LIFE-CYCLE ASSESSMENT

Material Cycle and Natural Resources

Proses-proses Kegiatan
Kegiatan pemanfaatan pemanfaatan
Eksploitasi sumberdaya alam produk akhir

+ + + + Produk
Sumberdaya Sumberdaya
akhir yang
tersedia yang yang sedang
berguna
dapat digunakan digunakan
spent spent resources
Kegiatan resources kegiatan
Sumberdaya 'daur ulang' penggunaan
kegiatan
tersedia yang produk +
produksi
dapat +
dieksploitasi +
Kegiatan
'daur ulang'
eksplorasi Spent Resources dampak terhadap
lingkungan
+ Sumberdaya yang
secara potensi
tersedia Regenerasi
secara alami + Kegiatan
reklasifikasi
Proses reklasifikasi

[Sumber: Sasmojo dan Dewi, 1999]

 Life-cycle Assessment (LCA)

• Life-cycle analysis, eco-balance, and cradle-to-grave analysis

• LCA is a technique to assess environmental impacts associated with all
the stages of a product’s life from raw material extraction through
materials processing, manufacture, distribution, use, repair and
maintenance, and disposal or recycling.
• Designers use this process to help critique their products. LCAs can help
avoid a narrow outlook on environmental concerns by:
– Compiling an inventory of relevant energy/material inputs and environmental
releases;
– Evaluating the potential impacts associated with identified inputs and releases;
– Interpreting the results to help make a more informed decision.
• Goal of LCA is to compare the full range of environmental effects
assignable to products and services by quantifying all inputs and outputs
of material flows and assessing how these material flows affect the
environment.
 “Cradle-to-Grave” Assessment

Landfill

Life cycle assessment (LCA)

Compilation and evaluation of the inputs, outputs and the potential
environmental impacts of a product system throughout its life cycle
Worldwide interest in the life-cycle concept is ignited
by several factors

• Increased concerns about Global Climate Change

(Al Gore’s 2006 documentary “An Inconvenient Truth”).
• Walmart’s quest to develop a Sustainability Index for the
products they carry.
• The US Green Building Council’s promotion of sustainable
buildings and the LEED standard.
• General interest by companies to be ‘green’ and ‘sustainable.’

Source: Mary Ann Curran (US-EPA) “The Opportunities and Pitfalls of Applying Life Cycle
Thinking to Nanoproducts and Nanomaterials”
 GLOSSARY

Life Cycle Concept: consideration of all the connected activities within an

industrial system from cradle-to-grave, i.e. the product life.

Life Cycle Assessment: a standardized process to quantify natural resources

used and wastes released to the environment from cradle-to-grave; to assess
the impact of quantities; and to identify opportunities to affect environmental
improvements.
• Screening Level or Streamlined Assessment
• Detailed Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle-Based Approach: use of the life cycle concept to view a product
system from cradle to grave but limit the study to a pre-determined area of
concern, such as energy use, global climate change, material use, etc.

Life Cycle Management: the integration of environmental, economic,

technological, risk, implementation, and societal aspects of products &
services on a life cycle basis.
Source: Mary Ann Curran (US-EPA) “The Opportunities and Pitfalls of Applying Life Cycle
Thinking to Nanoproducts and Nanomaterials”
ISO 14040
Environmental management — Life cycle assessment — Principles and
framework

Terms and definition

Life cycle
Consecutive and interlinked stages of a product system, from raw material
acquisition or generation from natural resources to final disposal

Life cycle assessment (LCA)

Compilation and evaluation of the inputs, outputs and the potential
environmental impacts of a product system throughout its life cycle

Life cycle inventory analysis (LCI)

Phase of life cycle assessment involving the compilation and quantification
of inputs and outputs for a product throughout its life cycle
ISO 14040
Environmental management — Life cycle assessment — Principles and
framework

Life cycle impact assessment (LCIA)

Phase of life cycle assessment aimed at understanding and evaluating
the magnitude and significance of the potential environmental impacts
for a product system throughout the life cycle of the product

Life cycle interpretation

Phase of life cycle assessment in which the findings of either the
inventory analysis or the impact assessment, or both, are evaluated in
relation to the defined goal and scope in order to reach conclusions and
recommendations
 Product and Process Life-Cycle
Strategy &
Wastes & Planning
Emissions
R &D Raw
Pre- Materials
Operation
Energy Product/
Process Design
Life-cycle Phases

Operation Raw Mat’l Use, re-use, Disposal,

Manufacture Distribution
Acquisition maintenance Recycle

Demobilization
Post- Decommission Wastes &
Raw Matl’s Emissions
Operation
Energy
Remediation &
Restoration

Horizontal axis: Product life-cycle

Vertical axis: Process life-cycle
LCA

End-of-Life Raw Material

Management Acquisition

Re-use

Recycle

Use/Maintenance Production

An industrial environmental management approach to look holistically at products,

processes, and activities.
LCA
STEPS
Landfill
COAL POWER PLANT Incandescent

1. Define scope and boundary of assessment COAL POWER PLANT Incandescent

Landfill

2. To inventory inputs – outputs

3. Environmental impacts assessment

 MSW

Fluorescent Landfill
COAL POWER PLANT

MSW

Landfill
COAL POWER PLANT Incandescent

MSW

Fluorescent Landfill
COAL POWER PLANT

MSW

Landfill
COAL POWER PLANT Incandescent
 Life-Cycle Inventory

Raw Materials Acquisition

INPUTS Manufacturing, Processing OUTPUTS

And Formulation
Water Effluents
Energy
Airborne Emissions
Distribution/Transport
Solid Wastes
Raw
Materials Other Environment Releases
Use/Re-Use/Maintenance
Usable Products

Recycle

Waste Management
 Case: One input, two products
Allocation of uses and products
D (emissions)
Products
Complexity in life-cycle Process for A
C
inventory arises when Input
Production of A
B
processes have co-products and B
Original Process
Emissions
Allocation scheme (a+b)=1
LPG based on mass, value, stoichiometry,
Naphtha or other metric
Crude oil
Refinery

Gasoline
Kerosene D (emissions)
Diesel
F.O Allocated
Wax aC Process for A
Production of A
Waste water
D (emissions)

Allocated
bC Process for B
Production of B
 C (emissions) D (emissions)
Two input, two products
Products
Inputs
E Process for A
F Production of A
B
and B
Original Process

Allocation scheme (ai+bi)=1

based on mass, value, stoichiometry,
or other metric

a3C a4D

a1E Allocated
Process for A
a2F Production of A

b3C b4D

b1E
Allocated
Process for B
b2F
Production of B
 Life-cycle inventory data for the production of 1 kg of ethylene (from Green Eng. Book)

Category Input or Output Unit average Category Input or Output Unit average
Air emissions, mg Dust 1000
Energy content fuels, MJ Coal 0.94 CO 600
Oil 1.8 CO2 530000
Gas 6.1 Sulfur oxides 4000
Hydroelectric 0.12 Nitrogen oxides 6000
Nuclear 0.32 Hydrogen Sulfide 10
Other <.01 Hydrogen chloride 20
Total 9.2 Hydrocarbons 7200
Other organics 1
Feedstock, MJ Coal <0.01 Metals 1
Oil 31
Gas 29 Water emissions, mg COD 200
Total 60 BOD 40
Acid as H+ 60
Total fuel + feedstock 69 Metals 300
Chloride ions 50
Raw materials, mg Iro ore 200 Dissolved organics 20
Limestone 100 Suspended Solids 200
Water 1900000 Oil 200
Bauxite 300 Phenol 1
Sodium Chloride 5400 Dissolved solids 300
Clay 20 Other nitrogen 10
Ferromanganese <1
Solid waste, mg Industrial wastes 1400
Mineral waste 80000
Slags and ash 3000
Nontoxic chemicals 400
Toxic chemicals 1
Life-cycle impact assessment

Classification
Inputs and outputs determined during the inventory process are
classified into environmental impact categories; for example CH4, CO2
and CFCs would be classified as global warming gases

Characterization
The potency pf effect of the inputs and outputs on their environmental
impact categories is determined; for example, determination of the
relative greenhouse global warming potential of methane, CO2 and
CFCs

Valuation
The relative importance of each environmental impact category is
assessed, so that a single index indicating environmental performance
can be calculated
USES OF LIFE-CYCLE STUDY

• Product comparison
• Product design and improvement
• Strategic planning
• Consumer education
• Public sector policy
 Assignment
(submit today di PAU)
Category Input or Output
Energy content fuels, MJ Coal
Oil
Gas
Feedstock, MJ Coal
Oil
Gas
Raw materials, mg Iro ore
Limestone
Water
NaCl
Air emissions, mg Dust
CO2
Sulfur oxides
Nitrogen oxides
Water emissions, mg COD
BOD
Acid as H+
Solid waste, mg Industrial wastes
Mineral waste
Slags and ash
Nontoxic chemicals