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MODULE 3
INDUCTANCE / INDUCTOR
Rev. 01 3.11
Oct 2009 For Training Purposes Only
Module 3 – ELECTRICAL FUNDAMENTALS
CATEGORY B1/B2 - MECHANICAL/AVIONICS Sub Module 3.11 – INDUCTANCE / INDUCTOR
Rev. 01 i 3.11
Oct 2009 For Training Purposes Only
Module 3 – ELECTRICAL FUNDAMENTALS
CATEGORY B1/B2 - MECHANICAL/AVIONICS Sub Module 3.11 – INDUCTANCE / INDUCTOR
Rev. 01 1 3.11
Oct 2009 For Training Purposes Only
Module 3 – ELECTRICAL FUNDAMENTALS
CATEGORY B1/B2 - MECHANICAL/AVIONICS Sub Module 3.11 – INDUCTANCE / INDUCTOR
FARADAY’S LAWS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC Immediately the movement of NS ceases, the moving coil of G
INDUCTION returns to its original position. This effect proves that e.m.f. is
induced only while NS is moving relative to C.
The transfer of electric energy from one circuit to another without Let us now move NS away from C. The galvanometer deflection
the aid of electric connections is called induction. When electric is found to be in the reverse direction, showing that the direction
energy is transferred by means of a magnetic field, it is called of the induced e.m.f. depends upon the direction in which NS is
electromagnetic induction. This type of induction is universally moved relative to coil C.
employed in the generation of electric power. Electromagnetic
induction is also the principle, which makes possible the If, next, we hold the magnet stationary but move the coil towards
operation of electric transformers and the transmission of radio the magnet and then away from it, the deflection of the
signals through air or outer space. galvanometer is found to follow exactly the same sequence as it
did when the magnet was moved and the coil held stationary.
The magnetic effect of an electric current was discovered by This result shows that the generation of an e.m.f. in C depends
Oersted in 1820. The knowledge of this connection between only upon the relative movement of the magnet and the coil.
electricity and magnetism caused many scientists of the time,
particularly Michael Faraday in England, to try to discover a If the permanent magnet is turned through 180 degrees so that
method of obtaining an electric current from a magnetic field. its S pole is pointing towards the coil, it is found that a repetition
Failure after failure dogged Faraday's efforts until on 29 August of the movements described above is accompanied by
1831 he made the great discovery of electromagnetic induction galvanometer deflections similar to those previously obtained,
with which his name will be forever associated. except that their directions are reversed. Thus, the direction of
the e.m.f. induced by bringing the S pole up to the coil is the
As far as we are concerned, it will be more convenient to same as that previously obtained when the N pole was moved
approach this matter experimentally in a different sequence from away from the coil.
that followed by Faraday. Let us take a coil C, wound with a
large number of turns, and connect it to a galvanometer G, The arrowheads on the dotted lines in the figure represent the
namely a very sensitive moving-coil ammeter. If a permanent direction of the magnetic field in their respective regions. It will
magnet NS is moved up to and along the axis of C, as shown, be seen that as the magnet is moved towards the coil, the
the moving coil of G is deflected, thereby indicating that there magnetic flux of NS also moves across the wires forming the
must be an electromotive force induced or generated in coil C. coil; that is, the magnetic flux is said to cut the coil. Similarly,
when the coil is moved towards the magnet, the magnetic flux is
said to be cut by the coil.
Rev. 01 2 3.11
Oct 2009 For Training Purposes Only
Module 3 – ELECTRICAL FUNDAMENTALS
CATEGORY B1/B2 - MECHANICAL/AVIONICS Sub Module 3.11 – INDUCTANCE / INDUCTOR
Rev. 01 3 3.11
Oct 2009 For Training Purposes Only
Module 3 – ELECTRICAL FUNDAMENTALS
CATEGORY B1/B2 - MECHANICAL/AVIONICS Sub Module 3.11 – INDUCTANCE / INDUCTOR
It is this relative movement of the magnetic flux and the coil that Similarly, when S is closed, the current through A causes a
causes an e.m.f. to be induced (or generated) in the latter. magnetic field to come into existence; and in this process the
Alternatively, we can say that the induced e.m.f. is due to a magnetic flux may be regarded as spreading outwards from coil
change in the value of the magnetic flux passing through the coil. A, and some of this flux will extend sufficiently to cut coil C and
The above experiments also show that the direction of the thereby induce an e.m.f. in it. It will be seen that as far as the
induced e.m.f. depends both upon the direction of the magnetic e.m.f. induced in C is concerned, both the closing of S in Fig. 1
flux and upon that in which the coil moves relative to the and the moving of A towards C, with S closed, have the same
magnetic flux. effect as moving the magnet towards C.
Let us next bring the magnet up to the coil at different speeds. It The effects observed with the apparatus of Fig. 1 may be
is found that the greater the speed, the greater is the deflection accentuated by placing an iron core inside the coils, thereby
of the galvanometer and, therefore, the greater must be the increasing the magnetic flux linked with C due to a given current
e.m.f. induced in the coil. in A. In fact, we may go still further and wind the two coils A and
C on an iron ring R, as in Fig. 2.
Let us now replace magnet NS of the previous figure by a coil A
(Fig. 1) connected through a switch S to a cell. At the instant The results obtained from the above experiments on
when S is closed, there is a momentary deflection on G; and electromagnetic induction may now be summarized thus:
when S is opened, G is deflected momentarily in the reverse
When a conductor cuts or is cut by magnetic flux, an e.m.f. is
direction. On the other hand, if S is kept closed and coil A moved
induced in the conductor; or alternatively, when there is a
towards C, the galvanometer is deflected in the same direction
change of magnetic flux passing through a circuit, an e.m.f. is
as when S was closed with A stationary. The withdrawal of A
induced in that circuit.
causes a deflection in the reverse direction. Deflection of G
continues only while there is relative movement between the two The direction of the induced e.m.f. depends upon the direction of
coils, i.e. while the magnetic flux passing through coil C is the magnetic flux and upon the direction in which the flux moves
changing. The dotted lines in Fig. 1 represent the distribution of relative to the conductor.
the magnetic flux due to current in coil A. When S is opened, the The magnitude of the e.m.f. is proportional to the rate at which
current falls to zero. Consequently, the magnetic flux of A must the conductor cuts or is cut by the magnetic flux; or alternatively,
also disappear; in other words, the magnetic flux is said to the magnitude of the e.m.f. induced in a circuit is proportional to
collapse towards A, and in so doing, the flux that passed through the rate of change of magnetic flux through the circuit. This last
(or was linked with) coil C cuts the latter and induces an e.m.f. in statement is often referred to as Faraday's Law of
it. Electromagnetic Induction.
Rev. 01 4 3.11
Oct 2009 For Training Purposes Only
Module 3 – ELECTRICAL FUNDAMENTALS
CATEGORY B1/B2 - MECHANICAL/AVIONICS Sub Module 3.11 – INDUCTANCE / INDUCTOR
Figure 1 Figure 2
Rev. 01 5 3.11
Oct 2009 For Training Purposes Only
Module 3 – ELECTRICAL FUNDAMENTALS
CATEGORY B1/B2 - MECHANICAL/AVIONICS Sub Module 3.11 – INDUCTANCE / INDUCTOR
Rev. 01 6 3.11
Oct 2009 For Training Purposes Only
Module 3 – ELECTRICAL FUNDAMENTALS
CATEGORY B1/B2 - MECHANICAL/AVIONICS Sub Module 3.11 – INDUCTANCE / INDUCTOR
Figure 1 Figure 2
Rev. 01 7 3.11
Oct 2009 For Training Purposes Only
Module 3 – ELECTRICAL FUNDAMENTALS
CATEGORY B1/B2 - MECHANICAL/AVIONICS Sub Module 3.11 – INDUCTANCE / INDUCTOR
The direction of the induced voltage depends on the direction of The left-hand rule for conductors may be stated as follows:
the field and may be determined by the Fleming’s left hand “When a conductor is held in the left hand with the thumb
rule. pointing in the direction of current flow, the fingers will be
“Extend the thumb, forefinger, and middle finger of the left hand pointing in the direction of the magnetic field. Conversely, if a
so that they are at right angles to one another, as shown in Fig. conductor is held in the left hand with the fingers around the
2. Turn the hand so that the index finger points in the direction of conductor in the direction of the magnetic field, the extended
the magnetic field and the thumb points in the direction of thumb will be pointing in the direction of the current flow”.
conductor movement. Then the middle finger will be pointing in
the direction of the induced voltage”.
These rules are based upon the fact that current flows from
negative to positive.
Rev. 01 8 3.11
Oct 2009 For Training Purposes Only
Module 3 – ELECTRICAL FUNDAMENTALS
CATEGORY B1/B2 - MECHANICAL/AVIONICS Sub Module 3.11 – INDUCTANCE / INDUCTOR
Figure 2
Figure 1
Figure 3
Rev. 01 9 3.11
Oct 2009 For Training Purposes Only
Module 3 – ELECTRICAL FUNDAMENTALS
CATEGORY B1/B2 - MECHANICAL/AVIONICS Sub Module 3.11 – INDUCTANCE / INDUCTOR
Rev. 01 10 3.11
Oct 2009 For Training Purposes Only
Module 3 – ELECTRICAL FUNDAMENTALS
CATEGORY B1/B2 - MECHANICAL/AVIONICS Sub Module 3.11 – INDUCTANCE / INDUCTOR
Rev. 01 11 3.11
Oct 2009 For Training Purposes Only
Module 3 – ELECTRICAL FUNDAMENTALS
CATEGORY B1/B2 - MECHANICAL/AVIONICS Sub Module 3.11 – INDUCTANCE / INDUCTOR
MAGNITUDE OF E.M.F. INDUCED IN A COIL Next, let us consider the case of the two coils, A and C, shown in
Fig. 3. Suppose that when switch S is closed, the flux in the ring
increases by Φ webers in t seconds. Then if coil A has N1 turns,
Suppose the magnetic flux through a coil of N turns to be
increased by Φ webers in t seconds due to, say, the relative Φ
Average e.m.f. induced in A = − N 1 volts.
movement of the coil and a magnet (Fig. 1). Since the magnetic t
flux cuts each turn, one turn can be regarded as a conductor cut
The minus sign signifies that this e.m.f., in accordance with
by Φ webers in t seconds; hence, we know the average e.m.f;
Lenz's Law, is acting in opposition to the current, trying to
induced in each turn is Φ/t volts. The current due, to this e.m.f., prevent its growth. Hence the induced e.m.f. is acting in
by Lenz’s Law, tries to prevent the increase of flux, i.e. tends to opposition to the battery e.m.f., the direction of which is assumed
set up an opposing flux. Thus, if the magnet NS in Fig. 2 is to be positive.
moved towards coil C, the flux passing from left to right through
the latter is increased. The e.m.f. induced in the coil circulates a If coil C is wound with N2 turns and if all the flux produced by coil
current in the direction represented by the dot and cross in Fig 2, A passes through C,
where for simplicity coil C is represented as one turn. The effect
Φ
of this current is to distort the magnetic field as shown by the Average e.m.f. induced in C = − N 2 volts.
dotted lines, thereby tending to push the coil away from the t
magnet. By Newton's Third Law of Motion, there must be an In this case the minus sign signifies that the e.m.f. circulates a
equal force tending to oppose the movement of the magnet. current in such a direction as to tend to set up a flux in
Owing to the fact that the induced e.m.f. circulates a current opposition to that produced by the current in coil A, thereby
tending to oppose the increase of flux through the coil, its delaying the growth of flux in the ring.
direction is regarded as negative. Hence,
average e.m.f. induced in 1 turn = -Φ/t volts Example.
= - average rate of increase of flux in webers per second A magnetic flux of 400 µwb passing through a coil of 1200 turns
and average e.m.f. induced in coil = -Φ/t volts is reversed in 0.1 s. Calculate the average value of the e.m.f.
induced in the coil.
= -average rate of increase of flux-linkages per second
Rev. 01 12 3.11
Oct 2009 For Training Purposes Only
Module 3 – ELECTRICAL FUNDAMENTALS
CATEGORY B1/B2 - MECHANICAL/AVIONICS Sub Module 3.11 – INDUCTANCE / INDUCTOR
Figure 1 Figure 2
Figure 3
Rev. 01 13 3.11
Oct 2009 For Training Purposes Only
Module 3 – ELECTRICAL FUNDAMENTALS
CATEGORY B1/B2 - MECHANICAL/AVIONICS Sub Module 3.11 – INDUCTANCE / INDUCTOR
INDUCTION PRINCIPLES
Then the area swept by it = ldx.
Electromagnetic induction occurs whenever there is a relative
movement between a conductor and a magnetic field, provided Hence flux cut =ldxB webers.
that the conductor is cutting across (linking with) magnetic lines ∴ Change in Flux =Bldx webers
of force and is not moving parallel to them. The relative
movement may be caused by a stationary conductor and a Time taken =dt seconds
moving field or by a moving conductor with a stationary field. A According to faraday’s Law,
moving field may be provided by a moving magnet or by
changing the value of the current in an electromagnet. Dynamically induced e.m.f. = Rate of change of flux linkage.
The two general classifications of electromagnetic induction are Bldx dx
= = Bl = Blv
Dynamically induced e.m.f. (Generator action) and Statically dt dt
induced e.m.f. (Transformer action). Both actions are the same
electrically, but the methods of operation are different. If the conductor A moves at an angle θ with the direction of flux
(Figure b), the induced e.m.f. is,
Rev. 01 14 3.11
Oct 2009 For Training Purposes Only
Module 3 – ELECTRICAL FUNDAMENTALS
CATEGORY B1/B2 - MECHANICAL/AVIONICS Sub Module 3.11 – INDUCTANCE / INDUCTOR
(b)
(a)
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Oct 2009 For Training Purposes Only
Module 3 – ELECTRICAL FUNDAMENTALS
CATEGORY B1/B2 - MECHANICAL/AVIONICS Sub Module 3.11 – INDUCTANCE / INDUCTOR
Rev. 01 16 3.11
Oct 2009 For Training Purposes Only
Module 3 – ELECTRICAL FUNDAMENTALS
CATEGORY B1/B2 - MECHANICAL/AVIONICS Sub Module 3.11 – INDUCTANCE / INDUCTOR
STUDENT NOTES
Rev. 01 17 3.11
Oct 2009 For Training Purposes Only
Module 3 – ELECTRICAL FUNDAMENTALS
CATEGORY B1/B2 - MECHANICAL/AVIONICS Sub Module 3.11 – INDUCTANCE / INDUCTOR
SELF INDUCED E.M.F We know by experience that initially it is difficult to set a heavy
body into motion, but once in motion, it is equally difficult to stop
This is the e.m.f. induced in a coil due to the change of its' own it. Similarly in a coil having a large self-induction it is initially
flux linked with it. If current through the coil is changed, then the difficult to establish a current through it, but once established, it
flux linked ,with its own turns will also change which will produce is equally difficult to withdraw it. Hence self-induction is
in it what is called self-induced e.m.f. The direction of this sometimes analogously called electrical inertia or
induced e.m.f. (as given by Lenz's law), would be such as to electromagnetic inertia.
oppose any change of flux, which is, in fact, the very cause of its
production. Hence, it is also known as the opposing or counter
e.m.f. of self-induction. COEFFICIENT OF SELF-INDUCTION (L)
It may be defined in anyone of the three ways given below:
SELF-INDUCTANCE
Imagine a coil of wire, similar to one shown, connected to a FIRST METHOD
battery. It is found that whenever an effort is made to increase The coefficient of self-induction of a coil is defined as
current (and hence flux} through it, it is always opposed by the
instantaneous production of counter e.m.f. of self induction. “the weber-turns per ampere in the coil"
Energy required to overcome this opposition is supplied by the By 'weber turns' is meant the product of flux in webers and the
battery. As will be further explained later on, this energy is stored number of turns with, which the flux is linked. In other words, it is
in the additional flux produced. the flux linkages of the coil.
If now an effort is made to decrease the current (and hence the Consider a solenoid having N turns and carrying a current of I
flux) then again it is delayed due to the production of self- amps. If the flux produced is Φ webers, then weber-turns are
induced e.m.f., this time in the opposite direction. This property NΦ. Hence, weber turns per ampere are NΦ/I.
of the coil due to which it opposes any increase or decrease of
current or flux through it is known as self-inductance. It is NΦ
quantitatively measured in terms of coefficient of self-induction L. By definition, L= Henry
I
This property is analogous to inertia in a material body.
the unit of self-induction is Henry.
Rev. 01 18 3.11
Oct 2009 For Training Purposes Only
Module 3 – ELECTRICAL FUNDAMENTALS
CATEGORY B1/B2 - MECHANICAL/AVIONICS Sub Module 3.11 – INDUCTANCE / INDUCTOR
Rev. 01 19 3.11
Oct 2009 For Training Purposes Only
Module 3 – ELECTRICAL FUNDAMENTALS
CATEGORY B1/B2 - MECHANICAL/AVIONICS Sub Module 3.11 – INDUCTANCE / INDUCTOR
dI
This gives the value of self-induction in terms of dimensions of If, = 1amps / sec , and e L = 1volts ; Then, L=1Henry
dt
the solenoid.
Hence, a coil has a self-inductance of one Henry if one volt is
induced in it when current through it changes at the rate of one
ampere per second.
Rev. 01 20 3.11
Oct 2009 For Training Purposes Only
Module 3 – ELECTRICAL FUNDAMENTALS
CATEGORY B1/B2 - MECHANICAL/AVIONICS Sub Module 3.11 – INDUCTANCE / INDUCTOR
eL
Φ
N
Rev. 01 21 3.11
Oct 2009 For Training Purposes Only
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CATEGORY B1/B2 - MECHANICAL/AVIONICS Sub Module 3.11 – INDUCTANCE / INDUCTOR
Examples.
1. The field winding of a d.c. electromagnet is wound with 960
turns and has resistance of 50Ω. When the exciting voltage
is 230 V, the magnetic flux linking the coil is 0.005 Wb.
Calculate the self-inductance of the coil and the energy
stored in the magnetic field.
2. A mild steel ring is wound with 300 turns. When the current
through the coil is reduced from 9 to 6 amps the flux
decreases from 950 to 910 µWb. Calculate the effective self-
induction of the coil over this range of current variation.
3. An air-cored solenoid 1 cm in diameter and 1 meter long has
an inductance of 0.1 mH. Find the number of effective turns
in the coil.
4. A solenoid 50 cm long and 10 cm in diameter is wound with
1500 turns. Find (a) the inductance (b) the energy stored in
the magnetic field when a current of 4 A flows in the coil.
5. An air cored toroidal coil has 450 turns and a mean diameter
of 30 cm and a cross-sectional area of 3cm2. Calculate (a)
the inductance of the coil (b) the average e.m.f. induced if a
current of 2A is reversed in 0.04 seconds.
Rev. 01 22 3.11
Oct 2009 For Training Purposes Only
Module 3 – ELECTRICAL FUNDAMENTALS
CATEGORY B1/B2 - MECHANICAL/AVIONICS Sub Module 3.11 – INDUCTANCE / INDUCTOR
STUDENT NOTES
Rev. 01 23 3.11
Oct 2009 For Training Purposes Only
Module 3 – ELECTRICAL FUNDAMENTALS
CATEGORY B1/B2 - MECHANICAL/AVIONICS Sub Module 3.11 – INDUCTANCE / INDUCTOR
MUTUALLY INDUCE E.M.F. These circular lines of force expand very rapidly and moreover
expand at right angles to the conductor.
Let us first take the case of two parallel conductors A and B lying It will be seen from Fig. 1 that some flux produced by current in
close to but not touching each other. Conductor A is connected A has cut conductor B. The flux that cuts B induces an e.m.f. in
to a battery through a switch S, whereas B is connected across a B which is called mutually induced e.m.f. This induced e.m.f. is
voltmeter. It is found that at the instant of closing or 'opening S, so called because it is produced in one conductor due to the
there is a momentary deflection in voltmeter. As is explained changes of flux in a neighboring conductor. Once the maximum
below, it is due to the production of mutually induced e.m.f. in B flux has been established, B will not be cut further by more flux
which is produced because of change in flux linked with B. with the result that no further e.m.f. will be induced in it, because
It has been shown before that every current carrying conductor e.m.f. is induced only when the flux linked with the coil or a
is enshrouded by circular magnetic lines of force. But it should conductor is changing.
be remembered that this field is not established to its full When S is opened (Fig. 2), then current in A will rapidly but not
strength instantaneously on closing the switch S. It needs both instantaneously decrease to zero value. Hence flux will also
time and energy (supplied by the battery) to bring this field to its decrease to zero. The circular lines of force will, therefore,
full strength, because current always takes some time (though contract, return to the axis of A and vanish. These lines, while
very small) to come to its maximum steady value. The gradual returning to A will cut B in a direction opposite to that in, which
increase of current strength and hence of field strength around A they cut it while expanding outwards from A. Hence they will
is shown in Fig. 1. again induce an e.m.f. in B, though this time in the opposite
In Fig. 1, S has been closed and initially only a few lines of force direction.
encircle A. But as current through A increases gradually, the So we conclude that: -
number of lines of force produced also increases. At one stage it
is assumed that both current and flux around A have reached A momentary e.m.f. is induced in B whenever S is closed or
their maximum steady values and, will continue at these values opened. This is shown by the momentary deflection of the
till S is opened. voltmeter.
As the flux increases, these lines of force may be thought of as No e.m.f. is induced in B when current through A is constant.
emanating, i.e., expanding outward from the axis of the The direction of the induced e.m.f. in B is opposite to that in A as
conductor A, just as ripples emanate from the point where a required by Lenz's law.
stone piece is dropped in a pond.
Rev. 01 24 3.11
Oct 2009 For Training Purposes Only
Module 3 – ELECTRICAL FUNDAMENTALS
CATEGORY B1/B2 - MECHANICAL/AVIONICS Sub Module 3.11 – INDUCTANCE / INDUCTOR
Figure 1 Figure 2
Rev. 01 25 3.11
Oct 2009 For Training Purposes Only
Module 3 – ELECTRICAL FUNDAMENTALS
CATEGORY B1/B2 - MECHANICAL/AVIONICS Sub Module 3.11 – INDUCTANCE / INDUCTOR
Let us now consider two coils A and B lying close to each other Coefficient of mutual inductance can be defined in three ways.
Coil A is joined to a battery, and a switch whereas coil B is
connected to a sensitive voltmeter. When current through A is
established by closing the switch, then its magnetic field is set up
which partly links with or threads through the coil B. As current FIRST METHOD
through A is changed, the flux linked with B is also changed,
Hence, mutually induced e.m.f. is produced in B, whose
magnitude is given by Faraday's Laws and direction by Lenz's Let there be two magnetically coupled coils having N1 and N2
Law. turns respectively. Coefficient of mutual inductance between the
two coils is defined as
If now battery is connected to B and the voltmeter across A then
the situation is reversed and now a change of current in B will “the weber-turns in one coil due to one ampere current in the
produce mutually induced e.m.f. in A. other”.
It is obvious that in either of the two examples considered above, Let a current of I1 amperes when flowing in the first coil produce
there is no movement of any conductor, the flux variations being a flux Φ1 webers in it. It is supposed that whole of this flux links
brought about by variations in current strength only. Such an with the turns of the second coil. Then flux linkages i.e. weber-
e.m.f. induced in one coil by the influence of the other coil is turns in the second coil for unit current in the first coil are N2Φ1/I1.
called statically but mutually induced e.m.f.
Hence by definition,
MUTUAL INDUCTANCE
We have seen that any change of current in coil A is always
N 2 Φ1
accompanied by the production of mutually induced e.m.f. in coil M = Henry
B. Mutual inductance may therefore be defined as the ability of a I1
coil (or circuit) to produce an e.m.f. in a nearby coil by induction
when the current in the first coil changes. This action being
reciprocal, the second coil can also induce an e.m.f. in the first
when the current in the second coil changes. This ability of
reciprocal induction is measured in terms of the coefficient of
mutual induction M.
Rev. 01 26 3.11
Oct 2009 For Training Purposes Only
Module 3 – ELECTRICAL FUNDAMENTALS
CATEGORY B1/B2 - MECHANICAL/AVIONICS Sub Module 3.11 – INDUCTANCE / INDUCTOR
I1 I2
N1 N2
Φ1 Φ2
Rev. 01 27 3.11
Oct 2009 For Training Purposes Only
Module 3 – ELECTRICAL FUNDAMENTALS
CATEGORY B1/B2 - MECHANICAL/AVIONICS Sub Module 3.11 – INDUCTANCE / INDUCTOR
dI 1
µ 0 µ r aN 1 N 2 N N If, = 1amps / sec , and e M = 1volts ; Then, M=1Henry
∴ M = or M = 1 2 Henry dt
l S Hence, a coil is said to have a mutual inductance of one Henry if
the current changing at the rate of one ampere per second in
one coil induces an e.m.f. of one volts in the other.
Rev. 01 28 3.11
Oct 2009 For Training Purposes Only
Module 3 – ELECTRICAL FUNDAMENTALS
CATEGORY B1/B2 - MECHANICAL/AVIONICS Sub Module 3.11 – INDUCTANCE / INDUCTOR
I1 I2
N1 N2
eM
Φ1 Φ2
Rev. 01 29 3.11
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Module 3 – ELECTRICAL FUNDAMENTALS
CATEGORY B1/B2 - MECHANICAL/AVIONICS Sub Module 3.11 – INDUCTANCE / INDUCTOR
Examples.
1. Two identical coils X and Y of 1000 turns each lie in parallel
planes such that 80% of flux produced by one coil links with
the other. If a current of 5A flowing in X produces a flux of
0.05 mWb in it, find the mutual inductance between X and Y.
2. Two coils of 1200 and 150 turns respectively are wound on a
common iron magnetic core of reluctance 2.4×105 AT/Wb.
Neglecting any leakage of flux, calculate their mutual
inductance.
3. Two coils having 100 and 150 turns respectively are wound
side by side on a closed iron circuit of section 125 sqcm and
mean length of 200cm. Determine the mutual inductance
between the coils assuming relative permeability if iron as
2000. What will be the e.m.f. induced in the second coil if the
current changes from zero to 5A in the first coil in 0.02 sec.
Rev. 01 30 3.11
Oct 2009 For Training Purposes Only
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CATEGORY B1/B2 - MECHANICAL/AVIONICS Sub Module 3.11 – INDUCTANCE / INDUCTOR
STUDENT NOTES
Rev. 01 31 3.11
Oct 2009 For Training Purposes Only
Module 3 – ELECTRICAL FUNDAMENTALS
CATEGORY B1/B2 - MECHANICAL/AVIONICS Sub Module 3.11 – INDUCTANCE / INDUCTOR
Rev. 01 32 3.11
Oct 2009 For Training Purposes Only
Module 3 – ELECTRICAL FUNDAMENTALS
CATEGORY B1/B2 - MECHANICAL/AVIONICS Sub Module 3.11 – INDUCTANCE / INDUCTOR
Rev. 01 33 3.11
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Module 3 – ELECTRICAL FUNDAMENTALS
CATEGORY B1/B2 - MECHANICAL/AVIONICS Sub Module 3.11 – INDUCTANCE / INDUCTOR
The effect of the gradual increase in field strength is to reduce Coils of the type described in the foregoing paragraph are often
the induced voltage in the secondary winding. The capacitor used as boosters in aircraft ignition systems. Such a coil
connected across the breaker points in the primary circuit, supplies a spark during the starting of the engine, when the
counteracts the effects of self-inductance when the breaker magneto is not turning fast enough to produce satisfactory
points are opened; hence at this time there is a instantaneous ignition.
collapse of the current flow and magnetic field. This very rapid
collapse of the field results in a great increase in the voltage
induced in the secondary coil. It is this high voltage which
produces the spark at the spark gap.
Figure 1 illustrates graphically the approximate rate of current
increase compared with current decrease in the primary winding
of an induction coil as the breaker points are closed and then
opened.
Some induction coils are provided with self-actuate breaker
points. In coils of this type the breaker points are opened by the
magnetic field of the primary coil. Figure 2 is a schematic
diagram of an induction coil utilizing vibrator mechanism as a
circuit interrupter to produce the spark. The breaker points are
normally held in the close position by spring tension. When the
switch is closed, the magnetic field of the core attracts the
armature and opens the breaker points. This action breaks the
primary circuit and causes the field to collapse. The collapse of
the field induces a high voltage in the secondary circuit, and the
voltage produces the spark across the spark gap. The collapse
of the field also releases the contact points, which are
immediately closed by spring tension. Again the field builds up in
the primary, and the cycle is repeated. This action continues for
as long as the switch is closed, and a steady shower of sparks
occurs at the spark gap.
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Module 3 – ELECTRICAL FUNDAMENTALS
CATEGORY B1/B2 - MECHANICAL/AVIONICS Sub Module 3.11 – INDUCTANCE / INDUCTOR
Rev. 01 35 3.11
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Module 3 – ELECTRICAL FUNDAMENTALS
CATEGORY B1/B2 - MECHANICAL/AVIONICS Sub Module 3.11 – INDUCTANCE / INDUCTOR
Rev. 01 36 3.11
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Module 3 – ELECTRICAL FUNDAMENTALS
CATEGORY B1/B2 - MECHANICAL/AVIONICS Sub Module 3.11 – INDUCTANCE / INDUCTOR
Rev. 01 37 3.11
Oct 2009 For Training Purposes Only
Module 3 – ELECTRICAL FUNDAMENTALS
CATEGORY B1/B2 - MECHANICAL/AVIONICS Sub Module 3.11 – INDUCTANCE / INDUCTOR
Because of the opposition between the rotating-magnet field and The secondary winding is connected through a distributor to the
the primary-current field, a high stress exists immediately before spark plugs of the engine, and the magneto is timed to the
the breaker points open. This is because the flux from the engine so that the high voltage is produced at the instant that it
rotating magnet has dropped to zero and has begun to exert is needed to ignite the fuel-air charge in each cylinder. Note
force in the opposite direction. The primary field at this time is particularly in the Figure that the distributor terminals are not
maintained entirely by the current flowing in the primary circuit. connected to the correspondingly numbered spark plugs; engine
Hence, it can be seen that there are two magnetic forces acting cylinders do not fire in numerical sequence. The firing order of a
against each other. The m.m.f. of the primary coil is maintaining typical six-cylinder opposed engine, such as that represented in
the field while the force of the rotating magnet is attempting to the diagram, is 1-4-5-2-3-6; hence, the distributor terminals must
reverse the field. The stress thus produced is comparable to the be connected as follows: 1 to 1, 2 to 4, 3 to 5, 4 to 2, 5 to 3, and
tension of a spring. When the breaker points open, the action 6 to 6.
may be compared to the releasing of a trigger which permits the
If the primary circuit of a magneto were closed continuously, the
spring to snap forward violently. This, of course, represents the
magneto would generate a relatively high alternating voltage,
rapid reversal of the magnetic field.
which would not, however, be high enough to jump the gap in a
A capacitor is connected in parallel with the breaker points to spark plug. The breaker points increase the voltage induced in
absorb the voltage induced in the primary coil by a sudden the secondary coil because they produce an instantaneous
change in the magnetic field. This absorption results in a more collapse of the magnetic field. The breaker points also make it
rapid collapse of the field and prevents the current from arcing possible to time the spark for the instant at which it is needed in
across the breaker points. If an arc were permitted at the breaker the cylinder.
points, the points would burn and the primary current would
There are many types of magnetos designed for aircraft engines,
decrease gradually instead of instantaneously.
but it is beyond the scope of this text to describe in detail their
As shown in the Figure, the secondary winding is wound upon construction and operation. The foregoing description of
the core with the primary coil. This arrangement provides for the magneto theory is intended only to show the student how
maximum effect when the field collapses, and a very high electromagnetic induction is applied in the operation of
voltage is consequently produced in the secondary coil. The fact magnetos.
that the secondary winding consists of many thousands of turns
of fine wire is one of the principal reasons why it is possible to
develop an e.m.f. of several thousand volts.
Rev. 01 38 3.11
Oct 2009 For Training Purposes Only
Module 3 – ELECTRICAL FUNDAMENTALS
CATEGORY B1/B2 - MECHANICAL/AVIONICS Sub Module 3.11 – INDUCTANCE / INDUCTOR
Rev. 01 39 3.11
Oct 2009 For Training Purposes Only
Module 3 – ELECTRICAL FUNDAMENTALS
CATEGORY B1/B2 - MECHANICAL/AVIONICS Sub Module 3.11 – INDUCTANCE / INDUCTOR
Student Notes:
Rev. 01 40 3.11
Oct 2009 For Training Purposes Only