POST-TENSIONING CALCULATIONS REPORT

ACCORDING TO
AASHTO LRFD
2012.
27 November 2018
 Bridge Superstructure
Modeling
1.1 Section Dimensions
U

Bridge has a flat slab section of (16.0m) width and (0.8m)

depth.

1.2 Section Properties

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The section has the following physical and geometrical

properties, which were taken from CSi Bridge:

Area = 128,000,000𝑚𝑚2 .
𝐼33 = 6.827x1011 𝑚𝑚4 .
𝐼22 = 2.732 x1014 𝑚𝑚4 .
J = 2.648 x 1012 𝑚𝑚4 .
𝐶𝑡 = -400 mm (center of gravity measured from the top fiber
of deck).

1.3 Spans Configuration

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Bridge has one span of (18.6m).

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 1.4 Design Lanes
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The design lanes (or loading lane) are the lanes that used
by the bridge engineer for placing of moving live loads.

AASHTO LRFD Specifications recommend a tributary width

for the design lane which is (3m), and (3.6m) for the traffic
lane. The lane spans the entire bridge length.

The number of design lanes is preferably taken as the same

number of the traffic lanes.

The number of design lanes not to be less than the number

of traffic lanes.

For this bridge (4) design lanes are assumed with a width of
(3.0m) for each one.

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 Materials

2.1 Concrete
U

For concrete used in superstructure:

U

(f’c = 40 MPa).

2.2 Prestressing Steel

U

The prestressing steel required is according to ASTM A416,

U U

and have the following mechanical properties:

Fup = 1860 MPa.

Fpy = 0.9Fpu = 1674 MPa.
Aps = 140mm2. P P

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 Loading

3.1 Dead Load& Superimposed Dead Loads

U

Note: the concrete that was used for the voided section has
U U

a unit weight of 24 KN/m3.

The dead loads that were put on the bridge superstructure

are divided into area loads, and line loads as follows:

1. Area Loads:
A. Wearing surface = 2.5 KN/m2.

2. Line Loads:
A. Right side barrier load = 6.5 KN/m.
B. Left side barrier load = 6.5 KN/m.

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 3.2 Live Loads
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As required, HL-93 loading cases used according to the

recommendation of AASHTO LRFD Specifications.

Loads will be multiplied by (1.5) due to Jordanian

U

regulations.

There are three basic live loads for HL-93 loading case:

1. Design truck .
2. Design Tandem.
3. Design Lane.

1. Design Truck:
The design truck used is HS-20-44.

2. Design Tandem:
The design tandem consists of two axles, each one
weighs (110 KN), and those two axles are spaced with
a distance of (1.2m) apart. Figure (3.2) shows the
design tandem.

3. Design Lane:
The design lane consists of uniformly distributed load
of (9.3 KN/m), and assumed to occupy (3m)
transversely. Figure (3.3) shows the distributed load
that is occupied by the design lane.

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 Figure (3.1): design truck loads.

Figure (3.2): design tandem loads.

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 Now, the HL-93 load case is the maximum one of:

1. Design tandem + design lane.

2. Design truck + design lane.

Figure (3.3)and (3.4)showed those three load combinations.

Figure (3.3): HL-93 loading when it combined of

design tandem, and design lane.

Figure (3.4): the distributed load that occupied by the

design lane with design truck.

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 Prestressing Tendons

4.1 Tendon Capacity

U

The tendons used comprises of 24 strands in each tendon,

U U

and each strand has a cross sectional area of (140mm2)

according to ASTM A416 specifications.

4.2 Tendon Jacking Load

U

The jacking load that shall be applied on each strand is

(75% of the ultimate tensile force of strand).

The ultimate tensile stress of strand is (1860 MPa).Jacking

load for each tendon is as follows:

1. For (24-strands) tendons:

Pj = 24 x 140 x 0.75 x 1860 x 10^-3 = 4687 KN.

4.3 Losses Coefficients

U

Wobble coefficient (k) = 0.0017 / m.

Friction curvature coefficient (µ) = 0.2.
Draw-in-wedge (anchorage slip) = 6mm.

Note that, the prestressing force will be measured at two

stages: initial stage, and final stage respectively.

A. The initial stage will be calculated at the age of (7 days)

from casting date of superstructure.

B. The final stage will be calculated at the age of (1825 days)

(5 years) from casting date of superstructure.

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 AASHTO LRFD 2012
Requirements

5.1 Deflection Limits

U

The limits of optional deflection for the bridge superstructure

is specified in article (2.5.2.6.2) in AASHTO LRFD
Specifications as follows:

Vehicular Load -------------------------------(Span/800)

Vehicular and Pedestrian Loads----------(Span/1000)

Note that, article (3.4.2.2) in AASHTO LRFD

Specificationsrecommended that the evaluation of
deflection shall be done using The Vehicular Load.

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 5.2 Stress Limits
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The stress limit shall be checked at two stages:

1. at construction stage (at transfer), and

2. at final stage (service stage).

Article (5.9.4.1.2) in AASHTO LRFD Specifications specified

the tensile and compressive stress limits at each stage that
are listed in table (5.9.4.1.2-1) as follows:

1. At construction stage:

Tensile stress limit = 0.63�𝑓′𝑐𝑖 (MPa).

Compressive stress limit = 0.6 f’ci (MPa).

Tensile stress limit = 0.63 √0.8 𝑥 40 = 3.6 𝑀𝑃𝑎.

Compressive stress limit = 0.6 x 0.8 x40 = 19.2MPa.

2. At service stage:

Tensile stress limit = 0.5�𝑓′𝑐 (MPa).

Compressive stress limit = 0.4 f’c (MPa).

Tensile stress limit = 0.5√40 = 3.2 𝑀𝑃𝑎.

Compressive stress limit = 0.4 x40 = 16 MPa.

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 Modeling Results and Checks

6.1 Prestressing Forces

U

The prestressing force at final stage should be compared to

the effective prestressing force determined in the general
notes by comparing the long term losses by CSi Bridge
model, and the prestressing losses specified in the design
general notes.

The long term losses determined by CSi Bridge model were

calculated as follows:

Level #of strands #of tendons Pi (KN/Tendon)

Mid Level 24 16 4,124.42

Table (6.1): initial prestressing forces.

Level #of strands #of tendons Pe(KN/Tendon)

Mid Level 24 16 3,380.14

Table (6.2): final prestressing forces.

Long term losses (%) = (1-(Pe/Pi)) x 100%

= (1-(3380.14/4124.42)) x 100% = 18.05%.

Total losses (%) = (1-(Pe/Pj)) x 100%

= (1-(3380.14/4687)) x 100% = 27.9%.

Note that; these losses include: prestressing steel relaxation losses, creep
losses, and shrinkage losses, anchorage slip, friction losses & elastic
shortening of concrete.

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 6.2 Bearing Pads Reactions:
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Location & Type Reaction Direction Max. Value (KN)

Vertical 3,100 KN
End 1
Horizontal 2,400 KN

Vertical 3,100 KN
End 2
Horizontal 2,400 KN

6.3 Deflections
U

The deflections of voided deck section bridge were

determined by two load cases:

1. Optional Live Load Deflection:

(Vehicular Load)is recommended by AASHTO LRFD for
optional live load deflection.

Table (6.3) listed below the total deflection.

TABLE: Joint Displacements

Location OutputCase CaseType StepType U3 (mm)
Mid MLL Deflection Combination Max -4.7
Span (downward)

Mid Service Combination Max 76.3

Span Deflection (upward)

Table (6.3): deflection results.

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 Deflection Check:
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 Construction Deflection:

AASHTO LRFD Limit=L/1000=18600/1000 = - 18.6mm.

Max Deflection= -4.7 mm < -18.6 mm(O.K.).

6.4 Tensile & Compressive Stresses in Concrete at

U

Construction Stage and Service Stage

The stresses were obtained at service stage which includes:

(1DL+1SDL+1MLL+1PRS).

Stress
Location Stress Stage Output Case Case Type Fiber Value Stress Type
(MPa)
End 1 Service Service III Combination Top -4.62 Comp.
End 1 Service Service III Combination Bottom -4.62 Comp.
Mid Span1 Service Service III Combination Top -4.34 Comp.
Mid Span1 Service Service III Combination Bottom -2.76 Comp.
End 2 Service Service III Combination Top -4.62 Comp.
End 2 Service Service III Combination Bottom -4.62 Comp.
Table (6.4): tensile stresses at service stage.

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 Stresses Check:
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The stresses that was evaluated at the locations (start, mid span, and at pier) was compared and checked
with the AASHTO LRFD limits for tensile and compressive stress limits at construction stage, and service stage
respectively as follows:
Location Stage Fiber Stress Type of Type of Type of Comparable Status
Value Obtained Theoretical Comparable Stress Limit O.K. (if stress
(MPa) Stress Stress Stress (MPa) < limit)
N.O.K. (if
stress > limit)
End1&2 Service Top -4.62 Compression Tension Tension TL-SS = -3.2 O.K. (zero
tension)
End1&2 Service Bottom -4.62 Compression Compression Compression CL-SS= -16 O.K.
Mid Span Service Top -4.34 Compression Compression Compression CL-SS= -16 O.K.
Mid Span Service Bottom -2.76 Compression Tension Tension TL-SS= 3.2 O.K. (zero
tension)

Where:
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TL-SS: tension limit at service stage.

CL-SS: compression limit at service stage.

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 The cracking requirements shall be checked using
cracking moments and ultimate moments due to
Strength I limit state, and comparing it by the flexural
U U

capacity of section in bending the next section.

Note that the Strength IV Limit State that has been
used consisted of:

1.25 DL + 1.5 WS + 1.75 MLL + 1.0 (Hyperstatic effect).

6.5 Bending Moments, Shear forces

TABLE: Element Forces - Frames

Frame Station OutputCase CaseType V2 M3
Text mm Text Text KN KN-m
User
Mid Span STRENGTH I Combination 0.00 24,327.45
Deck
User End1 / 5,542.00 / -
STRENGTH I Combination 0.00
Deck End2 5,542.00
Table (6.6): bending moments, shear forces.

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 Flexural Check:
U

The flexural capacity for the voided deck section shall be

calculated using AASHTO LRFD Specifications method.

After that, the ultimate positive and negative moments due

to Strength IV limit state will be compared with the section
factored capacity to know if the section had a need for
adding minimum area of reinforcing steel for the crack limit.

The flexural capacity of section for negative moment was

U

calculated as follows:

According to article (5.7.3.1.1) in AASHTO LRFD

Specifications, the method of determining the flexural
capacity had a condition of suitability which will be
followed as follows:

𝑃𝑒 ≥ 0.5𝑃𝑢

Where:
U

Pe = weighted average effective prestressing force for all

levels.

Pe (wavg) =3380.14 KN.

Also,

0.5Pu = 0.5 x 1860 x 140 x (24 Strands) x 10^-3 = 3124.8 KN.

Pe> 0.5Pu(the condition of AAHTO LRFD was satisfied.

U

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 1. The distance (c) from the center of gravity of section to
the extreme compression fiber was calculated using
equation (5.7.3.1.1-4) in AASHTO LRFD Specifications as
follows:

• (c) was assumed initially to be located in the bottom

flange, so:

𝑨𝒑𝒔 𝒇𝒑𝒖
𝐜= 𝒇𝒑𝒖
𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇′𝒄 ß𝟏 𝒃 + 𝑲𝑨𝒔𝒑 𝒅𝒑

Where:

𝑓 ′ 𝑐 − 28
ß1 = 0.85 − (0.05) � �
7
𝑓𝑝𝑦
𝐾 = 2(1.04 − )
𝑓𝑝𝑢

So;

40 − 28
ß1 = 0.85 − (0.05) � � = 0.76
7

and

0.9 𝑥 1860
𝐾 = 2 �1.04 − � = 0.28
1860

𝒅𝒑 = the distance from the extreme compression fiber to the

center of gravity of tendon.

𝑑𝑝 = 800 𝑚𝑚 − 80 𝑚𝑚 = 720 𝑚𝑚.

Hence;

(16𝑥140𝑥24)(1860)
c= 1860 = 221.1 𝑚𝑚
0.85(40)(0.76)(16000) + (0.28)(16𝑥140𝑥24)𝑥 720

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 2. The depth of compression area (a) will be calculated
according article (5.7.3.2.2) in AASHTO LRFD
Specifications as follows:

a = cB1
a = 221.1x0.76 = 168.0 mm.

3. The average stress in tendon was calculated using

equation (5.7.3.1.1-1) in AASHTO LRFD Specifications as
follows:

Fps = fpu (1-((K x c)/dp))

Fps = (1860) (1-((0.28 x 221.1)/720)) = 1700.1 MPa.

4. The capacity of section was calculated using equation

(5.7.3.2.2-2) in AASHTO LRFD Specifications as follows:

Mn = Aps x Fps x (dp – (a/2))

Now,

Mn = 24x140x16x1700.1x (720 – (168/2)) x10^(-6)

= 58,128.73 KN-m.

5. The tensile strain in the tendons will be calculated using

figure (C5.5.4.2.1-1) in AASHTO LRFD Specificationsas
follows:

Ɛps = 0.003((dp/c)-1)

So,

Ɛps = 0.003((720/221.1)-1) = 0.007

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 This tensile strain is greater than the tension controlled
strain = 0.005.

So, the section is tension controlled in flexure, and the

resistance factor is (1.0) in AASHTO LRFD Specifications
for the prestressed concrete members.

6. The nominal factored capacity of voided section in

negative moment was calculated as follows:

ØMn = 1.0 x58,128.73 = 58,128.73 KN-m.

7. The ultimate negative moment due to Strength IV limit

state was evaluated to be (Mu =24,327.45KN-m).
U

(ØMn = 58,128.73 KN-m >Mu = 24,327.45 KN-m).

8. Mcr = 1.33Mu = 1.33 x 24,327.45 = 32,355.51 KN-m.

(ØMn = 58,128.73 KN-m >Mcr = 32,355.51 KN-m).

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 Mild Reinforcement
Requirements

Referring to article (5.10.8) in AASHTO LRFD, the minimum area of steel

for temperature and shrinkage will be calculated using equations
(5.10.8-1) and (5.10.8-2) as follows:

𝟎. 𝟕𝟓𝒃𝒉
𝑨𝒔 ≥
𝟐(𝒃 + 𝒉)𝒇𝒚

U Where:

As: the area of reinforcement in each direction and each face

(mm2/mm).

b: the least width of component section (mm).

h: the least thickness of component section (mm).

fy: the specified yield strength of reinforcing

bars <= 520 MPa.

𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 𝒙 𝟏𝟔𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒙 𝟖𝟎𝟎
𝑨𝒔 ≥ = 𝟎. 𝟗 𝒎𝒎𝟐 /𝒎𝒎
𝟐(𝟏𝟔𝟎𝟎𝟎 + 𝟖𝟎𝟎) 𝒙 𝟒𝟐𝟎

As (mm2/m of strip) = As (mm2/mm) x 1000 mm.

So,

As, total = 1000 x 0.9 = 900 mm2/ m , which is (5Ø16mm)/m.

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 The bursting reinforcement will be calculated in accordance with article
(5.10.9), and equation (5.10.9.3.6-2) in AASHTO LRFD as follows:

𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒉𝒐𝒓 𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒘𝒊𝒅𝒕𝒉

𝑻𝑩𝒖𝒓𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 = 𝟎. 𝟐 𝑷𝒖 (𝟏 − )
𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒉𝒐𝒓 𝒔𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒏𝒈

𝟎. 𝟑𝟐𝟓𝒎
𝑻𝑩𝒖𝒓𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 = 𝟎. 𝟐 (𝟏𝟒𝟎𝒙𝟐𝟒𝒙𝟏𝟖𝟔𝟎𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟑 ) (𝟏 − )
𝟏𝒎

𝑻𝑩𝒖𝒓𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 = 𝟖𝟒𝟓 𝑲𝑵

The area of steel required for bursting will be calculated as follows:

𝑻𝑩𝒖𝒓𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈
𝑨𝒔,𝑩𝒖𝒓𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 =
𝒇𝒚

𝟖𝟒𝟓 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝑨𝒔,𝑩𝒖𝒓𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 = = 𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟐𝒎𝒎𝟐
𝟒𝟐𝟎

This area of steel will be rounded as a spiral. Assume the length of spiral is
(5.0m) with (10 legs X 2 sides):

A s, bursting = 2012/(10x2) = 100.6mm2

R R

Use (ϕ12mm, L = 5.0m).

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 References

1. AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications, 2012.

2. Jordanian National Code for Highway Bridges.

3. ASTM C1107/C1107M-11.

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