FKJ UMS (TECHNICAL REPORT)

FINAL YEAR PROJECT (FYP)

POWER CONVERTER WITH INTERLEAVING

SWITCHING SCHEME FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLES
Wenceslaus Thomas (BK13110446),
Electrical and Electronic Program, Faculty of Engineering,
Universiti Malaysia Sabah, 88400, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah

Abstract— Interleaved Boost Converter composed of five discusses about the Result and Discussion. Last
several identical boost converters which are connected section discusses about the Conclusion and References.
in parallel. The converters are controlled by
interleaved switching signals. All the converters use II. LITERATURE REVIEW
the same switching frequency and phase shift. The
In recent years, DC-DC converters demand has
design simulation and also hardware development of
increase[2]. DC-DC Interleaved Boost converter are
an interleaved boost converter were presented in this
introduced to meet the increase demand such as low
thesis. A brief review various dc-dc converter and its
current and voltage output ripple and high efficiency.
operation is discussed. The design and calculation of
The phase or stage of the Interleaved Boost converter is
the component used have been done to ensure the
based on the number of the parallel switches that
converter operates in continuous conduction mode
connected in the boost converter. As the number of phase
(CCM). The design is simulated in MATLAB
of the converter increase the performance of the converter
SIMULINK by using simple switching technique to
will be better but as the number of phase or stage increase
the switch the MOSFET. Simulation results of Two
the size of the component also increase.
Stage Interleaved Boost Converter showed overshoot
Thus, for certain purpose the stage of interleaved
output voltage occurred and settle down to required
converter can be increase but in this project two stages of
output voltage for some times. The hardware of
Interleaved Boost Converter is investigate. In order to get
modelling is implemented in strip board as well.
a higher output voltage a Boost converter is introduced.
Simple pulse modulated controller is review to
The purpose of putting several parallel switches of the
improve the control system of the converter. Finally,
Boost converter is to get a better desired output compared
future works have been suggested for improvement
to the conventional converter. DC-DC boost converter are
and continuous development Two Stage of Interleaved
connected in parallel which lead to reduction of the size
Boost Converter.
of the components especially inductor. The total power is
Keywords—Two Interleaved Boost Converter, Simple divided in a parallel converter thus reduce the stress
Pulse Modulation, among the individual converters[3].
They are smaller and lighter have a better static
I. INTRODUCTION and dynamic performance. For an ideal static converter,
the converter will control the flow of the power between
Power electronic is one of the important parts in electric
two sources with 100% efficiency. The aim of the power
and electronic applications where they are used to process
converter design at improving the efficiency. For the first
electrical energy conversion from conversion of voltage,
approach and to define the basic topology of power
current and frequency. It converts energy from one form
converter, it can be assuming that no loss occurs in the
to another using electronic devices. The power electronic
converter process of power converter. The basic element
circuit using semiconductor as a switches, thereby
topology of power converter can be classifying in to non-
controlling the output of the voltage and current.
linear element and linear reactive element[4].
The application of power electronic is include
the range from high power conversion equipment.
III. METHODOLOGY
Typical application of power electronics includes the
conversion of alternating current (AC) to direct current This section will discuss on the research methodology.
(DC), DC to AC, DC to DC and AC power source from Research methodology consist of designing of Two Stage
one amplitude and frequency to another. of Interleaved Boost Converter, design consideration,
Nowadays, Electrical Vehicles (EV) is most common inductor selection, capacitor selection and power
used drive as it reduces air pollution, global warming MOSFET.
effect, green house emission and oil dependence on
foreign oil and leave room for the future[1]. Thus, the
high power of application requirement of advance vehicle A. Flow Chart
justifies the important role of power electronic device in The flow chart of the research methodology is
improvement of motor drive system. shown in Figure 1. Firstly, theory of the interleaved boost
The first section discusses the Introduction, second converter was studied. Then, mathematical modelling
section discusses about the Literature Review, third was conducted to calculates the value of every
section discusses about the methodology, followed by components used in the hardware development. After
design of the interleaved boost converter. Section number mathematical modelling, the circuit of boost converter

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was familiarized and interleaving of boost converter start 3.2 shows the example circuit of two stage Interleaved
to design. Boost converter. The values of each component is design
Analysis equations was started after theory and based on the Boost converter design consideration.
circuit familiarization then the design was simulated in
the MATLAB SIMULINK until the desired result is
obtained. If the desired output was not obtained, the
analysis equation will be reviewed. And if the desired
output was successfully obtained, the hardware
development will be started and some testing will be done
to ensure the hardware can meet the requirement of the
desired output. Finally, result analysis will be done by
comparing the result of calculations, simulation and
experimental.

Figure 2: Two Stage Interleaved Boost Converter

D. Detail Design
Assumption is that the input voltage (Vs) is 9 V and the
output voltage is 18 V. The assumption of the input
voltage was selected based on the availability of the
component’s values in the market and the range of power
supply in the lab. Power Supply provided in lab can
supply voltage up to 24 V. Thus, input voltage selected
must be lowered than 24 V. The voltage output was
calculated to be 18 V. Duty cycle can be calculated as
follows;

Figure 1: Flow Chart

B. Circuit Analysis
Circuit analysis is the process of studying and analyzing
the various electrical quantities and express physical in
term of mathematical relations. To be able to solve
various problems generally related to electrical circuit, it
is important to learn some of the basic units of electricity.
Circuit analysis is important for proper better
understanding of the circuit itself. It is very difficult to
build a circuit without any understanding of circuit
analysis. Therefore, circuit analysis used for this project
are described discussed in this section
C. Design of Two Stage of Interleaved Boost Converter
The most critical part of the project is designing a
switching converter. This converter is supplied with a
range of unregulated DC input voltage and will provide a
range of regulated DC output voltage. The choice of
components used also need to take consideration. This
operating voltage is used to select an initial duty cycle for
the MOSFET and also choose appropriate element value.
For this project, two stage of Interleaved Boost
Converter was designed. The basic circuit of Boost
converter and topology of interleaving switching is
studied. Two stage of Interleaved Boost converter
composed of two switches connected in parallel. Figure
E. Inductor Selection
The function of the inductor is to store energy. The value
of inductor is selected to maintain a continuous current
mode operation as a rated load of 50 Ω was decided for
this Interleaved Boost converter. In continuous current
mode, current flow continuously in inductor during the
entire switching cycle and output inductance selected to
limit the peak to peak ripple current flowing.
In this design the inductor ripple was set to less
than 20% from the inductor value. The selected inductor
ripple is 19.15%. The selected value of inductor ripple is
considered small as it less than half of the inductor value.
The inductor ripple was calculated to shows the error of
the unstable ripple in the current flow in the inductor.
Inductor current ( ) can be determined using the
equation as follows;
To provide a margin to ensure continuous
current, the minimum value of inductance must be
selected. This is to maximize the inductance ripple. Thus,
in this design the selected value of inductance was 470
FKJ UMS (TECHNICAL REPORT)
FINAL YEAR PROJECT (FYP)
uH, the maximum and minimum value of inductor current
calculated and presented as follow;
F. Inductor Value Selection
From the design consideration of Boost converter, the
value of the inductor should be larger or same with
L_min to ensure continuous current operation. For this
project, the inductor value select is based on the
minimum value of the inductor. This is to minimise the
inductor ripple. The design selected result in lower peak
and rms inductor current and lower rms capacitor current.
Minimum inductor ( ) value to be continuous current
operation can be calculated by;
G. Capacitor Value Selection
The minimum value of capacitor can be calculated as
follows;
Where determined output voltage ripple. The output
voltage is assumed to be less than 5% for the Boost
converter. The selected value of output voltage ripple is
2%.
H. Switch Selection
In switching power converter, the function of the power
switch is to control the flow of energy from the input
source of the circuit to the output voltage. For Interleaved
Boost converter, the basic design is based on the Boost
converter thus the power switch, S, as Figure 3, connects
the input to the inductor when the switch is turned ON
and disconnect when the switch is OFF. The power
switch must conduct the current in the output inductor
while it is ON and block the difference between the input
voltage and output when it is OFF.
The power switch must have a fast switching
from one state to another during the switching transition
in order to avoid any excessive power dissipation. There
are four prominent controllable switches that are
available. The power switches are; Bipolar Junction
Transistor (BJT), Metal-Oxide Semiconductor Field-
Effect Transistor (MOSFET), the Insulated-Gate Turn-
Off Thyristor (GTO).
Figure 3: MOSFET
I. Component Used in Simulation of Interleaved Boost
Converter
After going through all the calculation to model
Interleaved Boost converter, the components value used
can be summarized in the Table 3.1. Each of the selected
value of components is based on the design consideration,
this is make sure that the selected value for each
components available in the market and easy to get.
Table 1 Component for Interleaved Boost converter
Component Value
Inductor
Capacitor
Resistor 50Ω
Diode -
N-MOSFET -
IV. DESIGN
This part will discuss about the simulation that have been
done. The circuit of Two Stage of Interleaved Boost
Converter successfully run in MATLAB SIMULINK
developed and tested on the proto-board. The design is
tested on the proto-board to make sure the entire
components used are in good condition and well-
functioning to get the desired output.
They are two parts of circuit involved in this
design which are the driver circuit which used to drive
MOSFET and Interleaved Boost Converter. Simulation
for Interleaved Boost Converter was done and the result
will discuss in this section. The circuit which used to
drive MOSFET also tested and the result will discuss in
this chapter. In the simulation, ideal condition is assumed.
For this project there is only one condition of
simulation Interleaved Boost converter. The condition is
with duty cycle of 0.5. Figure 4 shows the open-loop
controller of Interleaved Boost converter in MATLAB
SIMULINK. This open-loop controller controlled duty
cycle using pulse generator where the gate on MOSFET
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is driven with frequency and pulse width is set according
to the desired design. The output voltage and output
current can be determined by using MATLAB-
SIMULINK.

Figure 6: Output Voltage of Interleaved Boost Converter

Maximum and minimum inductor currents were

Figure 4: Two Stage Interleaved Boost Converter
V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A. Simulation Result
This section discussed about the simulation result for
Two Stage of Interleaved Boost Converter modelling. In
the simulation, ideal condition is assumed. For this
project, several conditions will be analysed. This result of
the simulation of Two Stage of Interleaved Boost
Converter discussed more detail in this section. For the
analysis of effect of the load resistance on the output
voltage, current also discuss in this section. The duty
cycle is set at 50%.
determined by using the average value and the change
current pass through the inductor. With the assumption
that the inductor current is continuous, meaning that it is
always positive. A condition necessary for continuous
inductor current is for to be positive. In this
simulation, the value of selected inductor to provide a
margin to ensure the continuous current operation mode
is 470 uH.
The design is based on the ideal condition thus
there is a bit different between those calculation and
simulation result. Based on the Figure 7, it shows the
ripple of the maximum and minimum current that can
pass through inductor. From the simulation the maximum
inductor current is approximately 0.458 mA which is
nearly 0.46 mA as in calculation results. The minimum
inductor current is 0.258 mA which is nearly 0.26 mA as
in calculation.

Figure 5: PWM Signal Generation Model

Figure 7: Maximum and Minimum Inductor Current
PWM signal generation simulation mode has
Output voltage of this design is 17.15 V nearly
been designed and the result of PWM signal for two stage
18 V as in calculation. As what can be seen from the
of interleaved boost converter is shown in Figure 5. The
Figure 8, the maximum output voltage is approximately
PWM signal is generate by comparing the level of the
17.1658 V and the minimum output voltage that can
control signal with a constant peak repetitive triangle
produce from this simulation is 17.1455 V. The
signal. The frequency of the repetitive triangle establishes
performance of the output voltage ripple can affect the
the switching frequency. The square repetitive square
efficiency of the simulation. As the voltage ripple is
wave is got from the controller output. For this project,
smaller or reduce, the better the effeciecny of the whole
the controller used to control the desired PWM is
simulation. The output voltage ripple was taken when the
Arduino UNO.
duty ratio set to 50%.
The open loop output of Interleaved Boost
Converter is shown in the Figure 3.11. From the figure it
can be seen that the Percentage Overshoot are quite high
from the desired output and takes nearly 5 millisecond to
settle to the desired output of 18 V. Since this simulation
used boost converter, thus the output voltage is being
boost bigger from the input voltage. At this condition, the
output voltage is 18 V and input voltage used is 9 V.
FKJ UMS (TECHNICAL REPORT)
FINAL YEAR PROJECT (FYP)

Figure 8: Output Voltage Ripple

From Figure 9, the maximum output current
ripple is approximately 0.34 A and minimum output
current ripple is approximately 0.34295 A. The output
ripple current consider small and not really affect the
performance of the converter as the error is minimized.
The output current ripple was taken when the duty ratio is
set to the maximum which is 50%.
Figure 11: Ouput Current
B. Hardware Development
The connection of the components on the strip board
depends on the design of the circuit layout. The layout
must be designed properly ad all the connections are
connected correctly. There are two main parts of layout in
the design; Two Stage Interleaved Boost Converter layout
and gate driver layout. The layout is designed to make
sure all connection is connect correctly. Despite that,
layout is designed to save space and usage of jumper
wire.

Figure 9: Output Current Ripple

The input current of the interleaved boost

converter when the maximum duty cycle was set is 0.72 Figure 12: Layout Design for Driver Circuit
A (Duty cycle is 50%) as can be seen in the Figure 10.
There is somehow overshoot input current which almost
4A and this overshoot input current considered to be high
and can causes damage to the components that have
lower rated current. Thus, due to this condition the
maximum duty cycle this interleaved boost converter can
achieved is 50%.

Figure 13: Layout Design for Two Stage Interleaved

Boost Converter

Figure 10: Input Current

From the Figure 11, the maximum output current is

0.34A. The overshoot output current is almost 0.6A and
the overshoot take approximately 3 millisecond to be
settle down. Output current is considered small at
maximum duty cycle which is 50%.

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 Figure 17: Inductor Current Average

III. Output voltage ripple, .

Figure 14: MOSFET gate driver

Figure 18: Output Voltag ripple

Figure 15: Two Stage of Interleaved Boost Converter
Result show that, when the duty cycle is increased,
C. Experimental Result the inductor current and output voltage ripple also
This result can be determined by calculation (theory), increased. Output voltage Figure 16 get increased
simulation as well as when doing hardware testing (actual positive value when the duty cycle is increased. This
experiment results). Comparison of the results is carried shows that the Two Stage Interleaved Boost Converter
out as shown in Figure 16,17 and 18 to determine the provides output voltage positive value that being boosted
following output: from the input voltage supplied. Output voltage ripple for
calculation increases linearly compare to simulation
I. Output Voltage, . results.
For experimental results, voltage ripple are
unable to be determined due to unstable measurement
using oscilloscope. However, output voltage ripple can be
reduced by replacing higher value of capacitor. Overall
simulation results show that the output voltage, inductor
current average and output voltage ripple are slightly
lower that the calculation.
However, the experiment results shows slightly
higher output voltage value than the calculation. This is
because, in the real world, all components are not in ideal
condition compared components in the simulation. The
transient causes the results measured in average to be
higher that the calculation (theory). Sudden OFF and ON
Figure 16: Output Voltage
of the MOSFET (switching) causes small transient to
happen during the experiment.
II. Inductor Current average, .
VI. CONCLUSION
Simulation results show the ideal result compared to
hardware and calculation. Calculations helps in
FKJ UMS (TECHNICAL REPORT)
FINAL YEAR PROJECT (FYP)

mathematical modelling to identify the correct value of

each components used in the hardware development.
Some of the experimental results is not really exact as in
simulation and calculation. This is because of the
properties and the characteristics of the component used
in hardware development. However, all three results from
simulation, calculation and experimental show the same
performance in terms of efficiency and ripple at the
output and input voltage and current.
Overall, the hardest part of this project was the
hardware development. The hardware modelling is
implemented and a lots of troubleshooting had been done
to identify the problem in order to obtain the desired
results. The obtained results was analyzed and each result
from calculation, simulation and experimental have been
compared. The relationship and comparison between
calculation, simulation and experimental also discussed
and future work have been suggested for improvement
and continuous development of the interleaved boost
converter.

I. REFERENCE
[1] Arpita Moon, Prof.(Mrs)B.S.Dani, Rahul Argelwar.,
2015. Analysis of Boost and Interleaved Converter
for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor of Hybrid
Electric Vehicle. International Conference on
Elecrical, Electronics, and Optimization Technique
(ICEEOT) – 2016.

[2] H.M Mallikarjuna Swamy, K.P.Guruswamy,

Dr.S.P.Singh., 2013. Design and Implementation of
two Phase Interleaved DC-DC Boost Converter with
Digital PID Controller. International Journal of
Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IJEEE)
ISSN (PRINT):2231-5284 Volume-3, Issue-1, 2013.

[3] Chitravalvan, Dr. Seyezhai., 2015. Design and

Simulation od Soft Switched Interleaved Boost
Converter in Continuous Conduction Mode for RES.
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering
Research, Volume 6, Issue 4, April-2015.

[4] E. Carroll., 2005. High power active devices. CAS

Power Converters for Particle Accelerators,
Warrington, 2004.

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