My

Book of Algebrism

Created by J’henrique Vissotto






















2nd Edition – 24/03/2014

1. Algebra
1.1. Equality
1.2. Algebraic Properties
1.3. Means
1.4. Binomials and Trinomials
1.5. Exponential and Logarithm

2. Trigonometry
2.1. Definitions
2.2. Law of Cosines
2.3. Identities
2.4. Derivatives
2.5. Integrals

3. Complex Analysis
3.1. Algebraic Identities
3.2. Differentiation and Integration

4. Geometry
4.1. Coordinate Systems
4.2. Moments

5. Linear Algebra
5.1. Vectors
5.2. Matrices
5.3. Transformations

6. Discrete Calculus
6.1. Difference
6.2. Sum

7. Calculus
7.1. Limits
7.2. Infinity
7.3. Indeterminate Forms
7.4. Differentiation
7.5. Integration
7.6. Integral Transforms
7.7. Convolution
7.8. Taylor Series

8. Vector Calculus
8.1. Differentiation
8.2. Line/Surface Integrals
8.3. Nabla Vector Operator

9. Differential Geometry
9.1. Differential Geometry of Curves
9.2. Differential Geometry of Surfaces
 1. Algebra

1.1. Equality

Substitutive property

Symmetric property

⇔ ⇔

Reflexive property Transitive property

⇒



1.2. Algebraic Properties

Commutativity Inverse element



Associativity Identities
0 0
1 1

Distributivity 0 0
1

1
Neutral element
0
1


1.3. Means

Arithmetic mean Properties

,
2

Harmonic mean
1 1
1

, 2

Geometric mean
,



1.4. Binomials and Trinomials

Identities
2
2

3 3
3 3

Binomial/trinomial coefficient
!

, ! !
!

, , ! ! !

Pascal’s triangle
0

0,0
1 1
1
1,0 0,1
2 2 2 1 1
1 2 1
2,0 1,1 0,2
1 3 3 1
3 3 3 3
1 4 6 4 1
3,0 2,1 1,2 0,3
4 4 4 4 4
4,0 3,1 2,2 1,3 0,4

Binomial theorem
0

0,0
1 1

1,0 0,1
2 2 2

2,0 1,1 0,2
3 3 3 3

3,0 2,1 1,2 0,3
4 4 4 4 4

4,0 3,1 2,2 1,3 0,4










Pascal’s tetrahedron
0
1
0,0,0

1 1
1,0,0 0,1,0 1 1

1 1

0,0,1

2 2 2
2,0,0 1,1,0 0,2,0
2 2 1 2 1
2 2
1,0,1 0,1,1
1
2

0,0,2

3 3 3 3
3,0,0 2,1,0 1,2,0 0,3,0
3 3 3 1 3 3 1

2,0,1 1,1,1 0,2,1 3 6 3

3 3 3 3

1,0,2 0,1,2 1
3

0,0,3

4 4 4 4 4
4,0,0 3,1,0 2,2,0 1,3,0 0,4,0
4 4 4 4
1 4 6 4 1
3,0,1 2,1,1 1,2,1 0,3,1
4 4 4 4 12 12 4
6 12 6
2,0,2 1,1,2 0,2,2
4 4
4 4
1
1,0,3 0,1,3
4

0,0,4












Trinomial theorem

0

0,0,0


1 1

1,0,0 0,1,0
1

0,0,1


2 2 2

2,0,0 1,1,0 0,2,0
2 2

1,0,1 0,1,1
2

0,0,2


3 3 3 3

3,0,0 2,1,0 1,2,0 0,3,0
3 3 3

2,0,1 1,1,1 0,2,1
3 3

1,0,2 0,1,2
3

0,0,3


4 4 4 4 4

4,0,0 3,1,0 2,2,0 1,3,0 0,4,0
4 4 4 4

3,0,1 2,1,1 1,2,1 0,3,1
4 4 4

2,0,2 1,1,2 0,2,2
4 4

1,0,3 0,1,3
4

0,0,4









1.5. Exponential and Logarithm

Properties and identities
exp exp exp log log log
exp exp exp log log log

exp exp log log
exp exp log
log √

exp 0 1 log 1 0

exp Δ exp log log Δ

Δ Δ log
exp Θ exp log Θ
Δx Δ

exp exp log
log
log





























 2. Trigonometry

2.1. Definitions

Geometric definition
sin

cos

tan

cot

sec

csc


Reciprocals
1 1
sin sinh
csc csch
1 1
cos cosh
sec sech
1 1
tan tanh
cot coth
1 1
cot coth
tan tanh
1 1
sec sech
cos cosh
1 1
csc csch
sin sinh

Quotients
sin sinh
tan tanh
cos cosh
cos cosh
cot coth
sin sinh

Algebraic definition
exp exp exp exp
sin sinh
2 2
exp exp exp exp
cos cosh
2 2

cis exp



arcsin log 1 arcsinh log 1
arccos log 1 arccosh log 1
1 1
arctan log arctanh log
2 2 1
1 1
arccot log arccoth log
2 2 1
1 1 1 1
arcsec log 1 arcsech log 1

1 1 1
arccsc log 1 arccsch log 1

arccis log


2.2. Law of Cosines

Formulation
2 cos
2 cos

2.3. Identities

Negative angle
sin sin sinh sinh
cos cos cosh cosh
tan tan tanh tanh
cot cot coth coth
sec sec sech sech
csc csc csch csch

Complementary/supplementary angle
sin cos sin
cos sin cos
tan cot tan
cot tan cot
sec csc sec
csc sec csc
Rotation
sin 360° sin cos 360° cos
sin 270° cos cos 270° sin
sin 180° sin cos 180° cos
sin 090° cos cos 090° sin
sin 090° cos cos 090° sin
sin 180° sin cos 180° cos
sin 270° cos cos 270° sin
sin 360° sin cos 360° cos

tan 360° tan cot 360° cot
tan 270° cot cot 270° tan
tan 180° tan cot 180° cot
tan 090° cot cot 090° tan
tan 090° cot cot 090° tan
tan 180° tan cot 180° cot
tan 270° cot cot 270° tan
tan 360° tan cot 360° cot

sec 360° sec csc 360° csc
sec 270° csc csc 270° sec
sec 180° sec csc 180° csc
sec 090° csc csc 090° sec
sec 090° csc csc 090° sec
sec 180° sec csc 180° csc
sec 270° csc csc 270° sec
sec 360° sec csc 360° csc

Angle sum/difference
sin sin cos cos sin sinh sinh cosh cosh sinh
cos cos cos sin sin cosh cosh cosh sinh sinh

sin sin cos cos sin sinh sinh cosh cosh sinh
cos cos cos sin sin cosh cosh cosh sinh sinh

Double angle
sin 2 2 sin cos sinh 2 2 sinh cosh
cos 2 cos sin cosh 2 cosh sinh

Half angle
1 cos cosh 1
sin sinh
2 2 2 2

1 cos cosh 1
cos cosh
2 2 2 2
Power reduction
1 cos 2 cosh 2 1
sin sinh
2 2
1 cos 2 cosh 2 1
cos cosh
2 2

Sum to product
sin sin 2 sin cos sinh sinh 2 sinh cosh
2 2 2 2
sin sin 2 sin cos sinh sinh 2 cosh sinh
2 2 2 2
cos cos 2 cos cos cosh cosh 2 cosh cosh
2 2 2 2
cos cos 2 sin sin cosh cosh 2 sinh sinh
2 2 2 2

Product to sum
cos cos cosh cosh
sin sin sinh sinh
2 2
sin sin sinh sinh
sin cos sinh cosh
2 2
sin sin sinh sinh
cos sin cosh sinh
2 2
cos cos cosh cosh
cos cos cosh cosh
2 2

Fundamental identities
sin cos 1 sinh cosh 1
sin cos 1 sinh cosh 1

tan sec 1 tanh sech 1
tan sec 1 tanh sech 1

cot csc 1 coth csch 1
cot csc 1 coth csch 1

Sinusoidal composition/decomposition
sin
cos sin
cos



sin sin

cos cos

tan tan






Argument analysis
2 2
2 2





2 2

1 1





2.4. Derivatives

List of derivatives
sin cos sinh cosh

cos sin cosh sinh

tan sec tanh sech

cot csc coth csch

sec sec tan sech sech tanh

csc csc cot csch csch coth

1 1
arcsin arcsinh
√1 √ 1
1 1
arccos arccosh
√1 √ 1
1 1
arctan arctanh
1 1
1 1
arccot arccoth
1 1
1 1
arcsec arcsech
| |√ 1 | | √1
1 1
arccsc arccsch
| |√ 1 | | √1

sin 2 2 cos 2 sinh 2 2 cosh 2

cos 2 2 sin 2 cosh 2 2 sinh 2

 1 1
sin cos sinh cosh
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1
cos sin cosh sinh
2 2 2 2 2 2
sin sin 2 sinh sinh 2

cos sin 2 cosh sinh 2

2.5. Integrals

List of integrals
sin cos sinh cosh

cos sin cosh sinh

tan log|cos | tanh log|cosh |

cot log|sin | coth log|sinh |

sec log|sec tan |

csc log|csc cot |

arcsin arcsin 1 arcsinh arcsinh 1

arccos arccos 1 arccosh arccosh 1

1 1
arctan arctan log 1 arctanh arctanh log 1
2 2
1 1
arccot arccot log 1 arccoth arccoth log 1
2 2
arcsec arcsec log 1

arccsc arccsc log 1

1 1
sin 2 cos 2 sinh 2 cosh 2
2 2
1 1
cos 2 sin 2 cosh 2 sinh 2
2 2
sin 2 cos sinh 2 cosh
2 2 2 2
cos 2 sin cosh 2 sinh
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
sin sin 2 sinh sinh 2
2 4 4 2
1 1 1 1
cos sin 2 cosh sinh 2
2 4 4 2

 3. Complex Analysis

3.1. Algebraic Identities

Algebraic definitions
exp

exp

cos

sin 2

2


log log
arctan log
2

Re Abs
Im Arg

Sum and difference

⇒

Product and quotient
exp exp
⇒
exp exp

Power and root
exp
2
√ √ exp

√ sgn
2 2

Conjugation



exp exp
log log


sin sin sinh sinh
cos cos cosh cosh

Absolute and argument
Abs Abs Abs Abs Abs Abs
Abs Abs Abs Abs Abs Abs

Arg Arg Arg
Arg Arg Arg

Exponential and logarithm
exp exp exp
log log

Identities
sin sinh sinh sin
cos cosh cosh cos
tan tanh tanh tan
cot coth coth cot
sec sech sech sec
csc csch csch csc

arg Arg 2
log Log 2


3.2. Differentiation and Integration

Differentiation Cauchy‐Riemann equation

0


Cauchy's integral theorem

1 1 0

2 2
1 1
Cauchy's differintegral formula
2 2
!

2








 4. Geometry

4.1. Coordinate Systems

Conventions

Transformations
² ² ² ² ² ²
sin sin

cos cos
tan tan

 cos sin cos
sin sin sin
cos

sin
arctan
cos

arctan arctan

arctan

Derivatives

cos sin 0
sin cos 0
0 0 1

sin cos cos cos sin sin

sin sin cos sin sin cos
cos sin 0

0

0
0 0 1

sin cos 0
0 0 1
cos sin 0

0
√ √

0
0 1 0

Generalized system

1 1 1 ̂

1 1 ̂ ̂
1 sin


4.2. Moments

First moment of area Centroid of area



Second moment of area



First moment of volume Centroid of volume

Second moment of volume

 5. Linear Algebra

5.1. Vectors

Dot/cross product
⋅
1 0 0 0

0 1 0
0
0 0 1
0

⋅ cos sin

⋅ 0

⋅0 0 0 0

⋅ ⋅ ⋅

⋅ ⋅

⋅ ⋅ ⇏ ⇏


5.2. Matrices

Transposition



thus A is a symmetric matrix
thus A is a skew symmetric matrix
if thus A is a orthogonal matrix
thus A is a skew orthogonal matrix
∗
thus A is a hermitian matrix
∗
thus A is a skew hermitian matrix

Determinant and trace
det det det tr tr tr
det det tr tr
det det tr tr
det det tr tr

det exp exp tr
tr log log det


Determinant expansion

Characteristic polynomial of a matrix A
P det

2 2 matrix 3 3 matrix
P tr det 1
P tr tr tr det
P 2
P






invariants of A invariants of A
eigenvalues of A eigenvalues of A


5.4. Transformations

Vector transformations
cos sin 0 sin cos cos cos sin
sin cos 0 sin sin cos sin cos
0 0 1 cos sin 0

cos sin 0 sin cos 0
sin cos 0 0 0 1
0 0 1 cos sin 0

sin cos sin sin cos sin 0 cos
cos cos cos sin sin cos 0 sin
sin cos 0 0 1 0

Tensor transformations
cos sin 0 cos sin 0
sin cos 0 sin cos 0
0 0 1 0 0 1

sin cos cos cos sin sin cos sin sin cos
sin sin cos sin cos cos cos cos sin sin
cos sin 0 sin cos 0

cos sin 0 cos sin 0
sin cos 0 sin cos 0
0 0 1 0 0 1
 sin cos 0 sin 0 cos
0 0 1 cos 0 sin
cos sin 0 0 1 0

sin 0 cos sin cos 0
cos 0 sin 0 0 1
0 1 0 cos sin 0

sin cos sin sin cos sin cos cos cos sin
cos cos cos sin sin sin sin cos sin cos
sin cos 0 cos sin 0





































 6. Discrete Calculus

6.1. Difference

Definition
Δ Δ

Δ Δ

Properties
Δ 0

Δ Δ Δ Δ Δ Δ Δ Δ
Δ Δ Δ Δ Δ
Δ
Δ


6.2. Sum

Definition
Δ

Δ 1 2 ⋯ 2 1

Fundamental theorem of discrete calculus

Δ 1

Identities

Properties
Δ Δ Δ Δ Δ Δ

Sum by parts
Δ Δ Δ Δ










































 7. Calculus

7.1. Limits

Properties
lim

lim lim lim lim lim lim
lim lim lim lim lim lim

lim lim lim lim
lim lim lim
lim

lim exp exp lim
lim log log lim

lim sin sin lim lim sinh sinh lim
lim cos cos lim lim cosh cosh lim

L'Hôpital's rule

lim lim lim ⋯

→ → →

7.2. Infinity

Identities
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ?
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
∞ ∞ ∞ 0 ∞ ∞ ?


7.3. Indeterminate Forms

List
∞ ∞ ?
∞ ∞ ?
0 0 ?
0 ∞ ?
1 ?
0 ?
∞ ?


7.4. Differentiation

Definition
Δ Δ
lim lim
→ Δ → Δ

Geometric interpretation

tan tan



Properties
0






Identities
1



1

List of derivatives
1
exp exp log
 1 1
1
1 2
2
1 1 1
√
2√ √ 2√

Common derivatives


1 exp
2




√2 2
log

Chain rule

7.5. Integration

Definition and fundamental theorem of calculus
lim Δ
→

lim Δ
→

Properties

Integration by parts


Integration by substitution


, , , ,

List of integrals
exp exp log log
1 1
log
2
1 1 1

3
2 1
√ 2√
3 √

Identities

, ,


Cauchy principal value
lim lim
→ →

Repeated integral
1

1 !





7.6. Integral Transforms

Definition
, ,

Properties






∗ ∗
∗ ∗


7.7. Convolution

Definition
∗

Properties
∗ ∗

∗ ∗ ∗

∗ ∗ ∗ ∗

∗

∗

∗ ∗ ∗










7.8. Taylor Series

Definitions
1 1 1
⋯
0! 1! 2!

1Δ 1Δ 1Δ
0 0 1 ⋯
0! Δ 1! Δ 2! Δ

1Δ 1Δ 1Δ 1Δ
⋯
1Δ 2Δ 3Δ 4Δ

Δ 1 1 1 1
⋯
Δ 1! 2! 3! 4!

Applications
exp ⋯
0! 1! 2! 3! 4!

sinh ⋯
1! 3! 5! 7! 9!

cosh ⋯
0! 2! 4! 6! 8!

sin ⋯
1! 3! 5! 7! 9!

cos ⋯
0! 2! 4! 6! 8!


















 8. Vector Calculus

8.1. Differentiation

Properties

⋅ ⋅ ⋅

Differentiation of vectors


̂ ̂

̂ ̂


,
̂ ̂ sin
̂ ̂ ̂
̂


Differentiation of unit vectors


cos ̂

sin ̂

̂ ̂
0 cos sin

̂ ̂
̂

̂ 0

̂ ̂
0 ̂





 sin

cos

sin cos 0


8.2. Line/Surface Integrals

Properties

⋅ ⋅ ⋅

Line integral of scalar field Surface integral of scalar field



Line integral of vector field Surface integral of vector field

⋅ ⋅

Vector line element Vector surface element
̂

Line element
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
1 0 0
0 0
0 0 1
1 0 0
0 0
0 0 sin
 0 0
0 0
0 0

Surface element
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
0 0
0 1 0
0 0
sin 0 0
0 sin 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0

Stokes’ theorem

8.3. Nabla Vector Operator

Definition
1 1
̂
sin

1 1 1 1
̂ ̂

Gradient of
1 1 1


Curl of
1 1 1


Divergence of
1
⋅


Laplacian of
1

Properties

⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅

⋅ ⋅ ⋅

⋅ ⋅
⋅

Curl of curl of Curl of gradient of
0

Divergence of curl of Divergence of gradient of
⋅ 0 ⋅

Gradient of divergence of
⋅

Laplacian
⋅

Laplacian of Laplacian of
⋅ ⋅

Gradient theorem
⋅ Δ

Curl theorem Divergence theorem

⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅

Applications
⋅ 1 0
⋅ 1 0
⋅ 1 0
⋅ 2 0
⋅ 3 0

⋅ 0 0
⋅ 0 0
⋅ ̂ 0 ̂ 0

1 ̂ 0
⋅ ̂
1
⋅ 0 ̂
⋅ ̂ 0 ̂ 0

2 0
⋅
1
1
⋅
tan 1 1
̂
⋅ 0 tan






















 9. Differential Geometry

9.1. Differential Geometry of Curves

Identities




1


1


0 0
0 0
0 0
0

0
0⇒

0
0⇐ 0

Transformations

sin sin

cos cos

tan tan

cos cos
sin
sin

arctan arctan







Polar equation of motion in 2D
̂


̂

2
̂ 2

Evolute of
,

Involute of
,

9.2. Differential Geometry of Surfaces

, , , , , ,

, , , , , ,

First fundamental form Second fundamental form


⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅

⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅





Line element Surface element

/

/

Shape operator


Gaussian curvature Principal curvatures
det


Mean curvature
tr

2 2

Identities
Γ Γ Γ Γ

Γ Γ Γ Γ