11.

FOURIER SERIES
Fourier Series

The Fourier Series of f on the interval (-p,p) is given by

ao   n n 
f ( x)     an cos x  bn sin x 
2 n 1  p p 

where
1 p
ao   f ( x)dx
p p
1 p n
an 
p  p
f ( x ) cos
p
xdx

1 p n
bn   f ( x) sin xdx
p p p
Example 1
Find the Fourier Series of f on the given interval
0,    x  0
f (x)  
1, 0  x  
y
Solution
1

  x

1 
ao 
   f ( x)dx


1 0 
  0 dx   1dx
   0 


1

0  x 
0
 1  n 1  n
   
an  f ( x) cos xdx bn  f ( x) sin xdx
   
1 0 
1 0 
 
   0
 
   0
 0 dx  cos nxdx 0 dx sin nxdx



1  sin nx 
 1  cos nx 
 0    0  
  n 0    n 0 


1
0  0 
1
cos n  cos 0
 n

1
n

 1n  1 

1
n

1   1
n

The Fourier series of f is

f ( x)  a0   an cos nx  bn sin nx
1
2 n 1

1 1  1   1
n
   sin nx
2  n 1 n

1 2 1 1 
   sin x  sin 3x  sin 5 x  ...
2  3 5 
Fourier Cosine and Sine Series

A function f is said to be
even if f   x   f  x  and odd if f   x    f  x  .

On a symmetric interval such as   p, p  the graph of an

even function possesses symmetry with respect to the y-
axis, whereas the graph of an odd function possesses
symmetry with respect to the origin.
 Fourier Cosine and Sine Series
Cosine series
The Fourier series of an even function on the interval (-p,p) is
the cosine series. ao  n
f ( x)    an cos x
2 n1 p
where 2 p
a0   f ( x)dx
p 0
2 p n
an   f ( x)cos x dx
p 0 p

Example 2

Expand the given function in an appropiate cosine or sine

series.
f ( x)  x ,   x  
Solution
y
 y x
 x x0
f ( x)  x   ,
  x
 x x0
,
f is an even function. So we expand in a cosine series.
2 


a0  f ( x)dx
0

2 


 xdx
0
2 
x
 
 0
2  n
 0
an  f ( x) cos xdx

2 
  x cos nxdx
 0
 
2  x sin nx  sin nx 
   dx 

 n 0 0 n 


2  cos nx 
 0
  n 2 0 


2
cos n  cos 0
n 2

2
n
n

 2  1  1 

 The Fourier series is

a0 
f ( x)    an cos nx
2 n 1
 2   1n  1
   cos nx
2  n 1 n 2

 4 1 1 
   cos x  cos3x  cos5 x  ...
2  9 25 

Remark!
If a function is even, then bn = 0. So, there is no need to calculate bn
Sine Series
The Fourier series of an odd function on the interval (-p,p)
is the sine series.

n
f ( x)   bn sin x
n 1 p
2 p n
where bn   f ( x) sin xdx
p 0 p

Example 3 (No 11).

Expand the given function in an appropriate cosine or sine
series 1,    x  0
f ( x)  
 1, 0  x  
Solution y
1
  x
1
f is an odd function. So we expand in a sine series.
2  n
bn   f ( x) sin xdx
 0 

 1sin nxdx
2

 0

2
 cos nx
n 0


2
cos n  cos 0
n

2
n
 n

 1n  1  1   1n
2
 

 The Fourier series is


f ( x)   bn sin nx
n 1
1   1
 n
2
  sin nx
 n 1 n
4 1 1 
  sin x  sin 3x  sin 5 x  ...
 3 5 
Half-Range Expansions

Example (No. 29)

Find the half-range cosine expansion of the given function

 x , 0  x 
f ( x)   
2
  x ,  x  
2
y
Solution

2

x
 
 0  
2 2

2 


a0  f ( x)dx
0

2  2  
   xdx     x dx
0 2 
2  1    
     
  2  2  2
 2  n
an 
 
0
f ( x) cos

xdx

2  2  
   x cos nxdx     x  cos nxdx
0 2 
For the first integral, we obtain by integration by parts.



0
2
x cos nxdx


x sin nx 2 sin nx
  2 dx
n 0 0 n

 n   cos nx  2
  sin  0   2 
 2n 2   n 0
 n 1  n 
  2  cos
sin  cos 0 
2n 2 n  2 
 n 1  n 
 sin  2  cos  1
2n 2 n  2 
Similarly, for the second integral, we obtain

   x cos nxdx
2


  x sin nx


 
sin nx
dx
n  n
2
2

1  n   cos nx 
  0  sin 
n 2 2   n 2  
 n 1  2
n 
  sin  2  cos n  cos 
2n 2 n  2 
2  n 
 an  2  2 cos  cos n  1
n 2 
2  n 
 2  2 cos   1  1
n

n 2 
2  n 
  1  1
n 1
 2  2 cos
n 2 
 4  n 
 2  cos  1  , n  2,4,6,
 n   2 
 n  1,3,5,
 0,
 The Half-range cosine expansion of f (x) is
a0 
f ( x)    an cos nx
2 n 1
 
   an cos nx
4 n 1
 8 1 1 
   cos 2 x  cos 6 x  ...
4  4 36 