Chapter 4 - Database Concepts

Chapter 4:
DATABASE CONCEPTS
(Subject code: 201085)
Prepared by: Accounting department 3

Target of Chapter 4
 Understand the role of databases in decision

making and reporting systems
 Describe the components of database
 Describe database models
2
20/04/2016 201085 - Database concepts
Target of Chapter 4 (Cont)
 Identify data needed to collect
 Describe the relationship among the tables of

data
3
Contents
4.1 The role of databases in decision making

and reporting systems
4.2 The concept of database
4.3 Database models
4.4 The relationships in database
4
The Role of Databases in Decision
Making & Reporting Systems
 Database: a shared computerised structure

that captures, stores and relates data
 Database system: a system of hardware,

software, people, procedures and data that
allow the capture, storage, management and
use of data within a database environment
20/04/2016 201085 - Database concepts 5

Database Concepts
 Relational database: a database that stores

data in a number of tables
Database Concepts
 Table: a collection of columns (attributes) and
rows (objects) that describe an entity
 Record: a connected set of fields that describe

a person, place or thing

Database Concepts (Cont)
 File: a file is a collection of records that are

related
 Primary key: an attribute (or column) that

uniquely identifies a particular object (or row)
 Composite key: a combination of more than

one primary key. It indicates an M:N
relationship between the columns

Database Concepts (Cont)

Data Redundancy
 Data redundancy: the situation where exactly

the same data is recorded and stored in different
location which can lead to data inconsistency
Data Redundancy
and anomalies
 Data integrity: data that provides a consistent

and correct representation regardless of where it
is sourced from within a file system

Data Anomalies
 Data anomalies: inconsistencies or errors that

exist in a database because of entry or
changes
o
Data Anomalies
Modification anomalies
o Insertion anomalies
o Deletion anomalies

Database Models
 Database management system (DBMS): a

group of programs that manipulate the
database and provide the interface between
the databaseDatabase Models
and the user as well as other
application programs
 Procedures: the instructions and rules that

govern the design and use of the software
outside programming

The Database System

Advantages of Database Systems
 Eliminates data repetition
 Eliminates inconsistent data
 Allows for organisational wide data sharing
 Reduced program maintenance
 Increased flexibility & speed
 Improves system security

Dataflow in a Database System

Database Functions
o Data dictionary o Backup and recovery

o Data storage management
management o Data integrity
o Data transformation management
and presentation o Access language
o Security and application
management programming
o Multi-user access interfaces
control o Communication
interfaces

Types of Database Models
 Data base models are a collection of logical

constructs used to represent the data structure
and the data relationships found within the
database
Types of Database Models
 Two categories of models:

o Conceptual models focus on a logical view of what is
represented in the DB
o Implementation models show how the data are
represented in the DB including the structures
implemented.
DB Modelling, Design &
Implementation of Relational

Databases
Data models are used to describe and represent
complex real-world data structures
 A good DB design is the foundation of good

applications
 Different people view data differently
 Starts with a conceptual model that provides a global

view of the data
 Entity relationship model most widely used model

Entity Relationship Model
Incorporates:
 Entities: represent real-world things or
objects such as employees, customers
 Attributes: characteristics of entities e.g.
Entity
customer Relationship Model
name
 Relationships: are associations between
entities
o Cardinality expresses the number of entity
occurrences associated with one occurrence of a
related entity
o Connectivity describes the relationships among
entities

Developing E-R Diagrams
1. Develop a general narrative of the

organisation’s operations including the
business process, policies and business rules
Developing E-R Diagrams
2. Contrast the ERD by identifying the internal
and external entities and the relationships
among them from the narrative in Step 1.
Cardinalities and business rules can also be
assigned based on the narrative

Developing E-R Diagrams (Cont)
3. Have the ERD reviewed by each area of the

company with ownership of the operations,
policies and processes
4. Make the necessary modifications to

incorporate any newly discovered entity
relationship components

Database Design
 The table is the basic building block in

database design
Database
 Table structures must beDesign
efficient to allow fast,
error-free, and duplication-free flow of
information
 Tables are created to represent every internal

and external entity and their attributes

Database Design (Cont)
 One-to-many relationship (1:M): a

relationship that relates one entity to many
attributes. One entity can have many attributes
but each attribute belongs to only one entity
 Many-to-many relationships (M:N): a

relationship that relates many entities to many
attributes. Many entities can have many
attributes and each attribute belongs to many
entities

Possible Entity Relationships

Top-Down V Bottom-Up DB
Design
 The E-R diagram is a strategic top down way of
developing a database model
 Normalisation is the bottom up view of

designing a database
 Once the table structure is defined,

normalisation is used to assign attributes to
entities
 Both techniques are used in the design

process

Normalisation
 “a set of rules and a process of assigning

attributes to entities to eliminate repeating
Normalisation
groups and data redundancies, and to form
tables representing entities that promote
structural and data independence”

Review of Chapter 3
 Considered the role of DBs in decision making
 Outlined the functionofofChapter

Review a database
3 as well as
key concepts
 Explored the concept of data redundancy and

the advantages of databases

Review of Chapter 3 (Cont)
 Overviewed the relational database model
 Demonstrated how database models are

developed using E-R diagrams
 Introduced the concept of normalisation

Key Terms
o Attributes
o Database system
o Cardinality
o Deletion anomalies
o Composite key
o Entities
o Conceptual models
o E-R model
o Key
Controlled redundancies Terms o Fields
o Data anomalies
o File
o Data integrity
o Foreign key
o DB models
o Insertion anomalies
o Data redundancy
o Logical representation
o DBMS
o Many-to-many
relationships

Key Terms (Cont)
o Modification anomalies o Record

o Normalisation o Server
o One-to-many o Software
relationships o Structural independence
o Physical representation o Structured query
o Primary key language
o Relational database o Table

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Chapter 4:

Prepared by: Accounting department 3

 Understand the role of databases in decision

 Describe the components of database

 Describe database models

 Identify data needed to collect

 Describe the relationship among the tables of

4.1 The role of databases in decision making

4.2 The concept of database

4.3 Database models

4.4 The relationships in database

 Database: a shared computerised structure

 Database system: a system of hardware,

20/04/2016 201085 - Database concepts 5

 Relational database: a database that stores

 Record: a connected set of fields that describe

20/04/2016 201085 - Database concepts 6

 File: a file is a collection of records that are

 Primary key: an attribute (or column) that

 Composite key: a combination of more than

20/04/2016 201085 - Database concepts 7

20/04/2016 201085 - Database concepts 8

 Data redundancy: the situation where exactly

 Data integrity: data that provides a consistent

20/04/2016 201085 - Database concepts 9

 Data anomalies: inconsistencies or errors that

20/04/2016 201085 - Database concepts 10

 Database management system (DBMS): a

 Procedures: the instructions and rules that

20/04/2016 201085 - Database concepts 11

20/04/2016 201085 - Database concepts 12

 Eliminates data repetition

 Eliminates inconsistent data

 Allows for organisational wide data sharing

 Reduced program maintenance

 Increased flexibility & speed

 Improves system security

20/04/2016 201085 - Database concepts 13

20/04/2016 201085 - Database concepts 14

o Data dictionary o Backup and recovery

20/04/2016 201085 - Database concepts 15

 Data base models are a collection of logical

 Two categories of models:

 A good DB design is the foundation of good

 Different people view data differently

 Starts with a conceptual model that provides a global

 Entity relationship model most widely used model

20/04/2016 201085 - Database concepts 17

Entity Relationship Model

20/04/2016 201085 - Database concepts 19

1. Develop a general narrative of the

20/04/2016 201085 - Database concepts 20

3. Have the ERD reviewed by each area of the

4. Make the necessary modifications to

20/04/2016 201085 - Database concepts 21

 The table is the basic building block in

 Tables are created to represent every internal

20/04/2016 201085 - Database concepts 22

 One-to-many relationship (1:M): a

 Many-to-many relationships (M:N): a

20/04/2016 201085 - Database concepts 23

20/04/2016 201085 - Database concepts 24

 Normalisation is the bottom up view of

 Once the table structure is defined,