POPULAR LECTURES (N MATHEMATICS
ate fa ef hed
MATHEMATICAL —
PROBLEMS AND —
ad OP a of WY A er ged
from the Polish 4
Mathematical Olympiads
Pergamon Press
PWAN-Polish Scientific Publishers
bsPOPULAR LECTURES IN MATHEMATICS
Editors: I. N. Syeppow anp M. Stark
VOLUME 12
Mathematical Problems and Puzzles
from the
Polish Mathematical OlympiadsTITLES IN THE POPULAR LECTURES IN
MATHEMATICS SERIES
Vol. 1 The Method of Mathematical Induction
By 1.8. Sommexrr
Vol. 2 Fibonacci Numbers
By N.N. Voros’ev
Vol. 3 Some Applications of Mechanice to Mathematics
By V.A. Usrensxn
Vol. 4 Geometrical Conatrucions Using Compasses Only
By A. N. Kosrovsart
Vol. 5 The Ruler in Geometrical Constructions
By A.8. Swoconzmzvsan
Vol. 6 Inequalities
By P.P. Korovam
Vol. 7 One Hundred Problema in Elementary Mathematica
By H. Sremmavs
Vol. 8 Complex Numbers and Conformal Mappings
By A. Marxusmsvice
Vol. 9 The Cube Made Interesting
By A. Eurenrevoar
Vol. 10 Mathematical Games and Pastimes
By A.P. Domonvap
Vol. 11 A Selection of Probleme in the Teory of Numbers
By W. Srerprsxr
Vol. 12 Mathematical Probleme and Puzzles from the Polish Mathematical
Olympiads
By 8, StraszewrozMathematical Problems
and Puzeles
From the Polish
Mathematical Olympiads
BY
S. STRASZEWICZ
=
TRANSLATED FROM POLISH BY
J. SMOLSKA
PERGAMON PRESS
OXFORD - LONDON - EDINBURGH : NEW YORK
PARIS - FRANKFURT
PWN—POLISH SCIENTIFIC PUBLISHERS
WARSZAWAPergamon Press Ltd., Headington Hill Hall, Oxford
4 & 5 Fitzroy Square, London W.1
Pergamon Press (Scotland) Ltd., 2 & 3 Teviot Place, Edinburgh 1
Pergamon Press Inc., 122 East 55th St., New York 22, N.Y.
Gauthier-Villars, 55 Quai des Grands-Augustins, Paris 6
Pergamon Pross GmbH, Kaiserstrasso 75, Frankfurt-am-Main
229628
hic SBVNS Copyright 1965
PANSTWOWE WYDAWNICTWO NAUKOWE
(PWN—Polish Scientific Publishers)
WARSZAWA
First English edition 1965
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 63-2236
‘This book is a translation of the original Zadania z olimpiad matematycenyeh, Vol. 1,
published by Pafistwowe Zaktady Wydawnictw Szkolych, 1960
Printed in Poland (DRP)I
IL
CONTENTS
Arithmetic and Algebra
§ 1, Integers
§ 2. Polynomials, Algebraic Fractions,
Irrational Expressions
§ 3. Equations
§ 4. Inoqualities
Geometry and Trigonometry
5. Proving Theorems
6. Finding Geometrical Magnitudes
7. Loci
§
§
§
§ 8. Constructions
§ 9. Maxima and Minima
§
10. Trigonometrical ‘Transformations
PROBLEMS
113
116
118
11s
120
122
SOLUTIONS
10
24
46
92
123
189
235
253
332
357PREFACE
‘THIs book is a translation of the second Polish edition, published
in 1960, in which various improvements were made.
The contest for secondary school pupils known as the Mathe-
matical Olympiad has been held in Poland every year since
1949/50. It is organized by the Polish Mathematical Society
under the supervision of the Ministry of Education, which pro-
vides the necessary financial means. Direct control of the contest
is in the hands of a Central Committee in Warsaw and of Re-
gional Committees in seven university towns. In each com-
mittee university professors collaborate with secondary school
teachers,
Participation in the contests is voluntary. They are open
to all secondary school pupils in the country but in practice
candidates for the Olympiad are recruited from the two senior
forms (ages: 16 to 18).
The Olympiad comprises three stages.
Stage one (preparatory) lasts throughout October, November
and December. At the beginning of each month the Central
Committee sends out to all secondary schools in the country a set
of problems which pupils are expected to solve individually,
working at home, within the months in question. No check is
made to see whether they work entirely on their own. The pupils’
solutions are then mailed by their school to the appropriate
regional committee, where they are assessed. The authors of the
best solutions are then admitted to the second stage (regional)
contests. These take place in March—on the same day at all
the seven regional centres, and the same problems are set
at each. The contestants have to come up in person to their
nearest regional centre. The contest lasts two days. Each day
three problems have to be solved in the allotted time of four
hours. The candidates work in one room under the supervision
of members of the local regional committee; they are not
allowed to communicate with one another or to receive help
from the professors. Their chance to discuss the problems with
the professors comes at the social gatherings organized for
this purpose after the contest.
The pupils who have produced the best papers are admitted
viiviii Preface
to the third stage (final) contest, which takes place in Warsaw
in the month of April and is organized along the same lines as the
regional contest. The papers are assessed by the Central Com-
mittee and the authors of the best of them are awarded prizes.
The problems set at the contests require only a knowledge
of school mathematics (i.e. elementary algebra, geometry and
trigonometry) but are on the whole more difficult than the usual
school exercises. Their degree of difficulty, however, is not uniform,
for it is considered desirable that not only the most gifted pupils
but also those of average ability should —with a certain effort—
manage to solve some of the problems and gain a number of
points at the contests.
This book contains the problems set at the first five Olympiads.
It has been prepared in order to provide secondary school pupils
with suitable topics to be worked out on their own, individually
or collectively. It aims at extending their knowledge of mathe-
matics and training them in mathematical thinking. Accordingly,
the solutions of most of the problems have been given in an extend-
ed form, the readers’ attention being drawn to various details of
the reasoning. In addition, several problems have been provided
with commentaries containing generalizations or further develop-
ment of the topics in question, including various supplementary
data of elementary mathematics outside the scope of the school
syllabus. These commentaries are given separately, in the form
of remarks following the solutions. This arrangement of the
contents has been adopted in order to make the book easy to
read even for less advanced pupils, who can skip over the material
contained in the remarks. More advanced readers, however,
will find in them instructive examples of mathematical reasoning,
which may stimulate their own initiative in posing problems
and seeking solutions. In most cases several solutions of the same
problem have been given, which might perhaps seem superfluous.
‘The aim, however, has been to show that the solution of a problem
may result from different mental associations and be obtained
through different processes of reasoning. It will be observed
that several of the solutions given in the book are due to the
pupils themselves, Thus for instance problem 15 was solved by
means of geometrical illustration (method III) by one of the
participants in the Third Olympiad and the original method IIT
of solving problem 153 was found by a participant in the Fourth
Olympiad. It has frequently occurred at the Olympiads that
pupils have presented different solutions from those expected
by the Committee.
S. SrraszewiczPART ONE
Arithmetic and AlgebraPROBLEMS
§ 1. Integers
1. Find two natural numbers a and 6 given their greatest
common divisor D =12 and their least common multiple M
= 432, Give the method of finding solutions in the general case.
2. Prove that a sum of natural numbers is divisible by 9 if
and only if the sum of all the digits of those numbers is divisible
by 9.
3. Prove that the number which in the decimal system is
expressed by means of 91 unities is a composite number.
4, Prove that if an integer a is not divisible either by 2 or
by 3, then the number a?—1 is divisible by 24.
5. Find when the sum of the cubes of three successive natural
numbers is divisible by 18.
6. Prove that if the sum of three natural numbers is divisible
by 8, then the sum of the cubes of those numbers is also divisible
by 3.
7. Show that if n is an integer, then n®—3n?-+2n is divisible
by 6.
8. Prove that number 2541 is divisible by 11.
9. Prove that the sum of two successive natural numbers
and the sum of their squares are relatively prime.
10. Prove that every odd prime number p can be represented
as the difference of the squares of two natural numbers, and
that this can be done in one way only.
11. What digits should be put instead of zeros in the third
and the fifth places in number 3000003 in order to give a number
divisible by 13?
12. Prove that if a natural number n is greater than 4 and is
not a prime, then the product of the successive natural numbers
from 1 to n—1 is divisible by n.
18. Prove that if m is an even natural number, then number
13"+ 6 is divisible by 7.