1

CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

According to World Bank, Philippines is a country wherein one out of every 10

households have no access to electricity. The Philippine Institute for Development Studies

said that at least 16 million Filipinos had no access to electricity in the year 2013 (Delizo,

2016). In this case, families tends to rely on alternative sources available in their locality

but still depends on its affordability. One of the most commonly used for powering home

lamps and other devices is the battery.

Battery is a device that works under the principle of electrochemistry and is

composed of mercury, silver, lithium, cadmium, lead, and acid. With all the environmental

issues of safety and reliability, bio-battery is introduced. A bio-battery is an energy-storing

device that is powered by organic compounds that is consisted of anode, cathode,

electrolyte, and separator. Electrolytes are substances that dissociate into ions in solution

and acquires the capacity to conduct electricity. Sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium,

magnesium, and phosphate are examples of electrolytes (Wikipedia).

Plant-based foods are naturally high in electrolyte content particularly fruits and

vegetables, and primarily those that are red, orange, and/or yellow (Smith). Corn stalk, as

one of the large agricultural crop residues in the country after the large production of corn,

is basically composed of crude fiber, crude protein ether extract, neutral and acid detergent

fiber, micro and macro elements. The elements include Iron (Fe), Zinc (Zn), Copper (Cu),

Calcium (Ca), Phosphorus (P), Potassium (K), Magnesium (Mg), Manganese (Mn), Lead
 2

(Pb), Nickel (Ni), and Cadmium (Cd). With the presence of electrolyte elements in corn

stalk, the researchers came up with the idea of developing a bio-battery that utilizes

fermented corn stalk as an electrolyte source for which was beneficial to families living

off-grid providing them with affordable and accessible electrical energy source.

Background of the Study

Corn (Zea mays) has become one of the most important food crops in many parts

of the world. In the Philippines, next to rice consumption is corn, which is the staple food

of 20% of the population primarily in the Southern Regions of the Visayas and Mindanao

(Ocampo and Cotter). The crop plays an important role in the production of poultry and

livestock feeds, corn ethanol, and other industrial products such as corn starch and corn

syrup. Table 1 shows the production of the general varieties of corn, white and yellow corn,

that are planted in the Philippines. An increase of 1.07% in corn production in the Bicol

Region is shown in Table 2.

Table 1. Volume of Corn Production in the Philippines (metric tonnes)

Year Corn (Total) White Corn Yellow Corn

1994 4,519,246 2,089,905 2,429,341
1995 4,128,510 1,862,423 2,266,087
1996 4,151,332 1,883,087 2,268,245
1997 4,332,417 1,879,209 2,453,208
1998 3,823,184 1,620,465 2,202,719
1999 4,584,593 1,823,834 2,760,759
2000 4,511,104 1,889,338 2,621,766
2001 4,525,012 1,917,654 2,607,358
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Table 2. White Corn Production by Region (metric tonnes)

Region 2011 2012

Philippines 2,150,222 2,165,505
CAR 20,147 20,345
Ilocos Region 52,753 51,461
Cagayan Valley 56,787 66,601
Central Luzon 21,321 24,238
CALABARZON 32,717 30,090
MIMAROPA 14,438 14,238
Bicol Region 47,208 47,714
Western Visayas 67,512 74,727
Central Visayas 176,025 171,387
Eastern Visayas 71,228 74,160
Zamboanga Peninsula 149,950 167,571
Northern Mindanao 349,754 363,919
Davao Region 153,555 150,704
SOCCSKSARGEN 253,808 241,059
CARAGA 35,100 44,462
ARMM 647,909 622,829

However, not all part of this plant is consumed directly by humans. Table 3 shows

that in year 2011, the utilized corn supply for feeds and waste consisting of leaves and corn

stalks residues is about 4,5321 metric tons. Recent work on the industrial utilization of

agricultural wastes has included a study of methods available for the possible utilization of

cornstalks (Hooper, 1930).

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Table 3. Corn Supply Utilization

2011 Metric tonnes

Beginning Stocks 153
Production 6,971
Imports 66
Gross Supply 7,190
Exports c/
Seeds 51
Feeds and Waste 4,531
Processing 930
Ending Stocks 166
Total Net Food Disposable 1,512
Per Capita kg/yr 15.78
Per Capita g/day 43.23

Electrochemistry is the study of chemical processes that causes electrons to move

and these movements of electrons from one element to another in a reaction is known as

oxidation-reduction (“redox”) reaction (ChemLibretext). Oxidation is defined as the losing

of electron which is to be gained by the reducing agent or reductant. Reduction is defined

as the gaining of electrons given by the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Oxidation occurs at the

anode while reduction is at the cathode. The presence of a closed path consisting of two

connected electrodes in an electrolyte, electrical energy can be obtained.

Through the innovation of voltaic cell by Alessandro Volta in 1800, development

of battery is prominently progressing. Types and classifications have been identified which

includes Lead-acid battery, Nickel-cadmium battery or Ni-Cad battery, Lithium battery,

and Zinc-carbon battery or standard carbon battery, either dry or wet cell and is composed

of electrodes and electrolytes.

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Aside from the types of battery stated above which primarily used chemicals as its

electrolyte, others are constructed to be safe, clean and environment-friendly types. These

are the liquid battery, earth battery, air battery, and batteries that uses organic compounds

as its electrolytes.

Bio-battery is a device in which the substrate material, which is either organic or

inorganic, is converted into electric energy. The conversion takes place with the help of

biological or biochemical agents such as enzymes or microorganisms. Because of the

presence of these agents, the substrate is broken down releasing the protons and electrons.

(Narayan, 2013)

Fermentation is the process in which a substance breaks down into a simpler

substance. Microorganisms like yeasts and bacteria usually play a role in the fermentation

process, creating beer, wine, bread kimchi, yogurt, and other foods. The fermentation

process in which microorganisms grow on solid materials without the presence of free

liquid is known as solid-state fermentation wherein the contact between the fungi or

bacteria and the insoluble substrate which is the corn stalk will achieve the highest nutrient

concentration from the resulting substance (Researchgate). Table 4 shows the mineral

content of maize stalks after being subjected to fermentation according to separate methods

described in AOAC (Association of Official Agricultural Chemists).

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Table 4. Mineral content of maize stalks (mg/kg).

Feed
Ca P K Mn Zn Cu Mg Fe Co Pb Cd
ingredient
Maize stalks
800 370 1020 462 41.8 26.2 3900 517.8 nd nd nd
raw
Maize stalks
after 833 375 10232 502 42.64 27.21 4200 523.71 nd nd nd
fermentation

*nd – not detected

With the electrolyte production capability of corn stalk due to its chemical

composition and structure, the researchers are encouraged to develop an affordable and

environmental-friendly electrolyte source for batteries. The proponents aim to test and

evaluate the performance of fermented corn stalk as an electrolyte for bio-battery which

uses copper and aluminum plates as its electrodes.

Objective of the Study

The general objective of this study is to test and evaluate the performance of

fermented corn stalk as an electrolyte for a bio-battery to make a clean, safe and

environment-friendly battery that will substitute to the chemical-based batteries.

Specific Objectives:

The following are the specific objectives of the researchers in conducting this study:

1. To determine the effect of yeast to corn stalk ratio to the amount of voltage

produced.
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a. 1:5

b. 1:10

c. 1:20

2. To determine the voltage output of fermented corn stalk after:

a. 7 days

b. 14 days

c. 21 days

3. To determine if there is significant difference between the voltages produced in

each stated fermentation duration.

Statement of the Problem

This study aimed to test and evaluate the performance of fermented corn stalk as

an electrolyte for a bio-battery. This bio-battery is used as a clean alternative renewable

power source since it was a source of a non-toxic and non-flammable fuel.

Specifically, this study answered the following:

1. What is the effect of yeast to corn stalk ratio to the amount of voltage produced?

a. 1:5

b. 1:10

c. 1:20

2. In terms of fermentation duration, how much voltage was produced?

a. 7 days

b. 14 days

c. 21 days
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3. Is there any significant difference between the voltages produced in each stated

fermentation duration?

Significance of the Study

The researchers believe that this research study was beneficial to the following:

Residences in Corn field. Areas without electrical supply was benefited. It will

lessen their regular costing for candles and kerosene or gas without worrying about safety.

Community. This will provide an additional energy source for low power

application. In cases of calamities, it will serve as emergency source of energy.

Corn Industry. Another product derived from corn stalk through the

manufacturing of the bio-battery.

Business Sector. It will open doors for new opportunities and ventures in the

manufacturing of bio-battery.

Department of Energy (DOE). This study was considered as a safe, clean and

environment- friendly energy storage.

Local Government Unit (LGU) - This study will help the local government units

to promote projects regarding bio-battery using corn stalk as its electrolytes.

Future Researchers. It will serve as bases for future research and studies
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Null Hypothesis (Ho)

There is no significant difference between the voltages produced in each stated

fermentation duration.

Scope and Delimitation

This study tested and evaluated the capability of fermented corn stalk as a source

of electrolytes for bio-battery. The bio-battery used copper as its cathode electrode and the

aluminum plates as its anode electrode. The study was conducted at Camarines Norte from

April 2018 - August 2018. The researchers focused on determining the feasibility of

fermented corn stalk as a source of electrolytes. The target source of corn stalk was Brgy.

Malasugui, Labo, Camarines Norte. The researchers focused only in the voltage output

after 7 days, 14 days and 21 days fermentation process. The fermented mixture is fixed at

a weight of 200g.

However, the researchers did not include analyzing the chemical composition of

electrolyte which is the fermented corn stalk and the discussion on the effect of electrolysis

to the electrode. The effect of the distance between the electrodes and of its area is

neglected. The specific variety and maturity of corn to be used is not covered in this study.

The researchers did not include the time for the replacement of electrolytes.
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Definition of Terms

Anode – the positively charged electrode by which the electrons leave a device

Bio-Battery – is a type of battery which uses organic compounds as its electrolytes.

Cathodes – the negatively charged electrode by which electrons enter an electrical

device

Electrode – is a small piece of metal or other substance that is used to take an

electric current to or from a source of power, a piece of equipment, or a living body

Electrolyte – a nonmetallic electric conductor in which current is carried by the

movement of ions: is substance that produces an electrically conducting solution when

dissolved in a polar solvent

Fermentation – the chemical breakdown of a substance by bacteria, yeasts, or

other microorganisms, typically involving effervescence and the giving off of heat

Fermentation Duration – number of days wherein the corn stalk is subjected into

the fermentation; duration period starts once the yeast is applied

Yeast – a microscopic fungus consisting of single oval ells that reproduce by

budding, and are capable of converting sugar into alcohol and carbon dioxide
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CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents the literatures and studies related to the study. It also presents

the synthesis of the state of the art and the theoretical and conceptual framework.

Review of Related Literature

A bio-battery is a device in which the substrate material, which is either organic or

inorganic, is converted into electric energy with the help of biological or biochemical

agents such as enzymes or microorganisms. Because of the presence of these agents, the

substrate is broken down releasing the protons and electrons. (Narayan, 2013)

An electricity plant developed by German scientists at the Fraunhofer Institute for

Ceramic Technologies and Systems uses plant wastes to produce biofuels. The plant in

Dresden, Germany produces biogas from fermented corn waste like husks and stalks

excluding the cobs. As stated by Michael Stelter, the head of the research group, the corn

stalks cannot be directly fermented because of their cellulose content so a special enzyme

is used to break down the cellulose before the silage ferments. (Lombardi, 2009)

Corn stalks collected after harvesting in August 2013 from a farm located in

Cheonan, Korea were used as the raw material in this study. After collection, each sample

was homogeneously mixed and dried at 105 °C for 24 hours. Table 5 shows the properties

of the corn stalk samples used in this study. The moisture content of the corn stalks was

13.2%, with 2.1% ash content. The HHV of the sample was determined to be 18.49 MJ/kg.

Most of the “Others” components in Table 5 are inorganic materials. (Poudel & Oh, 2014)
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Table 5. The properties of the corn stalk samples. (*HHV – higher heating value)

Elements Content (%)

C 44.79
H 5.48
N 0.34
O 44.3
S 0.04
Cl 0.06
Others 4.99
Moisture (%) 13.2
Volatile Fraction (%) 84.7
Ash (%) 2.1
HVV* (MJ/kg) 18.49

According to Hardwick in his book entitled Handbook of Brewing, the fermentation

duration of materials usually takes 8-20 days. However, since we often used modern

practices that involves higher temperatures, the duration can be reduced to seven days.

An electric potential is a measure of the energy per unit charge created between two

dissimilar metals in an electrochemical cell. This potential is produced from

the oxidation/reduction reactions to drive the reaction. The cell potential or the

electromotive force or emf has a contribution from the anode or oxidation potential and the

cathode or reduction potential. The standard electrode potentials of different materials is

shown in Table 6. (Nave, 2016)

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Table 6. Standard Electrode Potential of Different Materials

Cathode (Reduction) Half- Reaction Standard Potential E° (volts)

Li+(aq) + e- -> Li(s) -3.04
K+(aq) + e- -> K(s) -2.92
Ca2+(aq) + 2e- -> Ca(s) -2.76
Na+(aq) + e- -> Na(s) -2.71
Al3+(aq) + 3e- -> Al(s) -1.66
Zn2+(aq) + 2e- -> Zn(s) -0.76
Fe2+(aq) + 2e- -> Fe(s) -0.41
Cd2+(aq) + 2e- -> Cd(s) -0.4
Ni2+(aq) + 2e- -> Ni(s) -0.23
Pb2+(aq) + 2e- -> Pb(s) -0.13
Fe3+(aq) + 3e- -> Fe(s) -0.04
2H+(aq) + 2e- -> H2(g) 0
Cu2+(aq) + e- -> Cu+(aq) 0.16
AgCl(s) + e- -> Ag(s) + Cl-(aq) 0.22
Cu2+(aq) + 2e- -> Cu(s) 0.34
Cu+(aq) + e- -> Cu(s) 0.52
I2(s) + 2e- -> 2I-(aq) 0.54
Fe3+(aq) + e- -> Fe2+(aq) 0.77
Hg22+(aq) + 2e- -> 2Hg(l) 0.8
Ag+(aq) + e- -> Ag(s) 0.8
Hg2+(aq) + 2e- -> Hg(l) 0.85
2Hg2+(aq) + 2e- -> Hg22+(aq) 0.9
Br2(l) + 2e- -> 2Br-(aq) 1.07
O2(g) + 4H+(aq) + 4e- -> 2H2O(l) 1.23
Cl2(g) + 2e- -> 2Cl-(aq) 1.36
Ce4+(aq) + e- -> Ce3+(aq) 1.44
MnO4-(aq) + 8H+(aq) + 5e- -> Mn2+(aq) + 4H2O(l) 1.49
H2O2(aq) + 2H+(aq) + 2e- -> 2H2O(l) 1.78
Co3+(aq) + e- -> Co2+(aq) 1.82
S2O82-(aq) + 2e- -> 2SO42-(aq) 2.01
O3(g) + 2H+(aq) + 2e- -> O2(g) + H2O(l) 2.07
F2(g) + 2e- -> 2F-(aq) 2.87
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According to the Department of Science and Technology Standards and Testing

Division (2014), the samples for testing organic compounds, specifically plant

components, must be of weight between 150-300 grams or a volume of 5-100 mL for

extracts depending on the type of test to be done.

Review of Related Studies

Foreign Studies

A study by Janodi (2014) used urine as a bio-fuel and studied the effects of using

different electrode plates in the batteries’ performance. Janodi stated that copper has the

highest electrical conductivity and it forms a rich variety of compounds with oxidation

states +1 and +2 and zinc, much like magnesium, possess low weight and good electrical

and mechanical components with a common oxidation state of +2 made it usable as in

batteries and alloy.

Using the baker’s yeast or Saccharomyces cerevisiae helped produce outstanding

results in terms of voltage because it contains microorganisms that help self-mediate

electrons. The researcher also stated that yeast fuel cells proved to be a viable power source.

(Gunawardena, et al, 2008)

In the study of Darwish (2011), Pleurotus ostreatus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae

were used in a combined mixture to upgrade the nutritional value of maize stalks using

solid state fermentation technique. As a result, the Single P. ostreatus treatment of maize

stalks gave lower protein content compared to the simultaneously double treated maize
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with P. ostreatus and S. cerevisiae. The crude protein also increased from 3.60% to 11.80%

when S. cerevisiae was used as biological additive material after incubation at temperature

of 28 °C for 7 days. Increasing the incubation time of the fermentation process helps

decrease the cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin content of the maize.

A study was conducted by Wright (2005) to determine the effect of chopping to the

nutrient content of cornstalk bales. The result indicated that chopping the cornstalks

increases its Calcium and Phosphorus content. The effect of processing prior to harvest on

nutrient composition of baled cornstalks is shown in Table 7.

Table 7. Effect of processing prior to harvest on nutrient composition of baled cornstalks

Harvest Method
Standard Mean
Item Chopped Not Chopped
Error
Dry Matter, % 79 81.2 1.4
Crude Protein, % 5.4 5.5 0.18
Fat, % 0.79 0.81 0.1
Ash, % 21.3 23 1.48
ADF, % 68.2 67.6 1.2
NDF, % 100 98.2 1.77
NDIN, % 0.55 0.41 0.03
Lignin, % 6.8 6.7 0.19
Ca, % 0.52 0.45 0.02
P, % 0.17 0.15 0.01
TDN, % 40.9 39.5 0.68
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A study by Wong and Fikri (2014) entitled Synthesis of Bio-ethanol from Corn

Stalk by Fermentation Process used commercial baker’s yeast, Mauripan as the source of

Saccharomyces cerevisiae and further stated that the ratio of yeast to corn stalk for solid

state fermentation is 1:10.

Local Studies

Mijeno (2012) created a SALt LED Lamp which is powered by a galvanic cell

battery in which the electrolyte solution consists purely of salty water where two electrodes

are placed. The team said that the anode of the battery can be used for eight hours a day for

around six months before it needs replacing.

A study entitled “Spoiled Kabapine Paste as an Electrolyte in Common Dry Cell”

(2011) by Balleza et al. used the combination of spoiled kamias, banana and pineapple to

generate voltage that can be used in a dry cell. The mixture recorded a voltage rating that

ranges from 0.4 – 0.8 V in which the researchers concluded that the voltage generated is

enough to prove that spoiled kabapine is an effective electrolyte that can produce a voltage

that can compete commercial dry cells when connected in series.

Escabarte (2018) conducted a study with title, “Voltage Generation: Using Kamias

juice as Electrolyte” using different electrodes such as carbon, zinc and copper to test the

voltage generation of kamias juice. The maximum record of voltage generated using carbon

and zinc is 7.83 Volts and 0.966 Volts using copper and zinc electrodes. The study

concluded that the kamias juice is an electrolyte and the generated voltage of electrolytes

is greatly affected by the type of electrode used.

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A study entitled “Potential of Root Crops as Source of Electrical Energy” by Tan

et al. (2013) studied the possibility of edible and inedible root crops and tubers to become

sources of electrical energy. The study used badiang, sweet potato and cassava in a galvanic

cell and which generated voltages of 656 mV to 949 mV, 668.2 mV, and 559 mV to 860

mV respectively. The results indicated basic information that electrical energy recovery

can be generated from root crop waste, waters and roots or tubers.

The study of Atanacio et al. (2010) with the title “Cassava Grates Processing

Wastes as Source of Electrical Energy” focused on generating electricity from cassava

extracts with added salt using an improvised microbial fuel cell. The study recorded a

maximum voltage output of 546 mV and therefore proved that the voltage generated from

the extract proves that it can be a source of electrical energy.

Synthesis of State-Of-The-Art

The review of related studies was done selectively so that the relevant features of

the work are differentiated, and their similarities and differences are pinpointed with

respect to the present study.

The study of Janodi (2014) with the title “Renewable Power Source Using Urine

Based on Bio – Battery” used urine as a bio-fuel for the bio-battery whereas this study used

fermented corn stalk. In this study, the researchers used copper and aluminum as electrodes

while Janodi used copper and zinc.

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In the study of Gunawardena et al. (2008) entitled “Performance of a Yeast-

Mediated Biological Fuel Cell”, yeast is used to enhance the chemical content of the bio-

fuel cell. In the present study, yeast is used for the fermentation and also used to improve

the chemical contents of the corn stalk.

The study entitled “Nutritional Value Upgrading of Maize Stalk by Using Pleurotus

Ostreatus and Saccharomyces Cerevisiae in Solid State Fermentation” by Darwish (2011)

used a mixture of Pleurotus Ostreatus and Saccharomyces Cerevisiae to aid the breakdown

of cellulose for the fermentation of the maize stalk. The present study, on the other hand

focused in using the baker’s yeast for fermentation and cellulose breakdown of the maize

stalk.

The study of Wright (2005) discusses the effect of chopping to the nutrient content

of cornstalks. In the present study, the cornstalk was chopped before undergoing

fermentation so its nutrient levels can improve further.

The study of Wong and Fikri (2014) used the commercial baker’s yeast for the

fermentation and applied a 1:10 ratio for the yeast and corn stalk media. The researchers

of the present study also used the baker’s yeast and used three different yeast to corn stalk

ratio such as 1:5, 1:10 and 1:20 for the present study.

In the study of Mijeno (2013) entitled “Salt Lamp – Sustainable Alternative

Lighting”, salty water is used as electrolyte solution to a galvanic cell bio-battery that

powers an LED lamp. The present study is also about bio-battery however, it is more

focused in the utilization of corn stalk as electrolyte.

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Balleza et al. (2011) used the mixture of spoiled kamias, banana and pineapple to

serve as electrolyte for a dry cell using copper and zinc as electrodes while the present

study used the fermented corn stalk as electrolyte. The researchers also used copper

electrode however, zinc is replaced by aluminum as the pairing electrode.

The study of Escabarte (2018) mainly focused on the voltage that can be generated

by using kamias juice as electrolyte in different electrode pairs. The study used electrodes

such as copper, zinc and carbon. The present study used aluminum and copper plates for

the fermented corn stalk electrolyte.

The study entitled “Potential of Root Crops as Source of Electrical Energy” of Tan

et al. (2013) used edible and inedible root crops and tubers, as well as wastes as sources of

electrical energy. The present study on the other hand used the fermented stalk of corn to

act as an electrolyte that can be used for generating voltage which also serves as source of

electrical energy.

The study with the title “Cassava Grates Processing Wastes as Source of Electrical

Energy” by Atanacio et al. (2010) generated electricity from salted cassava extracts with

using an improvised microbial fuel cell. The proponents’ study focused on generating

voltage from corn stalks fermented in different durations using baker’s yeast of varying

ratios.

The gap of this study from the other related studies revolves on the variable used

as the electrolyte or the voltage-generating factor and the specific electrodes used. This

study used fermented corn stalk to serve as electrolyte and aluminum and copper
 20

electrodes. Furthermore, this study used baker’s yeast to increase the chemical content of

the corn stalk and different durations of fermentation was used in order to record the

changes of the generated voltage output.

Theoretical Framework

Several laws and theories are considered to make this study reliable and efficient.

These principles which are anchored to this study include the Principle of Electrochemistry

and the Law of Conservation of Energy. These principles serve as the basis of realization

of this study shown in Figure 2.1 Theoretical Paradigm.

Electrochemistry is the study of chemical processes that causes electrons to move

and these movements of electrons from one element to another in a reaction is known as

oxidation-reduction (“redox”) reaction. Oxidation is defined as the losing of electron which

is to be gained by the reducing agent or reductant. Reduction is defined as the gaining of

electrons given by the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Oxidation occurs at the anode while

reduction is at the cathode. The presence of a closed path consisting of two connected

electrodes in an electrolyte, electrical energy can be obtained. In this study, the copper and

aluminum plates act as the reducing and oxidizing agents respectively. The fermented corn

stalk which acts as electrolyte creates a closed path with the electrode thus generating

electrical energy.

Another theoretical foundation of this study is the utilization of the Law of

Conservation of Energy. It states that energy cannot be created or destroyed but can only
 21

be changed from one form to another or transferred from one object to another. In this

study, the law of conservation of energy is applied as the fermented corn stalk which

possesses chemical energy is used as electrolyte therefore changing it to electric energy.

Using the principles aforementioned provided the basic matters affirmed by this

study. The integration of these theoretical concepts works to the development of the

Fermented Corn Stalk as Electrolyte for Bio-battery.

 22

Principle of
Electrochemistry Fermented
Corn Stalk
Electrolyte
For
Bio-battery
Law of Conservation of
Energy

Figure 1. Theoretical Paradigm

 23

Conceptual Framework

This study revolves on three main factors namely the input, process and output

shown in the conceptual paradigm of the study. Also a feedback is presented. The feedback

includes gathering of data from the output which was used as basis for creating a new

theory for each of the inputs. The connection between the feedback and the process in the

conceptual paradigm is represented by broken lines because only if necessary, the feedback

can also be used as foundation for formulating adjustments in the processes in order to

obtain the desired output.

The input is the most vital factor that comprises this study. In this case, the main

input is the fermented corn stalk which is utilized as an electrolyte, the yeast was used for

the fermentation and the zinc and copper plates for electrodes. The gathered data and

electrical concepts are also inputs that influenced the fabrication of this study.

The process includes the series of activities that needs to be done to achieve the

desired output. In this study, the process involves the gathering of data regarding the use

of fermented corn stalk as electrolyte, preparation of materials and execution of the

fermentation, fabrication of conceptualized device, and testing.

The output of this study is the voltage produced from the fermented corn stalk

electrolyte.
 24

 Gathering of data
 Fermented regarding the use of
Corn Stalk fermented corn stalk
 Aluminum and as electrolyte for
Bio-Battery Voltage produced
Copper Plates from the Fermented
 Preparation of
 Electrical Corn Stalk
materials and
Concepts Electrolyte
executing
 Gathered Data fermentation process
about the topic  Fabrication of device
 Testing of Voltage
from fermented corn
stalk

 Data gathered from the output to be used

as grounds for creating new theories and
improvement of the output

Figure 2. Conceptual Paradigm

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CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the methods and procedures that was used by the researchers

in doing the study and the statistical tool that was employed to achieve the desired

objectives. This chapter guides the researchers in cultivating the entire study.

Research Design

The researchers used the experimental method of study for gathering data essential

to achieve the objectives of the study. The repeated measure type of experimental method

was implemented.

Research Parameters/Variables

The controlled variables in this experimental process was the setup of the container

including the plate electrodes and the amount of fermented mixture to be used. These

variables was set constant for all of the experiments and tests to be performed. The

experimental variables in this process was the fermentation duration and the yeast to corn

stalk ratio of the fermented mixture. These variables was varied in every experiments and

tests.

Research Procedure

The study was subjected to different processes such as gathering of data, planning

and designing, preparation of materials and equipment, testing and experiments, statistical
 26

analysis and evaluation. The flow chart process included in the research procedure is shown

in Figure 3.

Data Gathering

The first part of the study is gathering the data and pieces of information connected

to the proposed study. The information includes the electrolyte composition and the

element content of corn stalk which is gathered through web references.

Planning and Designing

This section shows the clear presentation of the plan of activities to find out the

outcomes of the study. The researchers ensure the availability of the resources needed such

as the corn stalk and the plate electrodes. The resources should be selected with respect to

the features and qualities it must possess. The plan of activities must be done accordingly

and the conceptualization of the experiments and testing should corresponds to the output

desired to achieve.

Materials and Equipment Preparation. The proponents of this study ensure that all the

materials and equipment needed for the realization of the project is complete and working

to avoid having problems in the construction phase. Having reserve materials is suggested

so replacement can be done when needed without going through much hassle or having to

wait for such materials to arrive. The container setup to be used for the experimentation

consists of aluminum plates as its anode and copper as its cathode electrodes and mixture

of fermented corn stalk as its electrolyte.

Testing and Tabulation of Results. The mixture should be subjected to repeated tests and

all data results must be recorded at all times to serve as proof for efficiency. The output
 27

voltage was measured using a multi-tester. The different output voltage measured was

compared and analyzed with the use of statistics. The Two-Factor Analysis of Variance

(ANOVA) was used to determine whether there was significant relationship between the

fermentation duration with respect to its voltage output. Mean average value was computed

to compare the output voltage in each fermentation duration and to determine which of the

three yeast-to-corn stalk ratio yields to highest voltage output.

Data and Analysis. This section seeks to analyze, breakdown and study the data we have

gathered through the project. This chapter includes the data results and discussion on the

test conducted in order to achieve the objectives of this study and answer the problems

through data analysis and interpretation.

Furnishing and Preparation of Papers. The research papers and documents was finalized

for the final defense.

 28

Start Data Gathering

Preparation of
Planning and
Materials and
Designing
Equipment

Statistical
Testing and
Analysis and
Experiments
Evaluation

End

Figure 3. Research Procedure Flow Chart

 29

Materials and Equipment

The researchers used materials and equipment to develop bio-battery and for testing

to answer the problems of the research study. The specification of the materials and

equipment used and the quantity needed for each material is shown in Table 9 (see

appendix). The bill of materials and supplies needed to develop the bio-battery is shown in

Table 10 (see appendix).

Experimentation Procedures

This experimental method includes series of tests and experiments that was

conducted repeatedly in order to test the performance of the fermented corn stalk according

to the desired data. The parameter to be tested is the amount of voltage produced in terms

of fermentation duration of 7 days, 14 days, and 21 days, and in terms of yeast to corn stalk

ratio of 1:5, 1:10, and 1:20. The output voltage was measured using a multi-tester. The

output voltages in each tests was compared and analyzed.

The relationship of the output voltage to the duration of fermentation of corn stalk

was determined by varying the time needed for fermentation process. The corn stalk was

gathered from Brgy. Malasugui, Labo, Camarines Norte. The gathered corn stalks was

chopped into bits and was prepared for the process of fermentation. The process involved

solid-state fermentation with the application of yeast. Chopped corn stalks was fermented

according to the number of days stated in the study. The relationship between the output

voltages and the ratio of yeast to corn stalk was determined by performing different trials

wherein the ratio of the yeast to corn stalk to be used for fermentation was changed

accordingly. The fermented corn stalk was subjected to three different trials with the ratio
 30

of 1:5, 1:10, and 1:20. The difference between the output voltages in each stated yeast to

corn stalk ratio was determined.

1:5
Output Voltage
per Ratio 1:10

1:20

Figure 4. Output voltage in terms of yeast to corn stalk ratio

The fermented corn stalks was subjected to testing determining the voltage output

with respect to the number of days of fermentation. After determining the fermented

mixture with the highest voltage output in terms of yeast to corn stalk ratio, the voltage

output of mixture in terms of fermentation duration was compared and analyzed. The

significant difference between the voltages produced in each stated fermentation duration

was determined. The data acquired from repeated measures was gathered and recorded.

7 Days
Voltage
Produced per 14 Days
Duration
21 Days

Figure 5. Output voltage in terms of duration of fermentation

 31

1. Prepare all materials needed; a 200g chopped cornstalk, a plastic container,

basin, yeast, a 5x10 cm copper plate, a 5x10 cm aluminum plate, multi-meter,

8 by 11 plastic bag, rubber band, paper and pen.

2. Put the chopped cornstalk and yeast in the basin. Mix it properly.

3. Put the mixture of cornstalk and yeast in the plastic container and seal it with

the 8x11 plastic bag and a rubber band.

4. After achieving the durations of the fermentation process, put the copper and

aluminum plate in the container.

5. Measure the voltage output of each container.

6. The data acquired from repeated measures was gathered and recorded.

Data Analysis

Statistical Tool used in the Study

The researchers used statistical method in analyzing and interpreting the results

through One-Factor Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) to determine the significant

difference between the voltage outputs with respect to fermentation duration. The null

hypothesis was stated assuming there is no significance difference between the voltages

produced in each stated fermentation duration. Alpha of 0.05 was used in the analysis and

computation. Degrees of freedom was determined in order to get the critical value that were

based on the F-table. Using Single Factor Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) in the Microsoft

Excel Data Analysis, the value of Fcalculated was compared to the critical tabulated value,

and the decision was made whether significance difference exists between the voltage

outputs in terms of fermentation duration.

 32

CHAPTER 4

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter presents the results of the testing and experimentation done in the

research as well as the data interpretations and the statistical treatment applied to the data

gathered.

1. Voltage Produced in terms of Yeast-to-Corn Stalk Ratio

To determine the voltage produced in each yeast-to-corn stalk ratio, the fermented

mixture was measured accordingly for its voltage output with the use of a multi-tester and

the results were gathered and tabulated. For yeast-to-corn stalk ratio of 1:5, the voltages

produced were 0.559V, 0.569V, 0.558V, 0.511V, 0.488V, 0.438V, 0.694V, 0.542V, and

0.539V, shown in Table 8, with an average voltage output of 0.544V. For yeast-to-corn

stalk ratio of 1:10, the voltages produced were 0.545V, 0.558V, 0.550V, 0.490V, 0.493V,

0.491V, 0.517V, 0.533V, and 0.522V, shown in Table 9, with an average voltage output

of 0.522V. For yeast-to-corn stalk ratio of 1:20, the voltages produced were 0.547V,

0.544V, 0.522V, 0.467V, 0.495V, 0.489V, 0.492V, 0.517V, and 0.436V, shown in Table

10, with an average voltage output of 0.501V.

Table 8. Voltage Output of 1:5 Yeast-to-Corn Stalk Ratio

T1 T2 T3 Average
7 Days 0.559 V 0.569 V 0.558 V
14 Days 0.511 V 0.488 V 0.438 V 0.544 V
21 Days 0.694 V 0.542 V 0.539 V
 33

Table 9. Voltage Output of 1:10 Yeast-to-Corn Stalk Ratio

T1 T2 T3 Average
7 Days 0.545 V 0.558 V 0.55 V
14 Days 0.49 V 0.498 V 0.491 V 0.522 V
21 Days 0.517 V 0.533 V 0.522 V

Table 10. Voltage Output of 1:20 Yeast-to-Corn Stalk Ratio

T1 T2 T3 Average
7 Days 0.547 V 0.544 V 0.522 V
14 Days 0.467 V 0.495 V 0.489 V 0.501 V
21 Days 0.508 V 0.517 V 0.436 V

Based from the observation, the yeast-to-corn stalk ratio of 1:5 is the best ratio with

the highest calculated average voltage output of 0.544V and showed that the higher the

yeast-to-corn stalk ratio, the higher the voltage the mixture can produce.

2. Voltage Produced in terms of Fermentation Duration

After determining the yeast-to-corn stalk ratio with the highest voltage output, the

voltage output in terms of stated fermentation duration was compared and analyze

accordingly. In terms of fermentation duration of 7 days, the voltage produced were

0.559V, 0.569V, and 0.558V, with an average voltage output of 0.562V. In terms of

fermentation duration of 14 days, the voltage produced were 0.511V, 0.488V, and

0.438V, with an average voltage output 0.479V. In terms of fermentation duration of 21

 34

days, the voltage produced were 0.694V, 0.542V, and 0.539V, with an average voltage

output of 0.592V. Data is shown in Table 11 below.

Table 11. Voltage Produced for Fermentation Duration of 1:5 Yeast-to-Corn Stalk
Ratio

T1 T2 T3 Average
7 Days 0.559V 0.569V 0.558V 0.562V
14 Days 0.511V 0.488V 0.438V 0.479V
21 Days 0.694V 0.542V 0.539V 0.592V

Based from the observation, the fermentation duration of 21 days has the highest

voltage output produced with the average value of 0.592V, next is 7 days with the average

value of 0.562V, and last is 14 days with the average value of 0.479V. The data shows that

as the fermentation duration varies, the voltage produced also varies.

3. Statistical Treatment for Significant Difference between Fermentation Duration

Degrees of freedom were determined in order to get the critical value that were

based on the F-table, shown in Table 16 (see appendix). For fermentation duration factor,

if the value of Fcalculated for column is greater than the critical value of 5.14, the decision is

to reject the null hypothesis. To determine if there is significance difference between the

voltage output in each stated fermentation duration, results were analyzed with the use of

Single Factor Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) in the Microsoft Excel Data Analysis, given

Table 17 (see appendix). Only one variable is under analysis therefore Single Factor

Analysis of Variance is used. Shown in Table 12, the researchers arrived at the Fcalculated
 35

value of 0.94 which is less than the Ftabulated value of 5.14 therefore the decision is to accept

the null hypothesis.

Based from the computation using Single Factor Analysis of Variance (ANOVA),

the decision is that there is no significant difference between the voltages produced in each

stated fermentation duration and shows that the fermented duration does not affect the level

of the voltage produced.

Table 12. Summary Table for Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)

Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit

Between Groups 0.00931 2 0.00465 0.93918 0.44172 5.14325

Within Groups 0.02973 6 0.00496

Total 0.03904 8
 36

CHAPTER 5

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Presented in this chapter is the summary of the findings gathered in the entire

research. This consists of the conclusions and recommendations for future development of

the research study.

Summary of Findings

1. Based from the results of the previous tests and analysis, the yeast-to-corn stalk

ratio of 1:5 is best of the other ratios with the highest calculated mean average of 0.544V.

The researchers found out that the higher the yeast-to-corn stalk ratio, the higher the voltage

the mixture can produce.

2. After the comparison of mean average value of the voltage output in terms of

fermentation duration which are 0.562V for 7 days, 0.479V for 14 days, and 0.592V for 21

days, the results showed that the voltage output varies as the fermentation duration varies.

The highest voltage output was the fermentation duration of 21 days having the average

value of 0.592V.

3. With the use of Single Factor Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) in Microsoft Excel

Data Analysis, it was found out that there is no significant relationship between the voltage

output of the fermented mixture and the fermentation duration.

Conclusions

Based on the findings, the researchers concluded that:

 37

1. The yeast-to-corn stalk ratio of the fermented mixture that yield the highest voltage

output is 1:5 with an average voltage output of 0.544V;

2. There is no significant difference between the voltage outputs in terms of

fermentation duration therefore it does not affect the voltage output of the

fermented mixture.

3. With the voltage production capability of the fermented mixture, the researchers

concluded that the fermented corn stalk can be used as an effective electrolyte

source for a bio-battery.

Recommendations

The following are the recommendations of the researchers for improvement of the

study:

1. Future researchers may add at least another 3 fermentation duration for more

accurate output.

Other Recommendations:

2. Future researchers may use specific variant of corn stalk in the study.

3. In the process of experimentation procedure, the researchers recommend to

specify the constant depth and distance between the electrode plates during the

testing process.

4. Future researchers may use different sets of electrodes which can help produce

higher voltage output.

 38

5. For fermentation process, the researchers recommend to provide means in order

to lessen the smell of the fermented mixture, if possible.

6. Future researchers may add at least another 3 fermentation duration for more

accurate output.
 39

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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tX6EYtxAsnBOiMg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi0iZnNlZnaAhUDvr

wKHXtvCWYQ6AEIfzAH#v=onepage&q=minimum%20duration%20of

%20fermentation&f=false

Lobo, Lewington & Allison, et al, (2013). Basic Concepts of Fluid and Electrolyte Balance.

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astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Chemical/electrode.html#c1
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Fee_rev2_Feb-42015.pdf

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Smith., (n.d.). Everyone You Need to Know about Electrolyte. Retrieved from

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8a14886d3b 144e795451a88e4ead69.pdf
 43

Appendix A

Camarines Norte State College

College Of Engineering
Daet, Camarines Norte

NOMINATION OF THESIS/PROJECT STUDY EVALUATION COMMITTEE

October 08, 2018

Name: MARINNYL A. AGUILAR
KAYE J. ESPINA
CHARLYN MAE S. PARDO

Degree Sought: Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering

Major/Minor: ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

We hereby nominate the following as members of our Evaluation Committee.

Chairman: ENGR. AILEEN S. LLADOC ________________ ___________

Printed Name Signature Date

Members: 1. ENGR. LEO AGUSTIN P. VELA ________________ ____________

Printed Name Signature Date

2. ENGR. MARVIN G. BEQUILLO ________________ ____________

Printed Name Signature Date

Approval Recommended: Approved:

ENGR. ALMIRA K. VELASCO ENGR. GENARO B. BALANE

Research Coordinator Dean, CoEng

___________________________ ___________________________
Date Date
 44

Appendix B

Camarines Norte State College

College Of Engineering
Daet, Camarines Norte

APPLICATION FOR FINAL ORAL DEFENSE

October 5, 2018

ENGR. GENARO B. BALANE

Dean, CoEng

Sir:

May I/we respectfully request for the paper presentation of my/our thesis study
manuscript entitled: “FERMENTED CORN STALKS AS AN ELECTROLYTE SOURCE
FOR BIO-BATTERY” on OCTOBER 08, 2018 at 1:00 PM in ELECTRO PNEUMATICS
ROOM.

Hoping for your kind consideration and approval on this matter.

Thank you very much.

Very truly yours,

Marinnyl A. Aguilar Kaye J. Espina Charlyn Mae S. Pardo

BSEE V-A BSEE V-A BSEE V-A

Favorably Endorsed:

ENGR. AILEEN S. LLADOC

Chairman, Evaluation Committee

ENGR. ALMIRA K. VELASCO

Research Coordinator
For Dean’s Office Use
_______ Submitted the thesis manuscript
_______ Seminar date applied for is the prescribed time to allow the review of manuscript
by the Examining Committee/Panel members.

ENGR. GENARO B. BALANE

Dean, CoEng
 45

Appendix C

Camarines Norte State College

College Of Engineering
Daet, Camarines Norte

PERMISSION TO CONDUCT STUDY

Date: ________________

ENGR. GENARO B. BALANE

Dean, CoEng

Sir:
We have the honor to request permission to your office to conduct study
entitled: “FERMENTED CORN STALKS AS AN ELECTROLYTE SOURCE FOR BIO-
BATTERY”.

Duration of the Study: ______________________________________________

Thank you very much.

Very truly yours,

________________________
Student Applicant
Recommending Approval:

ENGR. NOLI M. ESPERAS JR.

Adviser
Approved:
ENGR. GENARO B. BALANE
Dean, CoEng
 46

Appendix D

Camarines Norte State College

College Of Engineering
Daet, Camarines Norte

CERTIFICATION OF THE SECRETARY

This is to certify that all the suggestions given by the Panel of Examiners in connection
with the Oral Examination of Marinnyl A. Aguilar, Kaye J. Espina, and Charlyn Mae S. Pardo,
in the defense of their thesis study entitled “FERMENTED CORN STALKS AS AN
ELECTROLYTE SOURCE FOR BIO-BATTERY” were complied with.

ENGR. ALMIRA K. VELASCO

Secretary
Oral Examination Committee
 47

Appendix E

Camarines Norte State College

College Of Education
Daet, Camarines Norte

CERTIFICATION OF THE EDITOR

This is to certify that the thesis study of Marinnyl A. Aguilar, Kaye J. Espina, and
Charlyn Mae S. Pardo, entitled “FERMENTED CORN STALKS AS AN ELECTROLYTE
SOURCE FOR BIO-BATTERY” was edited by the undersigned.

RODERICK P. DE LEON, MLL

Proof Reader/Editor
 48

Appendix F
CURRICULUM VITAE

A. PERSONAL INFORMATION

Name: MARINNYL A. AGUILAR

Address: PARANG, JOSE PANGANIBAN, CAMARINES NORTE

Date of Birth: NOVEMBER 19, 1997

Place of Birth: P-5 PARANG, JOSE PANGANIBAN, CAMARINES NORTE

Civil Status: SINGLE

Citizenship: FILIPINO

Father: MANUEL C. AGUILAR

Mother: MARILU A. AGUILAR

B. EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

Elementary: PARANG ELEMENTARY SCHOOL

Parang, Jose Panganiban, Camarines Norte

2004-2010

Secondary: JOSE PANGANIBAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Jose Panganiban, Camarines Norte

2010-2014

Tertiary: CAMARINES NORTE STATE COLLEGE

F. Pimentel Ave, Daet, Camarines Norte

2014 - Present

BS in Electrical Engineering
 49

CURRICULUM VITAE
A. PERSONAL INFORMATION

Name: KAYE J. ESPINA

Address: FUNDADO, LABO, CAMARINES NORTE

Date of Birth: DECEMBER 24, 1998

Place of Birth: LABO, CAMARINES NORTE

Civil Status: SINGLE

Citizenship: FILIPINO

Father: ADOLFO L. ESPINA

Mother: ROSE MARIE J. ESPINA

B. EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

Elementary: FUNDADO ELEMENTARY SCHOOL

Fundado, Labo, Camarines Norte

2004-2010

Secondary: CAMARINES NORTE COLLEGE

Labo, Camarines Norte

2010-2014

Tertiary: CAMARINES NORTE STATE COLLEGE

F. Pimentel Ave, Daet, Camarines Norte

2014 - Present

BS in Electrical Engineering
 50

CURRICULUM VITAE

A. PERSONAL INFORMATION

Name: CHARLYN MAE S. PARDO

Address: P-5, BRGY. GUINACUTAN VINZONS, CAMARINES NORTE

Date of Birth: AUGUST 9, 1997

Place of Birth: LABO, CAMARINES NORTE

Civil Status: SINGLE

Citizenship: FILIPINO

Father: CHARLY P. PARDO

Mother: JOCELYN S. PARDO

B. EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

Elementary: GUINACUTAN ELEMENTARY SCHOOL

Guinacutan Vinzons, Camarines Norte

2004-2010

Secondary: VINZONS PILOT HIGH SCHOOL

Vinzons, Camarines Norte

2010-2014

Tertiary: CAMARINES NORTE STATE COLLEGE

F. Pimentel Ave, Daet, Camarines Norte

2014 - Present

BS in Electrical Engineering
 51

Appendix G

Camarines Norte State College

College Of Engineering
Daet, Camarines Norte

CERTIFICATION

This is to certify that the research study by the undersigned entitled

“FERMENTED CORN STALKS AS AN ELECTROLYTE SOURCE FOR BIO-
BATTERY” is original and not yet submitted to any publishers for consideration. This is
to certify further that works, pictures, figures and texts used from other sources are properly
acknowledged.
Given this 8th day of October, 2018 in Camarines Norte State College, Main
Campus, Daet, Camarines Norte.

MARINNYL A. AGUILAR

KAYE J. ESPINA

CHARLYN MAE S. PARDO

Researchers

Appendix H
 52

GANTT CHART

The table below presents the schedule of researcher’s activities for the completion

of this research paper.

NOVEMBER DECEMBER JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH JUNE JULY AUGUST SEPTEMBER OCTOBER
ACTIVITIES
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
Brainstorming for
Research Title
Finalizing the
Research Title
Preparation for Title
Defense

Title Defense

Construction of
Chapter 1 to 3
Editing the Research
Paper

Final Title Defense

Revisions of Chapters
1-3
Gathering Corn Stalk
and Other Materials
Fermentation Process
and Testing

Data Analysis

Construction of
Chapter 4
Construction of
Chapter 5

Final Defense

Table 8. Gantt Chart

TARGET DATE: ACTUAL DATE:

Legend:
 53

Appendix I

Table 14. List of Materials and Equipment

No. Qty. Unit Specifications

Aluminum Plate (100mm x
1 2 Pieces
100mm)
Copper Plate (100mm x
2 2 Pieces
100mm)
3 27 Pieces Plastic Container
5 2 Kilograms Yeast
6 1 Piece Multi-meter
7 5 Kilograms Corn Stalk
8 3 Pieces Knife
9 2 Pack Rubber Band
10 1 Pack 8 x 11 Plastic Bag
 54

Appendix J

Table 15. Bill of Materials and Supplies

Total
No. Qty. Unit Specifications Unit Price
Price
Aluminum Plate (100mm x
1 2 pcs ₱20.00 ₱40.00
100mm)
Copper Plate (100mm x
2 2 pcs ₱120.00 ₱240.00
100mm)
3 27 pcs Plastic Container ₱8.00 ₱216.00
4 1 kg Yeast ₱210.00 ₱210.00
5 1 pc Multi-meter ₱700.00 ₱700.00
6 5 kg Corn Stalk
7 3 pcs Knife
8 2 pack Rubber band
9 1 pack 8 x 11 plastic bag
 55

Appendix K

DOCUMENTATION

A. Preparation of Materials and Tools

Corn Mixed corn stalk & Chopped corn

Stalks yeast stalks

Weighing 200
Weighing of yeast Weighing g of corn stalk
scale

Corn stalks in a Putting mixture in the Multi-meter

sealed container container
 56

B. Testing

Average voltage produce using 7 days fermented corn stalk

Yeast ratio – 1:5

Trial 1 produce 0.559 Trial 2 produce 0.569 Trial 3 produce 0.558

V V V

Yeast ratio – 1:10

Trial 1 produce 0.545 Trial 2 produce 0.558 Trial 3 produce 0.550

V V V
 57

Yeast ratio – 1:20

Trial 1 produce 0.547 Trial 2 produce 0.544 Trial 3 produce 0.522

V V V

The images above shows the test conducted on August 19, 2018 to tabulate and
get the average voltage produce using 7 days fermented corn stalks in terms of different
ratio of yeast.
 58

Average voltage produce using 14 days fermented corn stalk

Yeast ratio – 1:5

Trial 1 produce 0.511 Trial 2 produce 0.488 Trial 3 produce 0.438

V V V

Yeast ratio – 1:10

Trial 1 produce 0.490 Trial 2 produce 0.493 Trial 3 produce 0.491

V V V
 59

Yeast ratio – 1:20

Trial 1 produce 0.467 Trial 2 produce 0.495 Trial 3 produce 0.489

V V V

The images above shows the test conducted on August 26, 2018 to tabulate and
get the average voltage produce using 14 days fermented corn stalks in terms of different
ratio of yeast.
 60

Average voltage produce using 21 days fermented corn stalk

Yeast ratio – 1:5

Trial 1 produce 0.694 Trial 2 produce 0.542 Trial 3 produce 0.539

V V V

Yeast ratio – 1:10

Trial 1 produce 0.517 Trial 2 produce 0.533 Trial 3 produce 0.522

V V V
 61

Yeast ratio – 1:20

Trial 1 produce 0.492 Trial 2 produce 0.517 Trial 3 produce 0.536

V V V

The images above shows the test conducted on September 02, 2018 to tabulate
and get the average voltage produce using 21 days fermented corn stalks in terms of
different ratio of yeast.
 62

Appendix L
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA): Single Factor

Statistical Method

The value of the alpha used in this ANOVA analysis is 0.05.

Calculate the Degrees of Freedom

Dfbetween = a-1 = 3-1 = 2

Dfwithin = N-k = 9-3 = 6

Dftotal = N-1 = 9-1 = 4

State Decision Rule

The analysis focused only on one hypothesis therefore requiring one decision rule.

The critical value of this decision was based on the F-table show in Table below.

Table 16. Analysis of Variance F-Table

(dfbetween), dfwithin) (2, 6)

Critical Value = 5.14

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Table 17. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA): Single Factor using Microsoft Excel Data
Analysis

Groups Count Sum Average Variance

Column 1 3 1.764 0.588 0.009003
Column 2 3 1.599 0.533 0.001701
Column 3 3 1.535 0.511667 0.00416

Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit

Between Groups 0.00931 2 0.004653 0.939183 0.441718 5.143253
Within Groups 0.02973 6 0.004955
Total 0.03904 8