SHORT CIRCUITS CALCULATIONS OF WIND FARM "PODVELEŽJE" - Senior Design Project FINAL VERSION 06.07 PDF

INTERNATIONAL BURCH UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES

ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
SHORT CIRCUITS CALCULATIONS OF WIND FARM “PODVELEŽJE”
SENIOR DESIGN PROJECT

HARIS SERDAREVIĆ
Supervisor
Assist. Prof. Dr. Jasna Hivziefendić
SARAJEVO
July, 2017
SHORT CIRCUITS CALCULATIONS OF WIND FARM “PODVELEŽJE”
HARIS SERDAREVIĆ
Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of Requirements for the Degree of

Bachelor in Electrical and Electronics Engineering
INTERNATIONAL BURCH UNIVERSITY

2017
APPROVAL PAGE
Student Name & Surname : Haris Serdarević

Faculty : Engineering and Information Technologies
Department : Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Thesis Title : Short Circuits Calculations of
Wind Farm “Podveležje”
Date of Defense : 10 July 2017
I certify that this final work satisfies all the requirements as a Senior Design
Project for the degree of Bachelor.
Assist. Prof. Dr. Jasmin Kevrić

Head of Department
This is to certify that I have read this final work and that in my opinion it is
fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a Senior Design Project for the degree
of Bachelor.
Assist. Prof. Dr. Jasna Hivziefendić

Supervisor
Examining Committee Members

Title / Name & Surname Affiliation Signature
1- Assist. Prof. Dr. Jasna Hivziefendić IBU
2- Assist. Prof. Dr. Jasmin Kevrić IBU
3- Assist. Prof. Dr. Dejan Jokić IBU
i
SHORT CIRCUITS CALCULATIONS OF WIND FARM
“PODVELEŽJE”
ABSTRACT
The calculation of short circuits for any power facility has the purpose of determining
the technical parameters of the equipment to be installed. This paper deals with the
calculation of three-phase short circuits of the wind farm Podveležje, which is planned
to be built in the near future. Information about location, future installed wind turbines
and their specifications are presented in this paper. Also, theoretical basis for short
circuits calculations is included. The paper entails brief description of the ETAP
program package by which the calculation was derived as a concrete example of the
calculation of a three-phase short circuit in three characteristic wind farm points.
Keywords: Short Circuit Currents, Voltage, Impedance, Wind Farm, ETAP, IEC
Standards, Wind Turbine, Electrical Grid, Circuit Faults, Transformers, Cables,
Busbars.
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Writing this acknowledgment was the last touch of my senior design project. I would
first like to thank my supervisor Assist. Prof. Dr. Jasna Hivziefendić, who gave me all
theoretical background and shared knowledge to help me finish my research paper.
Also, I would like to thank all my Academic staff from Electric and Energetics
Engineering Department who showed full support and been always there for me to
help, listen to my ideas and guided me through my studying.
I would like to especially thank my Assist. Prof. Dr. Jasmin Kevrić, who was always
there for me, eager to hear my ideas, listen for problems, help on many occasions and
most of all being good lecturer and greater person.
Also, many thanks to my colleagues who made my studying years feel great with
studies, projects, exams and many more.
Special thanks go to my closest and dearest who supported me, helped me, and always
were there for me.
Most of all I thank my parents and my sister for their unlimited support, greatest role
models and biggest help throughout my whole life. Nothing would be accomplished
without them and for that I am grateful forever.
iii
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that this Senior Design Project titled - Short circuits calculations of
wind farm “Podveležje” is based on my original work except quotations and citations
which have been duly acknowledged. I also declare that this thesis has not been
previously or concurrently submitted for the award of any degree, at International
Burch University, any other University or Institution.
Haris Serdarević
Date: 10 July 2017
iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
APPROVAL PAGE…………………………………………………………….…i
ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………….………ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS……………………………………………….…......iii
DECLARATION…………………………………………………………………iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS……………………………………………....…….…...v
LIST OF TABLES……………………………………………………………....vii
LIST OF FIGURES…………………………………………………………….viii
LIST OF APPENDICES…………………………………………………….…....x
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS…………………………………………………....xi
CHAPTER 1
1 INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………….…….1
CHAPTER 2
2 BRIEF THEORETICAL REVIEW ON THE CALCULATION
OF SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENTS………………….…….…….……..4
2.1 Symmetrical and Non-Symmetrical Components………..……..….6
2.2 Three-Phase Short Circuit………………………………..….……..8
2.3 Single-Phase Short Circuit with Ground……………………...…..10
2.4 Two-Phase Short Circuit with Ground…………………..…….….13
2.5 Two-Phase Short Circuit without Ground……………..……….....16
v
CHAPTER 3
3 IEC SHORT CIRCUIT CALCULATION METHODS……….…..……3
3.1 General Description of Calculation Methodology………..…….….18
3.2 Calculation Methods………………………………..………….…..19
3.3 Modeling of Power Station Unit…………………………………...21
CHAPTER 4
4 CALCULATION……………………..…………………………………....24
4.1 Assumptions of Short Circuits Analysis...…………..……………...28
4.2 Results Analysis……………………………………….....…………31
CHAPTER 5
5 CONCLUSION………………………………………………....………….32
REFERENCES..........................................................................................................33
APPENDICIES……………………………………………………….……………34
vi
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE 2.1 Basic analytical relations of short circuits………………....…….…......8
TABLE 3.1 Minimum and maximum current calculations with voltage factor c......21
TABLE 4.1 Power and current of three-phase and single-phase short circuits
for the 110 kV node of wind farm Podveležje before
connecting the wind turbine...............................................................25
TABELA 4.2 Estimated lenght of mediumvoltage cables …………………………26
vii
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE 1.1 Area Podveležje over the city of Mostar…….………………………..1
FIGURE 1.2 Analytical Framework….……………………………………………..2
FIGURE 2.1 Schematic Representation of Short Circuits.………………………….6
FIGURE 2.2 Graphical Display of a 9 Phases Symmetric Components.……......….7
FIGURE 2.3 Vector Addition of Symmetric Components.………………………....8
FIGURE 2.4 Illustration of a Three-Phase Short Circuit…….……………….……..9
FIGURE 2.5 Connection of Component Systems in the Case of a Three-Phase

Short Circuit……………………..………………………….…….…9
FIGURE 2.6 Illustration of a Single-Phase Short Circuit………….……………....11
FIGURE 2.7 Connection of Component Systems in the Case of a

Single-Phase Short Circuit.………………………………………...11
FIGURE 2.8 Illustration of Two-Phase Short Circuit with Ground….……...….....13

Two-Phase Short Circuit with Ground……………………………..14
FIGURE 2.10 Two-Phase Short Circuit without Ground…………………..….......16

Two-Phase Short Circuit without Ground……………………….....17
FIGURE 3.1 Shunt Admittance Model………………………..………………..….19
FIGURE 3.2 System with a Power Station Unit……………...…………………....23
FIGURE 4.1 Connection of Wind Power Plant Podveležje in the

Power System of BiH…………………………………...……….…24
viii
FIGURE 4.2 Single-Phase Scheme of Wind Farm Podveležje….……………….…27
FIGURE 4.3 Three-Phase Short Circuit at 30 kV Busbar Substation ….…………..28
FIGURE 4.4 Three-Phase Short Circuit on 30 kV Busbar (no. 57) of

the Wind Turbine Number 2 at Point of Connection on the Grid….,,,.29
FIGURE 4.5 Three-Phase Short Circuit on 30 kV Busbar (no. 12) of

the Wind Turbine Number 16 at Point of Connection on the Grid…30
ix
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX 1 Three-Phase short circuit at 30kV busbar substation……………….35
APPENDIX 2 Three-phase short circuit on 30kV busbar (no. 57) of the

wind turbine number 2 at point of connection on the grid………….47
APPENDIX 3 Three-phase short circuit on 30kV busbar (no. 12) of the

wind turbine number 16 at point of connection on the grid………...60
x
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
AC Alternating Current
ANSI American National Standards Institute
BiH Bosnia & Herzegovina
DC Direct Current
emf Electromotive Force
ETAP Electrical Power System Analysis & Operation Software
F Fortescue matrix
I Current
IEC International Electrotechnical Commission
IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
R Resistance
rms Root Mean Square
U Voltage
X Reactance
XLPE Crosslinked Polyethylene
Z Impedance
xi
INTRODUCTION
The location of the wind power plant is located in Podveležje region. Region
Podveležje is a mountain plateau of an altitude of 600-1,400 m, east of the city of
Mostar, and below the mountain massif Velež (1,987 m), approximately 30 km of
airline from the Adriatic coast.
Figure 1.1 Area Podveležje over the City of Mostar

The entire mountain plateau Podveležje can be divided into two levels, two plateaus,
both located in the northwest-southeast direction.
1
The lower part of the altitude between 600-900 m represents the central part of
Podveležje, and there are smaller parts for agricultural activities as well as few smaller
settlements located east of the main road passing through Podveležje, linking this part
of the region to the north with the Mostar city, and in the south with the main road
Mostar-Nevesinje.
The upper part of the plain Podveležje is located to the east, and above the lower part,
at an altitude between 950-1,100 m. It is 17 km long and in an average 2-3 km wide
terrain, directly beneath the peaks of mountain Velež.
It is completely uninhabited, stone surface, of limestone origin, with low growth and
texture. The upper part, approximately 35 km2 of its surface, together with the lower
part, makes a total area of approximately 100 km2..
Figure 1.2 Plateu Podveležje

The wind farm of Podveležje will consist of 16 wind turbines with a nominal power
of 3.2 MW, which will be connected by cable to substation Podveležje 110 / 30kV,
2x31,5MVA. The wind turbines will be with variable speed and variable
frequency. The generators will be equipped with a voltage/frequency block of rectifier
and converter, which will be used to convert output voltage and frequency of generator
to nominal values of 0,69 kV and 50 Hz. At the base of the wind turbine, a block
transformer is planned for transformation of voltage from 0.69 kV up to 30 kV. The
nominal power of the transformer block is 3.2 MVA, with the DyN5 connection group.
2
The 30 kV cable network will be used to connect wind turbines with the substation
Podveležje.
The wind turbines are grouped into five groups according to the geographic location
of the individual wind turbines. Designed cables for connecting the wind turbines are
30 kV cables insulated with crosslinked polyethylene (XLPE) - cross section 150mm2
and 240mm2. Crosslinked polyethylene insulation is envisaged because of the
thermostability provided by the crosslinked polyethylene as well as due to the
possibility of greater current load of the cable itself. The length of the individual cables
is determined by orientation towards the predicted location of the each windmill. The
cables will be laid in a cable trench. [1]
The wind turbines will be connected to the substation Podveležje. The substation will
consist of eight 30 kV cells (five will be used to connect the wind farm while the three
are foreseen for the needs of the reserve and eventual expansion of the wind farm). The
amount of produced energy that will be delivered the grid will be effected by two
power transformers 110 / 30 kV 31.5 MVA - Ynyn11 connection group. The neutral
point of the transformer will be earthed via the resistor to limit the earth fault current
to 300 A. A further energy off-take will be made by connecting the substation via a 110
kV transmission line to the transmission network. There is also predicted a connection
with two transmission lines to provide more reliable power distribution, and to
distribute power flows. The transmission lines will be built towards cities Mostar and
Jablanica. [1]
3
2 BRIEF THEORETICAL REVIEW OF THE CALCULATION OF
SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENTS
A short circuit represents a disrupted network condition that arises when it reaches
physical contact or leap between parts that are in normal random state at different
potentials. During the short circuit, the networks detect enormously high current
values. One of the example is contacting a phase conductor with earth potential or
touching two phase conductors with each other. The appearance of short circuit is due
to the aging of the insulation or weakness of overvoltage. In the case of overhead lines
short circuit appear in various causes such as the effects of lightning, wind, branch
falls on the conduits, birds or other influences.
Dirtiness of insulation and poor weather conditions combined with overvoltage may
lead to short circuit. Failures in cables come either weakening or aging of the insulation
or due to mechanical damage.
Short circuit calculations can be represented as stationary balance calculations or as
calculations of transition states. For the calculation of mechanical and thermal stresses
of the electrical equipment and circuit breaker current, it is necessary to know some
characteristic values of the short circuit currents that are calculated from the time flow
of current. Short circuit are mainly studied as quasi-stationary states. Since currents
and voltages for the duration of the short circuit change over time, then in order to
obtain the complete quasi-realistic image, it is necessary to extract several stationary
states from the real image of the voltage and currents for the duration of the short
circuit.
Based on the calculations of the short circuit their currents are particularly important
for the calculation of electrodynamic forces that are relevant for the selection of
equipment. These currents are calculated according to the intensity of the currents in
subtransient period. [2]
4
The subtransient period is too short to allow the heat effects to emerge, so the thermal
calculations are valid in transitional period. Dimensioning of the equipment to the
thermal stresses is performed according to the thermal impulse determined by the
transient current and the appropriate time duration of these currents. A dimensional
grounding problem that appears is solved on the base of the calculated values of single-
phase short circuit currents in the transient period. Through an earthing conductor, a
triple zero current flows, which, with single-phase short circuit to earth, is equal to
phase current affected by a fault. Therefore, only when asymmetric faults occur
through the return flow in the ground then a single-phase short circuit with earth is
taken as a representative of these failures.
Mathematical calculations of short circuit currents are usually performed by
simplifying which gives results, aside from security. In other words, the calculated
currents failures are surely greater than the currents of failures in the real system. The
tasks of dimensioning of relay protection and the corresponding automation are very
demanding with a very rigorous and accurate input information on currents and
voltages during the time of failure, so these calculations are the most demanding. Short
circuit calculations serve as a base for checking the transient stability of power
systems. The method of calculating the short circuit currents and the corresponding
voltages for the duration of the short circuit, as a quasi-stationary size, is based on the
application of the superposition theorem, whose calculations are in linear systems. [2]
The following short circuits are calculated in power systems:
• Three-phase short circuit (sc3)

• Single-phase short circuit with earth fault (sc1G)
• Two-phase short circuit with earth (sc2G)
• Two-phase short circuit without earth (sc2)
Three-phase short circuit calculations are calculations of symmetric state, while other
three short circuits calculations have calculations of non-symmetric states. Short
circuits are also called island (off-grid) failures. There are differing breaks of one, two
or all three phases, as well as interruptions with touching and without touching the
ground. Of the total number of short circuits in the network, between 70-80% is single-
phase short-circuits, while the three-phase short circuits are the rarest. [2]
5
Figure 2.1 Schematic Representation of Short Circuits [2]
2.1 Symmetrical and Non-Symmetrical Components
The calculations of the quasi-stationary, subtransient and the transient state are
presented as an invariant work with the idea of keeping the phase calculation valid.
However, the asymmetry of most island (off-grid) failures demands complicated
calculations for all three phases or the introduction of a suitable mathematical
apparatus. In mathematical calculations, usually system of symmetric components is
used. [5]
The first step is representing the system of three arbitrary asymmetrical phasor (eg.
three unsymmetrical phasor voltage Ua ,Ub , Uc in equation (2.1)) by the three groups
of three phasors of symmetrical components (total of nine phasor), where each group
is represented only over a single phaser (group of direct order over Ud, group inverse
order through Ui, a group of zero order over U0).
𝑈𝑎 1 1 1 𝑈𝑑
2
[𝑈𝑏 ] = [𝑎 𝑎 1] [ 𝑈𝑖 ] (2.1)
𝑈𝑐 𝑎 𝑎2 1 𝑈0
In expression (2.1) matrix column voltage phasors consist generally of the three-
arbitrary unsymmetrical phasor and voltage phasor column matrix of symmetrical
components of the components relating to the phase a.
6
Direct component phase b and c are calculated as:
𝑈𝑑.𝑏 = 𝑎2 𝑈𝑑 (2.2)
𝑈𝑑.𝑐 = 𝑎𝑈𝑑 (2.3)
And inverse as:
𝑈𝑖.𝑏 = 𝑎𝑈𝑖 (2.4)
𝑈𝑖.𝑐 = 𝑎2 𝑈𝑖 (2.5)
The zero components have the characteristics of simultaneous:

𝑈0.𝑎 = 𝑈0,𝑏 = 𝑈0,𝑐 (2.6)
The relation (2.1) is usually written in the matrix vector notation:

𝑈𝑎.𝑏,𝑐 = 𝑭𝑈𝑑,𝑖,0 (2.7)
In relation (2.7) F is Fortescue matrix whose determinant is equal to 3(a - a2), so that
there exists an inverse matrix.
1 √3
Complex operator a = (− 2 + 𝑗 ).
2
Multiplication of a phaser with complex operator a is driven to rotation of that phase

in a positive direction (counterclockwise) by 120°. Useful features used in working
with this operator are:
2
1 + 𝑎 + 𝑎2 = 0 𝑎2 = 𝑎∗ 𝑎3 = 1 𝑎∗ = 𝑒 −𝑗3 .
Graphic presentation of the set of nine phasor is given in Figure 2.2, and vector
addition of an arbitrary vector Ua on Figure 2.3.
Figure 2.2 Graphical Display of a 9 Phases Symmetric Components [2]
7
Figure 2.3 Vector Addition of Symmetric Components [2]
Phase intensity within a group of symmetric components (direct, inverse, and zero) are
equal and only phase attitudes differ. According to (2.7), it follows that for given phase
size of symmetrical components from phase a is found as:
1
𝑈𝑑.𝑖,0 = 𝐹 −1 𝑈𝑎.𝑏.𝑐 (2.8)
3
Respectively:
𝑈𝑑 𝑎 2 𝑈𝑎
1 1 𝑎
[ 𝑈𝑖 ] = [1 𝑎2 𝑎 ] [𝑈𝑏 ] (2.9)
3
𝑈0 1 1 1 𝑈𝑐
In Table 2.1 basic mathematical relations are specified for four types of short circuits.
Type of failure sc3 sc1G sc2 sc2G
𝑈𝑎 = 0 𝐼𝑎 = 0 𝐼𝑎 = 0
Asymmetry zone 𝑈𝑎 = 𝑈𝑏 = 𝑈𝑐 = 0
𝐼𝑏 = 𝐼𝑐 =0 𝑈𝑏 = 𝑈𝑐 ; 𝐼𝑏 + 𝐼𝑐 =0 𝑈𝑏 = 𝑈𝑐 = 0
𝑈𝑑 = 𝑈𝑖 = 𝑈0 = 0 𝑈𝑑 + 𝑈𝑖 + 𝑈0 = 0 𝑈0 = 0 ; 𝐼0 = 0 𝐼𝑑 + 𝐼𝑖 + 𝐼0 = 0
Symmetry zone
𝐼𝑖 = 𝐼0 = 0 𝐼𝑑 = 𝐼𝑖 = 𝐼0 𝐼𝑖 + 𝐼0 = 0 ; 𝑈𝑑 = 𝑈𝑖 𝑈𝑑 = 𝑈𝑖 = 𝑈0
Table 2.1 Basic Analytical Relations of Short Circuits
2.2 Three-Phase Short Circuit
All faults other than the three-phase short circuit belong to a group of asymmetric
failures. In the three-phase short circuit illustrated in Figure 2.4 it is assumed that all
three phases are affected by a fault and it means that a three-phase is short circuit to
8
the ground was occurred. Due to the symmetry of the three-phase system, it doesn't
matter if failure is with or without connection the ground. Inspecting the fault location
determines that the voltages of all three phases are zero. The inverse and zero current
systems do not exist because of the symmetry of the fault and the fault location
(branches being simulated by sc3) is equivalent to the ideal current sources. [3] Thus,
in the case of the three-phase short circuit (sc3) there is:
𝑈𝑎 = 𝑈𝑏 = 𝑈𝑐 = 0 (2.10)
Figure 2.4 Illustration of a Three-Phase Short Circuit [2]
The symmetrical voltage components at the fault location, based on the previous
connection as well as on the application of the relation (2.7) are:
𝑈𝑑 = 𝑈𝑖 = 𝑈0 = 0 (2.11)
As the inverse and zero systems in the case of a three-phase short circuit are empty, it
is evident that there is only a direct component system at the fault location as a
consequence of symmetrical failure, as shown in Figure 2.5:
𝐼𝑖 = 𝐼0 = 0 (2.12)
Figure 2.5 Connection of Component Systems in the Case of a Three-Phase Short

Circuit
9
The points Fd i Nd mark the phase and zero of the direct component system. 𝑍𝑑𝑒𝑘𝑣 mark
the equivalent of Thevenin's impedance of direct order. Id is the current of the direct
order flowing to the fault location. The assumption is that the impedance of the failure
is equal to zero so that current of the direct order, according to the simple circuit shown
in Figure 2.5 is calculated as:
𝑈𝑓𝑟
𝐼𝑑 = (2.13)
𝑍𝑑𝑒𝑘𝑣
A further assumption follows that the Thevenin emf is exactly equal to the phase
operating voltage at the point of failure, ET = Ufr. Since an impedance is per phase,
then the currents are also counted per phase. Actual current sizes through the fault
location can now easily be calculated using the relation (2.7) as:
𝐼𝑎 1 1 1 𝐼𝑑
2
[𝐼𝑏 ] = [ 𝑎 𝑎 1] [ 𝐼𝑖 ] (2.14)
𝐼𝑐 𝑎 𝑎2 1 𝐼0
Directly follows:
𝑈𝑓𝑟 𝑈𝑓𝑟 𝑈𝑓𝑟
𝐼𝑎 = ; 𝐼𝑏 = 𝑎2 ; 𝐼𝑐 = 𝑎 (2.15)
𝑍𝑑𝑒𝑘𝑣 𝑍𝑑𝑒𝑘𝑣 𝑍𝑑𝑒𝑘𝑣
Normally, the reference phase in the short-circuit current calculations is the phase
operating voltage that is operating at the fault location before the failure occurs. By
applying an analogous procedure to the calculation of real values of the voltage at the
fault location, only physical equations are ascertained:
𝑈𝑎 = 𝑈𝑏 = 𝑈𝑐 = 0 (2.16)
2.3 Single-Phase Short Circuit with Ground
By convention in the single-phase short circuit to the ground it is assumed that phase
a is affected by the failure, so it derives the conclusion that the equations of physical
equations for this phase voltage at the fault location is zero. For phases b and c the
physical equations at the fault location are a conclusion of the fact that the currents
through their island extract runs are zero, as these phases have no contact with the
ground. [3]
10
Figure 2.6 Illustration of a Single-Phase Short Circuit [2]
The physical equations that are written on the basis of inspection of the location of
failure are:
𝑈𝑎 = 0 (2.17)
𝐼𝑏 = 0 (2.18)
𝐼𝑐 = 0 (2.19)
Figure 2.7 Connection of Component Systems in the Case of a Single-Phase Short

Circuit [2]
Repercussions of equation (2.17) is the following equation in the coordinates of the

symmetrical components:
𝑈𝑑 + 𝑈𝑖 + 𝑈0 = 0 (2.20)
Analogously in the coordinates of symmetric components for equations (2.18) and

(2.19) has:
𝑎2 𝐼𝑑 + 𝑎𝐼𝑖 + 𝐼0 = 0 (2.21)
𝑎𝐼𝑑 + 𝑎2 𝐼𝑖 + 𝐼0 = 0 (2.22)
11
By equating the previous two relations directly follow:
(𝑎2 − 𝑎)𝐼𝑑 = (𝑎2 − 𝑎)𝐼𝑖 (2.23)
it is obtained that:
𝐼𝑑 = 𝐼𝑖 (2.24)
By changing (2.24) in to relation (2.21), using the characteristics that a2 + a = -1, then
it is:
𝐼𝑑 = 𝐼0 (2.25)
Relations (2.24) and (2.25) show that the direct, inverse and zero current, for the case
of single-phase short circuit, mutually equal and then time-component systems are
attached at the fault periodically, as shown in Figure 2.7. According to this figure, it is
easy to check correctness of the relation (2.25). In the direct component system there
is only the active system. The reason is that generators working in a normal state,
which precedes short-circuit, produce a symmetrical, direct, three-phase voltage
system and respectively Thevenin's ems occurs only in a direct system. The remaining
two component systems are passive systems. In the case of single-phase short circuit
to the ground, point Nd, Ni i N0 (which represent zero of the direct, inverse and zero
component system) are not points on the same potential in this case. Direct, inverse
and zero currents, as the ideal current generators used to replace the fault location,
produce different currents changes in the direct, inverse and zero circuit. The system
is modeled with the three component symmetrical systems: direct, inverse and zero
component system. It is assumed that direct 𝑍𝑑𝑒𝑘𝑣 , inverse 𝑍𝑖𝑒𝑘𝑣 and zero 𝑍0𝑒𝑘𝑣
impedance are known. [5]
For the direct component system, the basic equilibrium of the voltage equation is
written:
𝑈𝑓𝑟 − 𝑈𝑑 − 𝑍𝑑𝑒𝑘𝑣 𝐼𝑑 (2.26)
Analogously follows for the inverse and zero system equations according to the
scheme of Figure 2.7:
𝑈𝑖 + 𝑍𝑖𝑒𝑘𝑣 𝐼𝑖 = 0 (2.27)
𝑈0 + 𝑍0𝑒𝑘𝑣 𝐼0 = 0 (2.28)
12
Expressing currents from the previous three relations, with the fact that the currents
are mutually equal, and the substitution in (2.20) follows:
𝑈𝑓𝑟
𝐼𝑑 = (2.29)
𝑍𝑑𝑒𝑘𝑣 + 𝑍𝑖𝑒𝑘𝑣 + 𝑍0𝑒𝑘𝑣
From relations (2.24) and (2.25) follows:
𝑈𝑓𝑟
𝐼𝑖 = 𝐼0 = (2.30)
The fault current is:
3𝑈𝑓𝑟
𝐼𝑎 = (2.31)
𝐼𝑖 = 𝐼0 = 0 (2.32)
From the previous two relationships it is seen that the single-phase short circuit current
with the ground equals the triple zero current.
2.4 Two-phase short circuit with ground
This type of short circuit is also asymmetrical. The inverse and zero systems are
generated at the site of asymmetry. Physical equations at failure location are reduced
to equal voltages of phases b and c which are in contact with the ground and a phase
current equal to zero. [2]
Figure 2.8 Illustration of Two-Phase Short Circuit with Ground [2]

The equation of failure according to Figure 2.8, is:
𝐼𝑎 = 0 (2.33)
𝑈𝑏 = 0 (2.34)
𝑈𝑐 = 0 (2.35)
13
Figure 2.9 Connection of Component Systems in the Case of a Two-Phase Short
Circuit with Ground [2]
Transferring equation (2.33) into the coordinates of the symmetrical components is

obtained:
𝐼𝑑 + 𝐼𝑖 + 𝐼0 = 0 (2.36)
From the relations (2.34) and (2.35) for the phase b and c, transferring to coordinates
of symmetrical components follows:
𝑎2 𝑈𝑑 + 𝑎𝑈𝑖 + 𝑈0 = 𝑈𝑏
(2.37)
𝑎𝑈𝑑 + 𝑎2 𝑈𝑖 + 𝑈0 = 𝑈𝑐
(2.38)
𝑈𝑏 = 𝑈𝑐 (2.39)
Based on the relations (2.37) and (2.38) we obtain:
𝑈𝑑 = 𝑈𝑖 = 𝑈0 = 0 (2.40)
In accordance to relation (2.40) and the relation (2.36), it can be concluded that the
direct, inverse and zero component systems are connected mutually parallel at the fault
location. Calculating currents of the direct, inverse and zero order from equations
(2.26), (2.27) and (2.28) and replacing to (2.36), equations are obtained for only one
14
unknown, direct voltage component because the inverse and zero voltage component
is equal to direct according to relation (2.40):
𝑈𝑓𝑟 − 𝑈𝑑 𝑈𝑑 𝑈𝑑
− − =0 (2.41)
𝑍𝑑𝑒𝑘𝑣 𝑍𝑖𝑒𝑘𝑣 𝑍0𝑒𝑘𝑣
From where:
𝑍0𝑒𝑘𝑣 𝑍𝑖𝑒𝑘𝑣
𝑈𝑑 = 𝑈𝑓𝑟 (2.42)
𝑍2
𝑍 2 = 𝑍𝑑𝑒𝑘𝑣 𝑍0𝑒𝑘𝑣 + 𝑍𝑑𝑒𝑘𝑣 𝑍𝑖𝑒𝑘𝑣 + 𝑍0𝑒𝑘𝑣 𝑍𝑖𝑒𝑘𝑣 (2.43)
For direct, inverse and zero fault current components, the following is obtained:
(𝑍0𝑒𝑘𝑣 + 𝑍𝑖𝑒𝑘𝑣 )
𝐼𝑑 = 𝑈𝑓𝑟 (2.44)
𝑍2
𝑍0𝑒𝑘𝑣
𝐼𝑖 = −𝑈𝑓𝑟 (2.45)
𝑍2
𝑍𝑖𝑒𝑘𝑣
𝐼0 = −𝑈𝑓𝑟 (2.46)
𝑍2
Using the relations (2.44) - (2.46) for the currents in phases b and c is
obtained:
(𝑎2 − 1)𝑍𝑖𝑒𝑘𝑣 + (𝑎2 − 𝑎)𝑍0𝑒𝑘𝑣
𝐼𝑏 = 𝑈𝑓𝑟 (2.47)
𝑍2
(𝑎 − 1)𝑍𝑖𝑒𝑘𝑣 + (𝑎 − 𝑎2 )𝑍0𝑒𝑘𝑣
𝐼𝑐 = 𝑈𝑓𝑟 (2.48)
𝑍2
While the voltage levels are:

3𝑍𝑖𝑒𝑘𝑣 𝑍0𝑒𝑘𝑣 )
𝑈𝑎 = 𝑈𝑓𝑟 (2.49)
𝑍2
𝑈𝑏 = 0 (2.50)
𝑈𝑐 = 0 (2.51)
15
2.5 Two-phase Short Circuit without Ground
The two-phase short circuit represents the contact of two phase conductors. In
consideration is taken that phase conductors b and c are in failure. [2]
Figure 2.10 Two-Phase Short Circuit without Ground [2]

For this case, the following relations can be written:
𝐼𝑎 = 0 (2.52)
𝑈𝑏 = 𝑈𝑐 (2.53)
𝐼𝑏 + 𝐼𝑐 = 0 (2.54)
From the relations (2.52) and (2.54) it follows that:
𝐼0 = 0 (2.55)
𝐼0 = −𝐼𝑖 (2.56)
While from the relation (2.53) it is:
𝑈𝑑 = 𝑈𝑖 (2.57)
𝑈0 = 0 (2.58)
The relation (2.55) shows that there is no zero system, which could be assumed,
considering that such types of failures do not have contact with the ground. Thus, it
can be concluded that the direct and inverse component system is connected mutually
parallel at the fault location, as shown in Figure 2.11:
16
Figure 2.11 Connection of Component Systems in the Case of a Two-Phase Short
Circuit without Ground [2]
Equation of voltage equilibrium for this case is:
𝑈𝑓𝑟 = 𝐼𝑑 (𝑍𝑑𝑒𝑘𝑣 + 𝑍𝑖𝑒𝑘𝑣 ) (2.59)
It is easy to see that the symmetrical components of the current and voltage at the fault
location are:
𝑈𝑓𝑟
𝐼𝑑 = (2.60)
𝑍𝑑𝑒𝑘𝑣 + 𝑍𝑖𝑒𝑘𝑣
𝑈𝑓𝑟
𝐼𝑖 = − (2.61)
𝑈𝑑 = 𝑈𝑖 = 𝑈𝑓𝑟 (2.62)
The actual sizes of current through the fault location are:

(𝑎2 − 𝑎)
𝐼𝑏 = 𝑈𝑓𝑟 (2.63)
(𝑎2 − 𝑎)
𝐼𝑐 = −𝑈𝑓𝑟 (2.64)
And voltage:
2𝑍𝑖𝑒𝑘𝑣
𝑈𝑎 = 𝑈𝑓𝑟 𝑒𝑘𝑣 (2.65)
𝑍𝑑 + 𝑍𝑖𝑒𝑘𝑣
𝑈𝑏 = 𝑈𝑐 = −𝑈𝑓𝑟 𝑒𝑘𝑣 (2.66)
𝑍𝑑 + 𝑍𝑖𝑒𝑘𝑣
17
3 IEC SHORT-CIRCUIT CALCULATION METHODS
Program ETAP provides two short circuit calculation methods based on ANSI/IEEE
and IEC Standards. IEC 60909-0 Standard calculates the short circuit current as a
function of time and displays its instantaneous values using the machine’s subtransient
reactance and time constants. This provides an accurate evaluation of the short circuit
current for sizing protective devices and coordinating relays for isolated systems such
as ships and offshore platforms. [4]
3.1 General Description of Calculation Methodology
In IEC short-circuit calculations, an equivalent voltage source at the fault location

replaces all voltage sources. A voltage factor c is applied to adjust the value of the
equivalent voltage source for minimum and maximum current calculations. All
machines are represented by their internal impedances. Transformer taps can be set at
either the nominal position or at an operating position. Different schemes are available
to correct transformer impedance and system voltages if off-nominal tap setting exists.
System impedances are assumed to be balanced three-phase, and the method of
symmetrical components is used for unbalanced fault calculations. Zero sequence
capacitances of transmission lines, cables and shunt admittances can be considered for
unbalanced fault calculations if the option in the study case is selected to include
branch and static load. This means that the capacitances of static loads and branches
are considered based on IEC 60909-0 2001. The basic model used to consider these
shunt admittances is shown below:
18
Figure 3.1 Shunt Admittance Model [4]
Calculations consider electrical distance from the fault location to synchronous

generators. For a far-from-generator fault, calculations assume that the steady-state
value of the short-circuit current is equal to the initial symmetrical short-circuit
current and only the DC component decays to zero. However, for a near-to-generator
fault, calculations count for decaying in both AC and DC components. The equivalent
R/X ratios determine the rates of decay of both components, and different values are
recommended for generators and motors near the fault. Calculations also differ for
meshed and unmeshed networks. The factor k, which is used to multiply the initial
short-circuit current to get the peak short-circuit current ip, is defined differently for
different system configurations and the methods selected to calculate the R/X ratios.
3.2 Calculation Methods
Initial Symmetrical Short circuit current (I”k)

This is the rms value of the AC symmetrical component of an available short circuit
current applicable at the instant of short circuit if the impedance remains at zero-time
value.
Peak Short Circuit Current (ip)

This is the maximum possible instantaneous value of the available short circuit
current.
19
Contribution of the upstream grid
The contribution of the upstream grid, with regime analysis that was carried out by
the Independent System Operator of Bosnia and Herzegovina (NOS BiH) that we will
use in our calculations for one point, is calculated according to IEC 60909:
𝑐𝑈𝑛
𝐼𝑘" = (3.1)
√3(𝑍𝑄𝑡 + 𝑍𝑇 )
The ZQ is the impedance of the upstream grid at the connection point and the ZT is the
impedance of the transformer and as well as cables between T1 and T2 transformers
and busbar of 30 kV substation.
Initial Symmetrical Short Circuit Current Calculation

Initial symmetrical short-circuit current (I”k) is calculated using the following
formula:
𝑐𝑈𝑛
𝐼𝑘" = (3.2)
√3𝑍𝑘
where the Zk is the total impedance which represents all the impedances upstream of
the switching point and a load, which are represented by their impedances. In a real
grid, the total impedance Zk is made up of the impedances of all components upstream
of the short circuit. If a connection with inappreciable impedance occurs between two
points, it results in a short circuit current Ik limited only by the impedance Zk.
𝑍𝑘 = √(𝑅𝐾2 + 𝑋𝐾2 ) (3.3)
The Rk is the sum of the resistances of one phase, connected in series and the Xk is
the sum of the reactance of one phase, connected in series.
In theory equation of the Zk seems simple, but in practice it is quite difficult to
accurately calculate the impedance Zk. A variety of voltage sources (power plants,
generators) are connected to a large shared grid through a variety of lines and
transformers.
Voltage Factor c
This is the factor used to adjust the value of the equivalent voltage source for
minimum and maximum current calculations according to the following table:
20
Voltage Factor c
For Maximum For Minimum
Short-Circuit Short-Circuit
Current Calculation Current Calculation
Nominal Voltage Un cmax cmin
Others < 1001 V 1.1 0.95

Medium voltage >
1 kV to 35 kV 1.10 1.00
High voltage >
35 kV to 230 kV 1.10 1.00
Table 3.1 Minimum and Maximum Current Calculations with Voltage Factor c
Peak Short Circuit Current Calculation

Peak short-circuit current (ip) is calculated using the following formula:
𝑖𝑝 = √2𝑘𝐼𝑘" (3.4)
Where k is a function of the system R/X ratio at the fault location.
3.3 Modeling of Power Station Unit
According to IEC Standard 60909-0 the impedance of a power station unit needs to
be modeled with special considerations. Depending on where the fault location is in
the system and if the unit transformer has on-load tap-changer, the impedance values
of the generator and unit transformer will be adjusted by different factors.
Designation of A Power Station Unit

To specify a synchronous generator and a two-winding transformer as a power station
unit, there is a need to check the “Unit Transformer for Generator” option in the Tap
page of the Two-Winding Transformer editor and to select the generator in the list
next to this field as the unit generator. A generator can be selected as a unit generator
for only one unit transformer. In short-circuit calculation, the generator and the
transformer specified as a pair for a power unit will be modeled as a power unit only
21
when both the generator and the transformer are energized. If the transformer is not
energized, the generator will be modeled as a regular generator. If the generator is not
energized, the transformer will be modeled as a network transformer. The generator
and the transformer specified as a pair for a power unit must also be connected either
directly or through branches other than transformers; otherwise, they will be modeled
as a regular generator and a network transformer. [4]
Network Bus, Connecting Bus and Auxiliary System Bus for A Power Station Unit
According to IEC Standard 60909-0, the generator and the transformer in a power
station unit will be modeled differently depending on the fault location. In ETAP, a
faulted bus can be classified as one of three types with respect to a power station unit:
a network bus, a connecting bus, and an auxiliary system bus. A connecting bus for a
power station unit is the bus on the shortest connecting path between the unit generator
and the unit transformer.
ETAP automatically determines the connecting path and connecting buses for a power
station unit. An auxiliary bus is a bus that in the auxiliary system of a power station
is a unit, but not a connecting bus. The auxiliary system includes all the elements that
are connected to the connecting buses without going across the unit transformer.
Network buses are all the rest of the buses that are neither connecting buses nor
auxiliary buses. A bus type designation is made with respect to a given power station
unit. For the system given below, generator Unit-Gen and transformer Unit-XFMR
form a power station unit. For this power station unit, Gen-Bus is the connecting bus
for the power station unit. Auxiliary system buses include Aux-Bus-1 and Aux-Bus-
2. The rest buses are all network buses. [4]
22
Figure 3.2 System with a Power Station Unit [4]
23
4 CALCULATION
In order to accomplish the complete calculation of short circuits in the wind farm,
Podveležje there was as a need first to conduct a grid impact analysis on the wind farm
itself.
This chapter deals with the analysis of the short circuit regime. The short circuit regime
analysis was carried out by the Independent Operator of the System of Bosnia and
Herzegovina (NOS BiH). The calculations were based on the topology and parameters
of the 400, 220 and 110 kV transmission grids of the power system BiH, which was
delivered by Transmission Company of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Elektroprenos
BiH). A short circuit analysis was performed using the PSS®E program according to
IEC 60909 standard. The IEC 60909 Standard applies to the calculation of short circuit
current in three-phase alternating current systems with frequencies of 50 and 60 Hz. A
method of equivalent voltage sources has been applied which allows the calculation of
short circuit current using the rated voltage of the system and the nominal parameters
of the equipment.
Figure 4.1 Connection of Wind Power Plant Podveležje to the Power System of BiH
24
In the Elaboration of the technical connections of the wind power plant to the
transmission grid (February 2014.), the calculation of short circuits at 110 kV voltage
level was performed for the purpose of checking the existing ones and for determining
the power of the new switchgear at the location of wind power plant Podveležje. The
calculation of short circuits in the wind farm Podveležje was not the subject of the
Elaborate, considering that the influence of wind farm Podveležje on the transmission
grid was analyzed. [6]
As inputs for the calculation of short circuits in the 30 kV busbar, which are the subject
of this paper, the obtained values from the calculation of short circuits on the 110 kV
busbar without the participation of the wind turbines of wind farm Podveležje were
used.
The power and current of three-phase and single-phase short circuits for the 110 kV
node wind farm Podveležje are given below (Table 4.1) before the wind turbine is
connected.
<SCMVA <-Sym Ik”rms- <ip(B) <ip(C) <DC <SymIb <AsymIb

> > > > Ib(C)> > >
X------BUS------X SC
/I/ AN(I) /I/ /I/ /I/ /I/ /I/
MVA AMP DEG AMP AMP AMP AMP AMP
28 3P 8616. - 18633. 19034.

1641.58 977.5 8616.1 8671.3
[PODVELEŽJE] H 1 77.69 6 1
28 4200.
LG 800.26 -74.2 9832 8782 292.8 4200.3 4210.5
[PODVELEŽJE] 3
Table 4.1 Power and Current of Three-Phase and Single-Phase Short Circuits for the
110 kV Node of Wind Farm Podveležje before Connecting the Wind Turbine
Input data elements of wind farm are presumed because at this time the equipment
that will be used is unknown. The input data of the equipment used are the
recommended standard values offered by the program ETAP, based on rated power
and rated voltage of the equipment as follows:
Power transformers T1 and T2:

Rated voltage: 110 / 30 kV
Rated power: 31.5 MVA
25
Group of connection: Ynyn11
Z (%) =12,5
X/R =45
Block transformers:
Rated voltage: 30 / 0,69 kV
Rated power: 3.2 MVA
Group of connection: Dyn5
Z (%) =6
X/R =8,5
Cables:
Cable type: 30 kV cables, with insulated polyethylene insulation
Cable cross section: 150mm2 and 240mm2
R(150mm2) =0,15165 Ω/m
X(150mm2) =0,113 Ω/m
R(240mm2) =0,09309 Ω/m
X(240mm2) =0,104 Ω/m
Wind turbines:
Rated voltage: 0,69 kV
Rated power: 3,2 MVA
X0 =17 Ω
X2 =17 Ω
X/R =51,018
GROUP 1 (=H3) GROUP 2 (=H4) GROUP 3 GROUP 4

L31 = TS – T14 – T15 L21 = TS-T10-T11-T12 L4 = TS – T6 – T7- L1 = TS – T2 – T3 – T4 – T5
L32 = T15 - T16 L22=SS-T1 T8
L33=T15-T9
SS – T14 1859 L22 299 SS – T6 3777 SS – T2 1169
T14 – T15 539 SS - T10 369 T6 – T7 450 T2 – T3 391
L32 845 T10 - T11 448 T7-T8 432 T3 – T4 417
L33 972 T11 - T12 445 T4 – T5 1215
L3=L31+L32+L33 4215 L2=L21+L22 1560 L4 4659 L1 3193
Table 4.2 Estimated lenght of mediumvoltage cables
26
Figure 4.2 Single-Phase Scheme of Wind Farm Podveležje [1]
27
4.1 Assumptions of Short Circuits Analysis
In Figure 4.2 ‘Single-phase scheme of wind farm Podveležje’ the configuration of

grid which is used for calculations of short circuits is shown. A short circuit analysis
was performed in three characteristic points using the ETAP program according to
IEC 60909 standard.
• Point 1 – three-phase short circuit at 30 kV busbar substation;

• Point 2 - three-phase short circuit on 30 kV busbar (no. 57) of the wind turbine
number 2 at point of connection on the grid;
• Point 3 - three-phase short circuit on 30 kV busbar (no. 12) of the wind turbine
number 16 at point of connection on the grid.
Point 1 (fault on 30 kV busbars) was selected to show the contribution of the grid and
wind farm to the three-phase short circuit on the 30 kV busbar of substation
Podveležje. This point is important because it represents the most unfavorable point
of the observed model in regard to the short circuits. The short circuit location will
be powered by the grid, but also by all the wind turbines. A short circuit values will
be affected by the impedance of cables and transformers that will reduce the produced
current.
Figure 4.3 Three-Phase Short Circuit at 30 kV Busbar Substation1
1
See full size Figure in Appendix 1 – page 36
28
Figure 4.3 represents the calculation of a three phase short circuit current which occurs
at the 30kV busbar of substation. This point is important for determination of a 30kV
switchgear.
Point 2 (fault on busbar number 57) is selected to show the contribution of the grid
instead of the fault, the influence of wind turbines from the same group, the impact of
the individual aggregate and the influence of the remaining wind turbines in wind
farm.
Figure 4.4 Three-Phase Short Circuit on 30 kV Busbar (no. 57) of the Wind Turbine
Number 2 at Point of Connection on the Grid2
Figure 4.4 represents calculation of a three-phase short circuit which occurs at busbar
of 30 kV switchgear in wind turbine. This point is important for determination of a
switchgear in wind turbines.
Point 3 (fault on busbar number 12) is selected to show the contribution of the grid
instead of the fault, the influence of the individual aggregate and the influence of the
remaining wind turbines in wind farm.
2
29
Figure 4.5 Three-Phase Short Circuit on 30 kV Busbar (no. 12) of the Wind Turbine
Number 16 at Point of Connection on the Grid3
Figure 4.5 represents calculation of a three-phase short circuit current at busbar of 30

kV switchgear in wind turbine. This point is chosen to represent contribution of one
wind turbine out of cumulative short circuit current.
This symbol represents a fault location while other maroon colored currents
represent a direct flow of current movement from other groups of the wind turbines.
The values of the calculated three-phase short circuits for the characteristic points of
the complete wind farm are attached as appendices of this document. At the moment
of any short circuit in the 30 kV grid, all wind turbines worked in full drive.
During the calculation contributions of each wind turbine were taken into
account. Each wind turbine is superseded as a separate power supply with initial short
circuit current.
3
30
4.2 Results Analysis
The following conclusions can be drawn from the calculation:

The three-phase short circuit at point 1 on the 30 kV busbar according to calculation
has a value of 14.9 kA and represents the highest value of a three-phase short
circuit. This value is the basis for the selection of 30 kV equipment that will be used
in the substation of Podveležje. This short circuit value was generated as the
contribution of the grid in the amount of 9.98 kA of following groups:
• the first group of wind turbines of 1.33 k A,

• the second group of wind turbines of 1.01kA,
• the third group of wind turbines of 0.991kA and
• the fourth wind turbine group in the amount of 1.34kA.
The three-phase short circuit at point 2 (on busbar number 57) according to the
calculation has a value of 13.6 kA. Reducing the short circuit value compared to the
previous case has influenced the active and reactive cable resistance in the length of
1169 m. The contribution of one wind turbine to the value of the short circuit is
0,34kA, while the contribution of the other wind turbines from the same group had a
contribution of 1,01kA.
The three-phase short circuit at point 3 (on busbar number 12) according to the
calculation has a value of 10.5 kA. The contribution of one wind turbine is again the
same and amounts 0.34 kA, while the rest of the grid is 10.23kA.
The effect of each relevant element on short-circuit currents calculation such as cable,
transformers, wind turbines and points between two busses is presented in the
appendices of this document.
31
CONCLUSION
The calculation of short circuits is one of the basic analyzes in the construction of new
power plants and the planning of the power system. Without the proper calculation of
short circuits, it is not possible to select the equipment. In this document, the
calculation of short circuits in three characteristic points of the wind farm Podveležje
was made, on which basis it is possible to choose the parameters of the equipment with
regard to the withstanding current of the short circuits for those selected points.
The calculation shows that the current of the three-phase short circuit on the 30 kV
busbar of substation will not exceed 14.9 kA and therefore on this value the future
equipment could be dimensioned.
The analyze showed that value of three-phase short circuit at the busbars of switchgear
will not exceed 13,6 kA. Therefore, switchgear in the wind turbines must be properly
dimensioned for this value, even contribution of one wind turbine is only 0,39 kA.
It is also evident from this analysis that the value of the short circuit itself will be more
influenced by the energy obtained from the grid than by the wind farm itself. This is a
logical fact given that the grid represents for this point a much stronger source of
energy than wind turbines themselves.
Because of the complexity of short circuits calculations and a large number of different
points of interest for calculation, the use of modern software packages is a significant
relief. One of these is ETAP. Without the use of such software packages calculations
would be more complicated to do and the accuracy of the results questionable. Also,
by using software packages, it is possible to have greater analytics and flexibility when
selecting parameters of the equipment.
32
REFERENCES
[1] JP EP BiH (2015). Glavni Projekt Trnasformatorske stanice 110/30Kv, Saraj

Inžinjering, Sarajevo.
[2] Rajaković N. & Tasić D. (2008). Distributivne i Industrijske Mreže,

Akademska misao, Beograd.
[3] Sadović, S. (2004). Analiza elektroenergetskih Sistema, Faculty of Electrical

Engineering in Sarajevo, Sarajevo.
[4] IEC 60909 (2016). Short circuit current calculations, International Standard,
United Kingdom.
[5] Saadat, H. (1998). Power System Analysis, PSA Publishing, Milwaukee.
[6] Proračuni za potrebu Elaborata (2014). Elaborat priključka na mrežu

vjetroparka Podveležje, Energoinvest, Sarajevo.
33
APPENDICES
34
Appendix 1
Three-phase short circuit at 30kV busbar substation
35
One-Line Diagram - OLV1 (Short-Circuit Analysis)
Mreza
1641,6 MVAsc
Busbar 110kV
2 kV
110 kV 2,72 100,
T1 T3
31,5 MVA 31,5 MVA
Cable1 Cable3
Busbar30kV
30 kV 4,99 4,99
1,33
CableTR14-BB30kV ,339
CableTR1-BB30kV 1,01
CableTR10-BB30kV ,991 1,34 14,9
TR1kV TR10 CableTR6-BB30kV kA
kV
WG14 ,69 TR14
kV WG1 3,2
0,69 MVA
WG10 ,63,2
0 9 MVA WG2 TR2 kV CableTR2-BB30kV
0 TR6
9 kVMVA 0,69
3,2 MW 3,2 MVA 3,2 MW 3,2 MW WG6 3,2
0,6 3,2 MW 3,2 MVA
3,2 MW
14,55 14,76 14,73 14,63
14,39
TR11 CableTR11-TR10
WG11 ,63,2kV CableTR-TR6
WG15 ,69 TR15
kV CableTR15-TR14 0 9 MVA TR7 TR3 CableTR3-TR2
0 3,2 MW WG7 9 kVMVA WG3 9 kVMVA
3,2 MW 3,2 MVA 3,2
0,6
3,2 MW
3,2
0,6
3,2 MW
14,7
14,49 14,36 14,59
TR12 CableTR12-TR11
TR9 WG12 3,2 MVA CableTR-8-TR7
WG9 kV TR8 CableTR4-TR3
0,69 CableTR9-TR15 3,2 MW WG8 9 kVMVA TR4
9 kVMVA
3,2 MW 3,2 MVA 3,2
0,6
3,2 MW
WG4 3,2
0,6
14,68 3,2 MW
14,44 kV
0,69 14,34 14,56
CableTR16-TR15
WG16 ,69 TR16
kV
CableTR5-TR4
0
3,2 MW 3,2 MVA WG5 TR5
9 kVMVA
3,2
0,6
3,2 MW
14,41
14,56
36
page 1 08:37:03 jun 26, 2017 Project File: Podvelezje

Project: ETAP Page: 1
12.6.0H
Location: Date: 26-06-2017
Contract: SN:
Engineer: Revision: Base
Study Case: SC
Filename: Podvelezje Config.: Normal
Electrical Transient Analyzer Program
Short-Circuit Analysis
IEC 60909 Standard

3-Phase Fault Currents
Swing V-Control Load Total

Number of Buses: 1 0 33 34
XFMR2 XFMR3 Reactor Line/Cable Impedance Tie PD Total

Number of Branches: 17 0 0 17 0 0 34
Synchronous Power Synchronous Induction Lumped

Generator Grid Motor Machines Load Total
Number of Machines: 0 1 0 0 0 1
System Frequency: 50.00 Hz
Unit System: Metric
Project Filename: Podvelezje
Output Filename: C:\ETAP 1260\Podvelezje\Podvelezje 1.SI1
37
12.6.0H
Contract: SN:
Study Case: SC
Adjustments
Apply Individual
Tolerance Adjustments /Global Percent
Transformer Impedance: Yes Individual
Reactor Impedance: Yes Individual
Overload Heater Resistance: No
Transmission Line Length: No
Cable Length: No
Apply Individual
Temperature Correction Adjustments /Global Degree C
Transmission Line Resistance: Yes Individual
Cable Resistance: Yes Individual
38
12.6.0H
Contract: SN:
Study Case: SC
Bus Input Data
Bus Initial Voltage

ID Type Nom. kV Base kV Sub-sys %Mag. Ang.
Bus1 Load 30.000 30.000 1 100.00 0.00

Bus2 Load 30.000 30.000 1 100.00 0.00
Bus4 Load 0.690 0.690 1 100.00 0.00
Bus6 Load 0.690 0.690 1 100.00 0.00
Bus7 Load 0.690 0.690 1 100.00 0.00
Bus8 Load 0.690 0.690 1 100.00 0.00
Bus9 Load 30.000 30.000 1 100.00 0.00
Bus10 Load 30.000 30.000 1 100.00 0.00
Bus11 Load 30.000 30.000 1 100.00 0.00
Bus12 Load 30.000 30.000 1 100.00 0.00
Bus16 Load 0.690 0.690 1 100.00 0.00
Bus17 Load 30.000 30.000 1 100.00 0.00
Bus20 Load 0.690 0.690 1 100.00 0.00
Bus21 Load 30.000 30.000 1 100.00 0.00
Bus22 Load 0.690 0.690 1 100.00 0.00
Bus23 Load 30.000 30.000 1 100.00 0.00
Bus32 Load 0.690 0.690 1 100.00 0.00
Bus33 Load 0.690 0.690 1 100.00 0.00
Bus34 Load 0.690 0.690 1 100.00 0.00
Bus35 Load 30.000 30.000 1 100.00 0.00
Bus36 Load 30.000 30.000 1 100.00 0.00
Bus37 Load 30.000 30.000 1 100.00 0.00
Bus40 Load 0.690 0.690 1 100.00 0.00
Bus41 Load 30.000 30.000 1 100.00 0.00
Bus48 Load 0.690 0.690 1 100.00 0.00
Bus49 Load 0.690 0.690 1 100.00 0.00
Bus50 Load 0.690 0.690 1 100.00 0.00
Bus51 Load 30.000 30.000 1 100.00 0.00
Bus52 Load 30.000 30.000 1 100.00 0.00
Bus53 Load 30.000 30.000 1 100.00 0.00
Bus56 Load 0.690 0.690 1 100.00 0.00
Bus57 Load 30.000 30.000 1 100.00 0.00
Busbar30kV Load 30.000 30.000 1 100.00 0.00
Busbar 110kV SWNG 110.000 110.000 1 100.00 0.00
34 Buses Total
All voltages reported by ETAP are in % of bus Nominal kV.

Base kV values of buses are calculated and used internally by ETAP.
39
12.6.0H
Contract: SN:
Study Case: SC
Line/Cable Input Data
Ohms or Siemens/1000 m per Conductor (Cable) or per Phase (Line)

Line/Cable Length
ID Library Size Adj. (m) % Tol. #/Phase T (°C) R X Y
Cable1 30NCUS3 150 40.0 0 1 75 0.15165 0.11300 0.0000000
Cable3 30NCUS3 150 40.0 0 1 75 0.15165 0.11300 0.0000000
CableTR-TR6 30NCUS3 150 450.0 0 1 75 0.15165 0.11300 0.0000000
CableTR1-BB30kV 30NCUS3 150 299.0 0 1 75 0.15165 0.11300 0.0000000
CableTR3-TR2 30NCUS3 150 391.0 0 1 75 0.15165 0.11300 0.0000000
CableTR4-TR3 30NCUS3 150 417.0 0 1 75 0.15165 0.11300 0.0000000
CableTR5-TR4 30NCUS3 150 150.0 0 1 75 0.15165 0.11300 0.0000000
CableTR-8-TR7 30NCUS3 150 432.0 0 1 75 0.15165 0.11300 0.0000000
CableTR9-TR15 30NCUS3 150 874.0 0 1 75 0.15165 0.11300 0.0000000
CableTR11-TR10 30NCUS3 150 448.0 0 1 75 0.15165 0.11300 0.0000000
CableTR12-TR11 30NCUS3 150 445.0 0 1 75 0.15165 0.11300 0.0000000
CableTR15-TR14 30NCUS3 150 539.0 0 1 75 0.15165 0.11300 0.0000000
CableTR16-TR15 30NCUS3 150 845.0 0 1 75 0.15165 0.11300 0.0000000
Line / Cable resistances are listed at the specified temperatures.
40
12.6.0H
Contract: SN:
Study Case: SC
2-Winding Transformer Input Data
Transformer Rating Z Variation % Tap Setting Adjusted

ID MVA Prim. kV Sec. kV %Z X/R + 5% - 5% % Tol. Prim. Sec. %Z
T1 31.500 110.000 30.000 12.50 45.00 0 0 0 0 0 12.5000
T3 31.500 110.000 30.000 12.50 45.00 0 0 0 0 0 12.5000
TR1 3.200 0.690 30.000 6.00 8.50 0 0 0 0 0 6.0000
TR2 3.200 0.690 30.000 6.00 8.50 0 0 0 0 0 6.0000
TR3 3.200 0.690 30.000 6.00 8.50 0 0 0 0 0 6.0000
TR4 3.200 0.690 30.000 6.00 8.50 0 0 0 0 0 6.0000
TR5 3.200 0.690 30.000 6.00 8.50 0 0 0 0 0 6.0000
TR6 3.200 0.690 30.000 6.00 8.50 0 0 0 0 0 6.0000
TR7 3.200 0.690 30.000 6.00 8.50 0 0 0 0 0 6.0000
TR8 3.200 0.690 30.000 6.00 8.50 0 0 0 0 0 6.0000
TR9 3.200 0.690 30.000 6.00 8.50 0 0 0 0 0 6.0000
TR10 3.200 0.690 30.000 6.00 8.50 0 0 0 0 0 6.0000
TR11 3.200 0.690 30.000 6.00 8.50 0 0 0 0 0 6.0000
TR12 3.200 0.690 30.000 6.00 8.50 0 0 0 0 0 6.0000
TR14 3.200 0.690 30.000 6.00 8.50 0 0 0 0 0 6.0000
TR15 3.200 0.690 30.000 6.00 8.50 0 0 0 0 0 6.0000
TR16 3.200 0.690 30.000 6.00 8.50 0 0 0 0 0 6.0000
41
12.6.0H
Contract: SN:
Study Case: SC
Branch Connections
CKT/Branch Connected Bus ID % Impedance, Pos. Seq., 100 MVAb

ID Type From Bus To Bus R X Z Y
T1 2W XFMR Busbar 110kV Bus2 0.86 38.57 38.58
TR1 2W XFMR Bus16 Bus17 21.10 179.34 180.58
TR2 2W XFMR Bus56 Bus57 21.10 179.34 180.58
TR3 2W XFMR Bus48 Bus53 21.10 179.34 180.58
TR4 2W XFMR Bus49 Bus52 21.10 179.34 180.58
TR5 2W XFMR Bus50 Bus51 21.10 179.34 180.58
TR6 2W XFMR Bus32 Bus37 21.10 179.34 180.58
TR7 2W XFMR Bus33 Bus36 21.10 179.34 180.58
TR8 2W XFMR Bus34 Bus35 21.10 179.34 180.58
TR9 2W XFMR Bus7 Bus9 21.10 179.34 180.58
TR10 2W XFMR Bus20 Bus21 21.10 179.34 180.58
TR11 2W XFMR Bus22 Bus23 21.10 179.34 180.58
TR12 2W XFMR Bus40 Bus41 21.10 179.34 180.58
TR14 2W XFMR Bus4 Bus11 21.10 179.34 180.58
TR15 2W XFMR Bus6 Bus10 21.10 179.34 180.58
TR16 2W XFMR Bus8 Bus12 21.10 179.34 180.58
Cable1 Cable Bus2 Busbar30kV 0.07 0.05 0.08
CableTR-TR6 Cable Bus37 Bus36 0.76 0.57 0.95
CableTR1-BB30kV Cable Busbar30kV Bus17 0.50 0.38 0.63
CableTR3-TR2 Cable Bus57 Bus53 0.66 0.49 0.82
CableTR-8-TR7 Cable Bus36 Bus35 0.73 0.54 0.91
42
12.6.0H
Contract: SN:
Study Case: SC
Power Grid Input Data
% Impedance
Power Grid Connected Bus Rating 100 MVA Base
ID ID MVASC kV R X" R/X
Mreza Busbar 110kV 1641.600 110.000 6.06139 0.60614 10.00
Total Connected Power Grids ( = 1 ): 1641.600 MVA
43
12.6.0H
Contract: SN:
Study Case: SC
SHORT-CIRCUIT REPORT
3-Phase fault at bus: Busbar30kV
Nominal kV = 30.000
Voltage c Factor = 1.10 (User-Defined)
Peak Value = 31.175 kA Method C
Steady State = 9.981 kA rms
Contribution Voltage & Initial Symmetrical Current (rms)

From Bus To Bus %V kA kA X/R kA
ID ID From Bus Real Imaginary Ratio Magnitude
Busbar30kV Total 0.00 3.964 -14.381 3.6 14.918
Bus2 Busbar30kV 0.20 1.678 -4.700 2.8 4.991

Bus1 Busbar30kV 0.20 1.678 -4.700 2.8 4.991
Bus17 Busbar30kV 0.10 0.037 -0.337 9.2 0.339
Bus57 Busbar30kV 1.15 0.158 -1.332 8.4 1.342
Bus37 Busbar30kV 3.72 0.135 -0.982 7.3 0.991
Bus21 Busbar30kV 0.37 0.114 -1.008 8.8 1.015
Bus11 Busbar30kV 1.81 0.165 -1.321 8.0 1.331
Busbar 110kV Bus2 91.06 1.678 -4.700 2.8 4.991

Busbar 110kV Bus1 91.06 1.678 -4.700 2.8 4.991
Bus16 Bus17 29.02 0.037 -0.337 9.2 0.339
Bus53 Bus57 1.53 0.119 -0.998 8.4 1.005
Bus56 Bus57 29.65 0.038 -0.334 8.7 0.336
Bus36 Bus37 4.01 0.091 -0.654 7.2 0.660
Bus32 Bus37 30.90 0.045 -0.328 7.4 0.331
Bus23 Bus21 0.67 0.077 -0.671 8.8 0.676
Bus20 Bus21 29.16 0.037 -0.337 9.0 0.339
Bus10 Bus11 2.34 0.125 -0.989 7.9 0.997
Bus4 Bus11 30.05 0.040 -0.332 8.4 0.335
Breaking and DC Fault Current (kA)

Based on Total Bus Fault Current
TD (S) Ib sym Ib asym Idc
0.01 14.708 17.840 10.097

0.02 14.632 15.782 5.912
0.03 14.547 14.880 3.130
0.04 14.230 14.326 1.657

0.05 13.902 13.952 1.180
0.06 13.745 13.761 0.663
0.07 13.591 13.596 0.372

0.08 13.439 13.440 0.209
0.09 13.289 13.289 0.117
44
12.6.0H
Contract: SN:
Study Case: SC
(Cont.)
3-Phase fault at bus: Busbar30kV
Nominal kV = 30.000

0.10 13.142 13.142 0.091

0.15 12.816 12.816 0.006
0.20 12.502 12.502 0.000
0.25 12.202 12.202 0.000

0.30 12.177 12.177 0.000
45
12.6.0H
Contract: SN:
Study Case: SC
Short-Circuit Summary Report
Device Capacity (kA)

Bus Device Short-Circuit Current (kA)
Making
ID kV ID Type Peak Ib sym Ib asym Idc I"k ip Ib sym Ib asym Idc Ik
Busbar30kV 30.000 Busbar30kV Bus 14.918 31.175 9.981
ip is calculated using method C

Ib does not include decay of non-terminal faulted indunction motors
Ik is the maximum steady state fault current
Idc is based on X/R from Method C and Ib as specified above
LV CB duty determined based on service rating.

Total through current is used for device duty.
* Indicates a device with calculated duty exceeding the device capability.
# Indicates a device with calculated duty exceeding the device marginal limit. ( 95 % times device capability)
46
Appendix 2
Three-phase short circuit on 30 kV busbar (no. 57) of the wind turbine

number 2 at point of connection on the grid
47
Mreza
1641,6 MVAsc
Busbar 110kV V
31 k
110 kV 2,46 kA 99,2
T1 T3
31,5 MVA 31,5 MVA
Cable1 Cable3
Busbar30kV
7 k
30 kV 4,51 kA 4,51 kA 3,15
1,2 kA
CableTR14-BB30kV ,307 kA
TR1kV TR10 CableTR6-BB30kV
kV
WG14 ,69 TR14
kV WG1 3,2
0,69 MVA
WG10 ,63,2
0 TR6
9 kVMVA 0,69
3,2 MW 3,2 MVA 3,2 MW 3,2 MW WG6 3,2
0,6 3,2 MW 3,2 MVA 12,29 kA
3,2 MW Bus57 30 kV
13,15 kA 13,34 kA 13,32 kA 14,77 kA ,34 kA
13,01 kA 1,01 kA
13,6
CableTR11-TR10 kA
TR11
WG15 ,69 TR15
kV CableTR15-TR14 0 9 MVA TR7
0 3,2 MW WG7 9 kVMVA CableTR3-TR2
3,2 MW 3,2 MVA 3,2 MW
3,2
0,6 WG3 TR3
9 kVMVA
3,2
0,6
13,29 kA 3,2 MW
13,1 kA 12,98 kA
CableTR12-TR11 14,73 kA
WG12 TR12
WG9 TR9
kV 3,2 MVA TR8 CableTR-8-TR7
0,69 CableTR9-TR15 3,2 MW WG8 9 kVMVA
3,2 MW 3,2 MVA 3,2
0,6 TR4 CableTR4-TR3
3,2 MW WG4 9 kVMVA
3,2
0,6
13,28 kA 3,2 MW
13,05 kA kV
0,69 12,97 kA
WG16 ,69 TR16
kV
0
3,2 MW 3,2 MVA TR5 CableTR5-TR4
WG5 9 kVMVA
3,2
0,6
13,03 kA 3,2 MW
14,69 kA
48

12.6.0H
Contract: SN:
Study Case: SC
IEC 60909 Standard




Unit System: Metric
49
12.6.0H
Contract: SN:
Study Case: SC
Adjustments
Apply Individual
Cable Length: No
Apply Individual
50
12.6.0H
Contract: SN:
Study Case: SC
Bus Input Data
Bus Initial Voltage

Bus1 Load 30.000 30.000 1 100.00 0.00

Bus2 Load 30.000 30.000 1 100.00 0.00
Bus4 Load 0.690 0.690 1 100.00 0.00
Bus6 Load 0.690 0.690 1 100.00 0.00
Bus7 Load 0.690 0.690 1 100.00 0.00
Bus8 Load 0.690 0.690 1 100.00 0.00
Bus9 Load 30.000 30.000 1 100.00 0.00
Bus10 Load 30.000 30.000 1 100.00 0.00
Bus11 Load 30.000 30.000 1 100.00 0.00
Bus12 Load 30.000 30.000 1 100.00 0.00
Bus16 Load 0.690 0.690 1 100.00 0.00
Bus17 Load 30.000 30.000 1 100.00 0.00
Bus20 Load 0.690 0.690 1 100.00 0.00
Bus21 Load 30.000 30.000 1 100.00 0.00
Bus22 Load 0.690 0.690 1 100.00 0.00
Bus23 Load 30.000 30.000 1 100.00 0.00
Bus32 Load 0.690 0.690 1 100.00 0.00
Bus33 Load 0.690 0.690 1 100.00 0.00
Bus34 Load 0.690 0.690 1 100.00 0.00
Bus35 Load 30.000 30.000 1 100.00 0.00
Bus36 Load 30.000 30.000 1 100.00 0.00
Bus37 Load 30.000 30.000 1 100.00 0.00
Bus40 Load 0.690 0.690 1 100.00 0.00
Bus41 Load 30.000 30.000 1 100.00 0.00
Bus48 Load 0.690 0.690 1 100.00 0.00
Bus49 Load 0.690 0.690 1 100.00 0.00
Bus50 Load 0.690 0.690 1 100.00 0.00
Bus51 Load 30.000 30.000 1 100.00 0.00
Bus52 Load 30.000 30.000 1 100.00 0.00
Bus53 Load 30.000 30.000 1 100.00 0.00
Bus56 Load 0.690 0.690 1 100.00 0.00
Bus57 Load 30.000 30.000 1 100.00 0.00
Busbar30kV Load 30.000 30.000 1 100.00 0.00
51
12.6.0H
Contract: SN:
Study Case: SC
Bus Initial Voltage

Busbar 110kV SWNG 110.000 110.000 1 100.00 0.00
34 Buses Total

52
12.6.0H
Contract: SN:
Study Case: SC

Line/Cable Length
Cable1 30NCUS3 150 40.0 0 1 75 0.15165 0.11300 0.0000000
Cable3 30NCUS3 150 40.0 0 1 75 0.15165 0.11300 0.0000000
CableTR-TR6 30NCUS3 150 450.0 0 1 75 0.15165 0.11300 0.0000000
CableTR3-TR2 30NCUS3 150 391.0 0 1 75 0.15165 0.11300 0.0000000
CableTR4-TR3 30NCUS3 150 417.0 0 1 75 0.15165 0.11300 0.0000000
CableTR5-TR4 30NCUS3 150 150.0 0 1 75 0.15165 0.11300 0.0000000
CableTR-8-TR7 30NCUS3 150 432.0 0 1 75 0.15165 0.11300 0.0000000
CableTR9-TR15 30NCUS3 150 874.0 0 1 75 0.15165 0.11300 0.0000000
CableTR11-TR10 30NCUS3 150 448.0 0 1 75 0.15165 0.11300 0.0000000
CableTR12-TR11 30NCUS3 150 445.0 0 1 75 0.15165 0.11300 0.0000000
CableTR15-TR14 30NCUS3 150 539.0 0 1 75 0.15165 0.11300 0.0000000
CableTR16-TR15 30NCUS3 150 845.0 0 1 75 0.15165 0.11300 0.0000000
53
12.6.0H
Contract: SN:
Study Case: SC

T1 31.500 110.000 30.000 12.50 45.00 0 0 0 0 0 12.5000

T3 31.500 110.000 30.000 12.50 45.00 0 0 0 0 0 12.5000
TR1 3.200 0.690 30.000 6.00 8.50 0 0 0 0 0 6.0000
TR2 3.200 0.690 30.000 6.00 8.50 0 0 0 0 0 6.0000
TR3 3.200 0.690 30.000 6.00 8.50 0 0 0 0 0 6.0000
TR4 3.200 0.690 30.000 6.00 8.50 0 0 0 0 0 6.0000
TR5 3.200 0.690 30.000 6.00 8.50 0 0 0 0 0 6.0000
TR6 3.200 0.690 30.000 6.00 8.50 0 0 0 0 0 6.0000
TR7 3.200 0.690 30.000 6.00 8.50 0 0 0 0 0 6.0000
TR8 3.200 0.690 30.000 6.00 8.50 0 0 0 0 0 6.0000
TR9 3.200 0.690 30.000 6.00 8.50 0 0 0 0 0 6.0000
TR10 3.200 0.690 30.000 6.00 8.50 0 0 0 0 0 6.0000
TR11 3.200 0.690 30.000 6.00 8.50 0 0 0 0 0 6.0000
TR12 3.200 0.690 30.000 6.00 8.50 0 0 0 0 0 6.0000
TR14 3.200 0.690 30.000 6.00 8.50 0 0 0 0 0 6.0000
TR15 3.200 0.690 30.000 6.00 8.50 0 0 0 0 0 6.0000
TR16 3.200 0.690 30.000 6.00 8.50 0 0 0 0 0 6.0000
54
12.6.0H
Contract: SN:
Study Case: SC
Branch Connections

TR1 2W XFMR Bus16 Bus17 21.10 179.34 180.58
TR2 2W XFMR Bus56 Bus57 21.10 179.34 180.58
TR3 2W XFMR Bus48 Bus53 21.10 179.34 180.58
TR4 2W XFMR Bus49 Bus52 21.10 179.34 180.58
TR5 2W XFMR Bus50 Bus51 21.10 179.34 180.58
TR6 2W XFMR Bus32 Bus37 21.10 179.34 180.58
TR7 2W XFMR Bus33 Bus36 21.10 179.34 180.58
TR8 2W XFMR Bus34 Bus35 21.10 179.34 180.58
TR9 2W XFMR Bus7 Bus9 21.10 179.34 180.58
TR10 2W XFMR Bus20 Bus21 21.10 179.34 180.58
TR11 2W XFMR Bus22 Bus23 21.10 179.34 180.58
TR12 2W XFMR Bus40 Bus41 21.10 179.34 180.58
TR14 2W XFMR Bus4 Bus11 21.10 179.34 180.58
TR15 2W XFMR Bus6 Bus10 21.10 179.34 180.58
TR16 2W XFMR Bus8 Bus12 21.10 179.34 180.58
55
12.6.0H
Contract: SN:
Study Case: SC
% Impedance
Mreza Busbar 110kV 1641.600 110.000 6.06139 0.60614 10.00
56
12.6.0H
Contract: SN:
Study Case: SC
3-Phase fault at bus: Bus57
Nominal kV = 30.000

Bus57 Total 0.00 4.124 -12.974 3.1 13.614
Busbar30kV Bus57 10.52 3.973 -11.628 2.9 12.288

Bus53 Bus57 0.39 0.114 -1.008 8.9 1.015
Bus56 Bus57 28.97 0.037 -0.338 9.2 0.340
Bus2 Busbar30kV 10.70 1.708 -4.176 2.4 4.512

Bus1 Busbar30kV 10.70 1.708 -4.176 2.4 4.512
Bus17 Busbar30kV 10.61 0.047 -0.303 6.4 0.307
Bus37 Busbar30kV 13.73 0.163 -0.881 5.4 0.896
Bus21 Busbar30kV 10.84 0.144 -0.906 6.3 0.917
Bus11 Busbar30kV 12.14 0.203 -1.186 5.8 1.204
Bus52 Bus53 0.67 0.076 -0.672 8.8 0.676
Bus48 Bus53 29.17 0.037 -0.337 9.0 0.339
WG2 Bus56 100.00 1.592 -14.681 9.2 14.767

0.01 13.444 15.791 8.282

0.02 13.385 14.134 4.541
0.03 13.316 13.498 2.205
0.04 13.044 13.088 1.071

0.05 12.760 12.782 0.747
0.06 12.625 12.631 0.390
0.07 12.490 12.492 0.204

0.08 12.358 12.359 0.106
0.09 12.228 12.228 0.055
0.10 12.100 12.100 0.043

0.15 11.812 11.812 0.002
57
12.6.0H
Contract: SN:
Study Case: SC
(Cont.)
Nominal kV = 30.000

0.20 11.534 11.534 0.000

0.25 11.268 11.268 0.000
0.30 11.247 11.247 0.000
58
12.6.0H
Contract: SN:
Study Case: SC

Making
Bus57 30.000 Bus57 Bus 13.614 27.505 9.245


59
Appendix 3
Three-phase short circuit on 30 kV busbar (no. 12) of the wind turbine

number 16 at point of connection on the grid
60
Mreza
1641,6 MVAsc
Busbar 110kV V
67 k
110 kV 1,88 kA 97,6
T1 T3
31,5 MVA 31,5 MVA
Cable1 Cable3
Busbar30kV
83
30 kV 3,44 kA 3,44 kA 10,4
CableTR10-BB30kV ,684 kA ,926 kA
TR1kV TR10 CableTR6-BB30kV
kV
WG14 ,69 TR14
kV WG1 3,2
0,69 MVA
WG10 ,63,2
0 TR6
9 kVMVA 0,69
3,2 MW 3,2 MVA 3,2 MW 3,2 MW WG6 3,2
0,6 3,2 MW 3,2 MVA
3,2 MW
11,92 kA 10,18 kA 10,16 kA 10,09 kA
9,93 kA
TR11 CableTR11-TR10
WG15 ,69 TR15
kV CableTR15-TR14 0 9 MVA TR7
0 3,2 MW WG7 9 kVMVA CableTR3-TR2
3,2 MW 3,2 MVA 3,2 MW
3,2
0,6 WG3 TR3
9 kVMVA
3,2
0,6
10,14 kA 3,2 MW
12,56 kA 9,91 kA
WG12 TR12
WG9 TR9
kV 3,2 MVA TR8 CableTR-8-TR7
0,69 CableTR9-TR15 3,2 MW WG8 9 kVMVA
3,2 MW 3,2 MVA 3,2
0,6 TR4 CableTR4-TR3
3,2 MW WG4 9 kVMVA
3,2
0,6
10,13 kA 3,2 MW
13,65 kA kV
0,69 9,9 kA
WG16 ,69 TR16
kV
0
3,2 MW 3,2 MVA 10,23 kA
Bus12 30 kV TR5 CableTR5-TR4
,34 kA WG5 9 kVMVA
3,2
0,6
14,77 kA 10,5 3,2 MW
kA
10,04 kA
61

12.6.0H
Contract: SN:
Study Case: SC
IEC 60909 Standard




Unit System: Metric
62
12.6.0H
Contract: SN:
Study Case: SC
Adjustments
Apply Individual
Cable Length: No
Apply Individual
63
12.6.0H
Contract: SN:
Study Case: SC
Bus Input Data
Bus Initial Voltage

Bus1 Load 30.000 30.000 1 100.00 0.00

Bus2 Load 30.000 30.000 1 100.00 0.00
Bus4 Load 0.690 0.690 1 100.00 0.00
Bus6 Load 0.690 0.690 1 100.00 0.00
Bus7 Load 0.690 0.690 1 100.00 0.00
Bus8 Load 0.690 0.690 1 100.00 0.00
Bus9 Load 30.000 30.000 1 100.00 0.00
Bus10 Load 30.000 30.000 1 100.00 0.00
Bus11 Load 30.000 30.000 1 100.00 0.00
Bus12 Load 30.000 30.000 1 100.00 0.00
Bus16 Load 0.690 0.690 1 100.00 0.00
Bus17 Load 30.000 30.000 1 100.00 0.00
Bus20 Load 0.690 0.690 1 100.00 0.00
Bus21 Load 30.000 30.000 1 100.00 0.00
Bus22 Load 0.690 0.690 1 100.00 0.00
Bus23 Load 30.000 30.000 1 100.00 0.00
Bus32 Load 0.690 0.690 1 100.00 0.00
Bus33 Load 0.690 0.690 1 100.00 0.00
Bus34 Load 0.690 0.690 1 100.00 0.00
Bus35 Load 30.000 30.000 1 100.00 0.00
Bus36 Load 30.000 30.000 1 100.00 0.00
Bus37 Load 30.000 30.000 1 100.00 0.00
Bus40 Load 0.690 0.690 1 100.00 0.00
Bus41 Load 30.000 30.000 1 100.00 0.00
Bus48 Load 0.690 0.690 1 100.00 0.00
Bus49 Load 0.690 0.690 1 100.00 0.00
Bus50 Load 0.690 0.690 1 100.00 0.00
Bus51 Load 30.000 30.000 1 100.00 0.00
Bus52 Load 30.000 30.000 1 100.00 0.00
Bus53 Load 30.000 30.000 1 100.00 0.00
Bus56 Load 0.690 0.690 1 100.00 0.00
Bus57 Load 30.000 30.000 1 100.00 0.00
Busbar30kV Load 30.000 30.000 1 100.00 0.00
64
12.6.0H
Contract: SN:
Study Case: SC
Bus Initial Voltage

Busbar 110kV SWNG 110.000 110.000 1 100.00 0.00
34 Buses Total

65
12.6.0H
Contract: SN:
Study Case: SC

Line/Cable Length
Cable1 30NCUS3 150 40.0 0 1 75 0.15165 0.11300 0.0000000
Cable3 30NCUS3 150 40.0 0 1 75 0.15165 0.11300 0.0000000
CableTR-TR6 30NCUS3 150 450.0 0 1 75 0.15165 0.11300 0.0000000
CableTR3-TR2 30NCUS3 150 391.0 0 1 75 0.15165 0.11300 0.0000000
CableTR4-TR3 30NCUS3 150 417.0 0 1 75 0.15165 0.11300 0.0000000
CableTR5-TR4 30NCUS3 150 150.0 0 1 75 0.15165 0.11300 0.0000000
CableTR-8-TR7 30NCUS3 150 432.0 0 1 75 0.15165 0.11300 0.0000000
CableTR9-TR15 30NCUS3 150 874.0 0 1 75 0.15165 0.11300 0.0000000
CableTR11-TR10 30NCUS3 150 448.0 0 1 75 0.15165 0.11300 0.0000000
CableTR12-TR11 30NCUS3 150 445.0 0 1 75 0.15165 0.11300 0.0000000
CableTR15-TR14 30NCUS3 150 539.0 0 1 75 0.15165 0.11300 0.0000000
CableTR16-TR15 30NCUS3 150 845.0 0 1 75 0.15165 0.11300 0.0000000
66
12.6.0H
Contract: SN:
Study Case: SC

T1 31.500 110.000 30.000 12.50 45.00 0 0 0 0 0 12.5000

T3 31.500 110.000 30.000 12.50 45.00 0 0 0 0 0 12.5000
TR1 3.200 0.690 30.000 6.00 8.50 0 0 0 0 0 6.0000
TR2 3.200 0.690 30.000 6.00 8.50 0 0 0 0 0 6.0000
TR3 3.200 0.690 30.000 6.00 8.50 0 0 0 0 0 6.0000
TR4 3.200 0.690 30.000 6.00 8.50 0 0 0 0 0 6.0000
TR5 3.200 0.690 30.000 6.00 8.50 0 0 0 0 0 6.0000
TR6 3.200 0.690 30.000 6.00 8.50 0 0 0 0 0 6.0000
TR7 3.200 0.690 30.000 6.00 8.50 0 0 0 0 0 6.0000
TR8 3.200 0.690 30.000 6.00 8.50 0 0 0 0 0 6.0000
TR9 3.200 0.690 30.000 6.00 8.50 0 0 0 0 0 6.0000
TR10 3.200 0.690 30.000 6.00 8.50 0 0 0 0 0 6.0000
TR11 3.200 0.690 30.000 6.00 8.50 0 0 0 0 0 6.0000
TR12 3.200 0.690 30.000 6.00 8.50 0 0 0 0 0 6.0000
TR14 3.200 0.690 30.000 6.00 8.50 0 0 0 0 0 6.0000
TR15 3.200 0.690 30.000 6.00 8.50 0 0 0 0 0 6.0000
TR16 3.200 0.690 30.000 6.00 8.50 0 0 0 0 0 6.0000
67
12.6.0H
Contract: SN:
Study Case: SC
Branch Connections

TR1 2W XFMR Bus16 Bus17 21.10 179.34 180.58
TR2 2W XFMR Bus56 Bus57 21.10 179.34 180.58
TR3 2W XFMR Bus48 Bus53 21.10 179.34 180.58
TR4 2W XFMR Bus49 Bus52 21.10 179.34 180.58
TR5 2W XFMR Bus50 Bus51 21.10 179.34 180.58
TR6 2W XFMR Bus32 Bus37 21.10 179.34 180.58
TR7 2W XFMR Bus33 Bus36 21.10 179.34 180.58
TR8 2W XFMR Bus34 Bus35 21.10 179.34 180.58
TR9 2W XFMR Bus7 Bus9 21.10 179.34 180.58
TR10 2W XFMR Bus20 Bus21 21.10 179.34 180.58
TR11 2W XFMR Bus22 Bus23 21.10 179.34 180.58
TR12 2W XFMR Bus40 Bus41 21.10 179.34 180.58
TR14 2W XFMR Bus4 Bus11 21.10 179.34 180.58
TR15 2W XFMR Bus6 Bus10 21.10 179.34 180.58
TR16 2W XFMR Bus8 Bus12 21.10 179.34 180.58
68
12.6.0H
Contract: SN:
Study Case: SC
% Impedance
Mreza Busbar 110kV 1641.600 110.000 6.06139 0.60614 10.00
69
12.6.0H
Contract: SN:
Study Case: SC
Nominal kV = 30.000

Bus12 Total 0.00 4.515 -9.533 2.1 10.548
Bus9 Bus12 8.58 4.478 -9.195 2.1 10.228

Bus8 Bus12 28.97 0.037 -0.338 9.2 0.340
Bus10 Bus9 17.19 4.431 -8.885 2.0 9.928

Bus7 Bus9 34.53 0.047 -0.310 6.6 0.314
WG16 Bus8 100.00 1.592 -14.681 9.2 14.767

0.01 10.463 11.338 4.369

0.02 10.436 10.612 1.928
0.03 10.403 10.426 0.693

0.04 10.234 10.237 0.249
0.05 10.055 10.056 0.168

0.06 9.968 9.968 0.069
0.07 9.882 9.882 0.028
0.08 9.797 9.797 0.011

0.09 9.712 9.712 0.005
0.10 9.629 9.629 0.004
0.15 9.437 9.437 0.000

0.20 9.249 9.249 0.000
0.25 9.066 9.066 0.000
0.30 9.055 9.055 0.000
70
12.6.0H
Contract: SN:
Study Case: SC

Making
Bus12 30.000 Bus12 Bus 10.548 19.246 7.540


71

SHORT CIRCUITS CALCULATIONS OF WIND FARM "PODVELEŽJE" - Senior Design Project FINAL VERSION 06.07 PDF

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SHORT CIRCUITS CALCULATIONS OF WIND FARM "PODVELEŽJE" - Senior Design Project FINAL VERSION 06.07 PDF

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INTERNATIONAL BURCH UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES

SHORT CIRCUITS CALCULATIONS OF WIND FARM “PODVELEŽJE”

SENIOR DESIGN PROJECT

Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of Requirements for the Degree of

INTERNATIONAL BURCH UNIVERSITY

Student Name & Surname : Haris Serdarević

Assist. Prof. Dr. Jasmin Kevrić

Assist. Prof. Dr. Jasna Hivziefendić

Examining Committee Members

TABLE 2.1 Basic analytical relations of short circuits………………....…….…......8

for the 110 kV node of wind farm Podveležje before

connecting the wind turbine...............................................................25

TABELA 4.2 Estimated lenght of mediumvoltage cables …………………………26

FIGURE 1.1 Area Podveležje over the city of Mostar…….………………………..1

FIGURE 1.2 Analytical Framework….……………………………………………..2

FIGURE 2.1 Schematic Representation of Short Circuits.………………………….6

FIGURE 2.2 Graphical Display of a 9 Phases Symmetric Components.……......….7

FIGURE 2.3 Vector Addition of Symmetric Components.………………………....8

FIGURE 2.4 Illustration of a Three-Phase Short Circuit…….……………….……..9

FIGURE 2.5 Connection of Component Systems in the Case of a Three-Phase

FIGURE 2.6 Illustration of a Single-Phase Short Circuit………….……………....11

FIGURE 2.7 Connection of Component Systems in the Case of a

FIGURE 2.8 Illustration of Two-Phase Short Circuit with Ground….……...….....13

FIGURE 2.9 Connection of Component Systems in the Case of a

FIGURE 2.10 Two-Phase Short Circuit without Ground…………………..….......16

FIGURE 2.11 Connection of Component Systems in the Case of a

FIGURE 3.1 Shunt Admittance Model………………………..………………..….19

FIGURE 3.2 System with a Power Station Unit……………...…………………....23

FIGURE 4.1 Connection of Wind Power Plant Podveležje in the

FIGURE 4.3 Three-Phase Short Circuit at 30 kV Busbar Substation ….…………..28

FIGURE 4.4 Three-Phase Short Circuit on 30 kV Busbar (no. 57) of

FIGURE 4.5 Three-Phase Short Circuit on 30 kV Busbar (no. 12) of

APPENDIX 1 Three-Phase short circuit at 30kV busbar substation……………….35

APPENDIX 2 Three-phase short circuit on 30kV busbar (no. 57) of the

APPENDIX 3 Three-phase short circuit on 30kV busbar (no. 12) of the

ANSI American National Standards Institute

BiH Bosnia & Herzegovina

emf Electromotive Force

ETAP Electrical Power System Analysis & Operation Software

IEC International Electrotechnical Commission

IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

rms Root Mean Square

XLPE Crosslinked Polyethylene

Figure 1.1 Area Podveležje over the City of Mostar

Figure 1.2 Plateu Podveležje

The following short circuits are calculated in power systems:

• Three-phase short circuit (sc3)

2.1 Symmetrical and Non-Symmetrical Components

The zero components have the characteristics of simultaneous:

The relation (2.1) is usually written in the matrix vector notation:

Multiplication of a phaser with complex operator a is driven to rotation of that phase

Figure 2.2 Graphical Display of a 9 Phases Symmetric Components [2]

Type of failure sc3 sc1G sc2 sc2G

Table 2.1 Basic Analytical Relations of Short Circuits

2.2 Three-Phase Short Circuit

Figure 2.4 Illustration of a Three-Phase Short Circuit [2]

Figure 2.5 Connection of Component Systems in the Case of a Three-Phase Short

2.3 Single-Phase Short Circuit with Ground

Figure 2.7 Connection of Component Systems in the Case of a Single-Phase Short

Repercussions of equation (2.17) is the following equation in the coordinates of the

Analogously in the coordinates of symmetric components for equations (2.18) and

2.4 Two-phase short circuit with ground