6.

3 The Substantial Derivative (material , Total Derivative)

Consider a small fluid element moving through cartesian space,

y
t=t1 y t=t2


V1

x
x

V2
z z

Lagrangian coordinate system Eulerian coordinate system

(Observer is following the fluid particle) (field description) (observer fixed in space)
  
   t , x0 , y0 , z0  
v  ui  vj  wk
u  u t , x0 , y0 , z0  u  u  x, y , z , t 
v  v  x, y , z , t 
Instaneoue time rater rate of change
of density
2  1
D w  w( x, y, z , t )
lim      x, y , z , t 
t t
2 t2  t1
1 Dt
  2  1  D    x2  x1     y2  y1    z2  z1   
 lim     lim       lim    lim  0
 t2  t1  Dt  x  t2  t1   y  t2  t1  t  t2  t1  t 
t t
2 1 t t
2 1 2 t t
1 t t 2 1

D    
 u v w
Dt t x y z
D      
   u  v  w   v . 
Dt t x y z t
The substantial derivative (material derivative total derivative)

Local time Convective

derivative derivative

De e e e e e 
  u  v  w   v   e
Dt t x y z t