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Alexandria University
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
a
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hindustan Institute of Technology & Science, Hindustan University, Chennai, Tamil
Nadu, India
b
Department of Mechanical Engineering, S.A. Engineering college, Chennai, India
KEYWORDS Abstract Biodiesel from non-edible vegetable oil seems to be a promising alternate for petro-diesel
Zero-dimensional model; in the present energy scenario. This study analyses the experimental and theoretical effects on the
Combustion; blends of Bee Wax biodiesel with straight diesel on combustion parameters. A zero-dimensional
Heat release; mathematical model is developed to analyse the rise in in-cylinder pressure along with Wiebie’s heat
Rate of pressure rise release correlations, ignition delay, gas dynamics model, heat transfer model and frictional model.
The combustion parameters include in-cylinder pressure rise, net heat release and rate of pressure
rise are investigated and found to be higher for straight diesel and deteriorated with the increase in
blends of BWB. The theoretical simulation also supports the experimental data with constant injec-
tion timing, speed and compression ratio.
Ó 2016 Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. This is an
open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Nomenclature
honey. Both natural and cultivated vegetations in India consti- species conservation equation that predicts the heat release
tute an immense potential for development of beekeeping. pattern and pressure of the system. Working fluid undergoes
About 500 flowering plant species have been identified as a continuous change in its thermodynamic state through the
major and minor sources of nectar and pollen. In the recent series of the engine operational cycles which mainly consists
years the exotic honey bee has been introduced representing of constant pressure suction, adiabatic compression, constant
a wide variety of bee fauna that can be utilized for the devel- pressure combustion, isentropic expansion and constant pres-
opment of honey industry in the country. There are several sure exhaust events where the thermodynamic states are to
types of indigenous and traditional hives including logs, clay be computed with the help of programs for diesel operating
pots, wall niches, baskets and boxes of different sizes and cycle.
shapes. India, potentially produces about 120 million bee colo- Many researchers conducted experiments based on mathe-
nies discharging over 1.2 million tons of honey and 15,000 tons matically modelling of engine fuelled with bio-diesel for pre-
of beeswax. Organized collection of forest honey and beeswax dicting the performance and combustion parameters. A few
using improved methods results in an additional production of of them are discussed below. Ramadhas et al. studied the the-
at least 120,000 tons of honey and 10,000 tons of beeswax [22]. oretical model for rubber seed oil methyl ester fuelled engine
Internal combustion engines, mainly compression ignition and analysed effect of relative air fuel ratio and compression
engines are used in transportation industries. They are also ratio on the engine performance for different fuels. They used
used in power production and agricultural applications as well. single zone thermodynamic model for predicting the perfor-
CI engines operate at relatively higher efficiency when com- mance of compression ignition engine by considering funda-
pared with spark ignition engines, due to their higher compres- mental assumption about cylinder charge, specific heats to
sion ratio. Currently, investigations are carried out to reduce solve energy equation and also Hohenberg equation in heat
the diesel emission and provide cleaner and more efficient transfer [1].
engine systems. Biodiesels will be a key in achieving the above Raut theoretically modelled a compression ignition engine
goal and thermodynamic simulation of the internal combus- depending on the characteristics of fuel using thermodynamic
tion engines providing enhanced knowledge to understand model for predicting the properties of working substance in
and configure new engines technologies. suction, compression, power and exhaust strokes during the
Simulation is the process of creating a virtual system to engine operation. The model predicted the performance of
understand the properties of real time system without physical compression ignition engine in terms of brake power and brake
interventions. The development in the field of computers has thermal efficiency for all fuels and also calculated the volume
opened the doors of computational environment. Diesel engine as a function of crank angle by taking cylinder bore, stroke
simulation models are classified into three categories, namely length of the engine and length of the connecting rod. The
zero-dimensional single zone models, quasi-dimensional multi author used Wiebie heat release model to analyse the heat
zone models and multi-dimensional models in which zero- release pattern of the engine and Pflaum equation to predict
dimensional models provide the essence of thermodynamic the heat transfer coefficient and heat lost to the walls of the
property of a system modelled. On the other hand, the engine [14]. Rakopoulos et al. elaborated the two zone models
multi-dimensional models resolve the space of modelled system for DI diesel engine with the use of mass, energy and state
on a fine grid thus providing special information. However, equations for determining the local temperature and pressure.
computational time and coding constraints keep this model Also, the author applied chemical equilibrium scheme for C–
away from consistently using them in-design optimization pro- H–O system to predict the exhaust gas composition and used
cess. Combustion process of compression ignition engine is a simulation model for various loads and compression ratios
complicated phenomenon based on thermodynamic models along with Annand’s equation for determining the heat trans-
that incorporate the energy equation for closed system and fer coefficient. The authors have also elaborated the use of fuel
Please cite this article in press as: V. Hariram, R. Bharathwaaj, Application of zero-dimensional thermodynamic model for predicting combustion parameters of CI
engine fuelled with biodiesel-diesel blends, Alexandria Eng. J. (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2016.08.021
Application of zero-dimensional thermodynamic model 3
spray model, air entertainment model for two zone application In this present work, zero dimensional thermodynamic
and sensitivity analysis discussing their procedure [5]. model was developed to analyse the in-cylinder pressure, rate
Gonica et al. reported the effect of engine load and biodie- of heat release and rate of pressure rise to understand the com-
sel concentration on the performance of diesel engine running bustion behaviour of the DI CI engine and the same was val-
with diesel-biodiesel blends using theoretical model based finite idated using biodiesel obtained from wax esters of Apis
temperature thermodynamic (FTT) approach which was based melifera (honey bee).
on temperature dependent variable specific heats. The applica-
tion of FTT was intensely discussed for compression ignition 2. Materials and methods
engine and exhibited a linear increase in power for varying
loads at constant engine operating parameters [11]. Gogoi In the present experimental investigation, bio-diesel was
and Baruah simulated a single zone combustion model for pre- obtained from wax esters of Apis melifera (honey bee). Since
dicting the performance of CI engine fuelled with biodiesel honey bees are grown commercially for the production of
blends. They analysed the effect of compression ratio and honey, the source of raw material is sustainable. In the process
engine speed on BP and BTE with Karanja biodiesel blends. of extracting wax from the beehive, honey bees were not killed
The model prediction resulted in exhibiting similar trend for leaving the ecological balance undisturbed. Commercially,
biodiesel concentration up to 50% and showed better perfor- honey bees are domesticated for honey and wax is obtained
mance with 60% blend ratio [21]. as the by-product of domestication process which makes it
Canakci, experimentally investigated the influence of using more reliable and renewable. The test engine used for this
biodiesel blends on performance, combustion and emission experimental investigation is direct injection compression igni-
characteristics in compression ignition engines in which, the tion Kirloskar 240PE test engine equipped with eddy current
brake specific fuel consumption increased with the addition dynamometer having 87.5 mm and 110 mm as bore and stroke
of biodiesel on comparison with straight diesel [15]. Patil devel- length respectively with capacity of 661 cc that delivers 3.5 kW
oped a thermodynamic model for predicting the performance at 1500 rpm. The schematic diagram of the test rig is shown in
of CI engine fuelled with diesel and POME biodiesel blends Fig. 1 with pressure, temperature, crank angle, airflow and fuel
using MATLAB and studied its empirical simulation [19]. flow measuring instruments and the test engine specification is
Sivalingam et al. validated the combustion and emission given in Table 1. A high speed data acquisition system (DAS)
parameters of direct injection CI engine fuelled with blends is used in the experimental setup to transmit and analyse the
of bio-ethanol emulsion. In-cylinder pressure, ignition delay, data.
NOx and smoke were determined and compared with mathe- Many ways have been devised to extract, refine and lighten
matically simulated results at all loads. The results exhibited the colour of beeswax. A widely preferred method is pressur-
a marginal 5% variation between the experimental and theo- ized extraction method in which the beeswax is maintained
retical data with diesel fuel and 3% variation with biodiesel at 90 °C under water at pressurized condition to melt the
operations.
Please cite this article in press as: V. Hariram, R. Bharathwaaj, Application of zero-dimensional thermodynamic model for predicting combustion parameters of CI
engine fuelled with biodiesel-diesel blends, Alexandria Eng. J. (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2016.08.021
4 V. Hariram, R. Bharathwaaj
wax into liquid form. Acidic medium was prepared by adding Chromatography Mass Spectrometry analysis and by employ-
5% sulphuric acid to water containing processed beeswax to ing the Iodine Value and Saponification value relations
P 254DXAi P 560Ai
lighten the colour and increase the yield of liquid beeswax and respectively, where D is the number
MWi MWi
called slumgum. 5% of hydrogen peroxide was mixed to the of double bond, Ai is mass composition from GC/MS result
slumgum to avoid bleaching action and later recovered. and MWi is the molecular weight. Cetane number of the
The biodiesel from beeswax was obtained by two stage BWB was found to be 48 whereas the value for the straight die-
trans-esterification process. The primary stage comprises of sel lies between 46 and 53. When the BWB was blended with
acid catalysed esterification with the molar ratio of 1:2:0.04 diesel, the Cetane number was found to be lying between 50
of wax, methanol and concentrated hydrochloric acid for and 49 for BWB10 and BWB20 respectively. The cloud and
reducing the free fatty acid content from 14.5% to >2%. Base pour point of beeswax biodiesel was found to be 12 °C and
catalysed esterification with methanol and sodium hydroxide 15 °C which was lower on comparison with straight diesel.
was followed with treated wax ester. The yield of biodiesel At lower temperature, especially in northern parts of India,
was 85% at molar ratio of 1:0.25, reaction temperature of clogging of fuel filter and fuel injector takes place which can
60 °C, for NaOH concentration of 0.02% by weight. The prop- be overcome by installing fuel line heaters as well as by adding
erties of biodiesel were studied with respect to diesel and tab- pour point additive such as ethylene glycol up to 1.5% of the
ulated in Table 2 and the composition of Beeswax biodiesel biodiesel by volume.
is given in Table 3. BWB showed higher kinematic viscosity
at 40 °C, which was determined to be 3.5 mm2/s whereas for 2.1. Mathematical modelling
straight diesel, the kinematic viscosity was noticed to be
2.6 mm2/s. However, BWB-Diesel blends showed an increase
2.1.1. Engine kinematics model
in kinematic viscosity (i.e.) BWB10 and BWB20 exhibited
2.69 mm2/s and 2.78 mm2/s respectively. The fundamental geometry of reciprocating piston engine is
The calorific value of BWB, BWB10 and BWB20 also shown in Fig. 2. Using the engine kinematics model volume
showed a similar trend with variations between 44.8 MJ/kg every crank angle can be calculated by solving [20]
2 ffi3
ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
s
and 44.1 MJ/kg for blends of BWB. Density at 15 °C of the 2
Cr 1 cos 2h 1 Crl
BWB was found to be 880 kg/m3 which is higher by 2.3% than VðhÞ ¼ Vswept 4 þ 2 sin h5ð1Þ
2
Please cite this article in press as: V. Hariram, R. Bharathwaaj, Application of zero-dimensional thermodynamic model for predicting combustion parameters of CI
engine fuelled with biodiesel-diesel blends, Alexandria Eng. J. (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2016.08.021
Application of zero-dimensional thermodynamic model 5
Please cite this article in press as: V. Hariram, R. Bharathwaaj, Application of zero-dimensional thermodynamic model for predicting combustion parameters of CI
engine fuelled with biodiesel-diesel blends, Alexandria Eng. J. (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2016.08.021
6 V. Hariram, R. Bharathwaaj
Please cite this article in press as: V. Hariram, R. Bharathwaaj, Application of zero-dimensional thermodynamic model for predicting combustion parameters of CI
engine fuelled with biodiesel-diesel blends, Alexandria Eng. J. (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2016.08.021
Application of zero-dimensional thermodynamic model 7
2.2. Combustion chemistry where Dp is pressure drop across the nozzle, t is time after the
start of injection and dn is nozzle diameter (see Table 4).
When a chemical reaction occurs, the bonds within the mole- The simulation was carried out using of MATLAB which
cules of reactants are broken, and atoms and electrons rear- divided into four major subroutines such as Ideal cycle simula-
range to form products. In combustion reactions, rapid tion, Fuel cycle simulation, Progressive combustion simulation
oxidation of the fuel results in energy release with the forma- and Actual cycle simulation. Initially, in Ideal cycle simulation
tion of combustion products. Considering fuel as CaHbOc (ICS), air is considered to be working medium to analyse the
which is oxidized to form products, the combustion equation pressure at different state points by using basic thermodynamic
is given by relations. ICS was followed by Fuel Cycle Simulation (FCS) in
which fuel properties and adiabatic flame temperature are
Ca Hb Oc þ xðO2 þ 3:77N2 Þ!dCO2 þ eH2 O þ fN2 ð30Þ determined to identify the amount of heat generated by the
The atomic balance of each species in the above C–H–O is fuel during the combustion process. The FCS is further modi-
given as C: a = d, H: b = 2d, O: 2x = 2d + e. fied by considering actual combustion where zero dimensional
Stoichiometric air fuel ratio is the amount of air required to combustion model incorporates the ignition delay equation
completely combust one mole of fuel. The molecular formula and Wiebie’s heat release correlation to study the pressure
of the fuel is determined as C18H35O2 and therefore, equation and heat released in the Progressive cycle simulation (PCS).
for the combustion of the fuel is written as Finally Actual cycle simulation is carried out to eliminate the
assumptions made by considering the pressure loss due to heat
C18 H35 O2 þ aðO2 þ 3:77N2 Þ!18CO2 þ 17:5H2 O þ a 3:77N2 transfer with the surroundings, pressure lost due to gas
ð31Þ exchange process and frictional losses to obtain pressure-
crank angle curves. The pressure data thus obtained are simu-
Hereby considering the oxygen balance 2 + 2 * a = 18 * 2
lated for heat release rate with the equation obtained by apply-
+ 17.5.
ing first law of thermodynamics to closed system [21]. The
Solving the above equation gives ‘‘a” as 12.875 (i.e.)
details of molecular weight, carbon presence, oxygen and
12.875 mol of air is required to completely burn 1 mol of fuel.
hydrogen content were obtained from the molecular formula
The above equation is rewritten as
derived from the Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry
C18 H35 O2 þ 12:875ðO2 þ 3:77N2 Þ!18CO2 þ 17:5H2 O þ 48:53N2 result of beeswax biodiesel along with other thermodynamic
ð32Þ constants [4].
Specific heat is the factor that is dependent upon tempera- 3. Results and discussion
ture of the combustion chamber. The following relations are be
used to determine the specific heat of the in cylinder gases 3.1. In-cylinder pressure and rate of heat release
For 400 6 T 6 1600; CpðTÞ ¼ BL þ CL=T ð33Þ
The simulation was carried out using programs coded in latest
For 1600 6 T 6 6000; CpðTÞ ¼ BH þ CH=T ð34Þ version MATLABÒ software where the thermodynamic equa-
tions are solved to predict the in-cylinder pressure, net heat
X
n
release rate and rate of pressure rise for given fuel properties
Cp ¼ Cpk Nk ð35Þ
k¼1 and various engine loads. The experiments were conducted
at 0%, 50% and 100% load conditions. Fig. 3 shows the vari-
where BL, BH, CL, and CH are constants depending upon the ation between in-cylinder pressure and net heat release for
species ‘‘k” is number of product species present. actual and mathematical model running with straight diesel,
BWB10 and BWB20 as fuel at 0% load condition. The simu-
2.3. Fuel spray model (fuel atomization and spray penetration lated results showed higher value than the actual output from
model) the engine. This may be due to static error in the instrument,
ambiguity in the calibration of the equipment and due to
The fuel jet that emerges out of the nozzle generally forms a
cone-shaped spray at the tip of the nozzle known as atomiza-
tion breakup regime, where the fuel is fragmented into smaller
droplets size less then nozzle diameter. For jets in the atomiza- Table 4 Simulation data for fuel and air.
tion regime, the spray angle h is given by
Simulation data Values
1=2 pffiffiffi
h 1 qg 3 Molecular weight 283
tan ¼ 4p ð36Þ
2 A ql 6 No of carbon present in fuel 18
No of hydrogen present in fuel 35
where qg and ql are gas and liquid density of fuel, and A is con- No of oxygen present in fuel 2
stant for given geometry which is normally taken as 4.9. Universal gas constant (kJ/kg K) 0.287
The speed at which the fuel penetrates into the combustion Ratio of specific heats (for air) 1.4
chamber also plays a major role in the mixing of fuel droplets Specific heat at constant pressure (for air) (kJ/kg K) 1.005
with air. The spray penetration speed is given as Specific heat at constant volume (for air) (kJ/kg K) 0.718
1=4 1=4 Ambient temperature (in K) 300
Dp 1=2 294 Ambient pressure (in bar) 1.03
S ¼ 3:07 ðtdn Þ ð37Þ
qg Tg
Please cite this article in press as: V. Hariram, R. Bharathwaaj, Application of zero-dimensional thermodynamic model for predicting combustion parameters of CI
engine fuelled with biodiesel-diesel blends, Alexandria Eng. J. (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2016.08.021
8 V. Hariram, R. Bharathwaaj
human errors while obtaining the results from the equipment vaporizes quickly forming combustible air fuel mixture and
which are un-avoidable. The variations in simulated and exper- instantly burns by absorbing the heat from the premixed com-
imental may be also due to assumptions such as air as ideal gas bustion phase. Due to better fuel atomization, enhanced com-
with constant Cp and Cv values but in real-time scenario, speci- bustion of fuel leads to maximum heat release of 20.32 J/CA
fic heat is the function of temperature. Under simulation study, for diesel, 19.78 J/CA for BWB10 and 18.97 J/CA for
the rate of combustion was considered to be uniform through- BWB20 blends.
out the combustion duration, but actually rate of combustion Fig. 4 depicts the comparison of combustion parameters for
depends on concentration of reactants [18]. experimental and predicted results of straight diesel, BWB10
It is clearly seen from Fig. 3, that the peak pressure for and BWB20 at 50% load operation which exhibits similar
straight diesel fuel operating at 0% load was around 48 bar trend to that of 0% load operation. It can be noticed from
whereas the simulated results show the peak pressure of the Fig. 4 which shows the increase in pressure from
52.9 bar which accounts to 8% deviation between simulated 48.08 bar to 60.14 bar for straight diesel, from 45 bar to
and experimental results. Similarly, for BWB 10 and BWB 57.29 bar for BWB10 and 45 to 66.15 bars for BWB20 which
20, experimental peak pressure was found to be 45.9 bar and may be due to Ignition delay depending in-cylinder pressure,
44.8 bar respectively whereas the simulated peak pressure temperature and spray atomization. The increase in in-
was 47.2 bar and 49.6 bar showing the error of 7% and 11% cylinder pressure results in reduction in physical period of igni-
respectively. It was also noticed that peak pressure during sim- tion resulting in maximum fuel burning in the pre-mixed com-
ulation is shifted away from TDC by 1–2°CAD whereas exper- bustion phase. This effect raises the overall temperature of the
imentally, it comes closer to TDC. combustion chamber and leads to steady state heat release dur-
In compression ignition engine, pressure is mainly depen- ing the diffused combustion phase. Another reason being
dent upon the amount of fuel burnt during pre-mixed combus- higher calorific value of straight diesel compared to BWB10
tion phase. If more fuel is burnt in this phase, then the peak and BWB20 resulting in better rate of heat release. In case of
cylinder pressure would be high. In normal case, amount of 50% load and 0% load operation of the engine, the heat
fuel burning in premixed phase basically depends upon the release rate of BWB10 shows a slight increase than that of die-
ignition delay period. If ignition delay is more, then premixed sel which also may be due to additional oxygen content in the
combustion phase is reduced and hence only less amount of BWB10 blend and increase in ignition delay for lower loads.
fuel is burned in this phase. This in turn reduces the peak pres- Fig. 5 shows the variations in the experimental and simu-
sure inside the cylinder. Ignition delay is characteristics of lated results of in-cylinder pressure and net heat release rates
combustion that can vary with respect to Cetane number of for straight diesel, BWB10 and BWB20 operating at 100%
the fuel. Here in this case, the Cetane number of straight diesel load. At this operating condition, the pressure was found to
was more than that of BWB10 and BWB20 and hence the be increased up to 69 bar for diesel and 67 bar for BWB10
curve shows an increased pressure for diesel as 48 bar whereas and 65 bar for BWB20 blends which may be due to increase
BWB10 and BWB20 exhibited 45.9 bar and 44.5 bar in the engine load to the maximum extent which draws higher
respectively. power accordingly. During this period, the in-cylinder temper-
Fig. 3 also shows the net heat release rate for all the three ature and exhaust gas temperature rise to a considerable extent
fuel blends used. It can be seen that the heat release for diesel reducing the chemical delay phase of the ignition delay period
is higher than other two blends which may be due to marginal and hence early pre-mixed combustion occurs which shows the
increase in density influencing fuel droplet atomization and drastic rise in pressure and heat release of the engine. At 100%
higher latent heat of vaporization of bio fuels and hence it
Figure 3 In-cylinder pressure and net heat release comparison Figure 4 In-cylinder pressure and net heat release comparison
for experimental and simulated models of straight diesel, BWB10 for experimental and simulated models of straight diesel, BWB10
and BWB20 blend ratios at 0% load. and BWB20 blend ratios at 50% load.
Please cite this article in press as: V. Hariram, R. Bharathwaaj, Application of zero-dimensional thermodynamic model for predicting combustion parameters of CI
engine fuelled with biodiesel-diesel blends, Alexandria Eng. J. (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2016.08.021
Application of zero-dimensional thermodynamic model 9
Figure 5 In-cylinder pressure and net heat release comparison to better atomization of the fuel particles in the combustion
for experimental and simulated models of straight diesel, BWB10 chamber [6]. It can be also noted that the rate of pressure rise
and BWB20 blend ratios at 100% load. is more when the fuel is complete atomized. Since the increase
Please cite this article in press as: V. Hariram, R. Bharathwaaj, Application of zero-dimensional thermodynamic model for predicting combustion parameters of CI
engine fuelled with biodiesel-diesel blends, Alexandria Eng. J. (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2016.08.021
10 V. Hariram, R. Bharathwaaj
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Please cite this article in press as: V. Hariram, R. Bharathwaaj, Application of zero-dimensional thermodynamic model for predicting combustion parameters of CI
engine fuelled with biodiesel-diesel blends, Alexandria Eng. J. (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2016.08.021