Ventral cochlea
ar
nucleuss

Flocculus

Inferior cerebella
ar
peduncle Cuneate
nucleus
Spinal tract of
trigeminal nerve

32–33 WEEKS GESTATIONAL AGE , AXIAL SECTION

 SE C T I O N A L A N A T O M Y O F T H E F E T A L B R A IN 125

Migrating cells

Germin
nal matrix

Olfactory sulcus

32–33 WEEKS GESTATIONAL AGE , CORONAL SECTION

126 ATL A S OF FE T A L A ND POS T NA T A L BR A IN M R

Germinal matrix
Head of caudate
nucleus

Bo
ody of corpus
psule
Internal cap callosum
Anterior horn of
lateral ventricle
Putame
en
Cavum septi pellucidi
C
Claustru
um
Ro
ostrum of
co
orpus callosum
Internal Anteriior cerebral artery
capsule

Olfactory tract

32–33 WEEKS GESTATIONAL AGE , CORONAL SECTION

 SE C T I O N A L A N A T O M Y O F T H E F E T A L B R A IN 127

Globus pallidus
Corp
pus callosum
Insular cortex

Lateral sulcus
s Interventricular
foramen
Column of fornix
C
Anterior commissure
A
T
Third ventricle

Optic chiasm
Amygdala Substantia
Uncus innominata

32–33 WEEKS GESTATIONAL AGE , CORONAL SECTION

128 ATL A S OF FE T A L A ND POS T NA T A L BR A IN M R

Body of caudate
nucleus Massa intermedia
Mas
Fornix
Third ventricle

Subthalamic nucleus
Medial medullary
Perfora
ating lamina of
fib
bres globus pallidus
Ansaa lenticularis
Inferio
or horn of
latera
al ventricle
Hippoca ampus
Posterior cerebral artery
Cerebral peduncle

32–33 WEEKS GESTATIONAL AGE , CORONAL SECTION

 SE C T I O N A L A N A T O M Y O F T H E F E T A L B R A IN 129

Internal
cerebral
vein
Posterior commisssure Third vventricle

Medial longitudinaal
Cerebral
C
fasciculuss
a
aqueduct
Fibres of Medial lemniscus
oculomotor D
Decussation of
nerve ssuperior cerebellar
p
peduncle
Trigeminal ne
erve
Pyra
amidal tract
Pons

32–33 WEEKS GESTATIONAL AGE , CORONAL SECTION

130 ATL A S OF FE T A L A ND POS T NA T A L BR A IN M R

La
ateral
ven
ntricle
Calcarine sulcus

Vermis
Superior cerebellar
pedunncle
Denttate nucleus Infferior cerebellar
peeduncle

Flocculus Lateral recess

of fourth ventricle

In
nferior olivary nucleus
Pyramid
Medial and dorsal
accessory olivary nucleus

32–33 WEEKS GESTATIONAL AGE , CORONAL SECTION

 SE C T I O N A L A N A T O M Y O F T H E F E T A L B R A IN 131

Posterior horn
of lateral
al
ventricle
Calcarine sulcus
Calcar avis

Migrating cells Decussation n of inferior

cerebellar p
peduncle

Dentate nucleus

Horizontal fissure

32–33 WEEKS GESTATIONAL AGE , CORONAL SECTION

132 ATL A S OF FE T A L A ND POS T NA T A L BR A IN M R

Caudate nucleus Internal capsule

Germinal matrix Reticular nucleus of thalamus
Ventrolateral thalamic nuclei
Germinal matrix

Glomus of
choroid plexus
Pu
ulvinar
Medial medullaary lamina
us pallidus
of globu
Media
al geniculate body
Ansa lenticularis

32–33 WEEKS GESTATIONAL AGE , SAGITTAL SECTION

 SE C T I O N A L A N A T O M Y O F T H E F E T A L B R A IN 133

Thalamostriate vein Crus of the fornix

Centromedian nucleuss
Head of
cauda
ate Pulvinar Parrieto-occipital
nucleu
us sulccus

Calcarine
Anterrior sulcus
commissuure
Glob
bus pallidus
Cerebral
Optic tract
peduncle
Subthalamic nucleus

32–33 WEEKS GESTATIONAL AGE , SAGITTAL SECTION

134 ATL A S OF FE T A L A ND POS T NA T A L BR A IN M R

Corpus
callosum
Cavum septi
epti
pelluccidi

Cavum vergae e
Pineal gland
Ante
erior
commiss
sure Cerebral aqueduct

Optic recess Medial longitudinal

fasciculu
us
Infundibular recess Fourth
h ventricle
Posterior perforated
substance Cho oroid plexus
Nucleus of of fo
ourth ventricle
oculomotor nerve Graacile nucleus
Pons
Pyramidal decussation

32–33 WEEKS GESTATIONAL AGE , SAGITTAL SECTION

 SE C T I O N A L A N A T O M Y O F T H E F E T A L B R A IN 135

Centrum semiovale

Central
sulcus

Somatosensoory
radiatio
on

Postcentral
su
ulcus

36–37 WEEKS GESTATIONAL AGE , AXIAL SECTION

136 ATL A S OF FE T A L A ND POS T NA T A L BR A IN M R

Germinal matrix

Lateral su
ulcus
Anterior cerebral artery
A

Lateral ventricle
e

Caudate nucleus Cavum septi pellucidi

Posterior limb of
internal capsule
Corpus callosum
C

Germinal matrrix

3 6–37 WEEKS GESTATIONAL AGE , AXIAL SECTIO N

 SE C T I O N A L A N A T O M Y O F T H E F E T A L B R A IN 137

Head of caudate
udate nucleus Genu of corpus
p callosum

Anterior horn
Laterral sulcus of llateral ventricle

Ca
avum septi pellucidi

Vein of septum
Putam
men pellucidum

Inte
ernal cerebral vein
Germinal matriix
Velum interpositum
V

Internal capsule Crus of the fornix

C

Cavum vergae

Thalamus

Choroid plexus of
lateral ventricle

36–37 WEEKS GESTATIONAL AGE , AXIAL SECTION

138 ATL A S OF FE T A L A ND POS T NA T A L BR A IN M R

Germinal matrix

Thalamostrriate vein
Annterior horn of
latteral ventricle
Anterior thala
amic
nucleus
Column of fornix
C
Insular cortex
Interventricular
foramen
Posterior limb of Third ventricle
internal capsuule
Choroid plexus
of third ventricle
o

Spllenium of
corrpus callosum
Choroidal fissurre

Germinal matrix

Glomus of choroid plexus

36–37 WEEKS GESTATIONAL AGE , AXIAL SECTION

 SE C T I O N A L A N A T O M Y O F T H E F E T A L B R A IN 139

Head of caudate nucleus

Anterior limb of inte
ernal capsule
Germinal matrix
Clausstrum

Puta
amen
Anterio
or commissure
Globus pa
allidus
Ventrolateral thala
amic
nu
uclei Co
olumn of fornix

Centromedian Massa
nuccleus intermedia
Habenula
Posterior limb of
internal capsule Internal cerebral
vein

Chhoroid plexus of
Pulvinar third ventricle

Splen
nium of
Glo
omus of corpu
us callosum
choroid
d plexus
l

36–37 WEEKS GESTATIONAL AGE , AXIAL SECTION

140 ATL A S OF FE T A L A ND POS T NA T A L BR A IN M R

Oculomotor
Amygddala nucleus
Inferior horn of Ce
erebral peduncle
lateral ventricle Superior cerebellar peduncle
S
Hippocampu us

Medial longitudinal Inferior colliculus

fasciculus

Posterior ho
orn of Cere
ebellum
lateral venttricle

36–37 WEEKS GESTATIONAL AGE , AXIAL SECTION

 SE C T I O N A L A N A T O M Y O F T H E F E T A L B R A IN 141

Basilar
artery Medial longitudinal
Trapezoid body fasciculus
Medial lemniscus Nucleuss of
abduceent nerve
Trigeminal nerve
Fibres of
Motor fibres of
ab
bducent
trigeminal nervve
ne
erve

Dentate nucleus
Inferior cerebellar
peduncle
Emb
boliform nucleus

Nodulus Horizo
ontal fissure
Uvula
Pyramid T b
Tuber

36–37 WEEKS GESTATIONAL AGE , AXIAL SECTION

142 ATL A S OF FE T A L A ND POS T NA T A L BR A IN M R

Migrating
g g cells

Germin
nal matrix
Olfactory sulcu
us
Olfactory tract

36–37 WEEKS GESTATIONAL AGE , CORONAL SECTION

 SE C T I O N A L A N A T O M Y O F T H E F E T A L B R A IN 143

Corpus
p callosum
Germinal matrix
Head of cau
udate
nuccleus Cavum septi
s pellucidi
A
Anterior horn of
la
ateral ventricle
Lamina of septum
L
p
pellucidum
Putamen
External capsule
e
An
nterior commissure
Claustrum
m
Substantia innominata
Globus pallidus
Anterior perfo
orated
substtance Optic chiasm
Infundib
bulum
Amygdala Uncus
Middle cerebral artery

36–37 WEEKS GESTATIONAL AGE , CORONAL SECTION

144 ATL A S OF FE T A L A ND POS T NA T A L BR A IN M R

Germinal matrix

Medial medulla
ary Fornix
lamina of glob
bus
pallid
dus Cauda
ate nucleus

Lateral sulcus Th
hird ventricle
Lateral part of globuss C
Claustrum
palliduss
Medial part of globuss Putamen
palliduss
Anterior
A
Ansa lenticularis c
commissure
Supraop ptic Am
mygdala
commissu ure
Inferior horn of Optic tract Uncu
us
lateral
ateral ventricle Column
Mammillary of fornix
body

36–37 WEEKS GESTATIONAL AGE , CORONAL SECTION

 SE C T I O N A L A N A T O M Y O F T H E F E T A L B R A IN 145

Third
ventricle Habenulo-interpeduncular
tract
Posterior commisssure Medial longitudinal
fascic
culus
Cerebral aqueductt
Medial and lateral
geniculate body

B
Brachium of
Superior cerebellar pedu
uncle inferior colliculus
Lateral lemniscus
Fibres of trigeminal nerve

Flocculus
Supe erior olive
Medial lemniscus

36–37 WEEKS GESTATIONAL AGE , CORONAL SECTION

146 ATL A S OF FE T A L A ND POS T NA T A L BR A IN M R

Suprapineal
pineal recess Coorona
andd pineal body rad
diata

Superior medu
ullary velum

Inferior colliculus
Superior cereb
bellar
pedu
uncle

Vestibular fibres of
vestibulocochlear nerve Inferior
cerebellaar
Ventral coch hlear nucleus peduncle e
Spinal tract of triigeminal nerve
Inferior olive
Pyramidal Medial
decussation longitudinal
fasciculus

36–37 WEEKS GESTATIONAL AGE , CORONAL SECTION

 SE C T I O N A L A N A T O M Y O F T H E F E T A L B R A IN 147

Splenium of
corpus
callosum Cavum
m vergae
Cruss
of thee Pulvvinar
fornix
x
Infferior colliculus
Fimbria of Superior
hippocampuus cerebellar
peduncle
Inferior
Nodulus ccerebellar
ppeduncle
Den
ntate nucleus
Cuneate n
nucleus

36–37 WEEKS GESTATIONAL AGE , CORONAL SECTION

148 ATL A S OF FE T A L A ND POS T NA T A L BR A IN M R

Central sulcus
Somatosensory
nsory radiation

Posterior limb of
internal ca
apsule
Germ
minal matrix
Putame
en Tail of caudate
nucleus

Globus
pallidus
Posterior horn
of lateral
Anterio
or ventricle
commissure
Calcarine sulcus
Lateral genic
culate Hippocampus
body Inferior horn of
lateral ventricle

36–37 WEEKS GESTATIONAL AGE , SAGITTAL SECTION

 SE C T I O N A L A N A T O M Y O F T H E F E T A L B R A IN 149

Perforating
Caudate fibres
nucleus Lateral ventricle
Germinal matrix
x Crus of the fornix
Thala amus
Lateral part of
globus pallidus
Putamen
Infe
erior cerebellar
Medial part of pedduncle
globus pallidus
Ansa lenticularis
Cerebellar
Optic tract hemisphere
Sub
bthalamic nucleus
Cerebral peduncle Dentate nucleus
Flocculus

36–37 WEEKS GESTATIONAL AGE , SAGITTAL SECTION

150 ATL A S OF FE T A L A ND POS T NA T A L BR A IN M R

Germinal
minal matrix Crus of the fornix
Lateral ventrricle
Head of caudate Thalamuss
nucleus
Quadrigeminal
plate
Anterior commissure Laterral
lemniscus
Red
d nucleus
Medial lemniscus Inferior
cerebellar
peduncle

Spinal tract of
trigeminal nerve

36–37 WEEKS GESTATI ONAL AGE , SAGITTAL SECTION

 SE C T I O N A L A N A T O M Y O F T H E F E T A L B R A IN 151

Velum Third ventricle

interpositum
erpositum
Cavum septi Cavumm
pellucidi vergae
e

Rostrumm of Suprrapineal recess

corpus callosu
um Pineaal gland
alamus
Tha Cerebral
C
aq
queduct
Optic
chiasm
Vermis
Mammilllary body
Posterior perforate
ed substance C
Choroid plexus of
Nucleus of oculomotor nerve fo
ourth ventricle
Medial lemniscus Area postrema
A
Nucleus of hypoglossal nerve Gracile nucleus
G
Pyramidal
d
decussation
ti

36–37 WEEKS GESTATIO NAL AGE , SAGITTAL SECTION

This page intentionally left blank

SECTIONAL ANATOMY
OF THE POSTNATAL BRAIN
This section discusses the normal magnetic resonance
(MR) imaging appearance of the brains of children
after term delivery up to the age of 18 months. We illus-
trate this topic with anatomically matched T1- and
T2-weighted images and the equivalent line diagrams
taken from the 40-week fetus in the Larroche atlas. The
most obvious macroscopic changes that occur at this
time relate to the normal, sequential changes in the
degree of myelination of the brain structures. At its
simplest level, MR images can be thought of as maps of
body water and fat, and the changing proportions of
water and lipid in brain resulting from myelination are
well seen on MR images. Several groups have pub-
lished data on the normal milestones of myelination
and have shown how that knowledge can be used in the
early detection of diseases characterized by abnormal
amounts or forms of myelination.1,2
In the light of several years of teaching trainee radi-
ologists, two signifi ficant, recurring misconceptions
about brain myelination warrant further discussion.
First, most newcomers to the field fi believe that no
myelin at all is present in the brain of the term neo-
nate, but this is not correct. Second, most newcomers
do not appreciate that the deep brain nuclei or deep
“gray matter” regions of the mature brain such as the
putamen and thalamus, contain a relatively high pro-
portion of myelin as well as cell bodies. The myelin is
mainly located on projectional axons and interneu-
rons. As a result, gray matter regions change their MR
signal intensities during prenatal and postnatal life
because of accumulation of myelin in them as well as
in adjacent typical “white matter” structures. The sig-
nal characteristics in the deep gray matter structures
are complicated further in later childhood as iron
accumulates in the basal ganglia. These changes are
often first seen around the age of 8 to 9 years, with
rapid accumulation in the second decade of life. The
iron is stored in a form that has significant
fi effects on
T2 (particularly T2′) relaxation, which explains why
structures such as the globus pallidus and substantia
section 3
nigra have low T2 signal in older children and adults
but not in neonates or infants.
A good example of the competing signal changes
brought about by these mechanisms is illustrated by the
T2 signal of the globus pallidus and putamen at differ-
ent ages. These structures provide useful comparison
because they are both deep gray matter nuclei and their
close anatomic proximity allows direct comparison. The
two structures would be predicted to have similar signal
characteristics because they have similar neuronal/glial
composition. This is true for the first
fi 30 to 32 weeks of
gestation. However, myelination proceeds more rapidly
in the globus pallidus when compared with the putamen
(even in the posterior portion of the putamen that my-
elinates first). This difference usually can be seen as
lower signal in the globus pallidus on T2-weighted im-
ages at 33 to 34 weeks’ gestational age. As myelination
proceeds in both structures, the signal differential re-
duces, and at 0 to 1 months post term little signal differ-
ence is seen, a characteristic that is maintained for a
number of years. The accumulation of iron in brain
structures is exceptionally variable by region and con-
tinues throughout life. MR techniques that can quantify
the amount of iron deposition are available.3 However,
the globus pallidus accumulates iron particularly rap-
idly and to high concentration. A higher concentration
of iron is present in the normal adult globus pallidus
than in the liver. After 7 to 8 years of age, the globus
pallidus usually has lower signal than the putamen on
T2-weighted images, a feature that is most marked on
imaging at higher field strengths (e.g., 3 T).
Macroscopic myelination before term has been stud-
ied using both fixed and appropriately stained fetal
tissue and MR imaging. Good correlation between the
two techniques has been observed, particularly if in-
creased signal on T1-weighted images is used to evalu-
ate early postnatal myelination. Evidence of supraten-
torial myelination is unusual in the 29- to 30-week
fetus/premature baby. Consistent evidence of supraten-
torial myelination at any site is seen on MR imaging
153
154 ATL A S OF FE T A L A ND POS T NA T A L BR A IN M R
only at 33 to 34 weeks. High T1 signal at that stage
is frequently seen in the thalamus (particularly ventro-
lateral) and putamen (particularly posteriorly); the
lateral thalamic regions and globus pallidus may also
show reduced signal on T2-weighted images. By 37 to
38 weeks, the high T1 signal intensity has increased
generally in the basal ganglia and thalami, and evi-
dence of myelination in the posterior limb of the inter-
nal capsule and the corona radiata close to the ventri-
cles is seen. Most of those regions also return low
signal on T2-weighted images around that maturity
(Figure 3-1).
Myelination is more advanced in the infratentorial
brain structures. By 33 to 34 weeks, prominent signal
changes consistent with myelination on both T1 and
T2 sequences are seen in most of the dorsal pons and
medulla and in the deep cerebellar white matter. High-
resolution studies show myelination within the inferior
colliculus and medial lemniscus. By 37 to 38 weeks,
prominent myelination usually is seen in the superior
cerebellar peduncle, most of the midbrain, and the
cerebellar white matter. A 38-week example is shown in
Figure 3-2.
There is close correlation between the regions of the
brain injured close to term by profound, hypoxic ischemic
injury and the regions of the brain that are actively my-
elinating. For example, a typical textbook description of a
close-to-term profound ischemic injury includes involve-
ment of the lateral thalamus, posterior putamen, white
matter of the paracentral lobule, and optic radiations
(Figure 3-3).1,2 These are precisely the regions that show
A B
Figure 3-1 T2-weighted images of the supratentorial brain from a postmortem magnetic resonance imaging study of a 38-week fetus with
normal brain anatomy performed at 3 T. Note the low-signal regions that are most prominent within the lateral thalamus, globus pallidus,
putamen (A), and central corona radiata (B).
low T2 signal due to myelin formation in the 38-week
fetus. It has been postulated that there is a selective vul-
nerability for regions of the brain that are metabolically
active in the face of hypoxia/ischemia. In the brain of the
term neonate this does not necessarily imply neuronal
activity; it is much more likely that myelination is the
most energy-dependent process. This goes a significant fi
way towards explaining the pattern of injuries seen on
neuroimaging and this has helped to explain why some
less-well described regions of the brain, such as the ante-
rior lobule of the cerebellar vermis3,4 and the subthalamic
nucleus,5 are also involved in the process. Our interest in
the involvement of the subthalamic nucleus in cases of
profound hypoxic ischemic injury has come about
because of the central role of that structure in suppressing
unwanted movements acting in parallel to volitional
movement. It is no surprise to fi find that the subthalamic
nucleus myelinates close to term (Figure 3-4).
Detailed descriptions of myelination can be reviewed
in other more specific fi texts,1 but using the physical
explanations outlined earlier in the introduction we can
produce a list of key features that may be useful in
clinical practice.
• Mature myelin has high signal on T1-weighted
images (compared to gray matter).
• Mature myelin has low signal on T2-weighted
images (compared to gray matter).
• T1-weighted images should show the expected high
signal in all white matter regions by the age of
8 months (i.e., myelination is virtually adult pat-
tern at 8 months).
 S E C T I O N A L A N A T O M Y O F T H E P O ST N A T A L BR A IN 155

A B
Figure 3-2 T2-weighted images of the infratentorial brain from a postmortem magnetic resonance imaging study of a 38-week fetus with
normal brain anatomy image performed at 3 T. Note the low-signal regions that are most prominent within the dorsal brainstem, superior
cerebellar peduncle (A), and anterior lobule of the cerebellar vermis (B).

A B
Figure 3-3 Three-year-old child with dyskinetic cerebral palsy due to profound hypoxic ischemic injury at birth (38 weeks’ gestation). A, Axial
T2-weighted image at the level of the basal ganglia/thalami showing gliosis (high signal) in the posterior putamen and ventral lateral thalamic
nuclei. B, Axial fluid attenuation inversion recovery (FLAIR) image toward the vertex showing gliosis in the paracentral white matter. The affected
regions were actively myelinating at the time of the injury, which may contribute to the selective vulnerability of those structures.
156 ATL A S OF FE T A L A ND POS T NA T A L BR A IN M R

A B

C
Figure 3-4 T2-weighted postmortem magnetic resonance images of a 38-week fetus at 3 T with no structural brain abnormality showing
myelination in the subthalamic nucleus (arrow) in the axial (A), coronal (B), and parasagittal (C) planes.
 S E C T I O N A L A N A T O M Y O F T H E P O ST N A T A L BR A IN 157

TABLE 3-1
Checklist for Normal Myelination: Structures That Should Appear Myelinated by the Specified
fi Age
T1 T2
0–1 Month
Dorsal brainstem Dorsal brainstem
Inferior and middle cerebellar peduncles Inferior cerebellar peduncles
Superior cerebellar peduncles and decussation Superior cerebellar peduncles and decussation
Ventral lateral thalamus Ventral lateral thalamus
Posterior putamen Posterior putamen
White matter of pre and postcentral gyri White matter of pre- and postcentral gyri
Optic tracts Optic tracts
Posterior limb of internal capsule Posterior limb of internal capsule (patchy and limited to posterior region)
Central portion of centrum semiovale
Optic radiations
3–4 Months
All of the above All of the above
All of the cerebellum Middle cerebellar peduncle
Ventral brainstem Ventral brainstem
Calcarine fissure white matter Calcarine fifissure white matter
All subcortical motor pathways Optic radiations
Anterior limb of internal capsule
Splenium of corpus callosum
6 Months
All but subcortical white matter Centrum semiovale
All of posterior limb of internal capsule
Patchy changes in anterior limb of internal capsule
Splenium of corpus callosum
Patchy changes in genu of corpus callosum
9 Months
Adult pattern Genu of corpus callosum
Centrum semiovale
12 Months
Adult pattern All of internal capsule
All of corpus callosum
Paracentral and optic radiations/paracalcarine white matter
18 Months
Adult pattern Adult pattern except most peripheral cortical white matter
Peritrigonal white matter can return high signal until the fourth decade (terminal
myelination zones)

• T2-weighted images should show the expected • T1-weighted images are best for assessing my-
low signal in all white matter regions by the age of elination before the age of 8 months (except brain-
24 months (except peritrigonal “terminal myelina- stem and cerebellum) and T2-weighted images
tion” zones). thereafter, although both should be acquired and
• Myelination proceeds in an anatomically predict- compared.
able fashion in normal children, a process that must
The remainder of this chapter demonstrates T1- and
be understood by anyone reporting MR examina-
T2-weighted images from birth to 18 months in order to
tions in children at this age. See Table 3-1.
show the evolution of myelination.

REFERENCES 3. Sargent MA, Poskitt KJ, Roland EH, Hill A, Hendson G:

1. Barkovich AJ: Pediatric Neuroimaging, 4th ed. Philadelphia,
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2005.
2. van der Knapp M, Valk J: Magnetic Resonance of Myelin,
Myelination and Myelin Disorders, 2nd ed. Berlin,
Springer, 1995.
Cerebellar vermian atrophy after neonatal hypoxic ischemic
encephalopathy. Am J Neuroradiol 25:1008–1015, 2004.
4. Connolly DJA, Widjaja E, Griffiths
fi PD: Involvement of the
anterior lobe of the cerebellar vermis in perinatal profound
hypoxia. Am J Neuroradiol 28:16–19, 2007.
This page intentionally left blank
T1-Weighted Image T2-Weighted Image

Line Diagram

159
160 ATL A S OF FE T A L A ND POS T NA T A L BR A IN M R

Central
sulcuss

Body of lateral
ventricle

Centrrum
semiovvale

POSTNATAL MR 0–1 M ONTH, AXIAL

 S E C T I O N A L A N A T O M Y O F T H E P O ST N A T A L BR A IN 161

Head of caudate
nucleus
Great longitudinal fissure

Corpus callosum
Anteerior horn of
lateral ventricle

Thalamostriate
e
veinn Ca
avum septi pellucidi
Ve
ein of septum
pe
ellucidum
Thalamus

Posterior limb off

Fornix
internal capsule
e

Corpu
us callosum

Tail of caudate
nucleus
Choroid plexus of
lateral ventricle

POSTNATAL MR 0–1 M ONTH, AXIA L

162 ATL A S OF FE T A L A ND POS T NA T A L BR A IN M R

Colum
mn of fornix
Genu of corpus callosum

Interventricular foramen
(of Monro)
Ve
ein of septum pellucidum
T
Thalamostriate vein
Puttamen
Choroidal vein
C

us
Globus pallidu Ve
entrolateral thalamic nuclei

Me
edial thalamic nuclei
Claustrrum

P
Pulvinar
Internal capsule
Crrus of fornix

Tail of caudate nucleu

us Interrnal cerebral vein

Cavum vvergae

Splenium oof
corpus callo
osum
Glomus of choroid
d plexus

POSTNATAL MR 0–1 M O NTH, AXIAL

 S E C T I O N A L A N A T O M Y O F T H E P O ST N A T A L BR A IN 163

Anterior horn of lateral

later ventricle

Head of caudate nuclleus

Medial medullary lamina

Anterior commissu
ure of globu
us pallidus

Lateeral medullary lamina

Column of fornix
x of g
globus pallidus

Massa intermedia

Centromedian nucleus
Ventral posterolateral Internal capsule
nucleus of thalamus

Pulvinarr

Choroid plexus of
lateral ventriclle
Optic radiation
O

Fasciolar gyrus

Posterrior horn of
lateral ventricle

Habenula

POSTNATAL MR 0–1 M ONTH, AXIAL

164 ATL A S OF FE T A L A ND POS T NA T A L BR A IN M R

Ansa lenticularis

Perforating fibres off internal capsule

Third ventricle
Medial part of globus pallidus
Colum
mn of fornix
Latera
al geniculate body

sure
Anterior commiss

Subthalamic nucleus

Superior cerebellar peduncle

Medial lemniscuss

Red nucle
eus
H
Hippocampus
Medial longitudinal fas
sciculus
De
entate fascia

Cerebral aqueduct Optiic radiation

Superior colliculus

POSTNATAL MR 0–1 M O NTH, AXIAL

 S E C T I O N A L A N A T O M Y O F T H E P O ST N A T A L BR A IN 165

Optic recess

Op
ptic tract
Infundibulum
Uncus
s Mammillary body

Hippocampus Fibres of oculomotor nerve

Dentate fascia
a
Nu
ucleus of trochlear nerve and
me
edial longitudinal fasciculus
Limbus Giiacomini
Substantia nigra Inferior colliculus

POSTNATAL MR 0–1 M ONTH, AXIAL

166 ATL A S OF FE T A L A ND POS T NA T A L BR A IN M R

Optic chiasm

Cerebral peduncle Oc
culomotor nucleus
Pyramidal tract

Medial lemniscus
D
Decussation of superior
cerebellar peduncle
c
Lateral lemniscu
us

Mesencephalic tract
m)
Central lobule (of cerebellum
of ttrigeminal nerve
Decussation of sup
perior
cerebellar pedu
uncle Deccussation of
troc
chlear nerve

POSTNATAL MR 0–1 M O NTH, AXIAL

 S E C T I O N A L A N A T O M Y O F T H E P O ST N A T A L BR A IN 167

Pyramidal
y tract
Trigeminal nerve
Medial lemniscus
Late
eral lemniscus
Vestibulomesencephallic tract
Cen
ntral tegmental tract
Fourth ventriclle
Superior cerebellar peduncle

Uvula
a

Vermis
ermis Dentate nucleus

POSTNATAL MR 0–1 MONTH, AXIAL

168 ATL A S OF FE T A L A ND POS T NA T A L BR A IN M R

Medial longitudinal
g fasciculus Pons Pyramidal tract
Medial lem
mniscus
Trapezoiid body
Trige
eminal nerve
Princiipal sensory nucleus
Vestibular nu
uclei of trig
geminal nerve

In
nferior cerebellar
peduncle
Nodulus
Uvula
a Dentate nucleus

Pyram
mid

POSTNATAL MR 0–1 MONTH, AXIAL

 S E C T I O N A L A N A T O M Y O F T H E P O ST N A T A L BR A IN 169

Medial lemniscus
Trapezoid body Pyramidal tra
act

Superrior olive
Floccculus

Sp
pinal tract of trigeminal nerve
Vestibular nucleii
Inferior cerebellar peduncle
Nodulus
Uvula Dentate nucleus

Pyram
mid

POSTNATAL MR 0–1 MONTH, AXIAL

170 ATL A S OF FE T A L A ND POS T NA T A L BR A IN M R

Centrum semiovale

Olfactory sulcus

Olfactory tract

POSTNATAL MR 0–1 MONTH, CORONAL

 S E C T I O N A L A N A T O M Y O F T H E P O ST N A T A L BR A IN 171

Cavum septi Corpus

p callosum
pellu
ucidi
Body of caudate
e nucleus
Anterior lim
mb of
internal ca
apsule
Anterior horn off
lateral ventricle
e
Extternal capsule
Vein of septum P
Putamen
pellucidum

Anterior commisssure Lateral sulcus

Third venttricle C
Claustrum

Glo
obus pallidus

In
nfundibulum
Amygdala
Uncus
Supraoptic
ptic commissure O
Optic
ti Substantia
tract innominata

POSTNATAL MR 0–1 MONTH, CORONAL

172 ATL A S OF FE T A L A ND POS T NA T A L BR A IN M R

Anterior thalamic nucleus

Body of caudate
e nucleus

Lateral ventricle Lateral medullary lamina

of globuus pallidus
Medial medullary lamina
of g
globus pallidus
Fornixx
Thalamus
s Lateral sulcus
L
Third ventricle
e
Insular cortex
Perforating fibre
es

Optic tract Ansa lenticularis

A

Subthalamic nuc
cleus
Inferior ho
orn of lateral ventricle
Cerebra
al peduncle
Hippocampus
Mammillary
M ill body
b d
Hippocampal
sulcus

POSTNATAL MR 0–1 MONTH, CORONAL

 S E C T I O N A L A N A T O M Y O F T H E P O ST N A T A L BR A IN 173

P
Precentral
t l gyrus

Corpus callosum

Intternal capsule
Fornix

Lateral medullary lamina

a
of thalamuss
Superior cereb
bellar
pedu
uncle

Subthalamic nu
ucleus

Red nucleus
Optic tract
Pyramidal tract

IInterpeduncular
t d l ffossa

POSTNATAL MR 0–1 MONTH, CORONAL

174 ATL A S OF FE T A L A ND POS T NA T A L BR A IN M R

Postcentral gy
gyrus

Cing
gulate gyrus

Corpus callosum

P
Pulvinar
Superior collliculus

Inferior collicu
ulus Optic radiation
Superior cerebellar peduncle

Dentate fascia
Subiculum
Spinal tract of Presubiculum
trigeminal nervee

Medial lemniscus Flocculus

P
Pyramid
id Inferior olive
oli e

POSTNATAL MR 0–1 MONTH, CORONAL

 S E C T I O N A L A N A T O M Y O F T H E P O ST N A T A L BR A IN 175

Calcarine sulcus
Posterior horn of Decussation of inferior
laterral ventricle cerebellar pe
eduncle

Emboliform
m nucleus

Dentate nucleus
D

Lamina
a albae

POSTNATAL MR 0–1 MONTH, SAGITTAL

176 ATL A S OF FE T A L A ND POS T NA T A L BR A IN M R

Lateral sulcus

Superior temporal sulcus

POSTNATAL MR 0–1 MONTH, SAGITTAL

 S E C T I O N A L A N A T O M Y O F T H E P O ST N A T A L BR A IN 177

Central sulcus Tail of caudate nucleus

nuc

Corona rad
diata
Trrigone of
Posterior limb of latteral ventricle
internal capsulee

Putamen Posterior horn of

Lateral geniculate bodyy lateral ventricle

Claustrum
m

Ca
alcarine sulcus
Amygdala Collateral sulcus
Hippocampus
Inferior
ior horn of Dentate
lateral ventricle fascia

POSTNATAL MR 0–1 M ONTH, SAGITTAL

178 ATL A S OF FE T A L A ND POS T NA T A L BR A IN M R

Subthalamic nucleus
Splenium
m of corpus
Anterior limb of callosum
m
internal capsuule
Pulvinar
Medial medullary lamina
of globus pallidus Ce
entromedian
nucleus
Ansa lenticcularis
Inferior cerebellar
peeduncle

Optic tract Cerebellar

hemisphere
Cerebral peduncle
Denta
ate nucleus
Flocculus

POSTNATAL MR 0–1 MONTH, SAGITTAL

 S E C T I O N A L A N A T O M Y O F T H E P O ST N A T A L BR A IN 179

Anterior thalamic nuclei

Cavum
m septi pellucidi Medullary stria
a of thalamus
Lateral ventricle
Genu of corpus Cavum verrgae
callosum
m Splenium of corpus
callosum
Posterio
or commissure
Nucleu
us of oculomotor nerve
Anterior commissure Cerebral aqueduct
Com
mmissure of inferior colliculus
Third ventricle

Optic recesss Vermis

Decussation off superior

cerebellar peduncle
Me
edial lemniscus
Graciile nucleus
Cuneaate nucleus

Pyramidal decussation

POSTNATAL MR 0–1 M ONTH, SAGITTAL

180 ATL A S OF FE T A L A ND POS T NA T A L BR A IN M R

Central
sulcuss

Body of lateral
ventricle

Centrum
semiov
vale

POSTNATAL MR 3–4 M O NTHS, AXIAL

 S E C T I O N A L A N A T O M Y O F T H E P O ST N A T A L BR A IN 181

Head of caudate
nucleus
Great longitudinal fissure

Corpu
us callosum

Anterior horn of
la
ateral ventricle
Thalamostriate
vein Ca
avum septi pellucidi

Ve
ein of septum
Thalamus pe
ellucidum

Posterior limb off

Fornix
internal capsule
e

Corpu
us callosum

Ta
ail of caudate
nucleus
Choroid plexus of
lateral ventricle

POSTNATAL MR 3–4 M ONTHS, AXIA L

182 ATL A S OF FE T A L A ND POS T NA T A L BR A IN M R

mn of fornix
Colum
Genu of corpus callosum

Interventricular fora
amen
(of Monro)
Vein of septum pellucidum

Puta
amen T
Thalamostriate vein
Choroidal vein
C

Globus pallidus Ve
entrolateral thalamic nuclei

Me
edial thalamic nuclei
Claustru
um

P
Pulvinar
Internal capsule
Crrus of fornix

Tail of caudate nucleu

us Internal cerebral vein
Cavum vergae

Splenium oof
corpus calllosum

Glomus of choroid
d plexus

POSTNATAL MR 3–4 M O NTHS, AXIAL

 S E C T I O N A L A N A T O M Y O F T H E P O ST N A T A L BR A IN 183

Ansa lenticularis

Perforating fibre
es of internal capsule
Third ventricle
Medial part off globus pallidus
Column of fornix
Laterral geniculate body
Anterior commissure
e

Subthalamic nucleus
s

Superior cerebellar pedunccle

Medial lemniscuss

Red nuclleus
H
Hippocampus
Medial longitudinal fas
sciculus
De
entate fascia

Cerebral aqueduct Optic radiation

Superior colliculus

POSTNATAL MR 3–4 M ONTHS, AXIA L

184 ATL A S OF FE T A L A ND POS T NA T A L BR A IN M R

Optic rece
ess

Optic tract
Infundibulum
Uncuss Mammillary body
M

Hippocampus Fibres of oculomotor nerve

Dentate fascia
a
Nu
ucleus of trochlear nerve and
medial longitudinal fasciculus
Limbus Giacomini
Substantia nigra IInferior
f i colliculus

POSTNATAL MR 3–4 M O NTHS, AXIAL

 S E C T I O N A L A N A T O M Y O F T H E P O ST N A T A L BR A IN 185

Trigeminal
nal nerve Pyramidal tract
tra

Medial le
emniscus
Laterral lemniscus
Vestibulomesencepha
alic tract
Centrral tegmental tract
Fourth ventric
cle
Superior cerebellar peduncle

Uvula
Dentate nucleus
Vermis
ermis

POSTNATAL MR 3–4 M ONTHS, AXIA L

186 ATL A S OF FE T A L A ND POS T NA T A L BR A IN M R

Medial
lemniscus
Trapezoid body Pyramidal tract
trac

Superio
or olive
Floc
cculus

Sp
pinal tract of trigeminal nerve
Vestibular nucleii
Inferior cerebellar peduncle
Nodulus
Uvu
ula Dentate nucleus

Pyra
amid

POSTNATAL MR 3–4 MONTHS, AXIA L

 S E C T I O N A L A N A T O M Y O F T H E P O ST N A T A L BR A IN 187

Centrum semiovale

Olfactory sulcus

Olfactory tract

POSTNATAL MR 3–4 M ONTHS, AXIAL

188 ATL A S OF FE T A L A ND POS T NA T A L BR A IN M R

Cavum septi Corpus

p callosum
pellu
ucidi
Body of caudatte nucleus
Anterior limb of
internal ca
apsule
Anterior horn off
lateral ventricle
e
Extternal capsule
Vein of septum pellucidum P
Putamen

Anterior commiss
sure Lateral sulcus

Third ventrricle C
Claustrum

Globus pallidus

Inffundibulum
Amygdala
Uncus
Supraoptic
ic commissure Optic
Substantia
tract innominata

POSTNATAL MR 3–4 M O NTHS, AXIAL

 S E C T I O N A L A N A T O M Y O F T H E P O ST N A T A L BR A IN 189

Anterior thalamic nucleus

nucleu
Body of caudatee nucleus
Lateral ventricle
e Lateral medullary lamina
of globu
us pallidus
Meddial medullary lamina
of globus pallidus
Fornix
x
Thalamus
s Lateral sulcus
L
Third ventricle
e
In
nsular cortex
Perforating fibre
es
Optic tra
act Ansa lenticularis

Subthalamic nuccleus
Inferior ho
orn of lateral ventricle
Cerebra
al peduncle
Hippocampus
Mammillary body Hi
Hippocampal
l
sulcus

POSTNATAL MR 3–4 M ONTHS, AXIAL

190 ATL A S OF FE T A L A ND POS T NA T A L BR A IN M R

Precentral gyrus
gyr

Corpus callosum
Intternal capsule
Forrnix

Lateral medullary lamina

a
of thalamuss
Superior cerebe
ellar
pedun
ncle

Subthalamic nucleus
Red nu
ucleus
Optic tract
Pyramidal tract
Interpeduncular fossa

POSTNATAL MR 3–4 MONTHS, CORONAL

 S E C T I O N A L A N A T O M Y O F T H E P O ST N A T A L BR A IN 191

Postcentral gyrus

Cingu
ulate gyrus

Corpus callosum

P
Pulvinar
Superior co
olliculus

Inferior colliculus Optic radiation

Superior cerebellar peduncle

Dentate
e fascia
Subiculum
Spinal tract of trigeminal nerve
e Presubiculum

Med
dial lemniscus Flocculus

Pyramid Inferior olive

POSTNATAL MR 3–4 MONTHS, CORONAL

192 ATL A S OF FE T A L A ND POS T NA T A L BR A IN M R

Calcarine sulcus
Posterior horn of Decussation of in
nferior
lateral ventricle cerebellar pedun
ncle

Emboliform nucleus
n

De
entate nucleus

Lamiina albae

POSTNATAL MR 3–4 MONTHS, CORONAL

 S E C T I O N A L A N A T O M Y O F T H E P O ST N A T A L BR A IN 193

Lateral sulcus

Superior temporal sulcus

POSTNATAL M R 3–4 M ONTHS , C ORON AL

194 ATL A S OF FE T A L A ND POS T NA T A L BR A IN M R

Tail of caudate nucleus

nuc

Corona ra
adiata

Posterior limb off Trrigone of

internal capsulee latteral ventricle

Putamen
Posterior horn of
Lateral geniculate bodyy lateral ventricle

Claustrum

Calcarine sulcus
Amygdala Collateral sulcus
Hippocampus
Dentate
Inferior horn of fascia
lateral ventricle

POSTNATAL MR 3–4 MONTHS, C O RONAL

 S E C T I O N A L A N A T O M Y O F T H E P O ST N A T A L BR A IN 195

Subthalamic nucleus Splenium

m of corpus
callosum
m
Anterior limb of
internal capsuule
Pulvinar
Medial medullary lamina
of globus pallidus Ce
entromedian
nucleus
Ansa lenticcularis
In
nferior cerebellar
peeduncle

Optic tract Cerebellar

hemisphere
Cerebral peduncle

Denta
ate nucleus
Fl
Flocculus
l

POSTNATAL MR 3–4 M ONTHS, SAGITTAL

196 ATL A S OF FE T A L A ND POS T NA T A L BR A IN M R

Anterior thalamic nuclei

Cavum septi pellucidi
Medullary stria
s of thalamus
Lateral ventricle
Cavum vergae
v
Genu of corpus callosum
m Spleniumm of corpus callosum
Posterrior commissure
Nucle
eus of oculomotor nerve
Anterior commissure Cereebral aqueduct
Commmissure of inferior colliculus
Third ventricle
Optic recesss Vermis

Decussation of superior
cerebellar pe
eduncle
Medial longitudinal fasciculus
Medial lemniscus Graccile nucleus
Cune
eate nucleus
Pyramidal
id l decussation
d ti

POSTNATAL MR 3–4 M ONTHS, SAGITTAL

 S E C T I O N A L A N A T O M Y O F T H E P O ST N A T A L BR A IN 197

Central
sulcuss

Body of lateral
ventricle

Centrum
semiovvale

POSTNATAL MR 6 MO NTHS, AXIAL

198 ATL A S OF FE T A L A ND POS T NA T A L BR A IN M R

Head of caudate
nucleus
Great lo
ongitudinal fissure
Corpus callosum

Anterior horn of
la
ateral ventricle

Thalamostriate
e
veinn Cavum septi pellucidi

Ve
ein of septum
Thalamus pe
ellucidum

Posterior limb off Fornix

internal capsule
e

Corpu
us callosum

Tail of caudate
nucleus
Choroid plexus of
lateral ventricle

POSTNATAL MR 6 MO NTHS, AXIAL

 S E C T I O N A L A N A T O M Y O F T H E P O ST N A T A L BR A IN 199

Colum
mn of fornix
Genu
u of corpus callosum

Interventricular forramen
(of Monro)
Vein of septum pellucidum
Thalamostriate vein
T
Putamen
Choroidal vein
C

Globus pallidu
us Ve
entrolateral thalamic nuclei

Me
edial thalamic nuclei
Claustrrum

P
Pulvinar
Internal capsule
Crus of fornix

Tail of caudate nucleu

us Internal cerebral vein
Cavum vergae

Splenium of
o
corpus calllosum
Glomus of choroid
d plexus

POSTNATAL MR 6 MO NTHS, AXIAL

200 ATL A S OF FE T A L A ND POS T NA T A L BR A IN M R

Optic recess

Optic tract
O
Infundibulum
Uncus
s Mammillary body

Hippocampus Fibres of oculomotor nerve

Dentate fascia
a Nuucleus of trochlear nerve and
Limbus Gia
acomini medial longitudinal fasciculus
Substantia nigra IInferior
f i colliculus

POSTNATAL MR 6 MO NTHS, AXIAL

 S E C T I O N A L A N A T O M Y O F T H E P O ST N A T A L BR A IN 201

Trigeminal nerve Pyramidal ttract

Medial lemniscus
Late
eral lemniscus
Vestibulomesencephallic tract
Centtral tegmental tract
Fourth ventricle
Superior cerebellar peduncle

Uvula
a
Vermis
ermis Dentate nucleus

POSTNATAL MR 6 MO NTHS, AXIAL

202 ATL A S OF FE T A L A ND POS T NA T A L BR A IN M R

Medial lemniscus
Trapezoid body Pyramidal tracct

Superior olive
Floccculus

Sp
pinal tract of trigeminal nerve
Vestibular nuclei
Inferior cerebellar peduncle
Nodulus
Uvula Dentate nucleus

Pyramid

POSTNATAL MR 6 MONTHS, AXIAL

 S E C T I O N A L A N A T O M Y O F T H E P O ST N A T A L BR A IN 203

Centrum semiovale

Olfactory sulcus

Olfactory tract

P OSTNATAL MR 6 MONTHS, CORONAL

204 ATL A S OF FE T A L A ND POS T NA T A L BR A IN M R

Corpus
p callosum
Cavum septi pellucidi
Body of caudate nucleus
Anterior lim
mb of
internal cap
psule
Anterior horn off
lateral ventricle
e
Extternal capsule
Vein of septum P
Putamen
pellucidum

Anterior commissure Lateral sulcus

Third venttricle C
Claustrum

Globus pallidus

Infundibulum
Amygdala
Uncus
Supraoptic
ptic commissure Optic
tract Substantia
innominata

P OSTNATAL MR 6 MONTHS, CORONAL

 S E C T I O N A L A N A T O M Y O F T H E P O ST N A T A L BR A IN 205

Anterior thalamic nucleus

Body of caudate nucleus
Lateral ventricle Lateral medullary lamina
of globu
us pallidus
Meddial medullary lamina
of g
globus pallidus
Fornixx
Thalamuss Lateral sulcus
L
Third ventricle
e
Insular cortex
Perforating fibre
es

Optic tra
act Ansa lenticularis
A

Subthalamic nuccleus
Inferior ho
orn of lateral ventricle
Cerebra
al peduncle
Hippocampus
Mammillary body
Hippocampal
sulcus

POSTNATAL MR 6 MO NTHS, C ORONAL

206 ATL A S OF FE T A L A ND POS T NA T A L BR A IN M R

Precentral gyrus

Corpus
s callosum

Intternal capsule
Forrnix

Lateral medullary lamina

of thalamus
Superior cerebellar pedun
ncle

Subthalamic nu
ucleus
Red nu
ucleus
Optic tract
Pyramidal tract
IInterpeduncular
t d l fossa
f

POSTNATAL MR 6 M ONTHS, C ORONAL

 S E C T I O N A L A N A T O M Y O F T H E P O ST N A T A L BR A IN 207

Postcentral gyrus

Cingu
ulate gyrus

Corpus callosum

P
Pulvinar
Superior colliculus

Inferior colliculus Optic radiation

Superior cerebellar peduncle

Dentate
e fascia
Subiculum
Spinal tract of trigeminal nerve
e Presubiculum

Media
al lemniscus Flocculus

Pyramid Inferior olive

POSTNATAL MR 6 MO NTHS, CORONAL

208 ATL A S OF FE T A L A ND POS T NA T A L BR A IN M R

Calcarine sulcus
Po
osterior horn of Decussation of inferior
lateral ventricle cerebellar pedunccle

Emboliform nucleus
n

De
entate nucleus

Lam
mina albae

POSTNATAL MR 6 M ONTHS, CORONAL

 S E C T I O N A L A N A T O M Y O F T H E P O ST N A T A L BR A IN 209

Lateral sulcus

Superior temporal sulcus

POSTNATAL MR 6 M ONTHS, SAGITTAL

210 ATL A S OF FE T A L A ND POS T NA T A L BR A IN M R

Tail of caudate nucleus

Corona rad
diata
Posterior limb off
internal capsulee Trrigone of
lateral ventricle
Putamen
Posterior horn of
Lateral geniculate bodyy lateral ventricle
Claustrum
m

Caalcarine sulcus
Amygdala Collatera
al sulcus
Hippocampus
Inferior
or horn of Dentate
lateral ventricle fascia

POSTNATAL MR 6 MONTHS, SAGITTAL

 S E C T I O N A L A N A T O M Y O F T H E P O ST N A T A L BR A IN 211

Subthalam
mic nucleus
Anterior limb of Splenium of corpus callosum
internal capsuule
Pulvina
ar
Medial medullary laminaa
of globus palliduss Ce
entromedian nucleus

Ansa lentic
cularis
Infferior cerebellar peduncle

Cerebellar hemisphere
C
Optic tract
Cerebral peduncle
Denta
ate nucleus
Flocculus

POSTNATAL MR 6 M ONTHS, SAGITTAL

212 ATL A S OF FE T A L A ND POS T NA T A L BR A IN M R

Cavum septi
epti pellucidi Anterior thalamic nuclei
Lateral ventricle Medullary sstria of thalamus
Cavum vvergae
Genu of corpus Splenium of corpus callosum
callosum
Poste
erior commissure
Nucleeus of oculomotor nerve
Anterior commissure Cereebral aqueduct
Third ventriicle Commissure of inferior colliculus

Optic recesss Vermis

Decussation of superior
cerebellar pe
eduncle

Media
al lemniscus
Grac
cile nucleus
Cune
eate nucleus
Pyramidal
id l d
decussation
ti

POSTNATAL MR 6 MONTHS, SAGITTAL

 S E C T I O N A L A N A T O M Y O F T H E P O ST N A T A L BR A IN 213

Central
sulcuss

Body of lateral
ventricle

Centrrum
semiov
vale

POSTNATAL MR 9 MO NTHS, AXIAL

214 ATL A S OF FE T A L A ND POS T NA T A L BR A IN M R

Head of caudate
e nucleus
Great lon
ngitudinal fissure

Corpu
us callosum

Annterior horn of
latteral ventricle

Thalamostriate vein
n
Ca
avum septi pellucidi

Ve
ein of septum
Thalamus pe
ellucidum

Posterior limb off Fornix

internal capsule
e

Corpuss callosum

Tail of cau
udate nucleus

Choroid plexus of
lateral ventricle

POSTNATAL MR 9 MO NTHS, AXIAL

 S E C T I O N A L A N A T O M Y O F T H E P O ST N A T A L BR A IN 215

Column of fornix
Genu of ccorpus callosum

Interventricular fo
oramen
(of Monro)
Ve
ein of septum pellucidum

Thalamostriate vein
T
Pu
utamen
Choroidal vein
C

Globus pallidu
us Ve
entrolateral thalamic nuclei

Me
edial thalamic nuclei
Claustrum

P
Pulvinar
Internal capsule

Crus of fornix

us
Tail of caudate nucleu Intern
nal cerebral vein

Cavum ve
ergae

Splenium of
corpus callossum

Glomus of choro
oid plexus

POSTNATAL MR 9 MO NTHS, AXIAL

216 ATL A S OF FE T A L A ND POS T NA T A L BR A IN M R

Optic rece
ess

Op
ptic tract
Infundibulum
Uncuss Mammillary body

Hippocampus Fibres of oculomotor nerve

Dentate fascia
a Nu
ucleus of trochlear nerve and
me
edial longitudinal fasciculus
Limbus Giiacomini
Substantia nigra Inferior col
colliculus

POSTNATAL MR 9 MO NTHS, AXIAL

 S E C T I O N A L A N A T O M Y O F T H E P O ST N A T A L BR A IN 217

Pyramidal tract
Trigeminall nerve
Medial lemniscus
Lateral lemniscus
Vestibulomesencepha
alic tract
Centrral tegmental tract
Fourth ventric
cle
Superior cerebellar peduncle
S

Uvula
a

Vermis
ermis Dentate nucleus

POSTNATAL MR 9 MO NTHS, AXIAL

218 ATL A S OF FE T A L A ND POS T NA T A L BR A IN M R

Medial lemniscus
Trapezoid body Pyramidal trract

Superrior olive
Floccculus

Sp
pinal tract of trigeminal nerve
Vestibular nucleii
Inferior cerebellar peduncle
Nodulus
Uvulaa Dentate nucleus

Pyram
mid

POSTNATAL MR 9 MO NTHS, AXIAL

 S E C T I O N A L A N A T O M Y O F T H E P O ST N A T A L BR A IN 219

Centrum semiovale
C

Olfactory sulcus
O

Olfactory tract

POSTNATAL MR 9 MO NTHS, CORONAL

220 ATL A S OF FE T A L A ND POS T NA T A L BR A IN M R

Cavum septi
p Corpus callosum
pellucidi Body of caudate
e nucleus
Anterior lim
mb of
internal capsule
Anterior horn of
lateral ventricle
Extternal capsule
Vein of septum P
Putamen
pellucidum
Lateral sulcus
Anterior commiss
sure

Third ventricle C
Claustrum

Glo
obus pallidus

In
nfundibulum
Amygdala
Uncus
Supraoptic
ptic commissure Optic
Substantia
tract
innominata

POSTNATAL MR 9 M ONTHS, CORONAL

 S E C T I O N A L A N A T O M Y O F T H E P O ST N A T A L BR A IN 221

Anterior thalamic nucleus

Body of caudate
e nucleus

Lateral ventricle Lateral m

medullary lamina
of globu
us pallidus

Meddial medullary lamina

of globus pallidus
Fornix
x
Thalamus
s Lateral sulcus
L
Third ventricle
e
IInsular cortex
Perforating fibre
es

Optic tra
act Ansa lenticularis
A

Subthalamic nuc
cleus
Inferior horn of lateral ventricle
Cerebrral peduncle
Hippocampus
Mammillary body
Hippocampal
sulcus

POSTNATAL MR 9 MO NTHS, CORONAL

222 ATL A S OF FE T A L A ND POS T NA T A L BR A IN M R

Precentral gyrus
gyr

Corpus ca
allosum
Intternal capsule
Forrnix

Lateral medullary lamina

a
of thalamuss
Superior cerebe
ellar
pedun
ncle

Subthalamic nuccleus
Red nu
ucleus
Optic tract
Pyramidal tract
IInterpeduncular
d l fossa
f

POSTNATAL MR 9 M ONTHS, CORONAL

 S E C T I O N A L A N A T O M Y O F T H E P O ST N A T A L BR A IN 223

Postcentral gyrus
gy

Cingu
ulate gyrus

Corpus callosum

P
Pulvinar
Superior collliculus

ulus
Inferior collicu Optic radiation
Superior cerebellar peduncle

Dentate
e fascia
Subiculum
Spinal tract of trigeminal nerve Presubiculum

Medial lemniscus Flocculus

Pyramid IInferior
f i olive
li

POSTNATAL MR 9 MO NTHS, CORONAL

224 ATL A S OF FE T A L A ND POS T NA T A L BR A IN M R

Calcarine sulcus
s lc s
Posterior horn of Decussation of infe
erior
lateral ventricle cerebellar peduncle
e

Emboliform nu
ucleus

De
entate nucleus

Lam
mina albae

POSTNATAL MR 9 M ONTHS, CORONAL

 S E C T I O N A L A N A T O M Y O F T H E P O ST N A T A L BR A IN 225

Lateral sulcus

Superior temporal sulcus

POSTNATA L MR 9 M ON THS, SAG ITTAL

226 ATL A S OF FE T A L A ND POS T NA T A L BR A IN M R

Tail of caudate nucleus

nuc

Corona ra
adiata

Posterior limb off Trrigone of

internal capsule
e lateral ventricle

Putamen
Posterior horn of
Lateral geniculate bodyy lateral ventricle
Claustrum
m

Caalcarine sulcus
Amygdala Collateral sulcus
Hippocampus
Dentate
Inferior horn of fascia
lateral ventricle

POSTNATAL MR 9 MONTHS, SAGITTAL

 S E C T I O N A L A N A T O M Y O F T H E P O ST N A T A L BR A IN 227

Subthalamic nucleus
Splenium
m of corpus callosum
Anterior limb of
internal capsuule
Pulvinar
Medial medullary lamina
of globus pallidus
Ce
entromedian nucleus

Ansa lentic
cularis
In
nferior cerebellar peduncle

Optic tract Cerebellar hemisphere

Cerebral peduncle
Denta
ate nucleus
Flocculus

POSTNATAL MR 9 M ONTHS, SAGITTAL

228 ATL A S OF FE T A L A ND POS T NA T A L BR A IN M R

Cavum septi
epti pellucidi Anterior thalamic nuclei
Lateral ventricle Medullary stria of thalamus
Cavum vergae
v
Genu of corpus Splenium of corpus callosum
callosum
Posterior commissure
Nucleeus of oculomotor nerve
Anterior commissure Cereebral aqueduct
Third ventriicle Commissure of inferior colliculus

Optic recesss Vermis

Decussation of superior
cerebellar pe
eduncle

Media
al lemniscus
Graccile nucleus
Cune
eate nucleus
Pyramidal
id l decussation
d ti

POSTNATAL MR 9 MONTHS, SAGITTAL

 S E C T I O N A L A N A T O M Y O F T H E P O ST N A T A L BR A IN 229

Central
sulcuss

Body of lateral
ventricle

Centrum
semiovvale

POSTNATAL MR 12 M ONTHS, AXIAL

230 ATL A S OF FE T A L A ND POS T NA T A L BR A IN M R

Head of caudate
nucleus
Great lo
ongitudinal fissure

Corpu
us callosum

Anterior horn of
la
ateral ventricle
Thalamostriate
e
veinn
Cavum septi pellucidi
C

Ve
ein of septum
pe
ellucidum
Thalamus

Posterior limb off

Fornix
internal capsule
e

Corpu
us callosum

Ta
ail of caudate
nucleus
Choroid plexus of
lateral ventricle

POSTNATAL MR 12 M O NTHS, AXIAL

 S E C T I O N A L A N A T O M Y O F T H E P O ST N A T A L BR A IN 231

Colum
mn of fornix
Genu of
o corpus callosum

Interventricular forramen
(of Monro)
Vein of septum pellucidum

T
Thalamostriate vein
Puttamen
C
Choroidal vein

Globus pallidu
us Ve
entrolateral thalamic nuclei

Me
edial thalamic nuclei
Claustrrum

P
Pulvinar
Internal capsule
Crrus of fornix

Tail of caudate nucleu

us Intern
nal cerebral vein

Cavum vvergae

Splenium of
corpus callosum

Glomus of choroid
d plexus

POSTNATAL MR 12 M ONTHS, AXIAL

232 ATL A S OF FE T A L A ND POS T NA T A L BR A IN M R

Optic reccess

O
Optic tract
Infundibulum
Uncuss Mammillary body
M

Hippocampus Fibres of oculomotor nerve

Dentate fascia Nucleus of trochlear nerve and

medial longitudinal fasciculus
m
Limbus Gia
acomini
Substantia
b i nigra
i Inferior colliculus
Inferio

POSTNATAL MR 12 M O NTHS, AXIAL

 S E C T I O N A L A N A T O M Y O F T H E P O ST N A T A L BR A IN 233

Pyramidal tract
Trigeminal
nal nerve
Medial le
emniscus
Lateral lemniscus
Vestibulomesencepha
alic tract
Centtral tegmental tract
Fourth ventric
cle
S
Superior cerebellar
peduncle

Uvula
a
Dentate
e nucleus
Pyramis vermis
ermis

POSTNATAL MR 12 M ONTHS, AXIAL

234 ATL A S OF FE T A L A ND POS T NA T A L BR A IN M R

Medial lemniscus
Trapezoid body Pyramidal tract

Superiorr olive
Flo
occulus

Sp
pinal tract of trigeminal nerve
Vestibular nuclei

Inferior cerebellar peduncle

Nodulus

Uvula Dentate nucleus

Pyrramid

POSTNATAL MR 12 M O NTHS, AXIAL

 S E C T I O N A L A N A T O M Y O F T H E P O ST N A T A L BR A IN 235

Centrum semiovale

Olfactory sulcus

Olfactory tract

POSTNATAL MR 12 M ONTHS, CORONAL

236 ATL A S OF FE T A L A ND POS T NA T A L BR A IN M R

Cavum septi Corpus

p callosum
pellu
ucidi Body of caudatte nucleus
Anterior limb of
internal capsule
Anterior horn of
lateral ventricle
Ex
xternal capsule
Vein of septum P
Putamen
pellucidum
Lateral sulcus
Anterior commisssure

Third ventrricle C
Claustrum

Gllobus pallidus

Inffundibulum
Amygdala
Uncus
Supraoptic commissure
i Optic Substantia
tract innominata

POSTNATAL MR 12 MONTHS, CORONAL

 S E C T I O N A L A N A T O M Y O F T H E P O ST N A T A L BR A IN 237

Anterior thalamic nucl

nucleus
Body of caudaate nucleus
Lateral ventricle Laterall medullary lamina
of glob
bus pallidus
Meddial medullary lamina
of g
globus pallidus
Fornix x
Thalamus s Lateral sulcus
L
Third ventricle
e
Insular cortex
Perforating fibre
es
Optic trac
ct Ansa lenticularis

Subthalamic nucleus
Inferior horn
h of lateral ventricle
Cerebral peduncle
Hippocampus
Mammillary
ammillary body Hi
Hippocampal
l
sulcus

POSTNATAL MR 12 M ONTHS, CORONAL

238 ATL A S OF FE T A L A ND POS T NA T A L BR A IN M R

Precentral gyru
us

Corpus callosum

Intternal capsule
Forrnix

Lateral medullary lamina

a
of thalamuss
Superior cerebe
ellar
pedun
ncle

Subthalamic nu
ucleus

Red nu
ucleus
Optic tract
Pyramidal tract
Interpeduncular fossa

POSTNATAL MR 12 MONTHS, CORONAL

 S E C T I O N A L A N A T O M Y O F T H E P O ST N A T A L BR A IN 239

Postcentral gyrus

Cing
gulate gyrus

Corpus ca
allosum
P
Pulvinar
Superior colliculus

Inferior colliculus Optic radiation

Superior cerebellar
peduncle

Dentate
e fascia
Subiculum
Spinal tract of
Presubiculum
trigeminal nerve e

Med
dial lemniscus Flocculus

P
Pyramid
id Inferior olive

POSTNATAL MR 12 M ONTHS, CORONAL

240 ATL A S OF FE T A L A ND POS T NA T A L BR A IN M R

Calcarine sulcus
osterior horn of
Po Decussation of in
nferior
la
ateral ventricle cerebellar pedunccle

Emboliform nu
ucleus

De
entate nucleus

Lamina albae

POSTNATAL MR 12 MONTHS, CORONAL

 S E C T I O N A L A N A T O M Y O F T H E P O ST N A T A L BR A IN 241

Lateral sulcus

Superior temporal sulcus

POSTNATAL M R 12 M ONTHS , S AGITTAL

242 ATL A S OF FE T A L A ND POS T NA T A L BR A IN M R

Tail of caudate nucleus

nu

Corona rad
diata
Posterior limb off Trrigone of
internal capsulee latteral ventricle

Putamen Posterior horn of

Lateral geniculate body lateral ventricle

m
Claustrum

Caalcarine sulcus
Am
mygdala Collaterral sulcus
Hippocampus
Dentate
Inferior horn of fascia
lateral ventricle

POSTNATAL MR 12 M ONTHS, SAGITTAL

 S E C T I O N A L A N A T O M Y O F T H E P O ST N A T A L BR A IN 243

Subthalamicc nucleus
Splenium
m of corpus
callosum
m
Anterior limb of
internal capsule
Pulvinar
Medial medullary laminaa
of globus palliduss Ce
entromedian
nu
ucleus
Ansa lentic
cularis
In
nferior cerebellar
pe
eduncle
Cerebellar
C
Optic tract h
hemisphere
Cerebral peduncle
Denta
ate nucleus
Flocculus

POSTNATAL MR 12 M ONTHS, SAGITTAL

244 ATL A S OF FE T A L A ND POS T NA T A L BR A IN M R

Cavum septi
epti pellucidi Anterior thalamic nuclei
Lateral venntricle Medullary stria
s of thalamus
Cavum vergae
v
Genu of corpus
Splenium of corpus callosum
callosum
Posterior commissure
Nucle
eus of oculomotor nerve
Anterior commissure Cereebral aqueduct
Third ventriicle Commmissure of inferior colliculus

Optic recesss Vermis

Decussation of su
uperior
cerebellar pe
eduncle
Media al lemniscus
Gracile nucleus
Cune
eate nucleus
Pyramidal
id l d
decussation
i

POSTNATAL MR 12 M ONTHS, SAGITTAL

 S E C T I O N A L A N A T O M Y O F T H E P O ST N A T A L BR A IN 245

Centrall
sulcus
s

Body of lateral
ventricle

Centrrum
semiov
vale

POSTNATAL MR 18 M ONTHS, AXIAL

246 ATL A S OF FE T A L A ND POS T NA T A L BR A IN M R

Head of caudate
nucleus
Great lo
ongitudinal fissure

Corp
pus callosum

A
Anterior horn of
la
ateral ventricle

Thalamostriate
e
veinn Cavum septi pellucidi

Ve
ein of septum
pe
ellucidum
Thalamus

Posterior limb off Fornix

internal capsulee

Corp
pus callosum

Tail of caudate
nucleus
Choroid plexus of
lateral ventricle

POSTNATAL MR 18 M O NTHS, AXIAL

 S E C T I O N A L A N A T O M Y O F T H E P O ST N A T A L BR A IN 247

Co
olumn of fornix
Genu off corpus callosum

Interventricular forramen
(of Monro)
Vein of septum pellucidum
V
Thalamostriate vein
T
Puttamen
C
Choroidal vein

us
Globus pallidu Ventrolateral thalamic nuclei

Me
edial thalamic nuclei
Claustrrum

P
Pulvinar
Internal capsule
Crrus of fornix

Tail of caudate nucleu

us Interrnal cerebral vein

Cavum vergae

Splenium of corpus callosum

d plexus
Glomus of choroid

POSTNATAL MR 18 M ONTHS, AXIAL

248 ATL A S OF FE T A L A ND POS T NA T A L BR A IN M R

Optic re
ecess

O
Optic tract
Infundibulum
Uncus Mammillary body

Hippocampus Fibres of oculomotor nerve

Dentate fascia
a Nu
ucleus of trochlear nerve and
medial longitudinal fasciculus
Limbus Giaccomini
Substantia
t ti nigra
i Inferior colliculus
Inferio

POSTNATAL MR 18 M O NTHS, AXIAL

 S E C T I O N A L A N A T O M Y O F T H E P O ST N A T A L BR A IN 249

Trigeminal
al nerve Pyramidal tract
trac
Medial le
emniscus

Laterral lemniscus
Vestibulomesencephalic tract
Centrral tegmental tract

Fourth ventric
cle
Superior cerebellar peduncle

Uvula
a
Dentate nucleus
Pyramis vermis

POSTNATAL MR 18 M ONTHS, AXIAL

250 ATL A S OF FE T A L A ND POS T NA T A L BR A IN M R

Medial lemniscus
Trapezoid body Pyramidal trac
ct

Superior olive
Floc
cculus

Sppinal tract of
Vestibular nuclei trigeminal nerve

Inferior cerebellar
peduncle
Nodulus
Uvula Dentate nucleus

Pyra
amid

POSTNATAL MR 18 M O NTHS, AXIAL

 S E C T I O N A L A N A T O M Y O F T H E P O ST N A T A L BR A IN 251

Centrum semiovale

Olfactory sulcus

Olfactory tract

POSTNATAL MR 18 MONTHS, CORONAL

252 ATL A S OF FE T A L A ND POS T NA T A L BR A IN M R

Cavum septi Corpus

p callosum
pellucidi
Body of caudate
e nucleus
Anterior lim
mb of
internal ca
apsule
Anterior horn off
lateral ventricle
e
Exxternal capsule
Vein of septum P
Putamen
pellucidum
Lateral sulcus
Anterior commissure

Third ventrricle C
Claustrum

Gllobus pallidus

Inffundibulum
Amygdala
Uncus
Optic
Supraoptic commissure Substantia
tract
innominata

POSTNATAL MR 18 MONTHS, CORONAL

 S E C T I O N A L A N A T O M Y O F T H E P O ST N A T A L BR A IN 253

Anterior thalamic nucleus

nucle
Body of caudatte nucleus

Lateral ventricle Laterall medullary lamina

of globus pallidus

Meddial medullary lamina

of g
globus pallidus
Fornixx
Thalamuss Lateral sulcus
L
Third ventricle
e
In
nsular cortex
Perforating fibre
es
Optic tra
act Ansa lenticularis

Subthalamic nuccleus
Inferior horn of lateral ventricle
Cerebral peduncle
Hippocampus
Mammillary body
Hippocampal
sulcus

POSTNATAL MR 18 M ONTHS, CORONAL

254 ATL A S OF FE T A L A ND POS T NA T A L BR A IN M R

Precentral gyrus
gyru

Corpus callosum
Intternal capsule
Forrnix

Lateral medullary lamina

of thalamus
Superior cerebe
ellar
pedun
ncle

Subthalamic nu
ucleus
Red nu
ucleus
Optic tract
Pyramidal tract
Interpeduncular fossa

POSTNATAL MR 18 MONTHS, CORONAL

 S E C T I O N A L A N A T O M Y O F T H E P O ST N A T A L BR A IN 255

Postcentral gyrus
Cing
gulate gyrus

Corpus callosum

P
Pulvinar
Superior collliculus

Inferior colliculus Optic radiation

Superior cerebellar
peduncle

Dentatte fascia
Subiculum
m
Spinal tract of
Presubiculum
m
trigeminal nerve e

Mediall lemniscus Flocculus

P
Pyramid
id Inferior olive

POSTNATAL MR 18 M ONTHS, CORONAL

256 ATL A S OF FE T A L A ND POS T NA T A L BR A IN M R

Calcarine sulcus
Posterior horn of Decussation of in
nferior
la
ateral ventricle cerebellar pedun
ncle

Emboliform nu
ucleus

De
entate nucleus

Lamina albae

POSTNATAL MR 18 MONTHS, CORONAL

 S E C T I O N A L A N A T O M Y O F T H E P O ST N A T A L BR A IN 257

Lateral sulcus

Superior temporal sulcus

POSTNATAL M R 18 M ONTHS , S AGITTAL

258 ATL A S OF FE T A L A ND POS T NA T A L BR A IN M R

Tail of caudate nucleus

nucl

Corona radiata
Trrigone of
Posterior limb of latteral ventricle
internal capsulee

Putamen Posterior horn of

lateral ventricle
Lateral geniculate bod
dy
Claustrum
m

Ca
alcarine sulcus
Amygdala Collatera
al sulcus
Hippocampus
Dentate
Inferior horn of fascia
lateral ventricle

POSTNATAL MR 18 M ONTHS, SAGITTAL

 S E C T I O N A L A N A T O M Y O F T H E P O ST N A T A L BR A IN 259

Subthalamic nucleus
Splenium
m of corpus callosum
Anterior limb of
internal capsuule
Pulvin
nar
Medial medullary lamina
of globus pallidus Ce
entromedian nucleus
Ansa lenticularis
In
nferior cerebellar peduncle

Cerebellar hemisphere
Optic tract
Cerebral peduncle
Dentate nucleus
Denta
Flocculus

POSTNATAL MR 18 M ONTHS, SAGITTAL

260 ATL A S OF FE T A L A ND POS T NA T A L BR A IN M R

Anterior thalamic nuclei

Cavum septi pellucidi
Medullary stria of thalamus
Lateral ventricle
Cavum ve
ergae
Genu of corpus callosum
m Splenium
m of corpus callosum
Posterrior commissure
Nucleeus of oculomotor nerve
Anterior commissure Cereebral aqueduct
Third ventricle Commmissure of inferior colliculus

Optic recesss Vermis

Decussation of superior
cerebellar peduncle
dial lemniscus
Med
Graccile nucleus
Cunea ate nucleus

Pyramidal decussation

POSTNATAL MR 18 M ONTHS, SAGITTAL


A Arachnoid granulations, 8f
Abducent nerve
fetus (axial), 50f, 67f, 123f, 141f
fetus (coronal), 56f, 90f, 128f, 145f,
146f
fetus (sagittal), 94f
ADC maps, 38
Alveus, 89f
Amygdala
fetus (axial), 49f, 66f, 82f, 83f, 140f
fetus (coronal), 54f, 70f, 86f, 87f, 106f,
127f, 143f, 144f
fetus (sagittal), 57f, 110f, 111f
postnatal (axial), 188f
postnatal (coronal), 171f, 194f, 204f,
220f, 236f, 252f
postnatal (sagittal), 177f, 210f, 226f,
242f, 258f
Ansa lenticularis
fetus (axial), 120f
fetus (coronal), 128f, 144f
fetus (sagittal), 132f, 149f
postnatal (axial), 164f, 183f, 189f
postnatal (coronal), 172f, 205f, 221f,
237f, 253f
postnatal (sagittal), 178f, 195f, 211f,
227f, 243f, 259f
Anterior ascending ramus, 12f
Anterior cerebral artery
fetus (axial), 82f, 97f, 136f
fetus (coronal), 106f, 126f, 143f
Anterior commissure
fetus (axial), 48f, 65f, 66f, 81f, 100f,
101f, 118f, 119f, 120f, 139f
fetus (coronal), 53f, 70f, 71f, 86f, 106f,
127f, 143f, 144f
fetus (sagittal), 57f, 76f, 95f, 110f, 113f,
133f, 134f, 148f, 150f
postnatal (axial), 163f, 164f, 183f, 188f
postnatal (coronal), 171f, 204f, 220f,
236f, 252f
postnatal (sagittal), 179f, 196f, 212f,
228f, 244f, 260f
Anterior horizontal ramus, 9, 12f
Anterior perforated substance, 120f, 143f
Anterior thalamic nuclei
fetus (axial), 45f, 64f, 98f, 116f, 138f
fetus (coronal), 70f, 86f, 106f
fetus (sagittal), 112f
postnatal (axial), 189f
postnatal (coronal), 172f, 205f, 221f,
237f, 253f
postnatal (sagittal), 179f, 196f, 212f,
228f, 244f, 260f
Apparent diffusion coefficient
fi (ADC)
maps, 38
Arachnoid, 8f
subject index
Caudate nucleus (Continued)
Area postrema, 95f, 103f, 151f postnatal (coronal), 171f, 172f, 194f,
Area septalis, 47f, 64f, 80f, 99f 204f, 205f, 220f, 221f, 236f, 237f,
Arteria cerebri media rami striati, 127f 252f, 253f
Atlas, overview, 2 postnatal (sagittal), 177f, 210f, 226f,
Axial FLAIR image, 155f 242f, 258f
Axial section, fetal brain Cavum septi pellucidi
19–20 weeks, 42–50 fetus (axial), 44f, 79f, 97f, 116f, 136f,
22–23 weeks, 61–67 137f
25–26 weeks, 78–84 fetus (coronal), 52f, 69f, 85f, 105f, 126f,
28–29 weeks, 96–103 143f
32–33 weeks, 114–124 fetus (sagittal), 76f, 77f, 112f, 113f,
36–37 weeks, 135–141 134f, 151f
Axial section, postnatal brain postnatal (axial), 161f, 181f, 188f, 198f,
0–1 month, 160–169 214f, 230f, 246f
3–4 months, 180–189 postnatal (coronal), 171f, 204f, 220f,
6 months, 197–202 236f, 252f
9 months, 213–218 postnatal (sagittal), 179f, 196f, 212f,
12 months, 229–234 228f, 244f, 260f
18 months, 245–250 Cavum vergae
fetus (axial), 116f, 137f
fetus (coronal), 88f, 107f, 147f
B fetus (sagittal), 77f, 112f, 113f, 134f, 151f
Basal vein, 82f postnatal (axial), 162f, 182f, 199f, 215f,
Basilar artery, 55f, 124f, 141f 231f, 247f
Book, overview, 2 postnatal (coronal), 228f
Brachium of inferior colliculus, 47f postnatal (sagittal), 179f, 196f, 212f,
Brain imaging. See MR imaging 244f, 260f
Central canal, 131f
Central insular sulcus, 14f
C Central lobule (of cerebellum), 166f
Calcar avis, 131f Central sulcus, 9, 10f, 11f, 12f, 14–17
Calcarine sulcus, 11f, 13, 17 fetus (axial), 78f, 96f, 135f, 160f, 213f,
fetus (axial), 119f 229f
fetus (coronal), 91f, 130f, 131f fetus (sagittal), 148f
fetus (sagittal), 110f, 111f, 133f, lateral surface, 25f, 26f
148f medial surface, 33f, 34f
inferior surface, 29f postnatal (axial), 180f, 197f, 245f
medial surface, 32f, 33f, 34f postnatal (sagittal), 177f
postnatal (coronal), 192f, 194f, 208f, superior surface, 21f, 22f
224f, 256f Central tegmental tract, 167f, 185f, 201f,
postnatal (sagittal), 175f, 177f, 226f, 217f, 233f, 249f
258f Centromedian nucleus
Callosal sulcus, 8f, 11f, 32f, 33f, 34f fetus (axial), 46f, 47f, 64f, 80f, 81f, 99f,
Caudate nucleus 100f, 118f, 119f, 139f
fetus (axial), 43f, 44f, 45f, 47f, 62f, 63f, fetus (coronal), 87f, 88f, 107f
79f, 80f, 97f, 100f, 115f, 116f, 118f, fetus (sagittal), 59f, 111f, 133f
136f, 137f postnatal (axial), 163f
fetus (coronal), 52f, 54f, 69f, 70f, 85f, postnatal (sagittal), 178f, 195f, 211f,
86f, 88f, 105f, 106f, 126f, 128f, 227f, 243f, 259f
143f, 144f Centrum semiovale
fetus (sagittal), 57f, 58f, 59f, 75f, 93f, fetus (axial), 61f, 78f, 96f, 114f, 135f
110f, 111f, 132f, 133f, 148f, 149f, fetus (sagittal), 93f, 110f, 111f
150f postnatal (axial), 160f, 170f, 180f, 187f,
postnatal (axial), 161f, 162f, 163f, 181f, 197f, 213f, 229f, 245f
182f, 188f, 189f, 198f, 199f, 214f, postnatal (coronal), 203f, 219f, 235f,
215f, 230f, 231f, 246f, 247f 251f
261
262 SUBJ EC T IN D E X

Cerebellar hemisphere, 11f, 24f Corona radiata Dentate fascia

fetus (axial), 49f, 67f fetus (coronal), 146f fetus (axial), 66f, 100f, 101f
fetus (coronal), 73f postnatal (coronal), 194f fetus (coronal), 88f
fetus (sagittal), 75f, 149f postnatal (sagittal), 177f, 210f, 226f, postnatal (axial), 164f, 165f, 183f, 184f,
inferior surface, 28f, 29f, 30f 242f, 258f 200f, 216f, 232f, 248f
postnatal (sagittal), 178f, 195f, 211f, Coronal section. See Coronal section, postnatal (coronal), 174f, 191f, 194f,
227f, 243f, 259f fetal brain; Coronal section, 207f, 223f, 239f, 255f
Cerebellar vermis, 11f, 33f, 34f postnatal brain postnatal (sagittal), 177f, 210f, 226f,
Cerebellum, 56f, 140f, 166f Coronal section, fetal brain 242f, 258f
Cerebral aqueduct 19–20 weeks, 51–56 Dentate gyrus, 90f
fetus (axial), 65f, 120f 22–23 weeks, 68–73 Dentate nucleus
fetus (coronal), 56f, 89f, 129f, 145f 25–26 weeks, 85–91 fetus (axial), 49f, 50f, 67f, 84f, 102f,
fetus (sagittal), 77f, 95f, 134f, 151f 28–29 weeks, 104–109 122f, 141f
postnatal (axial), 164f, 183f 32–33 weeks, 125–131 fetus (coronal), 73f, 91f, 109f, 130f,
postnatal (sagittal), 179f, 196f, 212f, 36–37 weeks, 142–147 131f, 147f
228f, 244f, 260f Coronal section, postnatal brain fetus (sagittal), 58f, 75f, 112f, 149f
Cerebral cortex, 8f 0–1 month, 170–174 postnatal (axial), 167f, 168f, 169f, 185f,
Cerebral palsy, 155f 3–4 months, 190–194 186f, 201f, 202f, 217f, 218f, 233f,
Cerebral peduncle 6 months, 203–208 234f, 249f, 250f
fetus (axial), 48f, 49f, 82f, 101f, 140f 9 months, 219–224 postnatal (coronal), 192f, 208f, 224f,
fetus (coronal), 55f, 72f, 88f, 107f, 128f 12 months, 235–240 240f, 256f
fetus (sagittal), 58f, 60f, 75f, 94f, 112f, 18 months, 251–256 postnatal (sagittal), 175f, 178f, 195f,
133f, 149f Corpus callosum, 8f, 11f 211f, 227f, 243f, 259f
postnatal (axial), 166f, 189f fetus (axial), 43f, 44f, 45f, 46f, 62f, 79f, Descending vestibular branch, 150f
postnatal (coronal), 172f, 205f, 221f, 97f, 98f, 99f, 115f, 117f, 118f, 136f, Development of the Human Foetal Brain:
237f, 253f 137f, 138f, 139f An Anatomical Atlas (Feess-Higgins/
postnatal (sagittal), 178f, 195f, 211f, fetus (coronal), 52f, 54f, 69f, 76f, 77f, Larroche), 1
227f, 243f, 259f 85f, 89f, 105f, 107f, 126f, 127f, Diagnostic imaging. See MR imaging
Choroid plexus 143f, 147f Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), 38, 40f
fetus (axial), 43f, 62f, 64f, 98f, 115f, fetus (sagittal), 93f, 95f, 112f, 113f, Diploic vein, 8f
117f, 138f, 139f 134f, 151f Dorsal accessory olivary nucleus, 130f
fetus (coronal), 55f, 73f, 89f, 91f, 109f medial surface, 32f, 33f, 34f Dura matter, 8f
fetus (sagittal), 77f, 132f postnatal (axial), 161f, 162f, 181f, 182f, DWI, 38, 40f
postnatal (axial), 162f, 182f, 199f, 215f, 188f, 198f, 199f, 214f, 215f, 230f, Dyskinetic cerebral palsy, 155f
231f, 247f 231f, 246f, 247f
Choroidal fissure,
fi 57f, 74f, 116f, 138f postnatal (coronal), 171f, 173f, 174f,
Choroidal vein, 162f, 182f, 199f, 215f, 190f, 191f, 204f, 206f, 207f, 220f, E
231f, 247f 222f, 223f, 236f, 238f, 239f, 252f, Emboliform nucleus
Cingulate gyrus, 11f 254f, 255f fetus (axial), 122f, 141f
medial surface, 33f, 34f postnatal (sagittal), 178f, 179f, 195f, postnatal (coronal), 192f, 208f, 224f,
postnatal (coronal), 174f, 191f, 207f, 196f, 211f, 212f, 227f, 228f, 243f, 240f, 256f
223f, 239f, 255f 244f, 259f, 260f postnatal (sagittal), 175f
Cingulate sulcus, 8f, 11f, 13, 17, 33f, 34f Corpus callosum sulcus, 111f Emissary vein, 8f
Circular sulcus, 14f Cortex, 51f, 61f, 68f, 78f External capsule
Claustrum Cortical plate, 37f, 38, 38t fetus (coronal), 143f
fetus (axial), 45f, 47f, 63f, 80f, 97f, 116f, Crus of the fornix. See also Column of fetus (sagittal), 59f
139f fornix; Fornix postnatal (axial), 188f
fetus (coronal), 52f, 53f, 69f, 70f, 86f, fetus (axial), 45f, 116f, 117f postnatal (coronal), 171f, 204f, 220f,
105f, 126f, 143f, 144f fetus (coronal), 55f, 88f, 107f, 147f, 236f, 252f
fetus (sagittal), 57f fetus (sagittal), 58f, 110f, 133f, 137f,
postnatal (axial), 162f, 182f, 188f, 199f, 149f, 150f
215f, 231f, 247f postnatal (axial), 215f, 231f, 247f F
postnatal (coronal), 171f, 194f, 204f, Culmen, 121f Facial nerve
220f, 236f, 252f Cuneate fascia, 113f fetus (axial), 123f, 124f
postnatal (sagittal), 177f, 210f, 226f, Cuneate nucleus fetus (coronal), 90f, 145f, 146f
242f, 258f fetus (axial), 103f, 124f fetus (sagittal), 94f, 150f
Cochlear nucleus, 58f, 67f, 75f fetus (coronal), 91f, 131f, 147f Falx, 73f, 91f
Collateral sulcus, 13, 17–18 fetus (sagittal), 76f, 94f Falx cerebri, 8f
postnatal (coronal), 194f postnatal (sagittal), 179f, 196f, 212f, Fasciculus, 94f
postnatal (sagittal), 177f, 210f, 226f, 228f, 244f, 260f Fasciolar gyrus
242f, 258f Cuneus, 11f, 33f, 34f fetus (axial), 64f, 80f, 99f, 118f
Column of fornix. See also Crus of the fetus (coronal), 90f
fornix; Fornix fetus (sagittal), 58f
fetus (axial), 48f, 64f, 65f, 80f, 81f, 99f, D postnatal (axial), 163f
100f, 117f, 118f, 119f, 120f, 138f, Decussation of inferior cerebellar peduncle Fastigial nucleus, 109f, 122f
139f fetus (coronal), 131f Fate mapping, 36
fetus (coronal), 53f, 54f, 70f, 71f, 86f, postnatal (coronal), 192f, 224f, 240f, Fetal brain, 35–151
106f, 127f, 144f 256f axial section. See Axial section, fetal
fetus (sagittal), 76f, 95f, 113f Decussation of superior cerebellar brain
postnatal (axial), 215f, 231f, 247f peduncle coronal section. See Coronal section,
Commissure of inferior colliculus, 179f, fetus (axial), 83f fetal brain
196f, 212f, 228f, 244f, 260f fetus (coronal), 129f sagittal section. See Sagittal section,
Core Text of Neuroanatomy (Carpenter), 1 postnatal (sagittal), 179f, 196f, 212f, fetal brain
Cornu ammonis, 66f, 88f, 89f, 101f 228f, 244f, 260f signal characteristics, 38t

Fetal brain (Continued)
stages of development, 37t
transient structures, 35–38
Fetal sulcation milestones, 17t
Fimbria of hippocampus
fetus (axial), 66f, 99f, 118f
fetus (coronal), 55f, 88f, 147f
fetus (sagittal), 93f
First year of life. See Postnatal brain
FLAIR image, 155f
Flocculus
fetus (axial), 103f, 124f
fetus (coronal), 73f, 109f, 130f, 145f
fetus (sagittal), 58f, 75f, 112f, 149f
postnatal (axial), 169f, 186f, 202f, 218f,
234f, 250f
postnatal (coronal), 174f, 191f, 207f,
223f, 239f, 255f
postnatal (sagittal), 178f, 195f, 211f,
227f, 243f, 259f
Fornix. See also Column of fornix; Crus of
the fornix
fetus (axial), 63f
fetus (coronal), 70f, 86f, 128f, 144f
medial surface, 32f
postnatal (axial), 161f, 162f, 163f, 164f,
181f, 182f, 183f, 189f, 198f, 199f,
214f, 230f, 246f
postnatal (coronal), 172f, 173f, 190f,
205f, 206f, 221f, 222f, 237f, 238f,
253f, 254f
Fourth ventricle
fetus (axial), 50f, 67f, 103f, 122f
fetus (coronal), 56f, 73f, 90f, 130f, 147f
fetus (sagittal), 58f, 59f, 75f, 76f, 77f,
94f, 95f, 113f, 134f, 151f
postnatal (axial), 167f, 185f, 201f, 217f,
233f, 249f
Funiculus anterior, 131f
G 221f, 237f, 253f
Gangliothalamic body, 81f
Garel, Catherine, 15
Geniculate body, 120f
Gennari’s band, 119f
Germinal matrix, 35, 36, 37f
fetus (axial), 48f, 51f, 52f, 53f, 54f,
62f, 64f, 66f, 78f, 79f, 81f, 82f,
96f, 97f, 98f, 99f, 100f, 101f,
114f, 115f, 116f, 119f, 120f, 136f,
137f, 138f, 139f
fetus (coronal), 69f, 72f, 85f, 86f, 87f,
89f, 104f, 105f, 106f, 107f, 125f,
126f, 142f, 143f, 144f
fetus (sagittal), 58f, 75f, 92f, 93f, 94f,
110f, 112f, 132f, 148f, 149f, 150f
Gestational age. See Fetal brain
Gliosis, 155f
Globose nucleus, 91f, 102f
Globus pallidus
fetus (axial), 46f, 47f, 63f, 65f, 80f, 99f,
100f, 117f, 118f, 119f, 120f, 139f
fetus (coronal), 53f, 70f, 71f, 86f, 106f,
127f, 128f, 143f, 144f
fetus (sagittal), 58f, 74f, 93f, 110f, 132f,
133f, 148f, 149f
postnatal (axial), 162f, 163f, 164f, 182f,
183f, 188f, 189, 189f, 199f, 215f,
231f, 247f
postnatal (coronal), 171f, 172f, 204f, 205f,
220f, 221f, 236f, 237f, 252f, 253f
postnatal (sagittal), 178f, 195f, 211f,
227f, 243f, 259f
Glossopharyngeal nerve, 73f, 103f, 109f
Gracile nucleus
fetus (coronal), 131f
fetus (sagittal), 60f, 134f, 151f
postnatal (sagittal), 179f, 196f, 212f,
228f, 244f, 260f
Great cerebral vein, 118f
Great cerebral vein (of Galen), 76f
Great longitudinal fissure
fi Inferior sagittal sinus, 8f
fetus (axial), 96f, 114f
postnatal (axial), 181f, 198f, 214f, 230f,
246f
Gyrus brevi, 9, 14f
Gyrus longus, 9, 14f
Gyrus rectus, 101f, 121f
H fetus (coronal), 143f
Habenula
fetus (axial), 46f, 64f, 80f, 100f, 118f,
139f
fetus (coronal), 88f
Habenulo-interpeduncular tract
fetus (axial), 47f, 48f, 81f, 119f, 120f
fetus (coronal), 55f, 88f, 129f, 145f
Hippocampal sulcus
fetus (axial), 83f, 121f
fetus (coronal), 221f
fetus (sagittal), 111f
postnatal (axial), 189f
postnatal (coronal), 172f, 205f, 237f,
253f
Hippocampus
fetus (axial), 46f, 65f, 81f, 82f, 83f, 100f,
101f, 119f, 121f, 140f
fetus (coronal), 55f, 72f, 87f, 90f, 107f,
108f, 128f
fetus (sagittal), 57f, 110f, 148f
postnatal (axial), 164f, 165f, 183f, 184f,
189f, 200f, 216f, 232f, 248f
postnatal (coronal), 172f, 194f, 205f,
postnatal (sagittal), 177f, 210f, 226f,
242f, 258f
Holoprosencephaly, 15
Horizontal fissure, 131f, 141f
Hypoglossal nerve, 91f, 109f, 151f
Hypothalamus, 70f, 86f, 106f, 120f, 121f
I 231f, 247f
In utero imaging of fetus, 4–5
Indusium griseum, 90f, 97f, 115f
Infant. See Postnatal brain
Inferior cerebellar peduncle
fetus (axial), 67f, 102f, 122f, 123f, 124f,
141f
fetus (coronal), 109f, 130f, 146f, 147f
fetus (sagittal), 58f, 149f, 150f
postnatal (axial), 168f, 169f, 186f, 202f,
218f, 234f, 250f
postnatal (coronal), 208f
postnatal (sagittal), 175f, 195f, 211f,
227f, 243f, 259f
Inferior colliculus
fetus (axial), 48f, 66f, 101f, 140f
fetus (coronal), 56f, 73f, 90f, 108f, 145f,
146f, 147f
fetus (sagittal), 60f, 94f, 112f
postnatal (axial), 165f, 184f, 200f, 216f,
232f, 248f
postnatal (coronal), 174f, 191f, 207f,
223f, 239f, 255f
Inferior frontal gyrus, 10f, 26f
SU B J E C T I ND E X 263
Inferior frontal sulcus, 9, 13, 17
Inferior olivary nucleus, 130f
Inferior olive
fetus (axial), 103f
fetus (coronal), 56f, 73f, 91f, 146f, 223f
fetus (sagittal), 60f, 76f, 77f, 94f, 113f
postnatal (coronal), 174f, 191f, 207f,
239f, 255f
Inferior surface, 27–30
Inferior temporal gyrus, 10f, 11f, 26f
Inferior temporal sulcus, 10f, 13, 17, 26f
Infratentorial brain, 155f
Infundibular nucleus, 49f, 66f
Infundibular recess, 134f
Infundibulum
fetus (axial), 83f
postnatal (axial), 165f, 184f, 188f, 200f,
216f, 232f, 248f
postnatal (coronal), 171f, 204f, 220f,
236f, 252f
Insula, 9, 14f, 24f, 25f, 26f
Insular cortex
fetus (axial), 99f, 117f, 138f
fetus (coronal), 70f, 106f, 127f
postnatal (axial), 189f
postnatal (coronal), 172f, 221f, 237f,
253f
Intermediate zone, 36, 37f, 38t
Internal capsule, 37f
fetus (axial), 44f, 62f, 79f, 81f, 99f, 117f,
119f, 136f, 137f, 138f, 139f
fetus (coronal), 52f, 54f, 69f, 70f, 72f,
85f, 105f, 106f, 126f
fetus (sagittal), 57f, 74f, 110f, 111f, 148f
postnatal (axial), 161f, 162f, 163f, 164f,
181f, 182f, 183f, 188f, 198f, 199f,
214f, 215f, 230f, 231f, 246f, 247f
postnatal (coronal), 171f, 173f, 190f,
194f, 204f, 206f, 220f, 222f, 236f,
238f, 252f, 254f
postnatal (sagittal), 177f, 178f, 195f,
210f, 211f, 226f, 227f, 242f, 243f,
258f, 259f
Internal cerebral vein
fetus (axial), 116f, 117f, 137f, 139f
fetus (coronal), 88f, 129f
fetus (sagittal), 76f
postnatal (axial), 162f, 182f, 199f, 215f,
Interpeduncular fossa
fetus (coronal), 55f
postnatal (coronal), 173f, 190f, 206f,
222f, 238f, 254f
Interventricular foramen, 117f, 127f, 138f
Interventricular foramen (of Monro)
fetus (axial), 63f, 98f
fetus (sagittal), 76f
postnatal (axial), 162f, 182f, 199f, 215f,
231f, 247f
iuMR, 2
J
Juxtarestiform body, 123f
L
Lamina albae
postnatal (coronal), 192f, 208f, 224f,
240f, 256f
postnatal (sagittal), 175f
Lamina terminalis, 65f, 119f
264 SUBJ EC T IN D E X
Lateral cerebral fossa, 53f, 62f, 71f
Lateral geniculate body
fetus (axial), 47f, 65f, 119f
fetus (coronal), 55f, 88f
fetus (sagittal), 57f, 93f, 110f, 148f, 226f
postnatal (axial), 164f, 183f
postnatal (coronal), 194f
postnatal (sagittal), 177f, 210f, 242f, 258f
Lateral lemniscus
fetus (axial), 122f
fetus (coronal), 90f, 108f, 145f
fetus (sagittal), 112f, 150f
postnatal (axial), 166f, 167f, 185f, 201f,
217f, 233f, 249f
Lateral recess, 109f
Lateral sulcus, 9, 10f, 12f, 14f
fetus (axial), 116f, 136f, 137f
fetus (coronal), 86f, 105f, 127f, 144f
fetus (sagittal), 92f
inferior surface, 28f, 29f, 30f
lateral surface, 24f, 25f, 26f
postnatal (axial), 188f, 189f
postnatal (coronal), 171f, 172f, 193f,
204f, 205f, 220f, 221f, 236f, 237f,
241f, 252f, 253f
postnatal (sagittal), 176f, 209f, 225f, 257f
Lateral surface, 23–26
Lateral ventricle
fetus (axial), 43f, 45f, 62f, 63f, 66f, 79f,
81f, 82f, 97f, 98f, 99f, 100f, 101f,
114f, 115f, 116f, 117f, 118f, 119f,
121f, 136f, 137f, 138f, 140f
fetus (coronal), 51f, 52f, 69f, 72f, 85f,
87f, 91f, 108f, 126f, 128f, 130f,
131f, 143f, 144f
fetus (sagittal), 57f, 58f, 60f, 74f, 75f,
92f, 93f, 94f, 95f, 110f, 111f, 113f,
148f, 149f, 150f
postnatal (axial), 160f, 161f, 163f, 180f,
181f, 188f, 189f, 197f, 198f, 213f,
214f, 229f, 230f, 245f, 246f
postnatal (coronal), 171f, 172f, 192f,
194f, 204f, 205f, 208f, 220f, 221f,
224f, 236f, 237f, 240f, 252f, 253f,
256f
postnatal (sagittal), 175f, 177f, 179f,
196f, 210f, 212f, 226f, 228f, 242f,
244f, 258f, 260f
Limbus Giacomini
fetus (axial), 66f, 101f
fetus (sagittal), 58f
postnatal (axial), 165f, 184f, 200f, 216f,
232f, 248f
M Middle temporal gyrus, 10f, 26f
Macroscopic myelination, 153
Mammillary body
fetus (axial), 49f, 66f, 82f, 101f, 121f
fetus (coronal), 72f, 87f, 144f
fetus (sagittal), 77f, 95f, 113f, 151f
postnatal (axial), 165f, 184f, 189f, 200f,
216f, 248f
postnatal (coronal), 172f, 205f, 221f,
237f, 253f
Mammillothalamic tract
fetus (axial), 47f, 65f, 80f, 81f, 99f, 100f,
118f, 119f
fetus (coronal), 54f, 71f, 86f
Marginal zone, 37
Massa intermedia
fetus (axial), 46f, 64f, 80f, 117f, 139f
fetus (coronal), 72f, 87f, 128f
postnatal (axial), 163f
Matrix mesencephalica, 35 Nodulus
Matrix rhombencephalica, 35 fetus (axial), 102f, 141f
Matrix telencephalica, 35 fetus (coronal), 147f
Medial accessory olivary nucleus, 130f postnatal (axial), 168f, 169f, 186f, 202f,
Medial geniculate body 218f, 234f, 250f
fetus (axial), 65f Nomina Anatomica, 35
fetus (sagittal), 58f, 59f, 75f, 132f
Medial and lateral geniculate body, 145f
Medial lemniscus O
fetus (axial), 84f, 121f, 122f, 124f, Occipital lobe, 10f, 22f, 26f
140f, 141f Occulomotor nerve, 77f, 121f, 134f, 248f
fetus (coronal), 109f, 129f, 145f fetus (axial), 101f
fetus (sagittal), 150f, 151f fetus (coronal), 88f, 128f, 129f
postnatal (axial), 164f, 166f, 167f, 169f, fetus (sagittal), 95f, 151f
183f, 185f, 186f, 201f, 202f, 217f, postnatal (axial), 165f, 184f, 200f, 216f,
218f, 233f, 234f, 249f, 250f 232f
postnatal (coronal), 174f, 191f, 207f, postnatal (sagittal), 179f, 196f, 212f,
223f, 255f 228f, 244f, 260f
postnatal (sagittal), 179f, 196f, 212f, Oculomotor nucleus
228f, 244f, 260f fetus (axial), 48f, 83f, 140f
Medial longitudinal fasciculus fetus (sagittal), 113f
fetus (axial), 49f, 101f, 102f, 120f, 121f, postnatal (axial), 166f
122f, 140f, 141f Olfactory region, 57f
fetus (coronal), 89f, 90f, 108f, 129f, Olfactory sulcus
145f, 146f fetus (axial), 121f
fetus (sagittal), 95f, 113f, 134f fetus (coronal), 125f, 142f
postnatal (axial), 164f, 165f, 168f, 183f, inferior surface, 30f
184f, 200f, 216f, 232f, 248f postnatal (axial), 187f
postnatal (sagittal), 179f, 196f, 212f, postnatal (coronal), 170f, 203f, 219f,
228f 235f, 251f
Medial surface, 31–34 Olfactory tract, 11f
Medial thalamic nuclei fetus (axial), 49f, 66f, 82f, 101f, 121f
fetus (axial), 64f, 98f, 117f fetus (coronal), 52f, 69f, 85f, 105f, 126f,
fetus (coronal), 87f, 107f 142f
fetus (sagittal), 112f fetus (sagittal), 59f, 60f, 94f, 112f
postnatal (axial), 162f, 182f, 199f, 215f, inferior surface, 28f, 29f, 30f
231f, 247f medial surface, 33f, 34f
Median longitudinal fissure,
fi 10f, 11f, 20f postnatal (axial), 187f
inferior surface, 28f, 29f, 30f postnatal (coronal), 170f, 203f, 219f,
superior surface, 21f, 22f 235f, 251f
Medulla, 11f Opercula, 9
inferior surface, 28f, 29f, 30f Optic chiasm, 11f
medial surface, 34f fetus (axial), 83f, 121f
Medullary stria of thalamus, 117f, 179f, fetus (coronal), 86f, 127f, 143f
196f fetus (sagittal), 60f, 77f, 151f
Meningeal vein, 8f inferior surface, 29f, 30f
Mesencephalic tract of trigeminal, 140f medial surface, 34f
Midbrain, 32f, 33f, 34f postnatal (axial), 166f
Middle cerebellar peduncle, 67f, 90f, Optic radiation
102f fetus (axial), 101f
Middle cerebral artery postnatal (axial), 163f, 164f, 183f
fetus (axial), 82f, 121f postnatal (coronal), 174f, 191f, 207f,
fetus (coronal), 71f, 106f, 143f 223f, 239f, 255f
fetus (sagittal), 111f postnatal (sagittal), 228f
Middle frontal gyrus, 10f, 26f Optic recess
fetus (axial), 66f, 82f
Migrating cells fetus (coronal), 143f
fetus (axial), 42f, 44f, 45f, 48f, 49f, 61f, fetus (sagittal), 134f
62f, 78f, 79f postnatal (axial), 165f, 184f, 200f, 216f,
fetus (coronal), 51f, 53f, 68f, 70f, 71f, 232f, 248f
87f, 89f, 104f, 125f, 131f, 142f postnatal (sagittal), 179f, 196f, 212f,
fetus (sagittal), 74f, 93f, 110f 244f, 260f
MR imaging Optic tract
fetal brain. See Fetal brain fetus (axial), 48f, 49f, 66f, 82f, 101f, 121f
postnatal brain. See Postnatal brain fetus (coronal), 54f, 70f, 71f, 87f, 144f
surface anatomy. See Surface anatomy fetus (sagittal), 94f, 112f, 133f, 149f
techniques. See Techniques used postnatal (axial), 165f, 184f, 188f, 189f,
uses, 1 200f, 216f, 232f, 248f
Myelination, 153–154, 157t postnatal (coronal), 171f, 172f, 173f,
190f, 204f, 205f, 206f, 220f, 221f,
222f, 236f, 237f, 238f, 252f, 253f,
N 254f
Neonatal brain. See Postnatal brain postnatal (sagittal), 178f, 195f, 211f,
Neuroepithelium, 35 227f, 243f, 259f

Orbital sulcus, 30f
Overview of atlas, 2
P Primary germinal matrix, 35, 36
Parieto-occipital sulcus, 9, 10f, 11f
fetus (sagittal), 60f, 111f, 133f
medial surface, 32f, 33f, 34f
superior surface, 20f, 21f, 22f
Pars marginalis, 16f
Pars marginalis of cingulate sulcus, 11f,
33f, 34f
Pars opercularis, 13f
Pars orbitalis, 13f
Pars triangularis, 13f
Pedunculus cerebellaris inferior, 112f
Perforating fibres
fi 227f, 243f, 259f
fetus (coronal), 128f
fetus (sagittal), 132f, 133f, 149f
postnatal (axial), 189f
postnatal (coronal), 172f, 205f, 221f,
237f, 253f
Pia meter, 8f
Pineal body, 146f
Pineal gland
fetus (axial), 46f, 64f, 118f
fetus (sagittal), 77f, 95f, 134f, 151f
medial surface, 32f
pmMR, 2
Pons, 11f
fetus (axial), 50f, 67f, 122f
fetus (coronal), 55f, 89f, 108f, 129f
fetus (sagittal), 59f, 113f, 134f
inferior surface, 28f, 29f, 30f
medial surface, 34f
Postcentral gyrus, 10f, 16f
lateral surface, 25f, 26f
postnatal (coronal), 174f, 191f, 207f,
223f, 239f
superior surface, 21f, 22f
Postcentral sulcus, 10f, 16f
fetus (axial), 114f, 135f
lateral surface, 26f
superior surface, 21f, 22f
Posterior ascending ramus, 12f
Posterior cerebral artery, 83f, 128f
Posterior commissure
fetus (axial), 119f
fetus (coronal), 129f, 145f
fetus (sagittal), 77f, 113f
postnatal (sagittal), 179f, 196f, 212f,
228f, 244f, 260f
Posterior descending ramus, 12f
Posterior horizontal ramus, 12f
Posterior perforated substance, 134f
Posterior ramus, 9
Posterior spinocerebellar tracts, 131f
Postmortem fetal tissue sections, 2
Postmortem MR imaging of fetus, 2–4
Postnatal brain, 153–260
axial section. See Axial section,
postnatal brain
coronal section. See Coronal section,
postnatal brain
myelination, 153–154, 157t
overview, 153–157
sagittal section. See Sagittal section,
postnatal brain
Postnatal MR imaging, 5
Precentral gyrus, 10f, 13f, 16f
lateral surface, 25f, 26f
postnatal (coronal), 173f, 190f, 206f,
222f, 238f, 254f
superior surface, 21f, 22f
SU B J E C T I ND E X 265
Precentral sulcus, 10f, 21f, 22f, 26f Sagittal section, fetal brain (Continued)
Precuneus, 11f, 33f, 34f 25–26 weeks, 92–95
Presubiculum, 174f, 191f, 207f, 223f, 239f, 28–29 weeks, 110–113
255f 32–33 weeks, 132–134
36–37 weeks, 148–151
Pulvinar Sagittal section, postnatal brain
fetus (axial), 46f, 64f, 80f, 81f, 99f, 100f, 0–1 month, 175–179
117f, 118f, 119f, 139f 3–4 months, 195–196
fetus (coronal), 147f 6 months, 209–212
fetus (sagittal), 59f, 93f, 110f, 111f, 9 months, 225–228
132f, 133f 12 months, 241–244
postnatal (axial), 162f, 163f, 182f, 199f, 18 months, 257–260
215f, 231f, 247f Secondary germinal matrix, 35, 36
postnatal (coronal), 174f, 191f, 207f, Sectional anatomy. See Fetal brain;
223f, 239f, 255f Postnatal brain
postnatal (sagittal), 178f, 195f, 211f, Septum pellucidum. See also Vein of
septum pellucidum
Putamen, 37f fetus (axial), 44f, 63f, 97f, 98f, 116f
fetus (axial), 44f, 45f, 47f, 63f, 65f, 80f, fetus (coronal), 143f
100f, 116f, 120f, 137f, 139f fetus (sagittal), 112f
fetus (coronal), 52f, 53f, 69f, 70f, 85f, Somatosensory radiation, 135f, 148f
105f, 126f, 143f, 144f STF1, 36
fetus (sagittal), 57f, 58f, 74f, 93f, 110f, STF2, 36
111f, 148f, 149f STF3, 36
postnatal (axial), 162f, 182f, 188f, 199f, STF4, 36
215f, 231f, 247f STF5, 36
postnatal (coronal), 171f, 194f, 204f, STF6, 36
220f, 236f, 252f Stratified
fi transitional field (STF), 36
postnatal (sagittal), 177f, 210f, 226f, Striatal matrix, 35
242f, 258f Subarachnoid space, 8f
Pyramid Subcentral gyrus, 13f
fetus (axial), 102f, 103f, 141f Subcommissural organ, 81f, 119f
fetus (coronal), 56f, 73f, 130f Subependymal vein, 115f, 144f
postnatal (axial), 169f, 186f, 202f, 218f, Subiculum, 174f, 191f, 207f, 223f, 239f,
234f, 250f 255f
postnatal (coronal), 174f, 191f, 207f, Subplate, 37f, 38, 38t
223f, 239f, 255f Substantia innominata
Pyramidal decussation postnatal (axial), 188f
fetus (coronal), 146f postnatal (coronal), 171f, 204f
fetus (sagittal), 134f, 151f Substantia innominata
postnatal (sagittal), 179f, 196f, 212f, fetus (axial), 120f
228f, 244f, 260f fetus (coronal), 127f, 143f
Pyramidal tract fetus (sagittal), 111f
fetus (axial), 50f, 84f postnatal (coronal), 220f, 236f, 252f
fetus (coronal), 55f, 89f, 90f, 108f, 129f Substantia nigra
fetus (sagittal), 59f, 60f, 76f, 77f, 94f, fetus (axial), 49f, 66f, 83f, 101f
95f, 113f fetus (coronal), 55f, 88f
postnatal (axial), 166f, 167f, 168f, 169f, fetus (sagittal), 59f, 111f
185f, 186f, 201f, 202f, 217f, 218f, postnatal (axial), 165f, 184f, 200f, 216f,
233f, 234f, 249f, 250f 232f, 248f
postnatal (coronal), 173f, 190f, 206f, Subthalamic nucleus
222f, 254f fetus (axial), 48f, 65f, 119f, 120f
Pyramis vermis, 233f, 249f fetus (coronal), 54f, 71f, 72f, 87f, 107f,
128f
fetus (sagittal), 59f, 75f, 111f, 133f, 149f
Q postnatal (axial), 164f, 183f, 189f
Quadrigeminal plate, 47f, 65f, 76f, 150f postnatal (coronal), 172f, 173f, 190f,
205f, 206f, 221f, 222f, 237f, 238f,
253f, 254f
R postnatal (sagittal), 178f, 195f, 211f,
Red nucleus 227f, 243f, 259f
fetus (axial), 48f, 120f, 121f Subventricular zone, 35, 37f, 38t
fetus (coronal), 55f, 88f Sulcus hypothalamicus, 106f
fetus (sagittal), 60f, 76f, 112f, 113f, 150f Sulcus visualization, 17t
postnatal (axial), 164f, 183f Superficial
fi cerebral vein, 8f
postnatal (coronal), 173f, 190f, 206f, Superior cerebellar peduncle
222f, 238f, 254f fetus (axial), 49f, 66f, 122f, 140f
Rhinencephalic cavity, 52f, 60f fetus (coronal), 56f, 130f, 145f, 146f,
147f
postnatal (axial), 164f, 166f, 167f, 183f,
S 185f, 201f, 217f, 233f, 249f
Sagittal section, fetal brain postnatal (coronal), 173f, 174f, 190f,
19–20 weeks, 57–60 191f, 206f, 207f, 222f, 223f, 238f,
22–23 weeks, 74–77 239f, 254f, 255f
266 SUBJ EC T IN D E X

Superior colliculus Thalamostriate vein (Continued) Uncus (Continued)

fetus (axial), 120f
fetus (coronal), 56f
postnatal (axial), 164f, 183f
postnatal (coronal), 174f, 191f, 207f,
223f, 239f, 255f
Superior frontal gyrus, 8f, 10f, 11f
lateral surface, 26f
medial surface, 34f
superior surface, 22f
Superior frontal sulcus, 9, 10f, 13, 17
lateral surface, 26f
superior surface, 22f
Superior medullary velum, 146f
Superior olive
fetus (axial), 67f, 123f
fetus (coronal), 56f, 145f
fetus (sagittal), 94f
postnatal (axial), 169f, 186f, 202f, 218f,
234f, 250f
Superior sagittal sinus, 8f
Superior surface, 19–22
Superior temporal gyrus, 10f, 13f
lateral surface, 25f, 26f
Superior temporal sulcus, 10f, 13, 17
lateral surface, 25f, 26f
postnatal (coronal), 193f
postnatal (sagittal), 176f, 209f, 225f,
257f
Superior vestibular nuclei, 102f
Supramarginal gyrus, 10f, 25f, 26f
Supraoptic commissure
fetus (coronal), 144f
postnatal (axial), 171f, 188f
postnatal (coronal), 204f, 220f, 236f,
252f
Suprapineal recess
fetus (axial), 80f
fetus (coronal), 146f
fetus (sagittal), 76f, 77f, 151f
Supratentorial brain, 154f
Supratentorial myelination, 153
Surface anatomy, 7–34
central sulcus, 14–17
inferior surface, 27–30
lateral surface, 23–26
medial surface, 31–34
sulci/fissures,
fi 7–14, 17–18
superior surface, 19–22
T postnatal (coronal), 174f, 191f, 207f,
T1-weighted image, 4f, 5
T2-weighted image, 4f
Techniques used
postmortem fetal tissue sections, 2
postmortem MR imaging of fetus, 2–4
postnatal MR imaging, 5
techniques, contrasted, 5–6
in utero imaging of fetus, 4–5
Temporal pole, 105f
Tentorium, 73f, 75f, 108f
Textbook, overview, 2
Thalamostriate vein
fetus (axial), 138f
fetus (coronal), 71f, 106f
fetus (sagittal), 111f, 133f, 150f
postnatal (axial), 161f, 162f, 181f, 182f,
198f, 199f, 214f, 215f, 230f, 231f,
246f, 247f
Thalamus
fetus (axial), 44f, 46f, 63f, 64f, 98f, 116f,
137f
fetus (coronal), 53f, 54f, 71f, 72f, 86f,
87f, 107f
fetus (sagittal), 58f, 77f, 93f, 94f, 132f,
149f, 150f, 151f
medial surface, 32f, 33f, 34f
postnatal (axial), 161f, 163f, 181f, 189f,
198f, 214f, 230f, 246f
postnatal (coronal), 172f, 173f, 205f,
206f, 221f, 222f, 237f, 238f, 253f,
254f
postnatal (sagittal), 212f, 228f, 244f,
260f
Third ventricle
fetus (axial), 45f, 63f, 65f, 99f, 117f,
119f, 138f, 139f
fetus (coronal), 53f, 54f, 55f, 70f, 107f,
127f, 128f, 129f, 144f, 145f
fetus (sagittal), 76f, 77f, 95f, 151f
postnatal (axial), 164f, 183f, 188f, 189f
postnatal (coronal), 171f, 172f, 204f,
205f, 220f, 221f, 236f, 237f, 252f,
253f
postnatal (sagittal), 179f, 196f, 212f,
228f, 244f, 260f
3-T system, 4
Tractus solitarius, 91f, 147f
Transient fetal zones, 36, 37
Transverse cerebral fissure, 74f, 93f, 132f
Trapezoid body
fetus (axial), 123f, 141f
fetus (sagittal), 112f
postnatal (axial), 168f, 169f, 186f, 202f,
218f, 234f, 250f
Trigeminal nerve
fetus (axial), 50f, 84f, 102f, 103f, 122f,
123f, 124f, 141f
fetus (coronal), 89f, 90f, 108f, 129f,
130f, 131f, 145f, 146f
fetus (sagittal), 112f, 150f
postnatal (axial), 166f, 167f, 168f, 169f,
185f, 186f, 201f, 202f, 217f, 218f,
233f, 234f, 249f, 250f
223f, 239f, 255f
Trochlear nerve
fetus (axial), 101f, 140f
fetus (coronal), 89f, 108f, 146f
postnatal (axial), 165f, 184f, 200f, 216f,
232f, 248f
Tuber, 141f
U Z
Uncinate tract of cerebellum, 109f
Uncus
fetus (axial), 83f, 101f
fetus (coronal), 127f, 143f, 144f
postnatal (axial), 165f, 184f, 188f, 200f,
216f, 232f, 248f
postnatal (coronal), 171f, 204f, 220f,
236f, 252f
Uvula
fetus (axial), 102f, 141f
postnatal (axial), 167f, 168f, 169f, 185f,
186f, 202f, 217f, 218f, 233f, 234f,
249f, 250f
postnatal (axial), 201f
V
Vein of septum pellucidum. See also
Septum pellucidum
fetus (axial), 137f
fetus (coronal), 126f, 127f, 143f
postnatal (axial), 160f, 161f, 162f, 180f,
181f, 182f, 188f, 197f, 198f, 199f,
213f, 214f, 215f, 229f, 230f, 231f,
245f, 246f, 247f
postnatal (coronal), 171f, 204f, 220f,
236f, 252f
Velum interpositum, 77f, 116f, 137f,
151f
Venous lacuna, 8f
Ventral cochlear nucleus, 112f, 124f,
146f
Ventral and dorsal induction, 15
Ventricular zone, 37f, 38t
Ventrolateral thalamic nuclei
fetus (axial), 45f, 64f, 80f, 81f, 98f, 99f,
100f, 117f, 118f, 139f
fetus (coronal), 86f, 87f, 107f
fetus (sagittal), 59f, 75f, 111f, 132f
postnatal (axial), 162f, 182f, 199f, 215f,
231f, 247f
Vermis
fetus (axial), 49f, 66f, 67f
fetus (coronal), 73f, 130f
fetus (sagittal), 60f, 76f, 151f
postnatal (axial), 167f, 185f, 201f,
217f
postnatal (sagittal), 179f, 196f, 212f,
228f, 244f, 260f
Vertebral artery, 56f
Vestibular nuclei
fetus (axial), 50f, 67f, 123f
fetus (coronal), 109f, 146f
postnatal (axial), 168f, 169f, 186f, 202f,
218f, 234f, 250f
Vestibulocochlear nerve, 90f, 124f, 145f,
146f
Vestibulomesencephalic tract
fetus (axial), 122f
postnatal (axial), 167f, 185f, 201f, 217f,
233f, 249f
Zona incerta
fetus (axial), 47f, 81f, 100f
fetus (coronal), 87f, 107f