1) 30% Sulphuric Acid, 70% water

2) Bicarbonate of Soda, then rinse with water

3) Connect positive leads, tighten, connect negative leads, tighten
4) 24hrs. 80% of 20hrs X 3A = 48AH total, therefore, if it was discharged at a 2AH rate, it would
take half that time.
5) Water (hydrogen and oxygen)
6) Discharge the battery and re-charge it at a known ampere-hour rate
7) Overcharging or charging at too higher rate (will also gas at the end of the charging cycle)
8) 1.275-1.300 (nominal 1.280)
9) Under intended load
10) Voltage drops, current increases, temp increases
11) It increases
12) Long service life, short recharge time, good starting capability, reliable
13) 5 hours
14) 3% boric acid solution
15) Constant voltage
16) Total effective plate area
17) Lower internal resistance
18) When the electrolyte temperature is between 70 and 90F
19) Paint it with asphaltic base paint or polyurethane enamel
20) Only up to the level of the indicator in the cell
21) When little or no current is being drawn
22) Remains constant
23) Potassium hydroxide
24) Decrease with a rise in temp
25) If the cell voltage does not fall below 1.8V
26) Both positive and negative
27) PbO2 + H2SO4 +2H = PbSO4 + 2H2O
28) Secondary cell is rechargeable
29) No, DC only
30) To indicate the rate of current used to charge the battery
31) Most of the solution is acid
32) The state of charge of the battery
33) Constant voltage and varying current (constant potential charge)
34) An internally shorted battery
35) Heat or burn marks on the hardware
36) Normal operation
37) Contamination of both types of battery
38) When the battery is discharged
39) The electrolyte has been absorbed into the plates
40) May result in spewing during the charging cycle
41) Decrease in internal resistance
42) High ambient temperature
43) Reduce the resistance of the field windings
44) 8 poles (4 pole pairs)
45) The CB is of a ‘trip-free’ nature and wont reset until the device has cooled or as a result of an
actual fault.
46) On full load
47) By varying resistance in the field windings, this will vary field current strength and hence gen
output
48) Voltage, frequency and phase rotation
49) Restoring the residual magnetism to the frame of the generator. This is done by passing battery
current through the field windings in the direction that it normally flows
50) A DC generator with a series field coil and a shunt field coil
51) AC current
52) High resistance (many turns of fine wire)
53) Shunt wound
54) Convert generated AC voltage to a DC output voltage
55) Distortion of the field flux due to current flow in the armature – prevent by installing interpoles in
the field windings
56) Low spring tension
57) The brush pigtail
58) Equal to the width of the mica (or 0.020”)
59) An integral fan that is mounted on the armature shaft
60) The voltage output of the DC exciter
61) Opening the shunt field circuit or by switching a resistor into the field winding to reduce current
and therefore voltage
62) Current flow through the shunt field coils
63) An out-of-adjustment voltage regulator
64) Via a step down transformer and a rectifier
65) Field windings are connected in parallel across the armature
66) f = (NP)/120 where f = freq, N = speed in RPM and P = no. of poles (or (NP)/60 if you use no. of
pole pairs)
67) To reduce eddy current losses
68) Field shoes
69) Oil spray
70) Only by maintenance personnel on the ground
71) By a switch in the cockpit or automatically by the GCU
72) Generator is rated in amperes at rated voltage and an alternator is rated in kVA
73) Series wound motor
74) Copper (power) losses, hysteresis losses and eddy current losses
75) Series motor as it has high start torque
76) Load
77) Speed will increase due to lack of back EMF
78) Thermal cutout?
79) Reverse field windings or armature windings but not both
80) Cheaper and more reliable (no brushes)
81) Horsepower, frequency, no. of phases, operating voltage, full load current, speed, duty cycle
82) Low start torque
83) Reverse phase connections (except for a shaded pole motor whose direction cannot be reversed
84) Determines if windings are shorted in armature
85) Landing light retraction motor
86) It is applied by a spring and released by a magnet
87) Two generators fed to a common bus bar
88) Flash the field (also restores generator field residual magnetism)
89) A voltage coil and a current coil wound on the same soft iron core
90) An open circuit in the generator field circuit (shows only residual magnetism which is the
magnetism in the pole shoes)
91) A difference between generator and bus voltage
92) An increase in the generator output voltage
93) Controls the current flowing in the shunt field circuit
94) At a specified amount higher then the battery
95) When its voltage drops a certain amount below battery voltage (and the battery starts to ‘motor’ the
generator)
96) Load equalising circuit (increases the low output gen and decreases the high output gen until they
are equal)
97) Increase in the internal voltage drop across the resistance of the armature windings
98) If the load is too great, field windings are short circuited
99) Its own generator output
100) An increase in load will cause a decrease in output (not good for constant voltage
requirements)
101) Limits starting current
102) Provide resistance (resistance is varied by compression/expansion of the carbon disk pile)
103) Depends on the load carried by the generator
104) 3
105) Via a hydraulic pump and hydraulic motor
106) Pole pieces or shoes
107) 3phase, full wave rectification
108) Allows the motor to operate in both directions
109) Reduces the surge current as the starting cycle is initiated
110)Constant speed, low torque
111)To obtain reasonable switch efficiency and service life
112)Protect electric circuit from overheating
113)Amperes
114)A slow blow fuse will handle surge currents for a short period of time
115)Circuit, and should be located as close as possible to the source of power
116)Slow blow fuse that is designed to be used in heavy power circuts where it will accept a surge of
current
117)Fuses, CB’s and current limiters
118)It is resettable and reusable
119)No, must be manual reset CB’s
120) Throw is the number of circuts a switch is able to complete (not at the same time). A pole is a
contactor on a switch
121) SPST, two position NO (normally open)
122) 10 times the outside diameter of an unsupported bundle. 3 times the OD when the bundle is
supported eg into a terminal board. Coax should always be 10 times OD
123) When wiring is less that ¼” from the edge of the hole
124) 3” from terminations and max 15” apart
125) That the correct pressure has been applied to the crimped connector
126) a. wiring should be >1/2” from plumbing lines
b. wiring should be >3” from control cables unless control cables have a guard
c. no wiring bundle should be supported by plumbing contained oxygen or a flammable fluid
d. bundles should follow ribs and stringers if possible but coax should be directly routed
e. bundles should be kept to 2” max OD or max 75 wires
127) 0.003 ohms
128) A – general purpose one piece
B – general purpose two piece
C – pressurised
D – moisture and vibration resistant
K – fireproof
129) Individual strands will break easily if nicked
130) Allowable power loss, permissible voltage drop, current carrying capability, type of load
(continuous or intermittent)
131) Mechanical strength, ease of installation, amount of current to be carried
132) One
133) The ground (earth) side of the circuit, leaving the ‘powered side’ in a socket
134) Allows a return current path (also prevent development of radio frequency potentials)
135) The terminal studs are anchored against rotation, no more then 4 per stud.
136) Installed in a conduit
137) At least equal to the tensile strength of the cable itself
138) Copper jumpers
139) You should drop one gauge e.g. a 16 gauge copper wire would be replaced be a 14 gauge
aluminium wire
140) They are filled with a petrolatum-zinc dust compound
141) Clip type and plug-in
142) 6.44V. (V=IR = 10 x (6.44 x 1/10 for 100ft) = 10 x .644 = 6.44V
143) So that if loose items fall into the cover, they won’t short across terminals
144) Single core stranded type, suitably insulated and screened by metal braided sheathing to
prevent interference
145) A change in the temperature bulbs resistance
146) Prevent interference from spurious radiation
147) Solder penetrates wire in the vicinity of the terminal, it becomes less resistant to vibration and
fatigue failure. Also the flux used, if not cleaned up correctly can be corrosive
148) Meggar for insulation resistance
149) Short circuit the terminals and it should read zero
150) M readings
151) Could cause turbulent air which would give inaccurate readings
152) Switches the normal source of static air to the cockpit air
153) Differential static pressure
154) QFE – setting on baroscale of altimeter that will make the altimeter read altitude above the
local airfield. QNH – means setting on baroscale that will make the altimeter read altitude above
sea level, at a given airfield. QNE – setting on the baroscale to ISA (1013.25mb) which will make
the altimeter read ‘pressure altitude’ or ‘flight level altitude’
155) Compensate for changes in aircraft attitude (banks)
156) Barometric pressure, impact pressure and free air temperature
157) Pressure = 1013.25 or 29.92”Hg, temp = 15C
158) Red – never exceed velocity
Yellow – cautionary range
White – permissible limits of flap operation
Blue - best rate of climb speed, one engine
159) Altimeter – static, VSI – static (metered), ASI – pitot and static
160) Ratio of aircraft speed to the speed of sound at a particular altitude and temp
161) Angle of attack of the pitot tube is out
162) Inclinometer
163) ASI – constant speed, VSI – nil climb or descent, ALT – constant height
164) Zero
165) It will read high
166) Over-reading during both climb and descent
167) To maintain a pressure chamber
168) It would read high
169) Using a pulse modulated type
170) Calibrated airspeed
171) Controls and measures the rate of air leakage between static line and instrument case interior
172) High speed aircraft pitot tubes will have a sharper end to them
173) For de-icing
174) It is then in the critical mach range
175) To help overcome friction of the needle
176) Prevents errors normally encountered due to rods and linkages expanding and contracting for
various temperatures
177) Transmits a signal and receives a reflected signal back
178) Altitude above ground level
179) 100ft in one minute
180) High at idle and low at takeoff power
181) Absolute pressure in the intake manifold
182) Bellows diameter decreased and/or material thickness increased
183) Differential = difference between two pressures. Absolute is referenced to a vacuum (aneroid
diaphragm. Gauge is referenced to the ambient air.
184) Gauge pressure (high pressure)
185) Damping to stop fluctuations (backfires)
186) Bourdon tube
187) Nothing
188) Thermocouples in parallel
189) The different amounts that the temperature affects the two different metals
190) Chromel/Alumel is White/Green. Copper/Constantan is Red/Yellow. Iron/Constantan is
Black/Yellow.
191) To get an average reading and enures that operation will continue if one fails
192) As great as possible
193) Synchronous motor
194) Spinning PMG providing flux (applies rotational torque to the drag cup/disk)
195) Provide calibration of empty and full after installation
196) A variable resistance, the value of which is proportional to fuel level
197) A capacitor with fuel and air as the dielectric
198) Electronic (capacitance)
199) It measures weight (mass) not volume
200) Several tanks can come off one indicator
201) Sightglass, mechanical, electrical and electronic (electrical is a DC float and resistance,
electronic is the capacitance method)
202) Can be located away from the tank
203) A permanent magnet
204) With the aircraft on the ground and the engine not running, the manifold pressure gauge
should read ambient pressure. Compare it with a barometer or a zeroed altimeter
205) Sum of air pressure created by supercharger. Pressure reading depends on engine RPM, dial is
calibrated in inHg
206) Uses an aneroid diaphragm.
207) Oil pressure, hydraulic pressure and de-icing pressure
208) Pressure and temperature
209) No they have a specific resistance and are designed for specific installation
210) Turbine uses Chromel/Alumel and a specially shaped probe. Radial/piston uses
Iron/Constantan and a washer under the head stud
211)For temperatures below 300F eg OAT, oil temp, cabin air temp
212) An open circuit in the bulb circuit, causing the instrument to see infinite resistance
213) Connect shorting strip between terminals to dampen the movement
214) Gauge will read ambient temperature
215) Wheatstone bridge
216) It is not susceptible to fluctuations in voltage
217) 3phase generator, synchronous motor and indicator unit
218) percentage of takeoff RPM
219) One needle indicates engine speed and the other indicates main rotor speed, when the needles
agree, slippage is minimal
220) Flexible drive, indicator incorporating gearing and flyweights
221) a) “whipping” of flexi-drive due to it being inadequately secured and b) excessive bending of
flexidrive
222) Not a quarter, not sure of the correct answer.
223) Shielded (coax)
224) Jet fuel will be 2.1 times the capacitance of the same probe in air. Avgas will be 1.95 times.
Air is given the value of 1.
225) Compensate for fuel temperature and density variations
226) Float and lever type quantity gauge
227) Transmitter (circular resistance winding tapped at 3 points, 120 apart and rotatable contact
arm), magnetic indicator and DC power supply
228) a) DC b) AC c) AC
229) Standardised reference angle for synchros at which a given set of stator voltages will be
produced. This enables replacement synchros to be matched to each other
230) Landing gear position, flap position, door position, oil and fuel pressure indication
231) Vane type (independent fuel flow) impeller/turbine type (integrated fuel flow)
232) Precession rate is proportional to rotor speed, therefore it ensures the same output for the same
angle turns
233) 8 / min ?
234) Earth
235) protect lines from rupture in the event of reverse flow of air from pump – the pressure relief
valve vents positive pressure to atmosphere
236) Can be adjusted to desired suction level, excess suction is reduced when valve opens to
atmospheric pressure
237) Venturi vacuum is derived from forward airflow through a specially shaped tube. The major
limitation is that minimum forward airspeed of 100mph is required to generate enough suck. Turn
and bank indicators require 2”Hg venturi and heading and attitude indicators require 8”Hg venturi.
238) The air filter before the instruments on the suction side of the pump. The air/oil separator on
the pump outlet
239) If a force is applied in the horizontal axis, it causes the gyro to move in the vertical axis
240) Vacuum relief valve improperly adjusted
241) Susceptible to damage from airborne particles and must use filtered air only
242) Gyro horizon (ADI) has a pitch limitation of 85 to prevent gimbal lock
243) Provide self erection of gyro
244) 28VDC battery provides power to static inverter generating 115VAC 3phase
245) Turn and slip indicator is sensitive about the yaw axis only. A turn coordinator uses a canted
gyro making it sensitive about both the roll and yaw axes
246) Provides long term accuracy as a heading reference
247) To prevent loss of vacuum pressure in the event of an engine failure, it will allow only the
good pump to provide vacuum
248) Bournelli’s Theorum
249) Precession decreases
250) Rigidity
251) Instability
252) The nose of the aircraft
253) Attitude indicator (ADI), heading indicator, turn needle of the turn and bank indicator
254) Provide a stable directional reference to enable the pilot to maintain a heading or carry out an
accurate turn onto a new heading. Used in conjunction with a DR compass
255) ILS comprises glideslope and localiser. Glideslope freq range is 329.3 – 335.0 MHz (UHF).
Localiser freq range is 108.1 – 111.9 MHz, on odd tenths (VHF). Therefore channel spacing is
200kHz
256) 108 – 135.975MHz at 25kHZ intervals
257) VHF (108 – 112 MHz on the even tenths)
258) 75 MHz
259) 3 – 30 MHz
260) VSWR, output power
261) Ensures max power reaches antenna by electrically varying antenna length by adding
capacitance or inductance in series with the antenna
262) V is a max at both ends and a min in centre. I is a min at both ends and a max at the centre
263) 50 ohms
264) Balun
265) 121.5MHz (civilian emergency channel)
266) Shorten antenna
267) Quarter-wave vertically polarised (Marconi) antenna
268) VSWR is a minimum (~ 1) and output power is a maximum
269) 1.07 (VSWR = power out/power in therefore = 75/70)
270) On the centreline of the belly of the aircraft, as far as practical from other antennae
271) On top of the cabin with the apex of the V facing forward
272) Flutter and vibration
273) VHF – vertically polarised whip, ADF – directional loop and non-directional sense antenna,
ATC – UHF stub antenna
274) Prevent development of RF potentials (build up of static charge)
275) Ensure there is no coupling of the static into the radio antenna
276) Susceptibility of circuts to picking up noise energy and fgeeding it into radio receiver –
eliminated by shielding or filters
277) Installation of capacitors (filtering)
278) 0 – 0.1 ohms, 2V
279) 600 ohms
280) Carbon, piezoelectric, dynamic, electret (don’t know the characteristics)
281) The issue of a radio station license by the director general post and telegraph department
282) Nothing
283) Wire strung up between the vertical fin tip and fuselage
284) 50 coax
285) Cone of silence
286) The ionosphere moves closer to the earth at night
287) The length of the aerial rod or blade, the impedance of the coax feeder and the design of the
matching stub
288) Shock mounting
289) Radio station license
290)
291) For troubleshooting, not to locate specific items.
292)
293) Release the aircraft to service as the wire is correctly installed
294) 2 feet
295) 0.05
296) A low range reading ohm-meter
297) All components of the aircraft are electrically bonded
298) Used to switch triacs etc and used in relaxation oscillators
299) Thyrister
300) Reverse
301) No, it will have degraded performance and fail early