Discussion

Low Pass Filter

By connecting the AC source with resistor in series and a capacitor in parallel, the low
pass filter is created. The low pass filter allows signal below a certain frequency
which is critical frequency, fc to pass through but inhibits the output signal with
frequency that is higher than fc. Its characteristic can be observed where the voltage
output is decreasing as the frequency is increasing from 1k to 5k. The input signal
with low frequency can flow through the circuit, inversely the high frequency signal is
blocked. However, in practical condition, a little portion of unwanted signal are still
able to pass through even though its frequency is above the critical frequency
calculated. Despite these unwanted signals are able to be reduced by using more poles
and cascading to increase the roll-off per decade, the perfect bandwidth that allow
only desired frequencies is still impossible.

High Pass Filter

By connecting the AC source with capacitor in series and resistor in parallel, the high
pass filter is created. The high pass filter allows signal above the critical frequency, fc
to pass through but inhibits the output signal with frequency lower than fc. From the
results, the characteristic can be observed where the voltage output is increasing as the
frequency is stepping up from 1k to 5k. It indicates the low frequency signal is block
and the high frequency signal is allowed to flow through successfully. However, it is
unavoidable that there will be some unwanted signals with frequency below the fc
passing through. Despite these unwanted signals are able to be reduced by using more
poles and cascading to increase the roll-off per decade, the perfect bandwidth that
allow only desired frequencies is still impossible.

Differences between theoretical and experimental results

The experimental result can be considered as accurate as the discrepancy with the
theoretical results is very small. The distortion of value may be caused by the
practical impedance value that swings between a certain range of tolerance value.
Also, the differences between the parameters of practical Op-Amp and ideal Op-Amp
can be one of the reasons. The noise contribution is existing in the practical condition
too. Moreover, the internal impedance of the instrumental devices is contributed in the
circuit that can lead to the distortion in experimental result. The external
environmental factors that will affect the performance of electrical components should
be considered in this discrepancy of result too.