Professional Documents
Culture Documents
DECEMBER 2004
Copyright 2004
American Bureau of Shipping
ABS Plaza
16855 Northchase Drive
Houston, TX 77060 USA
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GUIDANCE NOTES ON
FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF HULL
STRUCTURES – LOCAL 3D MODEL ANALYSIS
CONTENTS
SECTION 1 Local 3D Model Analysis .......................................................1
1 General ..................................................................................1
3 Model .....................................................................................1
3.1 Watertight (WT) Structural Details..................................... 1
3.3 Non-tight (NT) Structural Details ....................................... 1
5 Failure Criteria – Yielding ......................................................2
7 Failure Criteria – Fatigue .......................................................2
ABS GUIDANCE NOTES ON FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF HULL STRUCTURES – LOCAL 3D MODEL ANALYSIS . 2004 iii
13.3 Hopper Knuckle Connection Model with Mesh
Size 1/8Sp........................................................................32
13.5 Hopper Knuckle Connection Model with Mesh
Size 1/16Sp......................................................................33
13.7 Yielding and Buckling ......................................................34
15 Double Bottom Floor Structures ..........................................35
15.1 Double Bottom Floor and Web Stiffeners ........................35
15.3 Cutouts ............................................................................38
15.5 Opening on Double Bottom Floor ....................................41
17 Tripping Bracket...................................................................42
iv ABS GUIDANCE NOTES ON FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF HULL STRUCTURES – LOCAL 3D MODEL ANALYSIS . 2004
FIGURE 30 Stress Calculation and Distribution............................33
FIGURE 31 Yielding and Buckling Check .....................................34
FIGURE 32 Local 3D Zooming Analysis .......................................35
FIGURE 33 Web Stiffeners on Double Bottom Floors ..................36
FIGURE 34 Stress Distribution of Web Stiffener on the Double
Bottom Floor...............................................................38
FIGURE 35 Cutouts.......................................................................38
FIGURE 36 Finer Mesh Models (Cutout) ......................................39
FIGURE 37 Stress Distribution (Cutout)........................................40
FIGURE 38 Stress Distribution in Floor Plate ...............................42
FIGURE 39 Tripping Bracket Stress..............................................43
FIGURE 40 A Finer Mesh Analysis for the Indicated Area of
Figure 39 ....................................................................44
ABS GUIDANCE NOTES ON FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF HULL STRUCTURES – LOCAL 3D MODEL ANALYSIS . 2004 v
FIGURE 16 Buckling Evaluation by Eigen Value Approach..........60
FIGURE 17 Fine Mesh Model Yielding Check ..............................61
FIGURE 18 Yielding Check From SafeHull Load Case 9 .............62
FIGURE 19 Buckling Check ..........................................................63
FIGURE 20 Hold Frame Analysis from Global Model ...................65
FIGURE 21 Fatigue Strength ........................................................66
FIGURE 22 Edge Stresses............................................................67
FIGURE 23 Drain Hole ..................................................................69
FIGURE 24 Hatch Opening Corners .............................................71
vi ABS GUIDANCE NOTES ON FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF HULL STRUCTURES – LOCAL 3D MODEL ANALYSIS . 2004
SECTION 1 Local 3D Model Analysis
1 General
The SafeHull global model finite element analysis should evaluate the yielding and buckling strength
of all of the primary (watertight in general) and main supporting (non-tight in general) members. The
local 3D fine mesh analysis is required if the global model analysis indicates high stress at the critical
areas, which cannot be evaluated using the fine mesh global 3D models of standard mesh sizes.
Note: The same procedure for local 3D model analysis as specified in this Guide may be used for the analysis of
membrane tank SH LNG carriers, however, no examples of modeling, analysis, etc. are specified in the Guide.
This information will be provided with the next edition of the Guide.
3 Model
Various local 3D models with different mesh sizes are to be employed for the structural analysis,
depending on the structural details, which include:
ABS GUIDANCE NOTES ON FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF HULL STRUCTURES – LOCAL 3D MODEL ANALYSIS . 2004 1
Section 1 Local 3D Model Analysis
Note:
sp is the typical spacing of longitudinal stiffeners (800~900 mm).
For example: sp = 840 mm; 1/4*sp = 210 mm; 1/16*sp = 52.5 mm; 1/64*sp = 13.1 mm
“Global Model Stress” is a stress determined by the “Global 3D FE Models” with mesh size nearly
equal to one-longitudinal-spacing. Such a mesh size is adequate to determine stress distributions in
local structures. However, it is inadequate to determine stress concentrations in structural connections
and discontinuities. Tertiary bending stress is not included.
“Local Stress” is a stress determined by models with a mesh size nearly equal to 1/4-longitudinal-
spacing. Such a mesh size is adequate to determine stress distributions in local structures. However, it
is still not adequate enough to determine stress concentrations in connection with fatigue strength
evaluation. Tertiary bending stress is to be considered, if it exists.
There are two different criteria, “(NT)” and “(WT)”, under “Local Stress”. Higher permissible stresses
are allowed, equal to “Detail Stress”, provided that the maximum surface stresses on both sides of the
plate are evaluated. This includes the tertiary stresses arising from plate bending under lateral load for
watertight members.
“Detail Stress” is a stress at a critical point in structural details with finer model analysis. This is
where a fatigue crack is expected to initiate. This limiting value is nearly equal to the “Hot Spot
Stress”. The hot spot stress in the details may be allowed up to the minimum tensile strength of the
material, provided that the fatigue strength of the detail is satisfactory based on SafeHull fatigue
criteria.
“Fine Stress” is allowed in small openings, which are free from structural discontinuity and/or weld
beads.
2 ABS GUIDANCE NOTES ON FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF HULL STRUCTURES – LOCAL 3D MODEL ANALYSIS . 2004
Section 1 Local 3D Model Analysis
For internal structures, such as transverse webs, bulkheads, etc., where stress distribution is
not governed by hull girder load, the uniform distribution zone factor (α = 0.80) can be
applied, regardless of their vertical location.
Example: L = 238.000 m
γ = 1.4 – 0.2αL0.2
Permissible Stress Range (kg/cm2)
α γ C Curve D Curve E Curve
1.00 0.845 5913 4352 3833
0.90 0.900 5330 3890 3420
0.86 0.922 5163 3758 3306
0.80 0.956 4904 3554 3129
ABS GUIDANCE NOTES ON FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF HULL STRUCTURES – LOCAL 3D MODEL ANALYSIS . 2004 3
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SECTION 2 Oil Carrier
1 Global Model
The sample global model used for the discussion of the “Local 3D Approach” is taken from the
“Guidance Note on SafeHull Finite Element Analysis of Hull Structures”, as shown in Section 2,
Figure 1.The global model analysis identifies the critical areas and provides the boundary
displacement conditions for local model analysis.
FIGURE 1
Global Frame Arrangement
One transverse web space (4.300 m) is cut into 3 divisions in this sample model, however, users are
recommended to apply 4 divisions for the models with wider web spacing in order for better element
aspect ratio.
ABS GUIDANCE NOTES ON FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF HULL STRUCTURES – LOCAL 3D MODEL ANALYSIS . 2004 5
Section 2 Oil Carrier
3 Transverse Web
FIGURE 2
Transverse Web – Global Model
6 ABS GUIDANCE NOTES ON FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF HULL STRUCTURES – LOCAL 3D MODEL ANALYSIS . 2004
Section 2 Oil Carrier
In general, the following locations need to be considered for detail stress analysis:
Location 1 Structural details in curved parts. Built-up, L2 or L3 type faceplates.
Locations 2 – 4 Bracket ends.
Location 5 Structural details in curved parts.
FIGURE 3
Transverse Web
ABS GUIDANCE NOTES ON FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF HULL STRUCTURES – LOCAL 3D MODEL ANALYSIS . 2004 7
Section 2 Oil Carrier
FIGURE 4
Radii and Web Depth of Lower Web and Openings
R1=500
R1=750
R2=500
R2=750 R3=500
R3=750
D1=1400
D1=1400
D2=1400
D2=1400 R2
D3=1300
D3=1300
D2 R2 D2
D3 D3
R1 R3
R1 R3
D1 D1
8 ABS GUIDANCE NOTES ON FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF HULL STRUCTURES – LOCAL 3D MODEL ANALYSIS . 2004
Section 2 Oil Carrier
FIGURE 5
Bracket Toe – Simplified Fatigue Model
ABS GUIDANCE NOTES ON FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF HULL STRUCTURES – LOCAL 3D MODEL ANALYSIS . 2004 9
Section 2 Oil Carrier
FIGURE 6
Stress Distribution and Dynamic Stress Range
Detailed analyses may be required when the maximum stresses and the associated stress ranges are
estimated by the “Simplified Method” and are close to or above the permissible values. This is
illustrated in 2/3.7.
10 ABS GUIDANCE NOTES ON FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF HULL STRUCTURES – LOCAL 3D MODEL ANALYSIS . 2004
Section 2 Oil Carrier
FIGURE 7
Bracket Toe – Detailed Model
The bracket ends of deep supporting members are usually designed as one of two types. Type A is
with one large radius and Type B is with two small radii, as shown in Section 2, Figures 8 and 9.
Type B is preferred because of better fatigue strength behavior. End stress is reduced by about 20%,
from 1059 kg/cm2 to 827 kg/cm2, as shown in Section 2, Figure 10.
ABS GUIDANCE NOTES ON FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF HULL STRUCTURES – LOCAL 3D MODEL ANALYSIS . 2004 11
Section 2 Oil Carrier
FIGURE 8
Type A – One Large Radius
FIGURE 9
Type B – Two Small Radii
12 ABS GUIDANCE NOTES ON FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF HULL STRUCTURES – LOCAL 3D MODEL ANALYSIS . 2004
Section 2 Oil Carrier
FIGURE 10
Stress Distributions of Bracket with Different Curvatures
ABS GUIDANCE NOTES ON FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF HULL STRUCTURES – LOCAL 3D MODEL ANALYSIS . 2004 13
Section 2 Oil Carrier
FIGURE 11
Transverse Web – Bracket Toe at Locations 2 and 4
14 ABS GUIDANCE NOTES ON FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF HULL STRUCTURES – LOCAL 3D MODEL ANALYSIS . 2004
Section 2 Oil Carrier
FIGURE 12
Access Openings
ABS GUIDANCE NOTES ON FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF HULL STRUCTURES – LOCAL 3D MODEL ANALYSIS . 2004 15
Section 2 Oil Carrier
In addition to the partial heavy insert plates, large access openings are usually reinforced by web
stiffeners parallel to their edges. These stiffeners are added for protection against tripping of web
plates and do not need to be included in the model because they only reduce the stresses along the
edges of the opening by about 5%. However, this reduction can be taken into consideration when the
resulting stresses exceed the criteria. Section 2, Figure 13 shows the access opening with and without
web-reinforced parallel stiffeners and corresponding stress distribution.
FIGURE 13
Stress Distribution for Access Openings
with and without Reinforced Web Stiffeners
16 ABS GUIDANCE NOTES ON FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF HULL STRUCTURES – LOCAL 3D MODEL ANALYSIS . 2004
Section 2 Oil Carrier
7 Horizontal Girder
FIGURE 14
Horizontal Girder – Global Model
ABS GUIDANCE NOTES ON FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF HULL STRUCTURES – LOCAL 3D MODEL ANALYSIS . 2004 17
Section 2 Oil Carrier
FIGURE 14 (continued)
Horizontal Girder – Global Model
FIGURE 15
Horizontal Girder – Fine Mesh Model
18 ABS GUIDANCE NOTES ON FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF HULL STRUCTURES – LOCAL 3D MODEL ANALYSIS . 2004
Section 2 Oil Carrier
FIGURE 16
Typical Critical Locations
ABS GUIDANCE NOTES ON FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF HULL STRUCTURES – LOCAL 3D MODEL ANALYSIS . 2004 19
Section 2 Oil Carrier
FIGURE 17
Large Opening for Inclined Ladder and Stress Distribution
FIGURE 18
Bracket Toes
20 ABS GUIDANCE NOTES ON FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF HULL STRUCTURES – LOCAL 3D MODEL ANALYSIS . 2004
Section 2 Oil Carrier
FIGURE 19
Intersection with Longitudinal Stiffeners
ABS GUIDANCE NOTES ON FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF HULL STRUCTURES – LOCAL 3D MODEL ANALYSIS . 2004 21
Section 2 Oil Carrier
9 Buttress Structures
Fitting of partial girders is used to restrict the vertical displacements of the bottom floors adjacent to
transverse bulkheads. The structural details of bottom and inner-bottom longitudinal stiffeners, as well
as bulkhead vertical stiffeners on the transverse bulkheads, are significantly affected by the behavior
of partial girders, as shown in Section 2, Figure 20.
Fitting buttress structures above the partial girders will transmit the lateral load acting on the
transverse bulkhead to the double bottom structure through the partial girder and full girder. It is
obvious that part of the buttress structure, if not connected to the lower horizontal girder, will not help
transmit this load and may be questionable from a cost-wise viewpoint. These structural details at the
ends of brackets may necessitate closer examination. It is difficult to justify bracket end stress as high
as 1744 kg/cm2. This is found in the results of the global model.
FIGURE 20
Buttress Structures: Deformation and Stress Distribution
from Global Model Analysis
22 ABS GUIDANCE NOTES ON FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF HULL STRUCTURES – LOCAL 3D MODEL ANALYSIS . 2004
Section 2 Oil Carrier
Section 2, Figure 21 shows the connection of the bulkhead vertical stiffener with the double bottom
structure.
FIGURE 21
Connection of Bulkhead Vertical Stiffener
with Double Bottom Longitudinal
ABS GUIDANCE NOTES ON FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF HULL STRUCTURES – LOCAL 3D MODEL ANALYSIS . 2004 23
Section 2 Oil Carrier
FIGURE 22
Local Fine Mesh Model for Buttress Structure and Stress Distribution
24 ABS GUIDANCE NOTES ON FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF HULL STRUCTURES – LOCAL 3D MODEL ANALYSIS . 2004
Section 2 Oil Carrier
FIGURE 23
Vertical Stiffeners on Transverse Bulkheads
ABS GUIDANCE NOTES ON FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF HULL STRUCTURES – LOCAL 3D MODEL ANALYSIS . 2004 25
Section 2 Oil Carrier
FIGURE 23 (continued)
Vertical Stiffeners on Transverse Bulkheads
26 ABS GUIDANCE NOTES ON FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF HULL STRUCTURES – LOCAL 3D MODEL ANALYSIS . 2004
Section 2 Oil Carrier
FIGURE 23 (continued)
Vertical Stiffeners on Transverse Bulkheads
Among the four locations, Location 2 is the most critical one, which is magnified in Section 2, Figure
24.
The resultant stresses and stress ranges for three elements in Location 2 are shown in Section 2,
Figure 24. All of them are with the criteria:
56921 2223 kg/cm2 < 3040 kg/cm2 for HT32
2451 kg/cm2 < 3840 kg/cm2 fatigue E curve, α = 1.00
56933 2893 kg/cm2 < 3040 kg/cm2 for HT32
3085 kg/cm2 < 3840 kg/cm2 fatigue E curve, α = 1.00
56974 3589 kg/cm2 < 4500 kg/cm2 for HT32
2653 kg/cm2 < 3840 kg/cm2 fatigue E curve, α = 1.00
The typical mesh size for these elements for the above model is about 80 mm. Second (2nd) zooming
may be required in association with the faceplates of the deck longitudinal stiffeners replaced by plate
elements, as shown in Section 2, Figure 25.
The stress values for the same three elements in the second zooming model are increased and may
have exceeded the allowable stress.
ABS GUIDANCE NOTES ON FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF HULL STRUCTURES – LOCAL 3D MODEL ANALYSIS . 2004 27
Section 2 Oil Carrier
FIGURE 24
Stress Distribution of Location 2
FIGURE 25
2nd Zooming
28 ABS GUIDANCE NOTES ON FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF HULL STRUCTURES – LOCAL 3D MODEL ANALYSIS . 2004
Section 2 Oil Carrier
FIGURE 26
Types of Bilge Corners
It is difficult to justify the FE results of the “Small Bent Type” because of the small radius and small
offset, as shown in Section 2, Figure 25. The offset should be as small as is practical, while the radius
should be as large as possible.
The small bent type is used for many bulk carriers with some success, while others have had various
structural troubles. Caution should be used in applying the experiences with bulk carriers to the
double hull tankers because of the heavy bending moments due to the double side structures.
There has been discussion as to which criteria should be applied to different model types with
different mesh sizes. Based on the FE analysis for various types of vessels, the following guidelines
have been established as the most comprehensive:
i) Tertiary stresses are included in the analysis.
ii) Yielding and fatigue strength are evaluated.
iii) Mesh size is generally 1/4 of stiffener spacing (about 200 mm). If small bent type hopper
knuckle corners are used, smaller mesh sizes (about 1/16 stiffener spacing) are used to
consider the effects due to the small radius and offset.
iv) Von-Mises stresses in the top and bottom surfaces of the elements are checked against the
“Detail Stress” criteria in Subsection 2/3 (4100 kg/cm2 for Mild, 4500 kg/cm2 for HT32).
v) Membrane stresses are checked against the permissible stress ranges in the Rules.
Sample models in Section 2, Figure 27 show the different mesh size model for obtaining maximum
stresses and associated stress ranges. For detailed fatigue strength analysis considering the concept of
“Hot Spot Stress”, refer to the applicable sections of the Rules.
ABS GUIDANCE NOTES ON FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF HULL STRUCTURES – LOCAL 3D MODEL ANALYSIS . 2004 29
Section 2 Oil Carrier
FIGURE 27
Varied Mesh Sizes
30 ABS GUIDANCE NOTES ON FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF HULL STRUCTURES – LOCAL 3D MODEL ANALYSIS . 2004
Section 2 Oil Carrier
FIGURE 28
Stress Calculation and Distribution
ABS GUIDANCE NOTES ON FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF HULL STRUCTURES – LOCAL 3D MODEL ANALYSIS . 2004 31
Section 2 Oil Carrier
FIGURE 29
Stress Calculation and Distribution
32 ABS GUIDANCE NOTES ON FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF HULL STRUCTURES – LOCAL 3D MODEL ANALYSIS . 2004
Section 2 Oil Carrier
FIGURE 30
Stress Calculation and Distribution
ABS GUIDANCE NOTES ON FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF HULL STRUCTURES – LOCAL 3D MODEL ANALYSIS . 2004 33
Section 2 Oil Carrier
FIGURE 31
Yielding and Buckling Check
34 ABS GUIDANCE NOTES ON FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF HULL STRUCTURES – LOCAL 3D MODEL ANALYSIS . 2004
Section 2 Oil Carrier
FIGURE 32
Local 3D Zooming Analysis
ABS GUIDANCE NOTES ON FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF HULL STRUCTURES – LOCAL 3D MODEL ANALYSIS . 2004 35
Section 2 Oil Carrier
FIGURE 33
Web Stiffeners on Double Bottom Floors
36 ABS GUIDANCE NOTES ON FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF HULL STRUCTURES – LOCAL 3D MODEL ANALYSIS . 2004
Section 2 Oil Carrier
FIGURE 33 (continued)
Web Stiffeners on Double Bottom Floors
ABS GUIDANCE NOTES ON FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF HULL STRUCTURES – LOCAL 3D MODEL ANALYSIS . 2004 37
Section 2 Oil Carrier
FIGURE 34
Stress Distribution of Web Stiffener on the Double Bottom Floor
15.3 Cutouts
Most of the cutouts are usually fitted with collar plates for oil carriers because of larger floor spacing.
Evaluation of the cutouts without collar plates is to be referred to the applicable sections of bulk
carriers, using the intermediate zoomed model in Section 2, Figure 33:
FIGURE 35
Cutouts
Configuration of the cutouts and design details at the ends of the web stiffeners are to be evaluated
using finer mesh sizes, as suggested in the “Fine Stress” criteria in Subsection 2/3.
38 ABS GUIDANCE NOTES ON FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF HULL STRUCTURES – LOCAL 3D MODEL ANALYSIS . 2004
Section 2 Oil Carrier
FIGURE 36
Finer Mesh Models (Cutout)
ABS GUIDANCE NOTES ON FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF HULL STRUCTURES – LOCAL 3D MODEL ANALYSIS . 2004 39
Section 2 Oil Carrier
FIGURE 37
Stress Distribution (Cutout)
40 ABS GUIDANCE NOTES ON FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF HULL STRUCTURES – LOCAL 3D MODEL ANALYSIS . 2004
Section 2 Oil Carrier
FIGURE 37 (continued)
Stress Distribution (Cutout)
ABS GUIDANCE NOTES ON FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF HULL STRUCTURES – LOCAL 3D MODEL ANALYSIS . 2004 41
Section 2 Oil Carrier
FIGURE 38
Stress Distribution in Floor Plate
17 Tripping Bracket
No reduction should be allowed in determining the span length of longitudinal stiffeners unless small
brackets are fitted on the opposite side. Adding tripping brackets usually results in higher stress on the
opposite side. The stress value at these locations needs to be reviewed.
Section 2, Figure 39 shows the lower part of the centerline longitudinal bulkhead connected to the
vertical webs with tripping brackets. This figure also shows the stress distribution along the
longitudinal stiffeners and vertical web at the tripping bracket locations. Section 2, Figure 40 shows
the stress distribution of a finer mesh analysis of the indicated area of Section 2, Figure 39 for the
tripping bracket connect area.
42 ABS GUIDANCE NOTES ON FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF HULL STRUCTURES – LOCAL 3D MODEL ANALYSIS . 2004
Section 2 Oil Carrier
FIGURE 39
Tripping Bracket Stress
ABS GUIDANCE NOTES ON FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF HULL STRUCTURES – LOCAL 3D MODEL ANALYSIS . 2004 43
Section 2 Oil Carrier
FIGURE 40
A Finer Mesh Analysis for the Indicated Area of Figure 39
44 ABS GUIDANCE NOTES ON FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF HULL STRUCTURES – LOCAL 3D MODEL ANALYSIS . 2004
SECTION 3 Bulk Carrier
1 General
The local fine mesh models for analysis of bulk carriers serves the same purpose as the one for tanker.
However, the critical areas for bulk carriers may be different from those for tankers, and these critical
areas will be discussed here.
3 Global Model
The sample bulk carrier global model used for the “Local 3D Approach” discussion is taken from the
ABS Guidance Notes on SafeHull Finite Element Analysis of Hull Structures, as shown in Section 3,
Figure 1:
FIGURE 1
Sample Global Model
ABS GUIDANCE NOTES ON FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF HULL STRUCTURES – LOCAL 3D MODEL ANALYSIS . 2004 45
Section 3 Bulk Carrier
FIGURE 1 (continued)
Sample Global Model
46 ABS GUIDANCE NOTES ON FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF HULL STRUCTURES – LOCAL 3D MODEL ANALYSIS . 2004
Section 3 Bulk Carrier
FIGURE 2
Critical Structure Details
ABS GUIDANCE NOTES ON FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF HULL STRUCTURES – LOCAL 3D MODEL ANALYSIS . 2004 47
Section 3 Bulk Carrier
FIGURE 3
Mesh Size and Surface Stress Distribution
48 ABS GUIDANCE NOTES ON FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF HULL STRUCTURES – LOCAL 3D MODEL ANALYSIS . 2004
Section 3 Bulk Carrier
FIGURE 3 (continued)
Mesh Size and Surface Stress Distribution
ABS GUIDANCE NOTES ON FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF HULL STRUCTURES – LOCAL 3D MODEL ANALYSIS . 2004 49
Section 3 Bulk Carrier
FIGURE 4
Fine Mesh Model for Simplified Fatigue Strength
Surface stresses (top and bottom) become both tensile and beyond elastic limit as the mesh size gets
finer (about 50 mm). Accordingly, stress fluctuation can be estimated using the average of the top and
bottom stresses.
50 ABS GUIDANCE NOTES ON FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF HULL STRUCTURES – LOCAL 3D MODEL ANALYSIS . 2004
Section 3 Bulk Carrier
FIGURE 5
Stress Fluctuations
ABS GUIDANCE NOTES ON FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF HULL STRUCTURES – LOCAL 3D MODEL ANALYSIS . 2004 51
Section 3 Bulk Carrier
FIGURE 6
Built-Up Type Connection Structure
of Inner-Bottom and Sloping Bulkhead
52 ABS GUIDANCE NOTES ON FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF HULL STRUCTURES – LOCAL 3D MODEL ANALYSIS . 2004
Section 3 Bulk Carrier
Section 3, Figure 7 shows the dynamic stress range using the finer mesh model.
FIGURE 7
Maximum Stress Range
It is difficult to justify the small bent-type bilge corners unless the bottom girder is located just at the
middle of the curved plate, resulting in a 0 offset, as illustrated in Section 3, Figure 8. A large radius
of R = 500 mm could significantly reduce the stresses.
Adding stiffeners on the curved part could be an alternative solution.
FIGURE 8
Small Bent Type Connection
ABS GUIDANCE NOTES ON FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF HULL STRUCTURES – LOCAL 3D MODEL ANALYSIS . 2004 53
Section 3 Bulk Carrier
FIGURE 9
Mesh Size 1/4Sp
54 ABS GUIDANCE NOTES ON FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF HULL STRUCTURES – LOCAL 3D MODEL ANALYSIS . 2004
Section 3 Bulk Carrier
FIGURE 10
Mesh Size 1/8 Sp
ABS GUIDANCE NOTES ON FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF HULL STRUCTURES – LOCAL 3D MODEL ANALYSIS . 2004 55
Section 3 Bulk Carrier
FIGURE 11
Mesh Size 1/16Sp
56 ABS GUIDANCE NOTES ON FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF HULL STRUCTURES – LOCAL 3D MODEL ANALYSIS . 2004
Section 3 Bulk Carrier
FIGURE 12
Stress and Large Access Openings
Some of the cutouts for the bottom and inner-bottom longitudinal stiffeners are designed without
collar plates. To justify these cutouts, resultant stresses in the adjacent elements are to comply with
the “Local Stress (NT)” criteria in Subsection 2/3 (3000 kg/cm2 for Mild steel).
The local stress analysis shows that three cutouts in Section 3, Figure 13 are to be reinforced by collar
plates for this model since their stress levels are higher than the local stress criteria.
ABS GUIDANCE NOTES ON FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF HULL STRUCTURES – LOCAL 3D MODEL ANALYSIS . 2004 57
Section 3 Bulk Carrier
FIGURE 13
Floor Plate with Openings and Cutouts
In addition to shear stress consideration, collar plates are to be fitted depending on the structural
details at the ends of the web stiffeners.
FIGURE 14
Details at Ends of Web Stiffeners
If the maximum stresses at the ends of the web stiffeners can not comply with the “Detail Stress”
criteria in Subsection 2/3, the associated cutouts are to be reinforced by collar plates, as shown in
Section 3, Figure 15.
58 ABS GUIDANCE NOTES ON FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF HULL STRUCTURES – LOCAL 3D MODEL ANALYSIS . 2004
Section 3 Bulk Carrier
FIGURE 15
Associated Cutouts Reinforced by Collar Plates
ABS GUIDANCE NOTES ON FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF HULL STRUCTURES – LOCAL 3D MODEL ANALYSIS . 2004 59
Section 3 Bulk Carrier
FIGURE 15 (continued)
Associated Cutouts Reinforced by Collar Plates
Buckling strength of double bottom floor panels has been evaluated in the global model analysis.
However, for panels with access openings, the Eigen value buckling approach may be appropriate.
Section 3, Figure 16 shows the buckling result by the Eigen value buckling approach. Local buckling
may happen close to the opening.
FIGURE 16
Buckling Evaluation by Eigen Value Approach
60 ABS GUIDANCE NOTES ON FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF HULL STRUCTURES – LOCAL 3D MODEL ANALYSIS . 2004
Section 3 Bulk Carrier
15 Corrugated Bulkhead
In general, the critical areas for transverse corrugated bulkheads are located at the connections to the
top structure of the lower stool. The global model analysis should be used to evaluate the entire
transverse corrugated bulkhead and predict the critical areas. The maximum element stress (surface) at
the bottom end of the corrugation must comply with the “Local Stress (WT)” criteria in Subsection
2/3, in addition to the SafeHull global model yielding check. Section 3, Figure 17 shows a fine mesh
model analysis model and stress distributions.
FIGURE 17
Fine Mesh Model Yielding Check
ABS GUIDANCE NOTES ON FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF HULL STRUCTURES – LOCAL 3D MODEL ANALYSIS . 2004 61
Section 3 Bulk Carrier
Although SafeHull load case 9 is applicable only to deep tank bulkheads, the same criteria can be
applied to ordinary bulkheads to detect critical areas in flooding conditions. Maximum stresses are
allowed up to 100% of the yield strength of the material.
FIGURE 18
Yielding Check From SafeHull Load Case 9
62 ABS GUIDANCE NOTES ON FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF HULL STRUCTURES – LOCAL 3D MODEL ANALYSIS . 2004
Section 3 Bulk Carrier
Buckling strength can be evaluated by Steel Vessel Rules corrugated bulkhead local plate panel
buckling criteria. The alternative is using the Eigen value approach for the corrugated bulkhead
buckling check. To be more conservative, mesh size must be based on (8 × 8) zooming, as shown in
Section 3, Figure 19.
FIGURE 19
Buckling Check
ABS GUIDANCE NOTES ON FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF HULL STRUCTURES – LOCAL 3D MODEL ANALYSIS . 2004 63
Section 3 Bulk Carrier
FIGURE 19 (continued)
Buckling Check
17 Hold Frames
For single skin bulk carriers, the hold frames act to extend the depth of the shell structure and hence to
increase the local structural lateral bending rigidity. The loads, external pressures and cargo pressures
are transmitted through hold frames to the upper and lower wing tank structures, and therefore, the
connections of hold frames to wing tanks are subject to large local bending moments.
The scantlings of the hold frame structures can be verified based on the results of the global model
yielding evaluation. Section 3, Figure 20 shows the stress distribution of the hold frame structure from
the global analysis, which indicates possible high stress at the lower bracket of the hold frame.
64 ABS GUIDANCE NOTES ON FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF HULL STRUCTURES – LOCAL 3D MODEL ANALYSIS . 2004
Section 3 Bulk Carrier
FIGURE 20
Hold Frame Analysis from Global Model
Such high stress areas need to be evaluated by the local 3D fine mesh model. Also, the fatigue
strength consideration should be applied to the structural details at the ends of the hold frames, in
addition to the yielding check, which will require a finer mesh analysis. Section 3, Figure 21 shows
the fine mesh model and the corresponding stress distribution from such fine mesh model analysis.
ABS GUIDANCE NOTES ON FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF HULL STRUCTURES – LOCAL 3D MODEL ANALYSIS . 2004 65
Section 3 Bulk Carrier
FIGURE 21
Fatigue Strength
66 ABS GUIDANCE NOTES ON FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF HULL STRUCTURES – LOCAL 3D MODEL ANALYSIS . 2004
Section 3 Bulk Carrier
FIGURE 22
Edge Stresses
ABS GUIDANCE NOTES ON FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF HULL STRUCTURES – LOCAL 3D MODEL ANALYSIS . 2004 67
Section 3 Bulk Carrier
FIGURE 22 (continued)
Edge Stresses
68 ABS GUIDANCE NOTES ON FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF HULL STRUCTURES – LOCAL 3D MODEL ANALYSIS . 2004
Section 3 Bulk Carrier
FIGURE 23
Drain Hole
ABS GUIDANCE NOTES ON FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF HULL STRUCTURES – LOCAL 3D MODEL ANALYSIS . 2004 69
Section 3 Bulk Carrier
FIGURE 23 (continued)
Drain Hole
70 ABS GUIDANCE NOTES ON FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF HULL STRUCTURES – LOCAL 3D MODEL ANALYSIS . 2004
Section 3 Bulk Carrier
FIGURE 24
Hatch Opening Corners
ABS GUIDANCE NOTES ON FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF HULL STRUCTURES – LOCAL 3D MODEL ANALYSIS . 2004 71
Section 3 Bulk Carrier
FIGURE 24 (continued)
Hatch Opening Corners
72 ABS GUIDANCE NOTES ON FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF HULL STRUCTURES – LOCAL 3D MODEL ANALYSIS . 2004