Professional Documents
Culture Documents
PREFACE
Alhamdulillah....Big thanks for Allah as the almighty, finally the writer can publish the module,
namely “Basic English Grammar”. This module is the result of compilation of BETTY SCHRAMPFER AZAR,
RAYMOND MURPHY, W.Y. GUMPOL, etc. In this module, we explain about Basic Grammar Materais in
detail. In this case, the reader can get specific materials which related to the basic grammar easily.
Basic English Grammar was written to help the students to practice more in reading
comprehension. By practicing it very hard, hopefully the students will get good skill in reading
comprehension and understanding the context of the text. They will get significant ability which influnce
their interensting in English.
Hopefully, the reader will get easy and fun on learning this grammar module. Grammar is the major
foundation on learning English. When someone has mastered the basic grammar, absolutely they will get
easy to practice it. So that, just keep learning of the basic English grammar in detail.
Enjoy in practicing is a sentence used to make better in learning. It has been included lots of
material that has been written especially English grammatical for English learners. That is why, Basic English
Grammar provides some questions and gives some opportunities for students to practice it.
Some advices to improve this module quality the writer really need. Hopefully, this module is useful
for English nursing students, especially students of STIKES ICME Jombang. May Allah bless whoever read
and learn this Basic English GrammarModule. Amen .....
i
Practice makes Perfect
ii
BOOK MAP
N UNIT Material Development Objective Learning Activities
o.
1 Sentence Verbal & Nominal The students are able Brainstorming
sentence to understand contain Discussing sentence
of letter. The students are asking and
questioning about sentence
2 Tenses Simple Present The students 1. The students are asking and
Pres. Progressive understanding contain questioning about tenses.
Pres. Perfect of advertisement 2. The students read and answer
Pres. Perf. Prog. the questions
Simple Past 3. The students discuss about
Past Progressive tenses with their partner then
Past. Perfect present it in front of the class.
Simple Future
Past Future
3 Question Yes /No and WH The students are able The students discuss about tenses
Questions to understand about with their partner.
question.
4 Modal Will, would, shall, The students are able The students discussion about
Auxilaries Should, can, could, must, to undertand about modal auxilaries
have to, had to, etc modal auxilaries
5 Conditional - Real and unreal The students are able 1. The students read the and
Sentence & condition. to know about answer the questions
Subjuctive - Possible or not. conditional sentence 2. The students discuss how to
“Wish, If Icould, and subjuctive. make conditional sentence and
would rather. subjuctive.
6 Passive Voice & S + to be + V-3 The students are able 1. The students read and answer
Sttative Passive to understand about the questions.
passive voice. 2. The students discuss about
passive voice and stative
passive.
7 Part of Speech Noun, pronoun, verb, The students are able The students discuss aboit part of
adverb, Conjuction, to identify abaout part speech.
adjective,Preposition, etc. of speech.
8 Adjective Order Determiner, Opinion, Size, The students The students discuss about
Color, Origin, Material, understanding contain Adjective order.
Qualifier of Adjective Order.
9 Clause - Main Clause and sub The students are able 1. The students read and answer
clause to identify various the questions .
- Noun clause, Adjective clause. 2. The students discuss about
clause, & adverbial clause.
clause.
10 Preopsition & - The, a, and The students are able The students discuss with their
Article - In, on, at, over, above, to identify varyous partner about “preposition,
behind, beside, kind of preposition conjuction, article, etc.”
between, etc
- And, or, but, because,
ect
11 Fuctional - Intoducing yourself The students are able 1. The students discuss about
Expression - Explaining to practice some some fuctional expressions.
- Consulting expression during in 2. The students discuss then
- Giving direction the hospital or practicing with their partner.
- Asking question meeting the patient.
iii
CONTENT
Preface .................................................................................................................................................... iii
Dedication .............................................................................................................................................. iv
Book Map .............................................................................................................................................. . v
Content ................................................................................................................................................... vi
I. Sentence ...................................................................................................................................... 1
II. Tenses ......................................................................................................................................... 1
1) Simple Present ....................................................................................................................... 1
- Latihan 1 ............................................................................................................................... 3
2) Present Progressive ................................................................................................................. 3
- Latihan 2 ............................................................................................................................... 4
3) Simple Present l
Present Progressive ....................................................................... . 4
- Latihan 3 ............................................................................................................................... 5
4) Present Perfect ....................................................................................................................... 5
- Latihan 4 ............................................................................................................................... 6
5) Present Perfect Progressive .................................................................................................... 6
- Latihan 5 ............................................................................................................................... 7
6) Present Perfect
Present Perfect Progressive ........................................................................ 7
- Latihan 6 ............................................................................................................................... 7
7) Simple Past .............................................................................................................................. 8
- Latihan 7 ............................................................................................................................... 8
8) Past Progressive ...................................................................................................................... 9
- Latihan 8 ............................................................................................................................... 10
9) Simple Past
Past Progressive ............................................................................................ 10
- Latihan 9 ............................................................................................................................... 10
10) Past Perfect ............................................................................................................................. 11
- Latihan 10 ............................................................................................................................. 11
11) Simple Future .......................................................................................................................... 11
- Latihan 11 ............................................................................................................................. 12
12) Past Future .............................................................................................................................. 12
- Latihan 12 ............................................................................................................................. 13
III. Question ....................................................................................................................................... 13
IV. Modal Auxiliary ............................................................................................................................ 14
V. Conditional Sentence ................................................................................................................... 15
- Latihan 13 .................................................................................................................................. 15
VI. Subjuctive Wish, If only, Wour Rather ......................................................................................... 16
- Latihan 14 .................................................................................................................................. 16
VII. Passive Voice .................................................................................................................................. 16
- Latihan 15 ................................................................................................................................. 19
VIII. Stative Passive ............................................................................................................................. 19
IX. Part of Speech ................................................................................................................................ 20
X. Adjective Order .............................................................................................................................. 21
XI. Clause ............................................................................................................................................. 22
- Latihan 16 ................................................................................................................................. 24
XII. Preposition...................................................................................................................................... 25
XIII. Functional Expressions ................................................................................................................ 26
- Introducing yourself ................................................................................................................. 26
Practice 1 ................................................................................................................................. 26
- Explaining ................................................................................................................................ 26
Practice 2 ................................................................................................................................. 27
- Consulting ................................................................................................................................. 27
Practice 3 .................................................................................................................................. 27
- Giving direction ........................................................................................................................ 27
Practice 4 ................................................................................................................................. 28
- Asking question ......................................................................................................................... 28
Practice 5 ................................................................................................................................. 28
iv
I “SENTENCE”
Sentence adalah kumpulan kata-kata yang terdiri dari Subyek dan Verb.
Contoh:
- I study English - I cry
S V O S V
II “TENSES”
Tenses adalah perubahan kata kerja yang dipengaruhi oleh waktu dan sifat kejadian. Semua
kalimat dalam bahasa Inggris tidak lepas dari tenses karena semua kalimat pasti ada hubugannya denan
waktu dan sifat kejadiannya.
Waktu Present Past Future Past Future
Present Perf. Progr. Past Perf. Progr. Future Perf. Progr. Past Future Perf. Progr.
1 SIMPLE PRESENT
Pola kalimat :
(+) Subject + Verb 1 (s/es) + object + Ket. Waktu
(-) Subject + don’t/doesn’t + Verb 1 + object + Ket. Waktu
(?) Do/does + Subject + Verb 1 + object + Ket. Waktu +?
1
a. Menunjukkan aktivitas yang terjadi berulang-ulang (habitual action) atau rutinitas (continuities).
Contoh:
(+) She speaks English everyday z(+) I go to school everyday
(-) She doesn’t speak English everyday (-) I don’t go to school everyday
(?) Does she speak English every day? (?) Do I go to school every day?
b. Menunjukkan kebenaran umum (general truth),
contoh:
- A week has seven days.
- The earth revolves around the sun.
Keterangan waktu:
- always (selalu) - often (sering)
- never (tidak pernah) - ever (pernah)
- generally (umumnya) - usually (biasanya)
- sometimes (kadang-kadang) - rarely (jarang) -
- occasionally (kadang-kadang) - seldom (jarang)
Note:
I I
You do You + V1 (tanpa s/es)
They They Aturan disamping
We Aturan disamping berlaku We berlaku untuk
He untuk kalimat (-) & (?) He kalimat (+)
She does She
It It + V1 (ditambah s/es)
Desi Desi
Heru Heru
Heru & Desi do Heru & Desi + V1 (tanpa s/es)
Heru, Desi , & I Heru, Desi , & I
Huruf “s” ditambahkan pada kata kerja yang diikuti oleh subyek kalimat she, he, it, nama orang /
benda tunggal atau jabatan / sebutan orang tunggal.
Contoh: He works everyday.
A bird sings everytime.
She always visits me.
Huruf “es” ditambahkan pada kata kerja yang huruf terakhir adalah : -ss, -sh, -o,-ch, -x, -zz, bila diikuti
subyek kalimat seperti she, he, it, nama orang / benda tunggal atau jabatan / sebutan orang tunggal.
Contoh: Pass He sometimes passes in front of my house.
Wash Jack washes his car every week.
Go The director goes to office three times a week.
Watch She watches TV every night.
Fix The carpenter fixes the house once a year.
Buzz The plane often buzzes our house.
Huruf “ies” ditambahkan kepada kata-kata yang memiliki huruf mati (consonan) diikuti y bila subyek
kalimat yang mengikutinya : she, he, it, nama orang / benda tunggal atau jabatan / sebutan orang
tunggal. Dimana huruf y melebur / luluh menjadi huruf i.
Contoh: Fly A bird flies every where.
Cry She cries.
Jika didahului oleh huruf hidup (vocal) sebelum y, maka langsung ditambah s.
Contoh: Play My brother plays basketball ever afternoon.
Buy My mother buys vegetables in the market.
Kata “have” dalam kalimat positive, bila diikuti subyek kalimat she, he, it, nama orang / benda tunggal
atau jabatan / sebutan orang tunggal berubah menjadi “has”.
Contoh: I have a lot of books.
She has a lot of books.
2
LATIHAN 1
SIMPLE PRESENT
Lengkapilah kalimat - kalimat dibawah ini dengan menggunakan kata – kata yang telah tersedia!
2 PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
a. Menyatakan aktivitas yang sedang berlangsung atau sedang terjadi di masa sekarang atau ketika
berbicara aktivitas itu
Pola kalimat: (+) Subject + is/am/are + Verb-ing+ object + Ket. Waktu
(-) Subject + is/am/are + not + Verb-ing + object + Ket. Waktu
(?) Is/am/are + Subject + verb-ing + object + ket. Waktu +?
3
LATIHAN 2
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
Lengkapilah kalimat - kalimat dibawah ini dengan menggunakan kata – kata yang ada di dalam kurung!
(Bentuk Positif atau Negatif)
1. I’m tired. I ..................... (go) to bed now. Goodnight!
2. We can go out now. It ............................. (rain) any more.
3. ‘How is your new job?’ ‘Not so good at the moment. I ............................ (enjoy) it very much.’
4. Ctherine phoned me last night. She’s on holiday in France. She ......................... (have) a great time and
doesn’t want to come back.
5. I want to lose weight, so this week I ....................... (eat) lunch.
3 SIMPLE PRESENT
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
NOMINAL
Pola Kalimat:
(+) S + tobe (is/am/are) + Complement
(-) S + tobe (is/am/are) + not + Complement
(?) tobe (is/am are) + S + Complement?
4
LATIHAN 3
Ubahlah kalimat berikut ke dalam bentuk negatif, interogative, dan negative interogative!
Contoh: (+) He is sleepy
(-) He isn’t sleepy
( ? ) Is he sleepy?
( ? ) Isn’t he sleepy?
4 PRESENT PERFECT
Contoh: (+) We have visited him (+) She has booked the room
(-) We haven’t visited him (-) She hasn’t booked the room.
(?) Have we visited him? (?) Has she booked the room?
a. Untuk menyatakan suatu kejadian yang telah terjadi sebelum waktu sekarang ini (kapan terjadinya tidak
penting).
Contoh: - I have already seen the movie.
- Dr. James has already examined the patient
b. Untuk menyatakan aktivitas yang telah terjadi beberapa kali (kapan terjadinya tidak penting).
Contoh: - I have written letters to my boufriend twice.
- We have had four tests so far this semester.
Keterangan waktu:
- For (selama) - Ever (pernah)
- Already (sudah) - Just (baru saja)
- Since (sejak) - Recently (baru-baru ini)
- Yet (belum) - Lately (akhir-akhir ini)
5
Note:
I Sephia
You He
They have She has
We It
Since digunakan untuk menyatakan sebuah aktivitas mulai dilakukan.
since eight o’clock
I have lived here since the beginning of semester
since 2001
For digunakan untuk menyatakan berapa lama sebuah aktivitas telah berlangsung
for ten minutes
I have lived here for two hours
for five days
LATIHAN 4
PRESENT PRERFECT
Menyatakan kapan dimulai dan juga durasi aktivitas yang sedang berlangsung pada saat ini
Pola kalimat : (+) S + aux(have/has) + been + V-ing + O + Keterangan waktu.
(-) S + aux (have/has) + not + been + V-ing + O + Keterangan waktu.
(?) Aux (have/has) + S + been + V-ing + O + Keterangan waktu?
Contoh : (+) You have been teaching English for 5 years
(-) You haven’t been teaching English for 5 years
(?) Have you been teaching English for 5 years?
Keterangan waktu :
- For (selama),
- Since (sejak),
- How long (berapa lama?)
-
6
LATIHAN 5
Lengkapilah kalimat-kalimat di bawah ini dengan menggunakan PRESENT PROGRESSIVE atau PRESENT
PERFECT PROGRESSIVE.
1. Mark isn’t studying right now. He (watch) ................................TV. He (watch) .....................................
TV since seven o’clock.
2. Kate is standing at the corner. She (wait) ................................ for the bus. She (wait)
......................... for the bus for twenty minutes.
3. Right now we’re in class. We (do) ............................ an exercise. We (do) ........................... the exercise
for a couple of minutes.
4. Scott and Rebecca (talk) .......................... on the phone right now. They (talk) .....................................
on the phone for over an hour.
5. I (sit) ........................................ in class right now. I (sit) .............................. since ten minutes after one.
Note:
I Sephia
You He
They have + been She has + been
We It
Present Progressive kedua aktivitas tersebut sedang berlangsung,
Example: I am sitting in class right now tetati untuk Present Perfect Progressive diikuti
Present Perfect Progressive keterangan tentang kapan dimulainya
Example: since 9 o’clock aktivitas tersebut atau sudah berapa lama
- I have been sitting in class aktivitas tersebut dilaksankan.
For 30 minutes
6 PRESENT PERFECT
PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
NOMIMAL
Pola kalimat:
(+) S + have / has + been + Complement
(-) S + have / has + not + been + Complement
(?) Have / has + S + been + Complement?
Contoh: (+) We have been in the class for an hour
(-) We haven’t been in the class for an hour
(?) Have we been in the class for an hour?
LATIHAN 6
Ubahlah kalimat berikut ke dalam bentuk negatif, interogative, dan negative interogative!
Contoh: (+) He has been ill for a week
(-)He hasn’t been ill for a week
( ? ) Has he been ill for a week?
( ? ) Hasn’t he been ill for a week?
7
1. I have been hungry for an hour. 4. He has been a doctor fpr four years
( - ) ............................................................. ( - ) ................................................................
( ? ).............................................................. ( ? )................................................................
( ? ) ............................................................ ( ? )................................................................
2. She has been sleepy since this morning. 5. They have been in USA since January 1989.
( - ) .............................................................. ( - ).................................................................
( ? ).............................................................. ( ? )................................................................
( ? ).............................................................. ( ? )................................................................
3. There has been a queue in the drugstore since yesterday.
( - ) ..............................................................
(? )..............................................................
( ? )..............................................................
7 SIMPLE PAST
Menyatakan aktivitas yang terjadi di masa lampau dengan keterangan waktu yang jelas.
Pola kalimat:
(+) Subject + Verb 2+ object + Ket. Waktu
(-) Subject + didn’t + Verb 1 + object + Ket. Waktu
(?) Did + Subject + verb 1 + object + ket. Waktu +?
LATIHAN 7
SIMPLE PAST
Lengkapilah kalimat-kalimat dibawah ini dengan menggunakan bentuk ke-2 dari kata-kata dibawah ini !
8 PAST PROGRESSIVE
Pola kalmat:
(+) S + was / were + V-ing + o + keterangan waktu
(-) S + was / were +not + V-ing + o + keterangan waktu
(?) Was / were + S + V-ing + o + keterangan waktu?
Contoh: (+) At 2 o’clock p.m. yesterday we were watching movie.
( -) At 2 o’clock p.m. yesterday we weren’t watching movie.
(?) Were we watching movie.At 2 o’clock p.m. yesterday?
a. Menyatakan aktivitas yang sedang terjadi di masa lampau (waktu yang tertentu).
Contoh: - at eight o’clock last night, I was studying English.
b. Sering dipakai dalam konsep 2 kejadian. Biasanya tidak bisa berdidri sendiri, dengan kata lain sering
diikuti oleh Simple Past.
Contoh: Aktivitas I: I was walking down the street. (sedang berlangsung)
Aktivitas II: It began to rain. (menyela)
Cara Peggabungan:
- I was walking down the street when it began to rain.
When it began to rain, I was walking down the street.
- While I was walking down the street, it began to rain.
It began to rain while I was walking down the street.
Keterangan waktu:
- ......when (ketika) - at ........... o’clock yesterday(pada pukul ..... kemaren)
- While .......... (sementara) - all morning yesterday (sepanjang pagi kemaren)
Note:
I was Sephia
You He
They were She was
We It
Konsep 2 kejadian dibagi menjadi 3, antara lain:
Bersamaan, dimana ada 2 aktivitas terjadi bersama-sama.
Pola kalimat: Past Continues while Past continues
Kalimat I : Rindi eat the snacks
Kalimat II : Heni listened to the music
maka Rindi was eating the snacks while Heni was listening to the music.
Berpotongan, dimana aktivitas yang lain datang untuk menyela aktivitas sebelumnya.
Pola kalimat: “Past Continues when Simple Past” or “Simple Past while Past continues”
Kalimat I : Chiko slept
Kalimat II : the phone rang
Maka While Chiko was sleeping, the phone rang.
Chiko was sleeping when the phone rang.
Berurutan, dimana aktivitas yang satu terjadi lebih dahulu, kemudian diikuti oleh aktivitas yang
lainnya. Ingat! When diikuti kejadian pertama.
Kalimat I : Annisa met Lukman
Kalimat II: She said hello!
Maka Annisa said hello When she met Lukman
9
LATIHAN 8
Lengkapilah kalimat-kalimat di bawah ini dengan menggunakan kata kata dalam kurung! Gunakan
Simple Past atau Past progressive!
1. While Bob (eat) ................... dinner, Ann (come) ..................... through the door.
2. Bob went to bed at 10:30, at 11:00 Bob (sleep) ..............................................
3. Bob left his house at 08:00 a.m. and (begin) ........................ to walk to cass. While he (walk) .................
to class, he (see) ............................ Mrs. Smith.
4. When Bob (call) ...................... Mrs. Smith, she (read) ........................... a newpaper in the loby.
5. In the midday, Bob (get up)......................... to investigate, when he (heard) a strange noise.
9 SIMPLE PAST
PAST PROGRESSIVE
NOMINAL
Pola kalimat:
(+) s + was / were + Complement
(-) S + was /were + not + Commplement
(?) Was / were +S + Complement?
LATIHAN 9
Ubahlah kalimat berikut ke dalam bentuk negatif, interogative, dan negative interogative!
Contoh: (+) She was ill
(-) She was’t ill
( ? ) Was she ill?
( ? ) Wasn’t she ill?
1. The doctors were very busy 4. She is polite.
( - ) ............................................................. ( - ) ................................................................
( ? ).............................................................. ( ? )................................................................
( ? ) ............................................................ ( ? )................................................................
2. He was from America. 5. We are healthy.
( - ) .............................................................. ( - ).................................................................
( ? ).............................................................. ( ? )................................................................
( ? ).............................................................. ( ? )................................................................
3. Andre was really naughty.
( - ) ..............................................................
(? )..............................................................
( ? )..............................................................
10
10 PAST PERFECT
Contoh: (+) Mr. John had already gone by the end of July
(-) Mr. John hadn’t already gone by the end of July
(?) Had Mr. John already gone by the end of July?
Fungsi:
Menyatakan sebuah peristiwa yang telah terjadi sempurna selesai sebelum kegiatan yang lain selesai.
Contoh: Aktivitas I : Sam left
Aktivitas II : We got there.
Cara penggabungan:
a. Sam had already left when we got there.
b. Sam had already left before we got there.
Note:
Bandingkan!
a. Sam had already left before we got there. (Past Perfect & Simple Past)
b. Sam left before we got there. (Simple Past & Simple Past)
Keterangan waktu:
- After ..... (setelah.....) - by the end of ......... (menjelang.........)
- ..... before (.....sebelum) - as soon as .......... (sesegera mungkin.......)
- ..... when (...... ketika) - until .................. (sampai ........)
LATIHAN 10
Gunakan Simple Past atau Past perfect kata-kata yang ada dalam kurung bawah ini!
1. He (be) .................... a newspaper reporter before he (be) ....................... a nurse.
2. I (feel) .................... a little better after I (take) ................some aspirin.
3. Dr. Talitha (leave) ..................... the ICU room after she (finish) ............... an operation.
4. Class (begin, already) .................. by the time I got there, so I (take, quietly) ................... aseat in back.
5. Yesterday at the hospital, I (see) ............ the nurse, an old friend of mine. I (see, not) .......... her in years.
At first, I (recognize, not) ................. her because she (lose) .................... at least fifty pounds.
11 SIMPLE FUTURE
Fungsi:
Menyatakan aktivitas atau peristiwa yang terjadi di waktu yang akan datang (expressi sebuah planning)
Pola kalimat: (+) Subject + will / shall + Verb 1+ object + Ket. Waktu
(-) Subject + will / shall + not + Verb 1 + object + Ket. Waktu
(?) Will / shall + Subject + verb 1 + object + Ket. Waktu ?
11
Contoh: (+) They will go to Jakarta next week
(-) They won’t go to Jakarta next week
(?) Will they go to Jakarta next week?
Keterangan waktu:
- tomorrow (besok), - next year (tahun depan),
- two days later (dua hari yang akan datang), - toninght (malam ini), dll.
Note:
Shall digunakan untuk subyek I dan We, tetapi untuk perkembangan bahasa Inggris saat ini Shall
tidak banyak digunakan
Kadang – kadang Be going to juga digunakan untuk menggantian will dengan fungsi yang sama,
tetapi kebanyakan Be ging to digunakan untuk mengapresiasikan sebuah rencna yang sudah pastti
(preconceived plan)
LATIHAN 11
SIMPLE FUTURE
12 PAST FUTURE
Pola Kalimat:
(+) S + would/should + V-1 + O + keterangan waktu.
(-) S + would/should + not + V-1 + O + keterangan waktu.
(?) Would/should + S + V-1 + O + keterangan waktu?
Penggunaan :
Untuk menyatakan suatu aktivitas yang akan dilakukan bersama di masa lampau (rencana yang gagal)
Keterangan Waktu :
- yesterday (kemarin),
- last .......... (lalu ...........),
- two days ago (dua hari yang lalu),
Note:
Semua subject boleh menggunakan should/would, tetapi untuk should sering digunakan Subject I
dan We.
12
LATIHAN 12
d PAST PROGRESSIVE
Buatlah kalimat berdasarkan tanda yang diberikan !
Contoh : He – sleep last night.
(+) He would sleep last night. ( - ) He would not sleep last night.
(?) Would he sleep last night? (?) Wouldn’t he sleep last night?
1. He – take my camera yesterday. 4. He – deceive that poor old woman yesterday.
(-) ........................................ (-) ...........................................
(?) ....................................... (?) ............................................
2. They – pay their bills last Monday. 5. The children – play outside last afternoon.
(?) ........................................ (?) ................................................
(-?) ........................................ (-) ................................................
3. We – visit the palace last summer.
(+) ...........................................
(-) ...........................................
TENSES SONG
I sing a song
I am singing a song
I have sung a song
I have been singing a song
I sang a song
I was singing a song
I had sung a song
I had been singing a song ... Oh sing a song...
I will sing a song
I will be singing a song
I’ll have sung a song
I’ll have been singing a song
I would sing a song
I would be singing a song
I’d have been singing a song
I’d have been singing a song .... Oh sing a song
QUESTION
III
Question (Pertanyaan), dibagi menjadi 2, yaitu:
a. Yes/No Question,
Pertanyaan yang dijawab dengan Ya atau Tidak.
Do you study English? Yes, I do / No, I don’t.
Are you a student? Yes, I am / No, I am not.
13
b. WH Question
- What (apa), - When (kapan),
- Where (dimana), why (mengapa), - Whose (milik siapa),
- Which (yang mana), - How (bagaimana).
Contoh:
‘What are you doig?’ ‘I am studying English’. (Menanyakan aktivitas yang dilakukan)
‘When will you go to market?’ ‘I will go to market two hours later’. (Menanyakan waktu / kapan)
‘How long will you stay here?’ ‘Three days along’. (Menanykan seberapa lama)
‘How far is your house to the drugstore?’ ‘It’s about one kilometer’. (Menanyakan seberapa jauh)
‘How much money do you have?’ ‘It just a little’. (Menanyakan jumlah yang tidak bisa dihitung)
‘How many books do you buy?’ ‘It’s only two’. (Menanyakan jumlah yang bisa dihitung)
IV MODAL AUXILIARIES
Modal auxiliary verb adalah kata yang ditempatkan sebelum main verb (kata kerja utama) untuk
memodifikasi makna dari kata kerja utama tersebut. Fungsinya untuk mengekspresikan willingness
(kemauan), necessity (kebutuhan), dan possibility (kemungkinan). Kata kerja bantu ini antara lain:
- Can (Be able to) - Could
- May - Might
- Will (Be going to) - Would
- Shall - Should
- Must / have to - Had to
- Used to - Be used to, etc.
BASIC MODALS Modals don’t take a final –s, even when the subject is She, he or it.
Correct : She can do it
I can do it Incorrect : She cans do it
You could do it
He had better do it Modals are followed immediately by the simple form of verb.
She may do it Correct : She can do it.
It + must do it Incorrect : She can to do it/ She can does it/ She can did it.
We shall do it
You should do it
They will do it
might it
would
PHRASAL MODALS Phrasal modals are common expressions whose meaning are
I similar to some of modal auxiliaries.
You For example : be able to = can
He have / has to do it Be going to = will
She + am able to do it Anita can play guitar well
It are going to do it Anita is able to play guitar well
We is going to do it
You Oswaldus will go to Surabaya tomorrow
They Oswaldus is going to go Surabaya tomorrow
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V CONDITIONAL SENTENCE
Conditional (Kalimat Pengandaian) merupakan kegiatan bertentangan dengan kegiatan yang lain.
Conditional yang paling umum adalah Real Conditonal dan Unreal Conditonal yang disebut juga if-clauses..
Conditional sentnces dibagi menjadi 3 tipe:
Type I. Possible to happen (Real condition)
Pola kalimat:
If + Simple present, Simple Future
Contoh: If I have enough time, I will buy a new car.
Type II. Impossible to happen (Unreal condition)
Pola kalimat:
If + Simple Past, Past Future
Contoh: If I had much money, I would buy a new car.
Type III. Impossible to happen ((Unreal condition dalam bentuk lampau)
Pola kalimat:
If + Past Perfect, Past Perfect Future
Contoh: If I had had much money, I would have bought a new car
Note:
- Modal 1 : will, shall, can, and may.
- Modal 2 : would, should, could, and might.
- Simple Present: V-1 (s/es), do, does (Verbal)
Is, am, are (Nominal)
- Simple Past : V-2, did (Verbal)
Was, were (Nominal)
- Past Perfect : had + V-3 atau had +been
- The use of conjuction beside if:
Unless (+) if (-)
Example: I won’t come, unless you invite me.
(I won’t come if you don’t invite me).
Unless (-) if (+)
Example: I will come unless you don’t invite me
(I will come if you invite me).
LATIHAN 13
CONDITIONAL SENTENCE
Complete the blanks by changing the words in the brackets into Conditional Type 1 or 2!
1. Andrian will pick Sarah up if he ...... (not get up) late.
2. He would meet his closed friend if he ...... (come) to my birthday party.
3. I will buy this book if my father ....... (give) me money.
4. If they didn’t drive their cars fast, they ......... (not get) accident.
5. I ....... (lend) my money to you if i found my wallet.
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VI SUBJUNCTIVE WISH
Conditional sentence yang terjadi pada waktu ketika mengekspresikan waktu yang berlawanan dengan real
condition.
Subjuctives Fact / Reality
Simple Past (+) Simple Present (-)
Simple Past (-) Simple Present (+)
Past Perfect (+) Simple Past (-)
Past Perfect (-) Simple Past (+)
Example:
1. I wish you here in fact, you aren’t here (you are there or anywhere).
2. If only I din’t leave her alone. in fact, I leave her alone.
3. I would rather he didn’t come late. in fact, he comes late.
4. I wish you had come to my party in fact, you didn’t come to my party.
5. If only she had been happy in fact, she was not happy.
Note:
- Be in past subjuctiveis always “were”
- The same as Conditional Sentences, the fact is always contradiction with the subjuctive
wether in meaning or tense
- Would rather can be abbreviated in ‘d rather (e.g. I’d rather)
LATIHAN 14
SUBJUCTIVE VERBS
Kalimat yang subyeknya menempati posisi subject disebut kalimat aktif. Sedangkan kalimat yang subjectnya
(agent) menempati posisi object disebut kalimat passive.
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Syarat-syarat passive voice
1. Verbal sentence
2. Transitive verb
Hal-haltidak bisadipassive-kan:
1. Nominal sentence
2. Intransitive verb
3. 5 kata kerjatertentu
- Have - Suit - Resemble
- Fit - Lack
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Question words dalam passive voice
Active : Rara writes a novel
Passive : A novel is written by Rara
S : What is written by Rara ?
V : What is done by Rara ?
Agent : By whom is a novel written ?
Passive dengan dua object
Active : Andi gives her the flower
Passive DO : The flower is given to her by Andi
Passive IO : She is given the flower by Andi
S / DO : What is given to her by Andi ?
: What is done by Andi ?
: Whom is flower given by Andifor ?
: Whom is the flower given to her by ?
Beberapa hal penting dalam passive voice:
1. Penghapusan object dalamkalimat passive
Example: - They built this house in 1777
- This house was built in 1777
2. Kalimat perintah, permintaan, atau permohonan dapat diubah kedalam kalimat passive dengan pola :
Example: - Please post the letter (active)
You are regressed to post the letter (passive)
- Shut the door (active)
You ordered to shut the door (passive)
- Don’t come late (active)
You are asked not to be late (passive)
3. Kalimat perintah bias menjadi kalimat passive dengan menggunakan let.
Rumus : Let + object + be + V3
Example : Complete the work
Menjadi : Let the work be complete
Post this letter
Let the letter be posted
4. To infinitive bias berubah menjadi kalimat passive, tapi tidak lazim dipakai
Rumus : S + V + O + to + be + V3
Example : I want to write a letter
Menjadi : I want the letter to be written
Example : I expect Linda to love me
Menjadi : I expect to be loved by Linda
5. It’s time to … dapat dipassive-kan dengan mengubah pola: It’s time + for + object + bentuk passive
Example : It time to stop the work
Menjadi : It time for the work to be stopped
Example : It is time to prepare the time table
Menjadi : It is time for the time table to be prepare
6. Kalimat passive yang terjadi dari that clause
Example : They said that she is a teacher
: it’s said that she is a teacher
7. Kalimat yang terdiri dari objective complement dapat diubah menjadi passive
Example : They elected me president
Menjadi : I was elected president (by them)
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Example : We named her Irma
Menjadi : She was named Irma (by us)
LATIHAN 15
PASSIVE VOICE
Stative passive adalah bentuk passive yang menyatakan keadaan. Ciri-ciri stative passive adalah:
1. Tidak ada action (tindakan).
2. Tindakannya terjadi lebih awal.
3. Tidak diikuti dengan by phrase
4. Verb-3 (Past Participle) berfungsi sebagai adjective.
Example: The door is locked ( pintu itu terkunci)
The window is broken (jendela itu pecah)
Bandingkan:
I locked the door five minutes ago. (active)
The door was locked by me five minutes ago.(passive)
Now, the door is locked. (stative passive)
Berikut ini beberapa ekpresi umum yang menggunakan Stative Passive :
- Be acquainted (with) ..... - Be excited (about).......
- Be opposed (to) ..... - Be bored (with) .......
- Be exhausted (from) .... - Be pleased (with) .......
- Be broken..... - Be finished (with) ......
- Be prepared (for) ....... - Be closed ..........
- Be frightened (of, by)..... - Be qualified (for) .....
- Be composed of.......... - Be gone (from) .........
- Be related (to) .......... - Be crowded (with) ..........
- Be hurt .......... - Be satisfied (with) ..........
- Be devoted (to) .......... - Be interested (in) ..........
- Be scared (of, by) .......... - Be disappointed (in, with) ..........
- Be involved (in) .......... - Be shut ..........
- Be divorced (from) .......... - Be spoiled ..........
- Be done (with) ....... - Be lost ........
- Be terrified (of, by) ......... - Be drunk (on) .........
- Be made of ...... - Be tired (of, from) ........
- Be engaged (to) ........... - Be married to ........
- Be worried (about) ....... - Be located in, noth of, etc
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IX PART OF SPEECH
Bagian-bagian yang membentuk sebuah kalimat dalam bahasa inggris disebut part of speech. Ada 8 bagian
dalam Part of Speech yaitu noun, verb, adjective, adverb, pronoun, preposition, conjunction, dan
Interjection.
Bagian-Bagian Part of Speech
1. Noun (Kata Benda)
Noun adalah kata yang berfungsi untuk menamai suatu objek seperti orang, benda, binatang, tempat,
dan hal lainnya. Contohnya seperti cat, doctor, school, Bandung, pencil, bed, sugar, hair, dan lain lain.
Contoh kalimat:
- I buy a new computer today (aku membeli komputer baru hari ini)
- Your hair is so beautiful, do you go to saloon for treatment? (rambutmu cantik sekali, apakah kamu
pergi ke salon untuk perawatan?)
2. Verb (Kata Kerja)
Verb adalah kata yang menunjukkan suatu tindakan dari seseorang atau subject. Contoh katanya adalah
study, drink, eat, drive, make, read, write, swim, walk, run, jump, dan lain lain.
Contoh kalimat:
- I study everyday at school (aku belajar setiap hari di sekolah)
- She is looking for her shoes (dia sedang mencari sepatunya)
3. Adjective (Kata Sifat)
Adjective adalah sebuah kata yang menjelaskan sifat dari noun atau pronoun. Contoh katanya adalah
white, black, long, short, handsome, beautiful, smart, big, small, clever, smart, cute, dan lain sebagainya.
Contoh kalimat:
- Rani is so beautiful, especially when she is wearing red hat (Rani sangat cantik, khususnya pada saat
dia memakai topi berwarna merah)
- My cat has brown fur, It is so soft and shiny (kucingku berbulu coklat, itu sangat lembut dan berkilau)
4. Adverb (Kata Keterangan)
Adverb adalah kata yang menerangkan verb (kata kerja), adjective (kata sifat), dan adverb yang lainnya.
Contoh katanya adalah beautifully, quickly, honestly, fairly, always, usually, angrily, slowly, dan lain lain.
Contoh kalimat:
- She sings beautifully (dia menyanyi dengan cantik)
- I always eat my foods slowly (aku selalu memakan makananku dengan pelan)
5. Pronoun (Kata Ganti)
Pronoun adalah kata ganti untuk benda (noun). Noun ini digunakan supaya kita tidak menyebutkan
noun secara berulang ulang. Contoh katan pronoun adalah I, you, they, we, he, she, it, that, those,
these, this, dan lain sebagainya.
Contoh kalimat:
- You will come to my house tonight, right? (kau akan datang ke rumahku malam ini, benar?)
- He is really sleepy, so he slept in class (dia sangat mengantuk jadi dia tidur di kelas)
6. Preposition (Kata Petunjuk)
Preposition adalah kata yang digunakan untuk menunjukkan letak sebuah benda atau posisi kita berada.
Contoh kata preposition adalah in, on, at, below, above, in front of, beside, behind, near, around, dan
lain lain.
Contoh kalimat:
- My house is beside the mosque (rumahku ada di sebelah mesjid)
- There is mouse under the table (ada tikus di bawah meja)
7. Conjunction (Kata Penghubung)
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Conjunction adalah kata yang digunakan untuk menghubungkan kata, frase, klausa, atau kalimat.
Contoh kata sambung adalah, For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, dan So atau yang bisa disingkat menjadi
FANBOYS agar kita lebih mudah mengingatnya.
Contoh kalimat:
- Do you like pink or blue? (kamu suka merah muda atau biru?)
- Both of mother and her baby are treated in the hospital (kedua ibu dan bayinya sedang dirawat di
rumah sakit)
8. Interjection (Kata Seruan)
Interjection adalah sebuah ucapan pendek yang menggambarkan emosi atau perasaan seseorang.
Misalnya, Oh!, Ouch!, Eww!, Yummy!, Ahaa!, Oops!, Hurray!, Yippee!, dan lain sebagainya.
Contoh kalimat:
- Wow! Your dress is so beautiful! (Wow, gaunmu sangat indah!)
- Ouch! My knee is hurt, be careful. (Aw! lututku sedang sakit, hati hati)
X ADJECTIVE ORDER
Adjective berfungsi untuk menerangkan noun. biasanya posisi adjective di depan noun yang
diterangkannya (fungsi attributive). Pada situasi dimana memungkinkan digunakan lebih dari satu adjective,
maka perlu menggunakan adjectve order (urutan adjective dalam bahasa inggris berdasarkan kategori)
untuk menempatkan setiap kata sifat tersebut pada posisi yang tepat.
Tabel Adjective Order
Urutan Kategori Penjelasan Contoh
1 Determiner Kata atau frasa yang digunakan Article (the, a, an), my, your, his, her,
sebelum kata benda. its, our, their, whose, which.
2 Opinion Menyatakan pendapat tentang beautiful, dilligent, delicious, easy,
sesuatu good, important, nice, tidy
3 Size Menyatakan seberapa besar atau kecil big, enormous, large, little, small
suatu kata benda
4 Age Menyatakan seberapa tua atau muda ancient, antique, new, old, young
suatu kata benda
5 Shape Menyatakan bentuk suatu kata benda annular, flat, hexagonal, round,
rectangular, short, square
6 Color Warna suatu kata benda benda black, blue, brownish, green, purple,
reddish, white
7 Origin Kebangsaan Canadian, eastern, French, Greek,
Indonesian, Thai
8 Menyatakan suatu benda terbuat dari cotton, gold, marble, silk, wooden
Material
apa
9 Menjelaskan sesuatu digunakan untuk meeting, travelling, sleeping,
Purpose
apa (biasanya menggunakan adjective swimming, touring
berupa Present Participle)
Ketika menerangkan noun, dua adjective pada kategori yang sama dapat digunakan secara
bersamaan dengan tanda baca comma (dapat dipisahkan pula dengan coodinate
conjunction and atau but). Adapun tiga atau lebih adjective dari kategori yang sama pisahkan
dengan comma dan coordinate conjunction “and” atau “or”.
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Contoh:
the little, important habits (the little but important habits)
a smart, talented, and communicative worker
Beberapa contoh adjective order yang membentuk noun phrase adalah sebagai berikut:
Det. Opinion Size Age Shape Color Origin Material Purpose Noun
A beautiful small wooden house
The luxurious large square swimming pool
His healthy curly reddish hair
Some delicious Italian dishes
Two happy young married couple
XI CLAUSE
Clause adalah serangkaian kata yang mengandung subject (pokok kalimat) dan predikat.
1. Macam-macam Clauses
Main Clause : Serangkaian kata yang mengandung subject dan predikat dan telah mempunyai
pengertian yang sempurna. Main clause disebut juga independent clause atau
Induk kalimat.
Example : - Pare is the most famous place in Indonesia.
- English is an international language.
Sub Ordinate Clause : Serangkaian kata yang mengandung subject dan predikat tetapi belum
mempunyai pengertian yang sempurna, dan tidak bisa berdiri sendiri,
untuk memahaminya memerlukan kalimat lain yang disebut Main Clause.
Sub Clause disebut juga dengan anak kalimat.
Example : - After I eat,
- When she visited me,
2. Fungsi Clause
Clause mempunyai 3 fungsi / penggunaan, yaitu : Noun Clause, Adjective Clause, dan Adverbial Clause.
a) Noun Clause :Clause yang difungsikan sebagai Noun.
Example : - You love me.
- Noun clause: that you love me.
b) Adjective Clause
Adjective Clause disebut juga relative clause, yaitu anak kalimat yang berfungsi sebagai adjective baik
menerangkan noun atau pronoun. Noun / pronoun yang diterangkan disebut Antecedent.
Secara umum ada 3 fungsi adjective clause, yaitu:
1) Berfungsi sebagai Noun
a. Sebagai Subject
Example : The girl who gave me smile is Rita.
b. Sebagai Object
Example: I met the girl who visited you.
c. Sebagai Appositive (penegas)
Example: The teacher, who teaches math in my school is Mr. Rodi.
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2) Berfungsi sebagai Adjective
Example: The girl whose bike I used is Aminah.
3) Berfungsisebagai Adverb
Example: The restaurant where I bought rice is luxurious.
Secara specific Adjective menggunakan kata penghubung Relative Pronoun.
Relative Pronoun mempunyai 3 fungsi :
1. Relative Pronoun as Subject (RPS)
Conjunction yang digunakan :
Who : untuk subject orang.
Which : untuk subject selain orang
Which : untuk semua benda / orang
Ciri RPS setelah conjunction terdapat verb milik antencedent (noun/pronoun yang digantikan)
Example : Kalimat 1 : I gave salary to the man.
Kalimat 2 : He worked in my place.
Menjadi : I gave salary to the man who worked in my place.
Kalimat 1 : The girl was Ani
Kalimat 2 : She gave me smile
Menjadi : The girl who gave me smile was Ani.
Kalimat 1 : The book is expensive.
Kalimat 2 : The book is on the tabe
Menjadi : The book which is on table is expensive.
LATIHAN 16
CCLAUSE
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XII PREPOSITION
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Indeks Makna Contoh Prepositional Phrase
posisi sesuatu yang menyentuh permukaan on the floor, on the ground, on the
grass
bermakna “di” (posisi) on the right place, on the first
on floor, on the top
Jalan on Ciung Street
di atas/puncak pada permukaan horizontal on top of the page
di pinggir on the lake, on the border
punya penekanan batas (wadah, tembok, dll):
outside
(berada) di luar outside the auditorium
Over menutupi benda lain over my bedroom’s floor
Introducing yourself.
Skills for introduction is the first step of starting communication between nurse and patient. The
most important things of introducing yourself are by saying greeting, contrax time and mention your name.
Hello my name is Arsyila.
How do you do?
Nice to meet you
I’m in the charge today
How do you spell your name?
Practice 1
Explaining
Explaining is used to explain something about information questions. You need to use some conjuction
words such as:and, but, or, then, after that, because, for example, etc.
For example:
Let me tell you this..
Generally speaking, smoking is harmful
However, they shoud maintance balanced diet.
This will give you a lot of energy
Because milk contains a lot of energy.
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Practice 2
Practice 3
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Practice 4
Practice 5
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