Introduction

Education is the guiding to light in the path of our success. It can defined
as the process of acquiring knowledge ,belief ,values,skill and habits which teaches as to
be a true human being. .Carr,W.(1995).
It is the gateway to success. Success can achieved when people have
knowledge ,skills and attitude.All these things can gained only with the help of education.
The only way which shows us many ways to lead and utilize our life properly.
Time management is the process of organizing and planning how to
divide your time between specific activities .It is the skill in which all students should not
only know, but also need to know how to apply (Faisal, Abdulla, Mohammad, & Nabil,
2014). Students have a lot of tasks and have to satisfy a lot of different lecturers, and the
grades for each subject are determined by the academic task quality. Faisal, et al (2014)
stated that there are a lot of students who are unsuccessful in academic facing difficulties
in their time management and complaint that they do not have sufficient time to perform
certain task. Faisal, et al (2014) mentioned that time management is very critical to
students as it will improve their grades and increase their productivity. According to
Olowookere et al. (2015) students’ improper time management are related to lower
academic achievement. Behaviours like inappropriate time allocation, participating in
unnecessarily activities that consume time, spending a lot of time on social networks and
last minute preparation for examination, have caused a huge interruption for students and
are often discussed as one of the main reasons for low academic performance (Faisal et
al, 2014).

The word management is important for students to do the study with

focus.It is important for students to get high marks. Student’s success in studies depends
much on managing time efficiently. The habits and morals they acquire during schools
time and home will stick with them throughout future.Time management shapes the
student’s mind into the direction of discipline and sense of duty. Discipline is extremely
important especially in school life to become better students .A skill that enables
students to use their time productively and efficiently.
 Academic performance is educational results. In other word, academic
performance is the level where a student, educator or institution has attained their
academic objective (Aduke, 2015). Based on Kithinji and Kanga (2017), in all education
systems, academic performance is the criterion or standard of judging the quality of
student s learning which is accepted globally.Academic performance usually is assessed
by continuous assessment or examinations. However, there is no public recognition on
how academic performance is best assessed or what aspects are crucial. Academic
performance appears to improve when time is well managed (Aduke, 2015). Academic
performances will become poor if time is not managed the properly and wisely. Student’s
learning performance and academic gain is influenced by daily study hour (Ali et al.,
2013). Mushtaq and Khan (2012) stated that student academic performance is measured
by many ways such as Cumulative. Academic performance is the outcome of
education— the extent to which a student, teacher or institution has achieved their
educational goals (Annie, Howard & Mildred, 1996).
Academic performance refers to the level of schooling you have successfully
completed and the ability to attain success in your studies. When you receive great
grades, this is an example of academic achievement.

Time management plays a vital role in improving student’s academic

performance and achievements. Each and every student should have time management
ability which includes setting goals & priorities, using time management mechanism
and being organized in using time. Here time management is only possible through self-
motivation; performance, ability and motivation (Brigitte, Claessens, Eerde, & Rutte,
2005. It will help to make some decision about changes we would like to make to use our
time more effectively (Noftle, Robins & Richard, 2007). There is no one right way to
manage our time; however; it is important to get to know our self, so we can make good
decisions about how to use our time.
 The problem of interruptions, disorganization, procrastination and working
pressure indicate time management is positively linked to academic performance (Faisal
et al, 2014). According to Aduke (2015), procrastination and prioritization were strong
indicators, which affected the academic performance relative to time management. Aduke
(2015) stated that both of the procrastination and prioritization are the common time
management troubles for students who pursuit their academic. Thus, it is crucial for
students to learn and know some of the time management proper step. For instance,
prioritize the most important matters, and focus on issues, which are critical for success .

Research Locale
Porfirio G. Comia Memorial National High School (COMEHI), formely
known as Barcenaga Barangay High school,Barcenaga High School, is a 10,000 sq.meter
miles located at western part of the municipality of Naujan which serves the students of
the Barangay Barcenaga who mostly live through farming and multi-scale businesses.
Adjacent to the elementary School,the site for the Barcenaga High School has an area of
10,000 square meters,it was donated by the late Naujan Municipal Mayor Porfirio G.
Comia and titled in the name of the Department of Education,Culture and Sports.
In 1967,Barcenaga High School was created and started its operation
with barely 35 students .The school maintained its enrolment and unloaded its first
graduates in S.Y. 1972-1973.
After almost five decades of continuous changes in the curriculum, it
was in 2013, that the Division’s preparation for Senior High School has begun. In 2016
,the Senior High program was offered in the school catering to anumber of 222 Grade 11
students.currently ,the school has 2,006 students:1,620 in Junior High School and 386 in
Senior High School. There are now 58 STEM students in Grade 11 and 12. GAS has 328
students with a total of three sections in Grade 11 and five sections in Grade 12. (Source:
Porfirio G. Comia Memorial National High School’s School Improvement Plan).
 Theoretical Framework

This research is grounded on the following theories which helped the

researcher better establish the structure of the study.

The Pickle Jar Theory serves as a visual metaphor to determine what is

useful and what is not useful. It helps you to set your priorities for daily life and plan
tasks in such a way, that you have time to spare instead of too few hours in the day.
The Pickle Jar Theory is popular for time management . The Pickle Jar Theory provides
insight into our timetable and offers opportunities to make an effort every day to put our
most important tasks at the top of the list every day. Only then does it get easier to handle
and actually meet deadlines. By not letting our daily activities be interrupted by the sand
that’s slipping by, it becomes easier to focus on the main tasks. The insight becomes even
more clear by working with to-do lists. By carefully considering what tasks still need to
be done in advance, you’ll be able to treat the most important tasks as ‘rocks’ and put
them on your list. Wright. j,(2002).

Goal setting Theory

Locke (1960) put forward the Goal-setting theory of motivation. This theory states that
goal setting is essentially linked to task academic performance. It states that specific and
challenging goals along with appropriate feedback contribute to higher and better task
performance. In simple words, goals indicate and give direction to an employee about
what needs to be done and how much efforts are required to be put in. Goal setting theory
is a technique used to raise incentives for employees to complete work quickly and
effectively. Also Goal setting leads to better performance by increasing motivation and
efforts, but also through increasing and improving the feedback quality (Management
Study Guide, 2008).
Conceptual Framework

In the survey of the relationship between the two variable, the researchers would like to
find out how the Time management affect the Academic performance. The finding,
served as bases for a establishing the study habit learning program.

The first box of the conceptual framework shows the independent variable which is the
Time management and its factors. On the second box, w

hich correlate with the first, contain the dependent variable which is the Academic
performance of the students. The arrow between two variables indicated the relationship
of Time management and the Academic performance. And the two arrow that are
connected on the third box shows the product of the independent and dependent variable.

S
TIME MANAGEMENT VARIABLE STUDENTS’ ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE
(GRADE POINT AVERAGE)
 PRIORITIZATION
 PROCRASTINATION

STUDY HABIT LEARNING PROGRAM

Statement of the problem

The study primarily aimed to determine the relationship between time management
and academic performances of the high school students of Porfirio G. Comia Memorial
National High School.

Specifically, it sought to discover the following aspects of the problem

1. Is time management has an effect to the students of Porfirio G. Comia

Memorial National Highschool ?

2. What is the level of Academic performance of the respondents?

3. Is there a significant relationship between Time management to the student’s
Academic performance in Porfirio G. Comia Memorial National Highschool ?
4. What is the benefits of having a Study Habit learning Program in the
respondents of PGCMNHS?

HYPOTHESIS
There is no relationship between Time management and Academic
performance of the high school students in Porfirio G. Comia Memorial National
High school.
Significance of study

This study will be beneficial to the following:

Students
The result of this study will be useful to the student’s aware of the great impact of well-
being and timely management of their time and in addition they will have extensive
knowledge and ways to avoid poor time management that will have a major impact on
students' learning, students themselves will no longer suffer from lack of time
management skills; students will use the findings to reflect on their studying and use it in
the future .

Teacher
This study will be beneficial for the Teachers as being the facilities of learning this study
would contribute to the teachers’ in PGCMNHS will have a good result of the student’s
performance at school by which they can avoid giving low marks and avoid being
inactive to participate in school activities, a great contribution to the teachers in the
academic field as well as good grades of the students .

Porfirio G. Comia Memorial National Highschool

This study will be beneficial for the school of Porfirio G. Comia Memorial National
High school that will help high school students to avoid low academic performance
with the help of time management skills of a study and school implementation of
having study habit learning program, also this study would greatly benefit other school
in addressing existing problems encountered by students in developing good time
management to their academic performance. This research study will have implications
at many levels. It will be useful for school heads to understand the importance of teaching
students time management skills and techniques.
Researchers

The outcome of the study is beneficial to the future researchers. This study may be one of
the basis that a new theory in learning will use and serve as their guide and reference as
they go through in conducting their future research to this kind of study.

Scope and limitation of the study

This study included the sample from the whole students of junior high school in
Porfirio G. Comia Memorial National High school who recorded low academic
performance due to lack of proper time management at school , this study will only
focusing to the relationship between Time management and student’s academic
performances this research has fully circulated to the problem of study on improper
management of academic time and does not discuss other issues that will arise in the
school. This study is limited to identifying the level of academic performance of the
respondents that will be correlated to it’s a time-consuming process. Most students do
not follow any schedule, and not aware of time management concepts. The study would
be done through the utilization of questionnaire to the students as a survey and reference.

Definition of terms

The following definition of terms would provide the readers a common understanding
and interpretation to clarify the content of this study:

Students - is a learner, or someone who attends an educational institution. .

Time - the measured or measurable period during which an action, process, or

condition exists or continues
Management - the conducting or supervising of something.

Academic - of or relating to performance in courses of study.

Performance - the execution of an action ;something accomplished .

Procrastination - to put off intentionally the doing of something that should be done.

Prioritization - to list or rate (projects, goals, etc.) in order of priority.

Interruptions - to break the uniformity or continuity of.

Disorganization - to destroy or interrupt the orderly structure or function of

GPA ( Grade Point Average ) - the average obtained by dividing the total number of
grade points earned by the total number of credits attempted.

Disciplined - control gained by enforcing obedience or order

Study habits - are the behaviors used when preparing for tests or learning academic
material.
Review of related literature and studies

Related literature

The concept of time management attracts various researchers to look on the

link between managing time and student’s performance. The significance of time
management attracts a number of researchers to study on the relevant topic. Victoria
(1990) summarizes the results regarding effective time management strategies for school.
The paper revealed that, prioritization of tasks and on-going control of paperwork
(record keeping), contribute to effective and more professional performance at school..
Amuli (2008) in the report on ‘Time Management in Secondary Schools, case study,
finds that, in secondary schools, more attention is put on facilities, finance and human at
the expense of time as a resource. Also the school heads, teachers and students are less
attentive to time management in their daily performance of school activities. Hence there
is high wastage of school time among the students, teachers and the school heads, that in
many secondary school subjects’ syllabi are not covered per time stipulated by the
Ministry of Education and Vocation Training (MoEVT). The study recommends that
firstly, the school management, teachers and students should recognize time as the basic
resource in teaching-learning process so as to accomplish school activities per time
stipulated by Mo EVT, secondly, recommends that, a similar study can be done to cover
more other junior high school regarding this topic.

The literature revealed that time management practices that connected to the
individual's awareness and attitudes about time management and is comparable the
perception of having control over time. Therefore, time attitudes comprise the perception
that the individual is in control of time the perception that the person is efficiently
managing his time and the perception that the individual is making constructive
utilization of time (Karim et al., 2015).
Related studies

A study by Alrheme and Almardeni (2014) aimed at identifying the

students' viewpoint about how to time in terms of planning, organizing, directing and
censorship and its effect on academic performance as long as identifying the personal
variables effects on academic performance. The data were collected through a sample of
some junior high students. The study results showed that the planning was of high effect
on academic performance proved by a correlation coefficient.

There are various studies that link time management to students’ academic
performance. For instance, proper time management positively correlates to better
academic performance (Sevari and Kandy, 2011). There are several factors that can be
considered to demonstrate time management. The study of Nashrullah and and Khan
(2015) identified time management variables to include planning (Short-range and long-
range), time attitude as independent variables linking to the students’ academic
performance. Findings showed that time management variables such as short-range, long-
range and time attitude are significantly correlated to students’ academic achievement.

Another study also posits the time management variables to include

independent variables such as prioritization, procrastination and students’ academic
performance (Adebayo, 2015). Further implications of the results suggest that students
should prioritize their tasks, less procrastination in responding to deadlines and in taking
examinations and moderate socialization activities. Karim, et. al, (2015) also links time
management factors to include students attitudes and behavior on time and management.
Their findings suggest that, both student attitudes and behavior impacts students’
academic performance. King (2002) had also emphasized the different external forces
that challenges time management and these can be comprised of challenge to one’s
ability or expertise, which imposes an unwelcome demand on time, abilities and
emotional reserves.

Another study conducted by Indreica et al. (2011) examined the influence of

effective management to students’ academic performance in terms of Grade Point
Average (GPA). Findings revealed that, effective management programs elevate the GPA
and concluded that successful students are good time managers. Specifically, factors such
as time management behaviors, time attitudes and control of time are significant
predictors of students’ academic performance. Students’ academic performance is usually
measured on the students’ GPA. The latest study conducted by Jalagat (2016) strongly
suggests the use of GPA as a measure of student academic performance which also
agrees with several studies (Adebayo, 2015; Kaushar, 2013). This study is primarily
anchored on Adebayo’s utilization of time management variables: Prioritization,
Procrastination as independent variables to students’ academic performance.

Lay and Schouwenburg (1993) studied the relation between trait procrastination
and time management and found that, people who are high on trait procrastination
exhibited a greater likelihood of being behind schedule on their personal projects,
studying for an examination for fewer hours than intended, and having a low score on
feeling in control of time, setting goals and priorities. They also used less time
management techniques. Therefore, the researcher needed to examine the relationship
between managing procrastination and academic performance in selected primary schools
 CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the research design, the respondents of the study, the

instrument employed in data gathering and investigation, reliability of the instrument,

data gathering procedure, and statistical treatment of data used in the study.

Research design

This is a quantitative study using descriptive-correlational design which according

to Hopkins (2008) aims to determine the relationship between one thing and another in a

population. It involved the description, recording, analysis, and interpretation of the

present nature, composition, or processes of phenomena.

A descriptive-correlational design will be used to test whether there is an existing

relationship between two or more quantifiable variables, and if there is, to what extent or

degree the relationship is (Ariola, 2014).

Through a descriptive manner of unravelling the phenomena, the researcher will

determine the relationship between the variables whether positive or negative; and the

degree or extent of the relationship is presented.

Research respondents
 The researcher will use quota sampling as non-probability sampling in selecting

the respondents among the junior high students of Porfirio G. Comia Memorial National

High School. Through this type of sampling, the researcher selected units from the

population to create sample based on certain characteristic. In this regard, the respondents

from each class will be selected to answer the questionnaire. Their grade average from

first quarter to third quarter will also be recorded for the purpose of identifying their

academic performance.

The following table shows the distribution of the participants of the study.

Table 1. Distribution of Respondents

Section Number of Respondents

ARISTOTLE 25
BLUE 25
AQUARIUS 25
BOUGAINVILLEA 25
SSC 25

Research instrument

The study will use a closed-form questionnaire which is self-made and will go

through validation through test-retest to assess the Time management and academic

performance.It will contain eight items per indicator having a total of 24 items. The

questionnaire will also use a 5-point scale for the quantification of the gathered data.

Table 2. Scaling and Quantification of Data Used in the Questionnaire

Scale Limit Description Interpretation

5 4.5 – 5 Always Very High
4 3.5 – 4.49 Often High
 3 2.5 – 3.49 Sometimes Moderate
2 1.5 -2.49 Rarely Low
1 1 – 2.49 Never Very Low

Reliability of the instrument

Before administering the questionnaire to the respondents, the researcher will use

a test-retest method to test the reliability of the questionnaire. Eight students who are not

selected in the sampling will be requested to answer the questionnaire twice over an

interval of two weeks. For each test administration, results will be tabulated. The

reliability of each part of the questionnaire will be treated using the T-test.

Data gathering procedure

A letter seeking permission to conduct the study will be given to the school

principal. After establishing the reliability of the instrument, the researchers will conduct

the study among the selected respondents. The questionnaires will be administered by the

researchers to the respondents as the researchers encourage the respondents to answer all

the items honestly for the reliability and validity of the results. After the administration of

the instruments, the researchers will seek the assistance of the Statistician to treat the data

gathered.

Statistical treatment of data

 Descriptive statistics will be used in the study. Considering that the study was

finding the relationship between the given variables, correlation coefficient’s Pearson r

will be used in treating the data gathered.

Two forms of statistics will be used in analyzing the data that were collected from

the respondents. The first is descriptive statistics which includes scoring, frequency

counts, and computation of arithmetic mean.

Mean: m = ∑ x/n

Where:

m = mean

x = number of responses

n = number of respondents sample

Likewise, inferential statistics will be applied in order to test the hypothesis of the

study. Pearson’s R Correlation will be used to find the relationship between stressors

and and students' academic performance.

Inferential analysis:

Pearson Product Moment Correlation

𝑛(∑ 𝑥𝑦)− (∑ 𝑥)(∑ 𝑦)

r=
√[𝑛 ∑ 𝑥 2 −(∑ 𝑥)2 ][𝑛 ∑ 𝑦 2 −(∑ 𝑦)2 ]

Where: r - Pearson correlation coefficient

x - Values in first set of data

y - Values in second set of data

n - Total number of values

References:

Carr. W.(1995).What is education :towards Critical Educational Inquiry, Buckingham,

Open University Press.

Faisal, Abdulla, Mohammad & Nabili, (2014).The relationship between Time

Management and the Academic Performance of Students. University of Bridgeport,
Bridgeport,CT,USA.

Burrus et al.,2013.Examining the efficacy of a time management intervention for high

school students.ETS Research Report Series, 2013.

Olowookere et al.(2015).Factors contributing to the students academic performance.A

case study of Islamia University Sub-Campus American journal of educational research.

Aduke, A. F. (2015). Time Management and Students Academic Performance in Higher

Institutions, Nigeria—A Case Study of Ekiti State. International Research in Education,
3(2), 1-12.

Kithinji, W. K., & Kanga, A. W. (2017). Distance Learning in Kenyan Universities: The
Relationship between Learners' Characteristics and Academic Performance. In Handbook
of Research on Transformative Digital Content (pp. 231-244). IGI Global.

Brigitte, J. C., Claessens, Eerde, W. V., Rutte, C. G, Roe, R. A. (2005). A review of the
time management literature. Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 36 (2), 2007.

Wright.j. (2002).The Pickle Jar Theory. Sultan Chand and Sons, New Delhi. Hall at the
University Press, Cambridge UK.

Lent, Brown, & Havkett, (1994).The Social cognitive care: Theory, Philosophy,
Methodology and Observation

Powell (2004). Significance of time management and study techniques: visited on 2nd
April, 2012 http://www.buzzle.com/articles/time-management-the- study techiques .html
Victoria(1990). The Effective Time Management, New York: Harper & Row

Alrheme and Almardeni (2014). Academic performance variables effects . p4, Paper
presented at the Annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, San
Francisco
 Porfirio G. Comia Memorial National High School
Barcenaga, Naujan, Oriental Mindoro

THE IMPACT OF TIME MANAGEMNT TO TH STUDENT’S ACADEMIC

PERFORMANCE OF JUNIOR HIGH STUDENTS OF PORFIRIO G. COMIA
PORFIRIO G. COMIA MEMORIAL NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Research Proposal

Submitted to:

BYRON JAMES C. BALBUENA

Teacher

LALAINE JOY QUINONEZ

KAREN JOY EVANGELIO
ROBERT JOSEPH AGUBA
Researchers

March 2019