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a) specific weight
47 c) specific gravity:
y = 6 = 7.833 kN/m3 7.833
b) Density: sp.gr. = 9.81 = 0.80
7833
p = 9.81 = 798 kg/m3
Problem 2 - Hydraulics
For the open tank with piezometers attached on the side, contains two different
liquids.
➀ Find the elevation of the liquid in piezometer A.
➁ Find the pressure at the bottom of the tank.
➂ Find the elevation of the liquid in piezometer B.
Solution: A B
➀ Elevation of liquid at piezometer A = 2m. El. 2.0m
Oil of sp.gr. 0.750 flows through the nozzle shown and deflects the mercury in the
U-tube gage.
Solution:
➀ Value of h:
142 + 9.81(0.75)(h + 2.75) A
- 13.6(9.81)(h) = 0
2.75
142 - 126.0585h + 20.233 = 0
D
h = 1.29 m. h
B C
➁ Pressure at B:
Hg(13.6)
PB = 142 + (9.81)(0.75)(2.75 + 1.29)
PB = 177.72 kPa
➂ Velocity at A:
Q = 36000 liters/minute
Q = 0.60 m3/s
Q = AV
π
0.60 = (0.2)2 V
4
V = 19.10 m/s
Problem 4 - Hydraulics
A cylinder glass tubing 2.8 cm. inside diameter and 90 cm long with one end closed is immersed
vertically with the open end down into a tank of cleaning solvent (sp.gr. = 0.73) until only 5 cm. of
its length remain above the liquid surface. If the barometric pressure is 1 kg/cm2 and neglecting
vapor pressure,
Solution: 90cm
➀ Height of fluid rise in the tube: h
P1 = 1 kg/cm2 Cleaning
solvent
P2 = P1 + wh x (S=0.73)
1000(0.73)(h) Kg m3
P2 = 1 + ( )
(100)3 m3 1003 cm3
P2 = 1 + 0.00073h kg/cm2
π
V1 = 4 (2.8) 2 (90)
V1 = 554.18 cm3
π
V2 = 4 (2.8) 2 (h + 5)
V2 = 6.158 (h + 5)
The 8 ft. diam. cylinder weighs 500 lb. and rests on the bottom of a tank that is 3 ft. long.
Water and oil are poured into the left and right portions of the tank to depths of 2 ft. and 4 ft.
respectively.
➀ Find the horizontal component of the force that will kept the cylinder touching the tank at
B.
➁ Find the vertical component of the force that will push up the cylinder.
③ Compute the force that will keep the cylinder touching the tank at B.
Solution:
➀ Horizontal component of the force that will kept the cylinder touching the tank at B:
P1 = γw h A 500 lb
P1 = 62.4 (1) (2) (3) Oil
P1 = 374 lb. 4
(0.75)
H 2O 2
60˚ 4
2 P1 2 P2
P2 = γw h A B
Fv1 Fv2
P2 = 62.4 (2) (4) (3) (0.75)
500 lb
P2 = 1123 lb.
Ph = P2 - P1 4
Oil
(0.75)
Ph = 1123 - 374 H 2O 4
60˚ 2
4
Ph = 749 lb. 2 2
B
➁ Vertical component of the force that will push up the cylinder: Fv1 Fv2
π(4)2
(3)(0.75)
Fv2 = 62.4 4 = 1764 lb.
π(4)2 (60
2(4)Sin 60˚
Fv1 = 62.4 [ 360 - 2 ] (3)
Fv1 = 920
Fv = 1764 + 920
Fv = 2684 lb.
③ Force that will keep the cylinder touching the tank at B:
FB + 500 = 2684
FB = 2184 lb. (downward)
Problem 6 - Hydraulics
The 6 ft. diameter cylinder weighs 5000 lb. and is 5 ft. long.
➀ Determine the upward force due to the effect of oil in the left side.
➁ Compute the horizontal reaction at A.
③ Compute the vertical reaction at B.
Solution:
➀ Upward force due to the effect of oil in the left side:
E C
Pv = γw V Oil D A
2
(0.80)
(π)(3)
(5)
Pv = 62.4(0.8) 2 B
Pv = 3529 lb. (upward)
➁ Horizontal reaction at A:
Ph = γw h A
Ph = 62.4 (.80)(3)(6)(5)
Ph = 4493 lb. 5 E C
RA = 4493 lb. to the left.
6 D RA
A
Ph
③ Vertical reaction at B: B
Pv
RB + Pv = 5000 RB
RB = 5000 - 3529
RB = 1471 lb. (upward)
Problem 7 - Hydraulics
Solution:
➀ Horizontal component of the hydrostatic force: Hinge
1 6’
Ph = γw h A
A C
4’
Ph = 62.4 (3)(6)(1) 6 Ph 6’
Ph = 1123 lb. 1/3(6)=2
B
R
Pv
➁ Vertical component of the hydrostatic force: x
(π)(6)2
(1)
Pv = 62.4 4
Pv = 1764 lb.
A wooden storage vat, 20 ft. outside diam. is filled with 24 ft. of brine sp.gr. = 1.06.
1
The wood staves are bound by flat steel bands 2 in. wide by 4 inch thick, whose
allowable stress is 16,000 psi.
Solution: 20’
➀ Bursting pressure:
2T = F T
P = γw h
P = 62.4 (1.06)(24) T
P = 1587.5 psf. F
T
D
S
A concrete dam retaining water is shown. If the specific weight of concrete is 23.5
kN/m3.
Solution:
➀ Factor of safety against sliding: 2m
w2 = 2 (7)(1)(23.5) 1.333
x R
w2= 329 kN y
2 2
Ry = 164.5 + 329
Ry = 493.5 kN Pmax
Pmin
Solution:
➀ Weight in air:
W = BF + 50
BF = 0.2(0.2)(0.4)(9810)
BF = 156.96 N
W = 156.96 + 50
W = 206.96 N
➁ Specific gravity:
206.96
Sp.gr. = 156.96
Sp.gr. = 1.32
➂ Specific weight:
Sp.wt.
9.81 = 1.32
Sp.wt. = 12.94 kN/m3
Check:
206.96
3
0.2(0.2)(0.4) = 12935 N/m
= 12.94 kN/m3
Problem 11 - Hydraulics
➀ What fraction of the volume of a solid object of sp.gr. 7.3 floats above the
surface of a container of mercury?
➁ If the volume of the object below the liquid surface is 0.014 m3, what is the
wt. of the object.
➂ What load applied vertically that would cause the object to be fully
submerged?
Solution:
➁ Wt. of object:
V1 = 0.014
V = 1.863(0.014)
V = 0.026 m3
W = 0.026(9.81)(7.3)
W = 1.86 kN
Solution:
In alcohol: (sp.gr. = 0.82)
BF = W
h
(9810)(0.82)V1 = 0.002(9.81)
V1 = 2.44 x 10-6 m3
V1 = 2440 mm3
w.s. w.s.
V2 = 2560 mm3
V = V1 – V2
V = 2560 – 2440
V = 120 mm3
π 2
(3) h = 120
4
h = 16.98 mm
Problem 13 - Hydraulics
➀ What is the volume of lead having a unit weight of 700 pcf that should be
fastened at one end of the stick so that it will float upright in 1 ft. out of
water?
➁ Determine the weight of the lead?
➂ Determine the total weight of lead and the wood.
Solution:
➀ Volume of lead: W1
3”
w1 + w2 = BF1 + BF2 3”
1’
⎛ 3 ⎞⎛ 3 ⎞
0.651 ⎜⎜12⎟⎟⎜⎜12⎟⎟ (5)(62.4) + 700 V
⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠
BF1
⎛ 3 ⎞⎛ 3 ⎞ 4’
= ⎜⎜12⎟⎟⎜⎜12⎟⎟(4) 62.4 + 62.4 V W2
⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠
V = 0.00456 ft3.
Lead
➁ Weight of lead: BF2
w=VxD
w = 0.00456 (700)
w = 3.19 lb.
➂ Total weight:
3 3
= 3.19 + 0.651 (12 )(12 )(5)(62.4)
= 15.88 lb.
Problem 14 - Hydraulics
A piece of wood floats in water with 50 mm projecting above the water surface.
When placed in glycerine of sp.gr. 1.35, the block projects 75 mm above the liquid
surface.
Solution:
➀ Height of wood:
W = 9.81(A)(h - 0.05)
S h (9.81)(A) = 9.81A (h - 0.05)
S h = h - 0.05
W = 9.81(1.35) A (h - 0.075)
S h (9.81) A = 9.81(1.35) A (h - 0.075) 0.05
h = 0.146 m.
0.075
S = 0.658
➂ Wt. of wood:
W = 9.81(0.658)(0.146)(0.2)(0.2)
W = 0.038 kN
W = 38 N
Problem 15 - Hydraulics
2.45 1
tan θ = 9.81
4
1
tan θ = 4
x 1 2m
4 =4
1m
F1 F2
x = 1 m. 4
1(4)(2)
Vol. of water spilled = 2
2m
Vol. of water spilled = 4 cu. m. F1 F2 1m
➁ Force acting on the side with the greatest depth.
F1 = γw h1 A1
F1 = 9.81 (1)(2)(2)
F1= 39.24 kN
➂ Required accelerating force:
F2 = γw h2 A2
1
F2 = 9.81 (2 ) (1)(2)
F2= 9.81
Accelerating force = 39.24 - 9.81
Accelerating force = 29.43 kN
Check:
F=ma
W
F = (g ) a
[2(2)(4) - (4)] (9.81)
F= 9.81 (2.45) = 29.4 kN
Problem 16 - Hydraulics
A 75 mm diameter pipe, 2 meter long is just filled with oil, specific gravity is 0.855 and then capped.
Placed in a horizontal position, it is rotated at 27.5 rad/sec. about a vertical axis 0.5 meter from one
end.
➀ What is the pressure in kPa at the far end of the pipe?
➁ What is the pressure in kPa at the other end of the pipe?
➂ What is the pressure at the midpoint of the pipe?
Solution:
➀ Pressure in kPa at the far end of the pipe:
P2 = γw h
h = y - y1
ω 2 r2 ω
y = 2g
rad
ω = 27.5 sec
h
2
(27.5) (2.5) 2 y
y = 2(9.81)
h1
y = 240.9 m. 1 2 y2
ω 2 r1 2 y1
y1 = 2g r1
0.5m 2m
(27.5)2 (0.5)2 r=2.5m
y1 = 2(9.81)
r =1.5 m.
y1 = 9.64
h = 240.90 - 9.64 = 231.26 m.
P2 = γw h
P2 = 9.81(0.822) (231.26) = 1864.8 kPa
➁ Pressure in kPa at the other end of the pipe:
P1 = 0
➂ Pressure at the midpoint of the pipe:
ω 2 r2
y2 = 2g
(27.5)2 (1.5)2
y2 = 2(9.81)
y2 = 86.73
Pm = γw h1
Pm = 9.81(0.822)(86.73 - 9.64) = 621.6 kPa
Problem 17 - Hydraulics
A turbine is rated at 450 KN when the flow of water through it is 0.609 m3/s.
Assuming an efficiency of 87%, what head is acting on the turbine?
Solution:
Power = QWE x Efficiency
450 = 0.609(9.81)E(0.87)
E = 86.6 m.
Problem 18 - Hydraulics
Oil of sp.gr. of 0.75 is flowing through a 150 mm pipe under a pressure of 103 kPa.
If the total energy relative to a datum plane 2.40 m. below the center of the pipe is
17.9 m. kN/kN, determine the flow of oil.
Solution:
V12 P1
Energy = + +Z
2g w
V2 103
17.9 = + + 2.40
2(9.81) 0.75(9.81)
V = 5.43 m/s
Q = AV
π
Q = (0.15)2 (5.43)
4
Q = 0.096 m3 / ss
Problem 19 - Hydraulics
A 150 mm diameter jet of water is discharge from a nozzle into the air. The
velocity of the jet is 36 m/s. Find the power in the jet?
Solution:
V2
E=
2g
(36)2
E= = 66.06
2(9.81)
Power = QwE
Q = AV
π
Q = (0.15)2 (36) = 0.636 m3 / s
4
Power = 0.636(9.81)(66.06)
Power = 412 kN
Problem 20 - Hydraulics
For laminar conditions, what size of pipe will deliver 0.0057 m3/s of oil having
viscosity of v = 6.09x10-6 m2/s.
Solution:
Q = AV
π 2
0.0057 = dV
4
0.00228
V=
πd2
Rendds no. for laminar flow = 2000
Vd
R=
V
⎛ 0.0228 ⎞ (d)
2000 = ⎜
⎝ πd2 ⎟⎠ 6.09x10 −6
d = 0.596 m.
Problem 21 - Hydraulics
A 1m. diameter new cast iron pipe C = 130 is 845 m. long and has a head loss of
1.11 m. Find the discharge capacity of the pipe according to Hazen Williams
Formula?
Solution:
10.64LQ1.85
HL =
CD4.87
10.64(845)Q1.85
1.11 =
130(1)4.87
Q1.85 = 0.016
Q = 1.01 m3 / s
Problem 22 - Hydraulics
A barrel containing water weighs 1.260 kN. What will be the reading on the scale if
a 50 mm by 50 mm piece of wood is held vertically in the water to a depth of
0.60 m.
Solution:
BF = 0.05(0.05)(0.60)(9.81)
BF = 0.015 kN
Scale reading = 0.015 + 1.260 = 1.270 kN
Problem 23 - Hydraulics
A piece of wood of sp.gr. 0.651 is 80 mm square and 1.5 m. long. How many
Newtons of lead weighing 110 kN/m3 must be fastened at one end of the stick so
that it will float upright with 0.3 m. out of water?
Solution: 0.08
W1 = (0.08)2(1.5)(0.651)(9.81) 0.08
0.3
W1 = 0.061 kN
BF1 = (0.08)2(1.2)(9.81)
BF1 = 0.075 kN
1.2
W2 = V2 D2 W1 BF1
W2 = 110 V2
BF2 = 9.81V2
W1 + W2 = BF1 + BF2
0.061 + 110V2 = 0.075 + 9.81V2 W2 BF2
100.19V2 = 0.014
V2 = 0.00014 m3
W2 = 110(0.00014) = 0.0154 kN = 15.4 N
Problem 24 - Hydraulics
To what depth will a 2.4 m. diameter log 4.6 m. long and sp.gr. of 0.425 sink in fresh water?
Solution:
r =1.2 r =1.2
w.s. w.s.
h h
4.6
W = π(1.2)2 (4.6)(0.425)(9.81)
W = 1.922655(4.6)(9.81)
Area of segment: (shaded section)
⎛ Sin 2θ ⎞
A = r2 ⎜ θ -
⎝ 2 ⎟⎠
Try θ = 83.1667˚
θ = 1.4515 rad
Sin 2θ
= 0.11813
2
A = (1.2)2 ⎡⎣1.4515 - 0.11813 ⎤⎦
A = 1.92
BF = A(4.6)(9.81)
BF = W
1.92(4.6)(9.81) = 1.92265(4.8)(9.81)
1.92 = 1.92265 almost equal
Use ø = 83.1667˚
Depth of floatation = r - r Cos θ
h = 1.2 - 1.2 Cos 83.1667˚
h = 1.057
Problem 25 - Hydraulics
A barge with a flat bottom and square ends has a draft of 1.8 m. when fully loaded and floating in an
upright position. The barge is 7.6 m. wide and 12.8 m. long and a height of 3 m. The center of gravity of
the barge is 0.30 m. above the water surface if the barge is stable.
Solution:
a y
tan θ =
g
1.5 m
y 1m
tan θ =
0.75
4 y
= 1.5 m
9.81 0.75
y = 0.306 m.
Its sides must be = 0.306 + 1 = 1.306 m. high (deep)
Problem 27 - Hydraulics
A rectangular tank 6 m. long by 1.8 m. deep and 2.10 m. wide is filled with water accelerated
in the direction of its length at a rate of 1.52 m/sec2. How many liters of water are spilled out?
Solution:
a
tan θ =
g
h a
= h
6 g 1.8 m
6(1.52)
h=
9.81
h = 0.93
6m
Vol. spilled out:
0.93(6)
V= (2.10)
2
V = 5.859 m3
V = 5859 liters
Problem 28 - Hydraulics
A rectangular tank 6 m. long by 1.8 m. deep is 2.1 m. wide contains
0.90 m. of water. Find the unbalanced force necessary to accelerate the
liquid mass in the direction of the tank length to accelerate 2.45 m/s2.
Solution:
F = ma
W
m=
g
(6)(2.1)(0.90)
m= (9810)
9.81
m = 11340 kg
F = 2.45(11340)
F = 27783 N
Problem 29 - Hydraulics
A cubic tank is filled with 1.5 m. of oil, sp.gr. 0.752.
➀ Find the force acting on the side of the tank when the acceleration is 4.9 m/s2 vertically upward.
➁ Find the force acting on the side of the tank when the acceleration is 4.9 m/s2 vertically downward.
➂ Determine the pressure at the bottom of the tank when the acceleration is 9.81 m/s2 vertically
downward.
a=4.9 m/s2
Solution:
➀ Force acting on the side of the tank when the acceleration
is 4.9 m/s2 vertically upward.
⎛ a⎞
PA = γ h ⎜ 1 + ⎟
⎝ g⎠
Oil 1.5 m
⎛ 4.9 ⎞
PA = 0.752(9.81)(1.5) ⎜ 1 +
⎝ 9.81⎟⎠
PA = 16.59 kPa
PA A
16.59
F= (1.5)(1.5) = 18.67 kN
2
a=4.9 m/s2
➁ Force acting on the side of the tank when the acceleration
is 4.9 m/s2 vertically downward
⎛ a⎞
PB = γ h ⎜ 1 - ⎟
⎝ g⎠ Oil 1.5 m
⎛ 4.9 ⎞ F
PB = 0.752(9.81)(1.5) ⎜ 1 -
⎝ 9.81⎟⎠
PB = 5.54 kPa PB B
5.54
F= (1.5)(1.5) = 6.23 kN
2 a=9.81 m/s2
Solution:
➀ Constant angular velocity can be attained without
0.45 0.45
spilling any water y=0.90
ω2 r2 0.45
y= 1.8
2g 1.35
ω 2 (0.45)2
0.90 =
2(9.81) D
C
ω = 9.34 rad / sec. 0.90
y
h = 1.35 - PC = 9.81(1.164)
2 C
x2
Solution:
ω2 r2 0.4 m
y= Air
2g
(20)2 (0.45)2 y 1.8 m
y=
2(9.81) 1.4 m
x1 y2=1.8 + y1
y = 4.13 m.
ω 2 x12
y1 = y1
2(9.81)
(20)2 x12
y1 = = 20.387 x12 0.90
2(9.81)
ω 2 x 22
y2 =
2g x2
(20)2 x 22
y2 = = 20.387 x 22
2(9.81) Air 0.4 m
Solution:
a x = 3.66 Cos 30˚ a
a x = 3.17
g
Cot θ = tan 30˚ +
ax
9.81 30˚
Cot θ = tan 30˚ +
3.17
Cot θ = 3.672
θ = 15˚14'
Problem 33 - Hydraulics
A vessel partly filled with water is accelerated horizontally at a constant rate. The
inclination of the water surface is 30˚. What is the acceleration of the vessel?
Solution:
a
tan θ =
g
a
tan 30˚ =
9.81
a = 5.66 m / s 2
Problem 34 - Hydraulics
An open tank of water accelerates down a 15˚ inclined plane at
16.1 ft.sec2. What is the slope of the water surface?
Solution:
g
Cot θ = tan 15˚ +
ax
a x = 16.1 Cos 15˚
a x = 15.55
32.2
Cot θ = - tan 15˚ +
15.55
Cot θ = 1.80279
tan θ = 0.5546956671
θ = 29˚01'
Problem 35 - Hydraulics
An open cylindrical tank 4 ft. in diameter and 6 ft. deep is filled with water and
rotated about its axis at 60 rpm.
➀ How much liquid is spilled?
➁ How deep is the water at the x-axis?
➂ At what speed should the tank be rotated in order for the center of the bottom
of the tank to have zero depth of water?
=60 rpm
Solution:
➀ Vol. of liquid is spilled
ω2 r2
y= y
2g
(2π)2 (2)2
y= 6 ft
2(32.2)
h
y = 2.452
π(2)2 (2.452)
Vol. spilled out = = 15.4 ft 3
2
4
➂ Speed that the tank be rotated about its axis to have zero depth of water
ω2 r2
y=
2g
ω 2 (2)2
6=
2(32.2)
ω = 9.83 rad / sec.
Problem 36 - Hydraulics
A closed vessel 1 m. in diameter is completely filled with water. If the vessel is
rotated at 1200 rpm, what increase in pressure will occur at the top of the tank at
the circumference?
Solution:
ω=
1200(2π) =1200 rpm
60
ω = 40π
y
ω2 r2
y=
2g
(40π)2 (0.5)2
y=
2(9.81)
y = 201.22
p =γ y 1m
p = 9.81(201.22)
p = 1973 kPa
Problem 37 - Hydraulics
An open vessel 18 in. in diameter and filled with water is rotated about its vertical axis at
such a velocity that the water surface 4 in. from the axis makes an angle of 40˚ with the
horizontal. Compute the speed of rotation.
Solution:
ω2 r2 4
y= r= ft.
2g 12 x=4
dy
= tan 40˚
dx
dy ω 2 (2)r
=
dx 2(g)
ω 2 (2)(4 /12)
tan 40˚ =
2(32.2) 40˚
ω = 9 rad / sec.
Problem 38 - Hydraulics
The 2 m. diameter impeller of a closed centrifugal water pumped is rotated at 1500 rpm. If
the casing is full of water, what pressure head is developed by rotation?
Solution:
ω2 r2
y=
2g
1500(2π)
ω= = 50π rad/sec.
60
(50π)2 (1)2
y=
2(9.81)
y = 1258 m.
Problem 39 - Hydraulics
An unbalanced vertical force of 268 N upward accelerates a volume of 0.044 m3 of water. If
the water is 0.90 m. deep in a cylindrical tank, what is the force acting on the bottom of the
tank?
Solution:
W = VD
W = 0.044(9.81)
W = 0.43164 kN
W = 431.64 N
m
F= a
g
W
F= a
g
431.64
268 = a
9.81
a = 6 m/s 2
W = π r 2 h (9.81)
431.64 = π r 2 (0.9)(9.81)
r = 0.12 m.
⎛ a⎞
P = γ h ⎜1 + ⎟
⎝ g⎠
⎛ 6 ⎞
P = 9.81(0.9) ⎜ 1 +
⎝ 9.81⎟⎠
P = 14.23 kPa
Force acting on the bottom of the tank:
F = PA
F = 14.23(π)(0.12)2
F = 0.6437 kN
F = 643.7 N
Problem 41 - Hydraulics
The 8 ft. diam. cylinder weighs 500 lb. and rests on the bottom of a tank that is 3 ft. long.
Water and oil are poured into the left and right portions of the tank to depths of 2 ft. and 4 ft.
respectively.
➀ Find the horizontal component of the force that will kept the cylinder touching the tank at
B.
➁ Find the vertical component of the force that will push up the cylinder.
③ Compute the force that will keep the cylinder touching the tank at B.
Solution:
➀ Horizontal component of the force that will kept 500 lb
the cylinder touching the tank at B:
P1 = γw h A Oil
(0.75)
P1 = 62.4 (1) (2) (3)
4
P1 = 374 lb. H2O 60˚
2
4
2 P1 2 P2
P2 = γw h A
B
P2 = 62.4 (2) (4) (3) (0.75) Fv1 Fv2
P2 = 1123 lb.
Ph = P2 - P1 500 lb
Ph = 1123 - 374
Ph = 749 lb. Oil
4 (0.75)
H2O 4
➁ Vertical component of the force that will push 60˚ 2
4
up the cylinder: 2 2
π(4)
Fv2 = 62.4 4 (3)(0.75) = 1764 lb.
2
B
Fv1 Fv2
Fv1 = 62.4 [ π(4)2 (60
360
- 2 ]
2(4)Sin 60˚
(3)
Fv1 = 920
Fv = 1764 + 920
Fv = 2684 lb.
BF2
Problem 44 - Hydraulics
A rectangular barge weighing 200000 kg is 14 m long, 8 m. wide and 4.5 m deep. It will
transport to Manila 20 mm diameter; 6 m. long steel reinforcing bars having a density of 7850
kg/m3. Density of salt water is 1026 kg/m3.
➀ Det. the draft of the barge on sea water before the bars was loaded.
➁ If a draft is to be maintained at 3 m., how many pieces of steel bars could it carry?
➂ What is the draft of the barge when one half of its cargo is unloaded in fresh water?
Solution:
200000 kg
➀ Draft of empty barge on sea water:
200000 = 14(8)(d)(1026)
d = 1.74 m. 4.5
d
➁ No. of bars loaded:
8(14)(3)(1026) = 200000 + Wb 8m
Wb = 144736 kg
π 2
Wb = 4 (0.02) (6) N (7850) Steel bars
200000+Wb
π 2
144736 = 4 (0.02) (6)(7850) N
N = 9782 bars
3m
8m
Problem 45 - Hydraulics
A wooden pole (sp.gr. = 0.55) 550 mm. in diameter, has a concrete cylinder
(sp.gr. = 2.5) 550 mm. long and of same diameter attached to one end. Unit
weight of water is 9.79 kN/m3.
➀ Determine the min. length of pole for the system to float vertically in static
equilibrium.
➁ Determine the weight of wood.
③ Determine the total weight of wood and concrete.
Solution:
➀ Min. length of pole:
Wood
ww + wc = BFw + BFc L (0.55)
A( L) (0.55)(9.79) + A (0.55)(2.5)(9.79)
= A (L + 0.55)(9.79) Concrete
(sp. gr.=2.5)
0.55 L + 1.375 = L + 0.55 550mm
0.45 L = 0.825
550mm
L = 1.833 m.
➁ Weight of wood.
π 2
Wt. of wood= 4 (0.55) (1.833)(0.55)(9.79) Ww
Wt. of wood = 2.34 kN
L BFw
Solution:
➀ Location of the metacenter from the bottom of the ship if draft is 3 m.
8
Sin 30˚ = MB
o Upright Position
MBo = 16
D
y = MBo + 2 G
10m
y = 16 + 1.5 = 17.5 m. Bo
GBo=10
➁ Metacentric height.
MG = MBo - GBo
MG = 16 - 10
Tilted Position
MG = 6 m.
Solution :
➀ Speed of rotation in rpm. ω
ω 2 x2
y= 2g
x=0.10m
dy ω2
dx = 2 g 2x
45˚
y
dy
tan 45˚ = dx = 1
ω2 (2)(0.1)
1 = 2 (9.81)
ω = 9.9 rad/sec
9.9(60)
ω= = 94.58 rpm ω
2π
r=0.20
➁ Difference in pressure at a point 0.10 m from the vertical axis.
ω 2 r2
y = 2g
y
(9.9)2 (0.1)2
y = 2(9.81)
y = 0.05 m.
P = γw h
P = 9.81(0.05)
P = 0.49 kPa
➂ Distance of the vortex of the water surface from the top of the vessel.
ω2 r2 (9.9)2 (0.2)2
y = 2g = 2(9.81) = 0.20 m.
Problem 48 - Hydraulics
A hemispherical bowl having a radius of 1 m. is full of water. If the hermispherical bowl is
made to rotate uniformly about the vertical axis at the rate of 30 rpm.
➀ Determine the volume of water that is spilled out.
➁ Determine the remaining volume of water in the hemispherical bowl.
➂ Determine the maximum pressure at the bottom of the hemispherical at this instant.
Solution:
➀ Volume of water that is spilled out.
ω 2 r2
h = 2g
Vol. spilled out ω
30(2π) 1m 1m
ω=
60
h
ω = 3.14 rad/sec.
(3.14)2 (1)2
h = 2(9.81)
h = 0.5 m.
2
V = 3 π (1)3 - 0.785
V = 1.31 m3
Problem 49 - Hydraulics
Two reservoirs A and B have elevations of 250 m and 100 m respectively. It is connected by
a pipe having a diameter of 25 mmø and a length of 100 m. A turbine is installed at point in
between reservoirs A and B. If C = 120, compute the following if the discharge flowing in the
pipe is 150 liters/sec.
El. 250m
A
150m
El. 100m
B
T
250 mm ø
Solution:
➀ Headloss of pipe:
10.64LQ1.85
hf = 1.85 4.87
C D
Q = 0.15 m3/s
10.64(100)(0.15)1.85
hf =
(120)1.85(0.25)4.87
hf = 3.87 m.
Solution: Q3
D
➀ Rate of flow at A: El. 277
0.0826 f L Q2 3
C
hf = D5
0.0826(0.0168)(450)(0.56)2
hf2 = = 2.52 m.
(0.6)5
hf3 = 23 + hf1
hf3 – hf1 = 23
Q3 = Q2 – Q1
Q3 = 0.56 – Q1
hf3 - hf1 = 23
0.0826(0.0175)(1200)Q32 0.0826(0.0208)(1500)Q12
- = 23
(0.45)5 (0.9)5
94Q32 - 4.36Q12 = 23
94(0.56 – Q1)2 - 4.36Q12 = 23
94(0.3136 - 1.12Q1+Q12) - 4.36Q12 = 23
29.4784 - 105.28Q1+94Q12 - 4.36Q12 = 23
89.64Q12 - 105.28Q1 + 6.4787 = 0
Q12 - 1.17Q1 + 0.0723 = 0
Q1 = 0.065 m3/s = 65 liters/sec
Solution:
➀ Celerity of the pressure wave:
EB
C=
ρ
2.07 x 109
C= 1000
C = 1438.75 m/s
➁ Velocity of flow.
Increase in pressure:
Ph = ρCV
700000 = 1000(1438.75)V
V = 0.486 m/s
Solution:
➀ Velocity of the jet:
2 HL
V22 = V12 - 2g h
0 = V12 - 2(9.81)(8) H
V12 Orifice h=8m
2g = 8 1
V1 = 12.53 m/s
③ Head of orifice:
H = 0.33 + 8
H = 8.33 m.
Problem 58 - Hydraulics
If the viscosity of oil (sp.gr. = 0.85) is 15.4 poises, compute the kinematic viscosity in m2/s.
Solution:
Absolute viscosity = 15.14(0.1) = 1.514
1.514
Kinematic viscosity = = 0.00178 m2 / s
0.85(1000)
Problem 59 - Hydraulics
If the viscosity of oil having a sp.gr. of 0.75 is 500 centipoise, compute the absolute viscosity
in Pa.S.
Solution:
Absolute viscosity = 500(10)-3 = 0.5 Pa.S.
Problem 60 - Hydraulics
Liquid A, B, and C in the container shown have sp.gr. of 0.80, 1.0 and 1.60 respectively.
Determine the difference in elevation of the liquid B and C in each piezometer tube.
Solution:
For liquid C:
2(0.80) + 4(1) + 2(1.6) – 1.60h1 = 0
h1 = 5.5 2m
A (0.80)
For liquid B: h
h
1(0.8) + 4(1) – h2 = 0
h2=5.6 4m
h2 = 5.6
5.6 + 2 = h + 5.5 B 5.5 B (1.0)
h = 2.1 m. 2m
2m C C (1.60)
Problem 61 - Hydraulics
A water tank 3 m. in diameter and 6 m. high is made from a steel having a
thickness of 12 mm. If the circumferential stress is limited to 5 MPa, what is the
minimum height of water to which the tank may be filled?
Solution:
pD
σ=
2t
p(3)(1000)
5=
2(12)
p = 0.04 MPa
p=γ h
(1000)2 0.04 = 981 h
h = 4.08 m
Problem 62 - Hydraulics
A pressure vessel 320 mm in diameter is to be fabricated from steel plates. The
vessel is to carry an internal pressure of 4 MPa. What is the required thickness of
the plate if the vessel is to be spherical with an allowable stress of 120 MPa?
Solution:
pD
σ=
2t
4(320)
120 =
4t
t = 2.67 say 3 mm
Problem 63 - Hydraulics
A cylindrical tank, having a vertical axis is 1.8 m. in diameter and 3 m. high. Its sides are held
in position by means of two steel hoops, one at the top and one at the bottom. Find the ratio
of the tensile stress at the bottom to that of the top.
B
Solution: 2T1
p =γ hA
p = 9.81(1.5)(3)(1.8) 2T1 + 2T2 = 79.46
2(13.24) + 2T2 = 79.46 3m
p = 79.46 kN
P
∑M A = 0 T2 = 26.48
1m
1(79.46) = 2T1 (3) 2(26.48)
Ratio = =2 A
T1 = 13.24 2(13.24) 2T2
Problem 64 - Hydraulics
A vertical surface 4 m. square has its upper edge horizontal and on the water surface. At
what depth must a horizontal line a drawn on this surface so as to divide it into two parts on
each of which the total pressure is the same?
Solution:
p1 = γ h1 A1
p1 = 9.81(h/2)(4)h h1
p1 = 19.62 h2 h
4m h2
p 2 = γ w h2 A 2 w.s.
⎛ h + 4⎞
p 2 = 9.81⎜ (4 - h)(4) 4-h
⎝ 2 ⎟⎠
p 2 = 19.62(4 + h)(4 - h)
p1 = p 2
19.62h2 = 19.62(4 + h)(4 - h)
h = 2.828 m.
Problem 65 - Hydraulics
A vertical rectangular gate 2 m. wide and 3 m. high, hinged at the top, has water on one side.
What force applied at the bottom of the gate at an angle of 45˚ with the vertical is required to
open the gate w/hen the water surface is 1.5 m. above the top of the gate?
w.s.
Solution:
P =γw hA Hinge 1.5 m
P = 9.81(3)(2)(3) y =h=3m A
1.5 m
P = 176.58 KN
F 3m
2(3)3 e
Ig = = 45 P 1.5 m
12 45˚
Ss = Ay = 2(3)(3) = 18
∑MA = 0
Ig 4.5 F Sin 45˚(3) = 176.58(1.5 + 0.25)
e= = = 0.25 F = 145.67 KN
Ss 18
Problem 66 - Hydraulics
A trapezoidal dam having a total height of 20 m. on the vertical side has a width of 2 m. at
the top and 8 m. at the bottom. The height of water in the vertical side of the dam is 12 m.
Neglecting hydrostatic uplift; determine the factor of safety against overturning. Assume
concrete weighs 23.5 KN/m3. 2m
W1
Solution: w.s.
W1 = 2(20)(1)(23.5) OM = 706.32(4) 8m
W1 = 940 KN OM = 2825.28 KN.m.
8(20) RM 14100
W2 = (1)(235) F.S. = = = 4.99
2 OM 2825.28
W2 = 1880
Problem 67 - Hydraulics
A tank with vertical sides is 1.5 m. square, 3.5 m. depth is filled to a depth of 2.8 m. of a
liquid having a sp.gr. of 0.80. A cube of wood having a sp.gr. of 0.60 measuring 1 m. on an
edge is placed on the liquid. By what amount will the liquid rise on the tank?
0.80
Solution: 0.4
w.s.
Weight of cube = buoyant force y
0.4
(1)(1)(1)(0.60)(0.81) = (1)(1)(d)(0.80)(9.81) 0.40-y
d = 0.75 m.
(1)(1)(0.75 - x) = [1.5(1.5) - 1(1)] x
2.5
0.75 - x = 1.25x
2.25x = 0.75
x = 0.333 m.
1.4
Problem 68 - Hydraulics
A ship of 4000 displacement floats in seawater with its axis of symmetry vertical when a
weight of 50 tons is midship. Moving the weight 3 m. towards one side of the deck causes a
plumb bob, suspended at the end of a strong 3600 mm long to move 225 mm. Find the
metacentric height.
4000 3m
Solution:
θ M
225 50
Sin θ =
3600 w.s.
θ
Gx
θ = 3.58˚ θ
θ
∑M G = 0 3/cosθ
50(3) 3600 θ
4050x = B
Cos 3.58˚
x = 0.037 m
BF=4050 tons
0.037 225
Sin 3.58˚ =
MG
MG = 0.594 m. metacentric height
Problem 69 - Hydraulics
An open vessel of water accelerates up a 30˚ plane at 2 m/s2. What is the angle that the
water surface makes with the horizontal?
av a
Solution: θ
Problem 70 - Hydraulics
A cylindrical vessel 2 m. in diameter and 3 m. high has a rounded circular orifice 50 mm in
diameter at the bottom. If the vessel is filled with water, how long will it take to lower the
water surface by 2 m. Assume C = 0.60
2m
Solution:
Qave =
CA 2g ( h1 + h2 )
2 2m
⎛ π⎞
0.60 ⎜ ⎟ (0.05)2 2(9.81)
⎝ 4⎠
( 3+ 1 ) 3m
Qave =
2 1m
Qave = 0.0143 m3 /s
Vol. of water removed = π(1)2 (2)
Vol. of water removed = 2π m3 Orifice
50 mm ¿
V 2π
t= = = 440.7 sec.
Q 0.0143
Problem 61 - Hydraulics
A rectangular channel having a width of 3 m. carries water flowing at a rate of
20 m3/s. If the depth of water in the channel is 1.2 m., compute the critical kinetic
energy.
Solution:
Vc2
Critical kinetic energy =
2g
Vc2/2g
Critical depth :
20 Emin.
q= = 6.67 m3 /s/m
3 dc
q2
dc = 3
g
2
(6.67)
dc = 3 = 1.65 m
9.81
Vc2
+ dc = Emin
2g
3 Vc2
Emin = dc + 1.65 = 2.475
2 2g
3 Vc2
Emin = (1.65) = 0.825
2 2g
Emin = 2.475
Problem 62 - Hydraulics
A trapezoidal channel has a bottom width of 6 m. and side slopes of 2 hor. to 1 vertical. When the depth
of flow is 1.2 m., the flow is 30.40 m3/s.
Solution:
➀ Specific energy:
10.8
(10.8 + 6) 2.4 6 2.4
A= (1.2)
2
A = 10.08 m2
1.2 1.2
Q = AV 1 1
3
68
2 2
20.40 = 10.08 V
2.
6
V2
Specific energy = +d
2g
(2.02)2
E= + 1.2 = 1.41 m.
2(9.81)
➁ Slope of channel:
1 ③ Ave. shearing stress:
V = R 2/3 S1/2 τ = γw R S
n
τ = 9.81(0.887)(0.00094)
P = 2.683(2) + 6 τ = 0.0082 kPa
P = 11.366 τ = 8.2 N/m2
A
R=
P
10.08
R= = 0.887
11.36
(0.887)2/3 S1/2
2.02 =
0.014
S = 0.00094
Problem 63 - Hydraulics
A circular concrete sewer 1.5 m. in diameter and flowing half full has a slope of
4 m per 5 km. Determine the discharge if n = 0.013.
Solution:
π(0.75)2
A=
2
A = 0.884 m2
P = π(0.75)
P = 2.356
A
R= r =0.75
P
0.884
R=
2.356
R = 0.375 m
4
S=
5000
S = 0.0008
1
V = R 2/3 S1/2
n
1
V= (0.375)2/3 (0.0008)1/2
0.013
V = 1.131 m/s
Q = AV
Q = 0.884(1.131)
Q = 1 m3/sec.
Q = 1000 liters/sec.
Problem 64 - Hydraulics
The cross section of a right triangular channel is shown with a coefficient of roughness n = 0.012. If the
rate of flow = 4 m3/s.
9.81 2dc
P = 2 2 dc
d5c = 3.26
dc = 1.267m. P = 2 2 (1.267)
P = 3.58
➁ Critical velocity: A
R=
P
A
Vc = g 1.605
B R=
3.58
A = (1.267)2
R = 0.448
2
A = 1.605 m
1 2/3 1/2
Vc = R Sc
B = 2(1.267) n
B = 2.534 1
2.49 = (0.448)2/3 S1/2
0.012 c
9.81(1.605)
Vc = Sc = 0.0026
2.534
Vc = 2.49 m / s