Whistleblower

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For other uses, see Whistleblower (disambiguation).
For whistleblower protection in the United States, see Whistleblower protection in
the United States.
A whistleblower (also written as whistle-blower or whistle blower)[1] is a person
who exposes any kind of information or activity that is deemed illegal, unethical,
or not correct within an organization that is either private or public.[2] The
information of alleged wrongdoing can be classified in many ways: violation of
company policy/rules, law, regulation, or threat to public interest/national
security, as well as fraud, and corruption.[3] Those who become whistleblowers can
choose to bring information or allegations to surface either internally or
externally. Internally, a whistleblower can bring his/her accusations to the
attention of other people within the accused organization such as an immediate
supervisor. Externally, a whistleblower can bring allegations to light by
contacting a third party outside of an accused organization such as the media,
government, law enforcement, or those who are concerned. Whistleblowers, however,
take the risk of facing stiff reprisal and retaliation from those who are accused
or alleged of wrongdoing.

Because of this, a number of laws exist to protect whistleblowers. Some third-party

groups even offer protection to whistleblowers, but that protection can only go so
far. Whistleblowers face legal action, criminal charges, social stigma, and
termination from any position, office, or job. Two other classifications of
whistleblowing are private and public. The classifications relate to the type of
organizations someone chooses to whistle-blow on: private sector, or public sector.
Depending on many factors, both can have varying results. However, whistleblowing
in the public sector organization is more likely to result in criminal charges and
possible custodial sentences. A whistleblower who chooses to accuse a private
sector organization or agency is more likely to face termination and legal and
civil charges.

Deeper questions and theories of whistleblowing and why people choose to do so can
be studied through an ethical approach. Whistleblowing is a topic of ongoing
ethical debate. Leading arguments in the ideological camp that whistleblowing is
ethical maintain that whistleblowing is a form of civil disobedience, and aims to
protect the public from government wrongdoing.[4][5] In the opposite camp, some see
whistleblowing as unethical for breaching confidentiality, especially in industries
that handle sensitive client or patient information.[6] Legal protection can also
be granted to protect whistleblowers, but that protection is subject to many
stipulations. Hundreds of laws grant protection to whistleblowers, but stipulations
can easily cloud that protection and leave whistleblowers vulnerable to retaliation
and legal trouble. However, the decision and action has become far more complicated
with recent advancements in technology and communication.[7] Whistleblowers
frequently face reprisal, sometimes at the hands of the organization or group they
have accused, sometimes from related organizations, and sometimes under law.
Questions about the legitimacy of whistleblowing, the moral responsibility of
whistleblowing, and the appraisal of the institutions of whistleblowing are part of
the field of political ethics.

Contents
1 Overview
1.1 Origin of term
1.2 Internal
1.3 External
1.4 Third party
1.5 Private sector whistleblowing
1.6 Public sector whistleblowing
1.7 Harm
1.8 Common reactions
1.9 Psychological impact
1.10 Ethics
1.11 Motivations
2 Legality of whistleblowing
2.1 Australia
2.2 Canada
2.3 European Union
2.4 Jamaica
2.5 India
2.6 Ireland
2.7 Netherlands
2.8 Switzerland
2.9 United Kingdom
2.10 United States
2.11 Other countries
3 Advocacy for whistleblower rights and protections
4 Modern methods used for whistleblower protection
5 In popular culture
6 See also
7 Notes and references
8 Bibliography
9 External links
Overview
Origin of term
U.S. civic activist Ralph Nader is said to have coined the phrase, but he in fact
put a positive spin on the term[8] in the early 1970s to avoid the negative
connotations found in other words such as "informer" and "snitch".[9] However, the
origins of the word date back to the 19th century.

The word is linked to the use of a whistle to alert the public or a crowd about a
bad situation, such as the commission of a crime or the breaking of rules during a
game. The phrase whistle blower attached itself to law enforcement officials in the
19th century because they used a whistle to alert the public or fellow police.[10]
Sports referees, who use a whistle to indicate an illegal or foul play, also were
called whistle blowers.[11][12]

An 1883 story in the Janesville Gazette called a policeman who used his whistle to
alert citizens about a riot a whistle blower, without the hyphen. By the year 1963,
the phrase had become a hyphenated word, whistle-blower. The word began to be used
by journalists in the 1960s for people who revealed wrongdoing, such as Nader. It
eventually evolved into the compound word whistleblower.[10]

Internal
Most whistleblowers are internal whistleblowers, who report misconduct on a fellow
employee or superior within their company through anonymous reporting mechanisms
often called hotlines.[13] One of the most interesting questions with respect to
internal whistleblowers is why and under what circumstances do people either act on
the spot to stop illegal and otherwise unacceptable behavior or report it.[14]
There are some reasons to believe that people are more likely to take action with
respect to unacceptable behavior, within an organization, if there are complaint
systems that offer not just options dictated by the planning and control
organization, but a choice of options for absolute confidentiality.[15]

Anonymous reporting mechanisms,[16] as mentioned previously, help foster a climate

whereby employees are more likely to report or seek guidance regarding potential or
actual wrongdoing without fear of retaliation. The coming anti-bribery management
systems standard, ISO 37001,[17] includes anonymous reporting as one of the
criteria for the new standard.

External
External whistleblowers, however, report misconduct to outside persons or entities.
In these cases, depending on the information's severity and nature, whistleblowers
may report the misconduct to lawyers, the media, law enforcement or watchdog
agencies, or other local, state, or federal agencies. In some cases, external
whistleblowing is encouraged by offering monetary reward.

Third party
The third party service involves utilizing an external agency to inform the
individuals at the top of the organizational pyramid of misconduct, without
disclosing the identity of the whistleblower. This is a relatively new phenomenon
and has been developed due to whistleblower discrimination. International
Whistleblowers is an example of an organization involved in delivering a third
party service for whistleblowers.

An increasing number of companies and authorities use third party services in which
the whistleblower is anonymous also towards the third party service provider. This
is possible via toll free phone numbers configured not to record the whistleblower
origin call, and also through web solutions which apply asymmetrical encryption.

Private sector whistleblowing

Private sector whistleblowing, though not as high profile as public sector
whistleblowing, is arguably more prevalent and suppressed in society today.[18]
Simply because private corporations usually have stricter regulations that suppress
potential whistleblowers. An example of private sector whistleblowing is when an
employee reports to someone in a higher position such as a manager, or a third
party that is isolated from the individual chapter, such as their lawyer or the
police. In the private sector corporate groups can easily hide wrongdoings by
individual branches. It is not until these wrongdoings bleed into the top officials
that corporate wrongdoings are seen by the public. Situations in which a person may
blow the whistle are in cases of violated laws or company policy, such as sexual
harassment or theft. These instances, nonetheless, are small compared to money
laundering or fraud charges on the stock market. Whistleblowing in the private
sector is typically not as high-profile or openly discussed in major news outlets,
though occasionally, third parties expose human rights violations and exploitation
of workers.[19] While there are organizations such as the United States Department
of Labor (DOL), and laws in place such as the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and the United
States Federal Sentencing Guidelines for Organizations (FSGO) which protects
whistleblowers in the private sector, many employees still fear for their jobs due
to direct or indirect threats from their employers or the other parties involved.
In an effort to overcome those fears, in 2010 Dodd�Frank Wall Street Reform and
Consumer Protection Act was put forth to provide great incentive to whistleblowers.
For example, if a whistleblower gave information which could be used to legally
recover over one million dollars; then they could receive ten to thirty percent of
it.

Despite government efforts to help regulate the private sector, the employees must
still weigh their options. They either expose the company and stand the moral and
ethical high ground; or expose the company, lose their job, their reputation and
potentially the ability to be employed again. According to a study at the
University of Pennsylvania, out of three hundred whistleblowers studied, sixty nine
percent of them had foregone that exact situation; and they were either fired or
were forced to retire after taking the ethical high ground. It is outcomes like
that which makes it all that much harder to accurately track how prevalent
whistleblowing is in the private sector.[20]
Public sector whistleblowing

Czech whistleblower Libor Mich�lek was fired from his position after exposing high-
level corruption
Recognizing the public value of whistleblowing has been increasing over the last 50
years. In the United States, both state and Federal statutes have been put in place
to protect whistleblowers from retaliation. The United States Supreme Court ruled
that public sector whistleblowers are protected under First Amendment rights from
any job retaliation when they raise flags over alleged corruption.[21] Exposing
misconduct or illegal or dishonest activity is a big fear for public employees
because they feel they are going against their government and country. Private
sector whistleblowing protection laws were in place long before ones for the public
sector. After many federal whistleblowers were scrutinized in high-profile media
cases, laws were finally introduced to protect government whistleblowers. These
laws were enacted to help prevent corruption and encourage people to expose
misconduct, illegal, or dishonest activity for the good of society.[22] People who
choose to act as whistleblowers often suffer retaliation from their employer. They
most likely are fired because they are an at-will employee, which means they can be
fired without a reason. There are exceptions in place for whistleblowers who are
at-will employees. Even without a statute, numerous decisions encourage and protect
whistleblowing on grounds of public policy. Statutes state that an employer shall
not take any adverse employment actions any employee in retaliation for a good-
faith report of a whistleblowing action or cooperating in any way in an
investigation, proceeding, or lawsuit arising under said action.[21] Federal
whistleblower legislation includes a statute protecting all government employees.
In the federal civil service, the government is prohibited from taking, or
threatening to take, any personnel action against an employee because the employee
disclosed information that they reasonably believed showed a violation of law,
gross mismanagement, and gross waste of funds, abuse of authority, or a substantial
and specific danger to public safety or health. To prevail on a claim, a federal
employee must show that a protected disclosure was made, that the accused official
knew of the disclosure, that retaliation resulted, and that there was a genuine
connection between the retaliation and the employee's action.[21]

Harm
Individual harm, public trust damage, and a threat of national security are three
categories of harm that may come as a result of whistleblowing. Revealing a
whistleblower's identity can automatically puts their life in danger. Some media
outlets associate words like "traitor" and "treason" with whistleblowers, and in
many countries around the world, the punishment for treason is the death penalty,
even if whoever allegedly committed treason may not have caused anyone physical
harm. A primary argument in favor of the death penalty for treason is the potential
endangerment of an entire people. In other words, the perpetrator is perceived as
being responsible for any harm that befalls the country or its citizens as a result
of their actions. In some instances, whistleblowers must flee their country to
avoid public scrutiny, threats of death or physical harm, and in some cases
criminal charges.

Common reactions
Whistleblowers are sometimes seen as selfless martyrs for public interest and
organizational accountability; others view them as "traitors" or "defectors." Some
even accuse them of solely pursuing personal glory and fame, or view their behavior
as motivated by greed in qui tam cases. Some academics (such as Thomas Alured
Faunce) feel that whistleblowers should at least be entitled to a rebuttable
presumption that they are attempting to apply ethical principles in the face of
obstacles and that whistleblowing would be more respected in governance systems if
it had a firmer academic basis in virtue ethics.[23][24]
It is probable that many people do not even consider blowing the whistle, not only
because of fear of retaliation, but also because of fear of losing their
relationships at work and outside work.[25]

Persecution of whistleblowers has become a serious issue in many parts of the

world:

Employees in academia, business or government might become aware of serious risks

to health and the environment, but internal policies might pose threats of
retaliation to those who report these early warnings. Private company employees in
particular might be at risk of being fired, demoted, denied raises and so on for
bringing environmental risks to the attention of appropriate authorities.
Government employees could be at a similar risk for bringing threats to health or
the environment to public attention, although perhaps this is less likely.[26]

There are examples of "early warning scientists" being harassed for bringing
inconvenient truths about impending harm to the notice of the public and
authorities. There have also been cases of young scientists being discouraged from
entering controversial scientific fields for fear of harassment.[26]

Whistleblowers are often protected under law from employer retaliation, but in many
cases punishment has occurred, such as termination, suspension, demotion, wage
garnishment, and/or harsh mistreatment by other employees. A 2009 study found that
up to 38% of whistleblowers experienced professional retaliation in some form,
including wrongful termination.[citation needed] For example, in the United States,
most whistleblower protection laws provide for limited "make whole" remedies or
damages for employment losses if whistleblower retaliation is proven. However, many
whistleblowers report there exists a widespread "shoot the messenger" mentality by
corporations or government agencies accused of misconduct and in some cases
whistleblowers have been subjected to criminal prosecution in reprisal for
reporting wrongdoing.

As a reaction to this many private organizations have formed whistleblower legal

defense funds or support groups to assist whistleblowers; three such examples are
the National Whistleblowers Center[27] in the United States, and Whistleblowers
UK[28] and Public Concern at Work (PCaW)[29] in the United Kingdom. Depending on
the circumstances, it is not uncommon for whistleblowers to be ostracized by their
co-workers, discriminated against by future potential employers, or even fired from
their organization. This campaign directed at whistleblowers with the goal of
eliminating them from the organization is referred to as mobbing. It is an extreme
form of workplace bullying wherein the group is set against the targeted
individual.[30]

Psychological impact
There is limited research on the psychological impacts of whistle blowing. However,
poor experiences of whistleblowing can cause a prolonged and prominent assault upon
staff well being. As workers attempt to address concerns, they are often met with a
wall of silence and hostility by management.[31] Some whistleblowers speak of
overwhelming and persistent distress, drug and alcohol problems, paranoid behaviour
at work, acute anxiety, nightmares, flashbacks and intrusive thoughts.[32]
Depression is often reported by whistleblowers, and suicidal thoughts may occur in
up to about 10%.[33][34] General deterioration in health and self care has been
described.[35] The range of symptomatology shares many of the features of
posttraumatic stress disorder, though there is debate about whether the trauma
experienced by whistleblowers meets diagnostic thresholds.[36] Increased stress
related physical illness has also been described in whistleblowers.[34][37] The
stresses involved in whistleblowing can be huge. As such, workers remain afraid to
blow the whistle, in fear that they will not be believed or they have lost faith in
believing that anything will happen if they do speak out.[38] This fear may indeed
be justified, because an individual who feels threatened by whistleblowing, may
plan the career destruction of the �complainant� by reporting fictitious errors or
rumours.[39] This technique, labelled as �gaslighting� is a common, unconventional
approach used by organizations to manage employees who cause difficulty by raising
concerns.[40] In extreme cases, this technique involves the organization or manager
proposing that the complainant's mental health is unstable.[41] Organizations also
often attempt to ostracise and isolate whistleblowers by undermining their concerns
by suggesting that these are groundless, carrying out inadequate investigations or
by ignoring them altogether. Whistleblowers may also be disciplined, suspended and
reported to professional bodies upon manufactured pretexts.[42][43] Where
whistleblowers persist in raising their concerns, they increasingly risk detriments
such as dismissal.[44] Following dismissal, whistleblowers may struggle to find
further employment due to damaged reputations, poor references and blacklisting.
The social impact of whistleblowing through loss of livelihood (and sometimes
pension), and family strain may also impact on whistleblowers� psychological well
being. Whistleblowers may also experience immense stress as a result of litigation
regarding detriments such as unfair dismissal, which they often face with imperfect
support or no support at all from unions. Whistleblowers who continue to pursue
their concerns may also face long battles with official bodies such as regulators
and government departments.[42][43] Such bodies may reproduce the "institutional
silence" by employers, adding to whistleblowers� stress and difficulties.[45] In
all, some whistleblowers suffer great injustice, that may never be acknowledged or
rectified.[41] Such extreme experiences of threat and loss inevitably cause severe
distress and sometimes mental illness, sometimes lasting for years afterwards. This
mistreatment also deters others from coming forward with concerns. Thus, poor
practices remain hidden behind a wall of silence, and prevent any organization from
experiencing the improvements that may be afforded by intelligent failure.[32][45]
Some whistleblowers who part ranks with their organizations have had their mental
stability questioned, such as Adrian Schoolcraft, the NYPD veteran who alleged
falsified crime statistics in his department and was forcibly committed to a mental
institution.[46] Conversely, the emotional strain of a whistleblower investigation
is devastating to the accused's family.[47]

Ethics
The definition of ethics is the moral principles that govern a person's or group's
behavior. The ethical implications of whistleblowing can be negative as well as
positive. However, sometimes employees may blow the whistle as an act of revenge.
Rosemary O'Leary explains this in her short volume on a topic called guerrilla
government. "Rather than acting openly, guerrillas often choose to remain "in the
closet," moving clandestinely behind the scenes, salmon swimming upstream against
the current of power. Over the years, I have learned that the motivations driving
guerrillas are diverse. The reasons for acting range from the altruistic (doing the
right thing) to the seemingly petty (I was passed over for that promotion). Taken
as a whole, their acts are as awe inspiring as saving human lives out of a love of
humanity and as trifling as slowing the issuance of a report out of spite or
anger."[48] For example, of the more than 1,000 whistleblower complaints that are
filed each year with the Pentagon's Inspector General, about 97 percent are not
substantiated.[49] It is believed throughout the professional world that an
individual is bound to secrecy within their work sector. Discussions of
whistleblowing and employee loyalty usually assume that the concept of loyalty is
irrelevant to the issue or, more commonly, that whistleblowing involves a moral
choice that pits the loyalty that an employee owes an employer against the
employee's responsibility to serve the public interest.[50] Robert A. Larmer
describes the standard view of whistleblowing in the Journal of Business Ethics by
explaining that an employee possesses prima facie (based on the first impression;
accepted as correct until proved otherwise) duties of loyalty and confidentiality
to their employers and that whistleblowing cannot be justified except on the basis
of a higher duty to the public good.[50] It is important to recognize that in any
relationship which demands loyalty the relationship works both ways and involves
mutual enrichment.[51]

The ethics of Edward Snowden's actions have been widely discussed and debated in
news media and academia worldwide.[52] Edward Snowden released classified
intelligence to the American people in an attempt to allow Americans to see the
inner workings of the government. A person is diligently tasked with the conundrum
of choosing to be loyal to the company or to blow the whistle on the company's
wrongdoing. Discussions on whistleblowing generally revolve around three topics:
attempts to define whistleblowing more precisely, debates about whether and when
whistleblowing is permissible, and debates about whether and when one has an
obligation to blow the whistle.[53]

Motivations
Many whistleblowers have stated that they were motivated to take action to put an
end to unethical practices, after witnessing injustices in their businesses or
organizations.[54] A 2009 study found that whistleblowers are often motivated to
take action when they notice a sharp decline in ethical practices, as opposed to a
gradual worsening.[55] There are generally two metrics by which whistleblowers
determine if a practice is unethical. The first metric involves a violation of the
organization's bylaws or written ethical policies. These violations allow
individuals to concretize and rationalize blowing the whistle.[56] On the other
hand, "value-driven" whistleblowers are influenced by their personal codes of
ethics. In these cases, whistleblowers have been criticized for being driven by
personal biases.[57]

In addition to ethics, social and organizational pressure are a motivating forces.

A 2012 study identified that individuals are more likely to blow the whistle when
several others know about the wrongdoing, because they would otherwise fear
consequences for keeping silent.[58] In cases when one person is causing an
injustice, the individual who notices the injustice may file a formal report,
rather than confronting the wrongdoer, because confrontation would be more
emotionally and psychologically stressful.[59][60][61] Furthermore, individuals may
be motivated to report unethical behavior when they believe their organizations
will support them.[62] Professionals in management roles may feel responsibility to
blow the whistle in order to uphold the values and rules of their organizations.
[63]

Legality of whistleblowing
Legal protection for whistleblowing varies from country to country and may depend
on the country of the original activity, where and how secrets were revealed, and
how they eventually became published or publicized. Over a dozen countries have now
adopted comprehensive whistleblower protection laws that create mechanisms for
reporting wrongdoing and provide legal protections to whistleblowers. Over 50
countries have adopted more limited protections as part of their anti-corruption,
freedom of information, or employment laws.[64] For purposes of the English
Wikipedia, this section emphasizes the English-speaking world and covers other
regimes only insofar as they represent exceptionally greater or lesser protections.

Australia
Main article: Whistleblower protection in Australia
There are laws in a number of states.[65] The former NSW Police Commissioner Tony
Lauer summed up official government and police attitudes as: "Nobody in Australia
much likes whistleblowers, particularly in an organization like the police or the
government."[66]

Whistleblowers Australia is an association for those who have exposed corruption or

any form of malpractice, especially if they were then hindered or abused.[67]

Canada
The Office of the Public Sector Integrity Commissioner of Canada (PSIC)[68]
provides a safe and confidential mechanism enabling public servants and the general
public to disclose wrongdoings committed in the public sector. It also protects
from reprisal public servants who have disclosed wrongdoing and those who have
cooperated in investigations. The Office's goal is to enhance public confidence in
Canada's federal public institutions and in the integrity of public servants.[69]

Mandated by the Public Servants Disclosure Protection Act (The Act), PSIC is a
permanent and independent Agent of Parliament. The Act, which came into force on
April 15, 2007, applies to most of the federal public sector, approximately 400,000
public servants.[70] This includes government departments and agencies, parent
Crown corporations, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police and other federal public
sector bodies.

Not all disclosures lead to an investigation as the Act sets out the jurisdiction
of the Commissioner and gives the option not to investigate under certain
circumstances. On the other hand, if PSIC conducts an investigation and finds no
wrongdoing was committed, the Commissioner must report his findings to the
discloser and to the organization's chief executive. Also, reports of founded
wrongdoing are presented before the House of Commons and the Senate in accordance
with The Act. As of June 2014, a total of 9 reports have been tabled in Parliament.
[71]

The Act also established the Public Servants Disclosure Protection Tribunal (PSDPT)
to protect public servants by hearing reprisal complaints referred by the Public
Sector Integrity Commissioner. The Tribunal can grant remedies in favour of
complainants and order disciplinary action against persons who take reprisals.

PSIC's current Commissioner is Mr. Mario Dion. Previously, he has served in various
senior roles in the public service, including as Associate Deputy Minister of
Justice, Executive Director and Deputy Head of the Office of Indian Residential
Schools Resolution of Canada, and as Chair of the National Parole Board.

European Union
The European Parliament approved a "Whistleblower Protection Directive" containing
broad free speech protections for whistleblowers in both the public and the private
sectors, including for journalists, in all member states of the European Union. The
Directive prohibits direct or indirect retaliation against employees, current and
former, in the public sector and the private sector. The Directive's protections
apply to employees, to volunteers, and to those who assist them, including to civil
society organizations and to journalists who report on their evidence. It provides
equal rights for whistleblowers in the national security sector who challenge
denial or removal of their security clearances. Also, whistleblowers are protected
from criminal prosecution and corporate lawsuits for damages resulting from their
whistleblowing, and provides for psychological support for dealing with harassment
stress.[72]

Good government observers have hailed the EU directive as setting "the global
standard for best practice rights protecting freedom of speech where it counts the
most�challenging abuses of power that betray the public trust," according to the
U.S.-based Government Accountability Project. They have noted, however, that
ambiguities remain in the Directive regarding application in some areas, such as
"duty speech," that is, when employees report the same information in the course of
a job assignment, for example, to a supervisor, instead of whistleblowing as formal
dissent. In fact, duty speech is how the overwhelming majority of whistleblowing
information gets communicated, and where the free flow of information is needed for
proper functioning of organizations. However it is in response to such "duty
speech" employee communication that the vast majority of retaliation against
employees occurs. These observers have noted that the Directive must be understood
as applying to protection against retaliation for such duty speech because without
such an understanding the Directive will "miss the iceberg of what�s needed.�[72]

Jamaica
In Jamaica, the Protected Disclosures Act, 2011[73] received assent in March 2011.
It creates a comprehensive system for the protection of whistleblowers in the
public and private sector. It is based on the Public Interest Disclosure Act 1998.

India
Main article: Whistleblower protection in India
The Government of India has been considering adopting a whistleblower protection
law for several years. In 2003, the Law Commission of India recommended the
adoption of the Public Interest Disclosure (Protection of Informers) Act, 2002.[74]
In August 2010, the Public Interest Disclosure and Protection of Persons Making the
Disclosures Bill, 2010 was introduced into the Lok Sabha, lower house of the
Parliament of India.[75] The Bill was approved by the cabinet in June, 2011. The
Public Interest Disclosure and Protection of Persons Making the Disclosures Bill,
2010 was renamed as The Whistleblowers' Protection Bill, 2011 by the Standing
Committee on Personnel, Public Grievances, Law and Justice.[76] The Whistleblowers'
Protection Bill, 2011 was passed by the Lok Sabha on 28 December 2011.[77] and by
the Rajyasabha on 21 February 2014. The Whistle Blowers Protection Act, 2011 has
received the Presidential assent on May 9, 2014 and the same has been subsequently
published in the official gazette of the Government of India on May 9, 2014 by the
Ministry of Law and Justice, Government of India.

Ireland
The government of Ireland committed to adopting a comprehensive whistleblower
protection law in January 2012.[78] The Protected Disclosures Act (PDA) was passed
in 2014. The law covers workers in the public and private sectors, and also
includes contractors, trainees, agency staff, former employees and job seekers. A
range of different types of misconduct may be reported under the law, which
provides protections for workers from a range of employment actions as well as
whistleblowers' identity.[79]

Netherlands
The Netherlands has measures in place to mitigate the risks of whistleblowing: the
whistleblower advice centre (Adviespunt Klokkenluiders) offers advice to
whistleblowers, and the Parliament recently passed a proposal to establish a so-
called house for whistleblowers, to protect them from the severe negative
consequences that they might endure (Kamerstuk, 2013). Dutch media organizations
also provide whistleblower support; on 9 September 2013[80] a number of major Dutch
media outlets supported the launch of Publeaks,[81] which provides a secure website
for people to leak documents to the media. Publeaks is designed to protect
whistleblowers. It operates on the GlobaLeaks software developed by the Hermes
Center for Transparency and Digital Human Rights,[82] which supports whistleblower-
oriented technologies internationally.[83]

Switzerland
The Swiss Council of States agreed on a draft amendment of the Swiss Code of
Obligations in September 2014. The draft introduces articles 321abis to
321asepties, 328(3), 336(2)(d).[84] An amendment of article 362(1) adds articles
321abis to 321asepties to the list of provisions that may not be overruled by
labour and bargaining agreements.
Article 321ater introduces an obligation on employees to report irregularities to
their employer before reporting to an authority. An employee will, however, not
breach his duty of good faith if he reports an irregularity to an authority and

a period set by the employer and no longer than 60 days has lapsed since the
employee has reported the incident to his employer, and
the employer has not addressed the irregularity or it is obvious that the employer
has insufficiently addressed the irregularity.
Article 321aquarter provides that an employee may exceptionally directly report to
an authority. Exceptions apply in cases

where the employee is in a position to objectively demonstrate that a report to his

employer will prove ineffective,
where the employee has to anticipate dismissal,
where the employee must assume that the competent authority will be hindered in
investigating the irregularity, or
where there is a direct and serious hazard to life, to health, to safety, or to the
environment.
The draft does not improve on protection against dismissal for employees who report
irregularities to their employer.[85] The amendment does not provide for employees
anonymously filing their observations of irregularities.

United Kingdom
Whistleblowing in the United Kingdom is subject to the Public Interest Disclosure
Act (PIDA) 1998.

The Freedom to Speak Up Review set out 20 principles to bring about improvements to
help whistleblowers in the NHS, including:

Culture of raising concerns � to make raising issues a part of normal routine

business of a well-led NHS organization.
Culture free from bullying � freedom of staff to speak out relies on staff being
able to work in a culture which is free from bullying.
Training � every member of staff should receive training in their trust's approach
to raising concerns and in receiving and acting on them.
Support � all NHS trusts should ensure there is a dedicated person to whom concerns
can be easily reported and without formality, a "speak up guardian" .
Support to find alternative employment in the NHS � where a worker who has raised a
concern cannot, as a result, continue their role, the NHS should help them seek an
alternative job.
Monitor produced a whistleblowing policy in November 2015 that all NHS
organizations in England are obliged to follow. It explicitly says that anyone
bullying or acting against a whistleblower could be potentially liable to
disciplinary action.[86]

United States
Main article: Whistleblower protection in the United States
Whistleblowing tradition in what would soon become the United States had a start in
1773 with Benjamin Franklin leaking a few letters in the Hutchinson affair. The
release of the communications from royal governor Thomas Hutchinson to Thomas
Whately led to a firing, a duel and arguably, both through the many general impacts
of the leak and its role in convincing Franklin to join the radicals' cause, the
taking of another important final step toward the American Revolution. (Main
article with citations: Hutchinson Letters Affair.)

The first act of the Continental Congress in favor of what later came to be called
whistleblowing came in the 1777-8 case of Samuel Shaw and Richard Marven. The two
seamen accused Commander in Chief of the Continental Navy Esek Hopkins of torturing
British prisoners of war. The Congress dismissed Hopkins and then agreed to cover
the defense cost of the pair after Hopkins filed a libel suit against them under
which they were imprisoned. Shaw and Marven were subsequently cleared in a jury
trial. (Main articles with citations: The three named, linked individuals.)

To be considered a whistleblower in the United States, most federal whistleblower

statutes require that federal employees have reason to believe their employer
violated some law, rule, or regulation; testify or commence a legal proceeding on
the legally protected matter; or refuse to violate the law.

In cases where whistleblowing on a specified topic is protected by statute, U.S.

courts have generally held that such whistleblowers are protected from retaliation.
[87] However, a closely divided U.S. Supreme Court decision, Garcetti v. Ceballos
(2006) held that the First Amendment free speech guarantees for government
employees do not protect disclosures made within the scope of the employees'
duties.

In the United States, legal protections vary according to the subject matter of the
whistleblowing, and sometimes the state where the case arises.[88] In passing the
2002 Sarbanes�Oxley Act, the Senate Judiciary Committee found that whistleblower
protections were dependent on the "patchwork and vagaries" of varying state
statutes.[89] Still, a wide variety of federal and state laws protect employees who
call attention to violations, help with enforcement proceedings, or refuse to obey
unlawful directions. While this patchwork approach has often been criticized, it
also responsible for the United States having more dedicated whistleblowing laws
than any other country.[90]

The first US law adopted specifically to protect whistleblowers was the 1863 United
States False Claims Act (revised in 1986), which tried to combat fraud by suppliers
of the United States government during the American Civil War. The Act encourages
whistleblowers by promising them a percentage of the money recovered by the
government and by protecting them from employment retaliation.[91]

Another US law that specifically protects whistleblowers is the Lloyd�La Follette

Act of 1912. It guaranteed the right of federal employees to furnish information to
the United States Congress. The first US environmental law to include an employee
protection was the Clean Water Act of 1972. Similar protections were included in
subsequent federal environmental laws, including the Safe Drinking Water Act
(1974), Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (1976), Toxic Substances Control Act
of 1976, Energy Reorganization Act of 1974 (through 1978 amendment to protect
nuclear whistleblowers), Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and
Liability Act (CERCLA, or the Superfund Law) (1980), and the Clean Air Act (1990).
Similar employee protections enforced through OSHA are included in the Surface
Transportation Assistance Act (1982) to protect truck drivers, the Pipeline Safety
Improvement Act (PSIA) of 2002, the Wendell H. Ford Aviation Investment and Reform
Act for the 21st Century ("AIR 21"), and the Sarbanes�Oxley Act, enacted on July
30, 2002 (for corporate fraud whistleblowers).

Investigation of retaliation against whistleblowers under 20 federal statutes falls

under the jurisdiction of the Office of the Whistleblower Protection Program[92] of
the United States Department of Labor's[93] Occupational Safety and Health
Administration (OSHA).[94] New whistleblower statutes enacted by Congress, which
are to be enforced by the Secretary of Labor, are generally delegated by a
Secretary's Order[95] to OSHA's Office of the Whistleblower Protection Program
(OWPP).

The patchwork of laws means that victims of retaliation need to be aware of the
laws at issue to determine the deadlines and means for making proper complaints.
Some deadlines are as short as 10 days (Arizona State Employees have 10 days to
file a "Prohibited Personnel Practice" Complaint before the Arizona State Personnel
Board), while others are up to 300 days.

Those who report a false claim against the federal government, and suffer adverse
employment actions as a result, may have up to six years (depending on state law)
to file a civil suit for remedies under the US False Claims Act (FCA).[96] Under a
qui tam provision, the "original source" for the report may be entitled to a
percentage of what the government recovers from the offenders. However, the
"original source" must also be the first to file a federal civil complaint for
recovery of the federal funds fraudulently obtained, and must avoid publicizing the
claim of fraud until the US Justice Department decides whether to prosecute the
claim itself. Such qui tam lawsuits must be filed under seal, using special
procedures to keep the claim from becoming public until the federal government
makes its decision on direct prosecution.

American whistleblower Edward Snowden

The Espionage Act of 1917 has been used to prosecute whistleblowers in the United
States including Edward Snowden and Chelsea Manning. In 2013, Manning was convicted
of violating the Espionage Act and sentenced to 35 years in prison for leaking
sensitive military documents to WikiLeaks.[97] The same year, Snowden was charged
with violating the Espionage Act for releasing confidential documents belonging to
the NSA.[98]

Section 922 of the Dodd�Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (Dodd-
Frank) in the United States incentivizes and protects whistleblowers.[99] By Dodd-
Frank, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) financially rewards
whistleblowers for providing original information about violations of federal
securities laws that results in sanctions of at least $1M.[100][101] Additionally,
Dodd-Frank offers job security to whistleblowers by illegalizing termination or
discrimination due to whistleblowing.[100][102][103] The whistleblower provision
has proven successful; after the enactment of Dodd-Frank, the SEC charged KBR
(company) and BlueLinx Holdings Inc. (company) with violating the whistleblower
protection Rule 21F-17 by having employees sign confidentiality agreements that
threatened repercussions for discussing internal matters with outside parties.[104]
[105] As of his recent election, President Donald Trump has announced plans to
dismantle Dodd-Frank, which may negatively impact whistleblower protection in the
United States.[106]

The federally recognized National Whistleblower Appreciation Day is observed

annually on July 30, on the anniversary of the country's original 1778
whistleblower protection law.

In 2018, Joshua Adam Schulte, a former CIA employee, was accused of leaking CIA
hacking secrets to WikiLeaks.[107]

Other countries
There are comprehensive laws in New Zealand and South Africa. A number of other
countries have recently adopted comprehensive whistleblower laws including Ghana,
South Korea, and Uganda. They are also being considered in Kenya and Rwanda. The
European Court of Human Rights ruled in 2008 that whistleblowing was protected as
freedom of expression. And in February 2017, Nigeria also set up the whistleblowing
policy against corruption and other ills in the country.[108]

Advocacy for whistleblower rights and protections

Many NGOs advocate for stronger and more comprehensive legal rights and protections
for whistleblowers. Among them are the Government Accountability Project (GAP),
Blueprint for Free Speech,[109] Public Concern at Work (PCaW) and the Open
Democracy Advice Centre[110]

Modern methods used for whistleblower protection

Whistleblowers that may be at risk of those they are exposing are now using
encryption methods and anonymous content sharing software to protect their
identity. Tor, a highly accessible anonymity network, is one that is frequently
used by whistleblowers around the world.[111] Tor has undergone a number of large
security updates to protect the identities of potential whistleblowers who may wish
to anonymously leak information.[112]

Recently specialized whistleblowing software like SecureDrop and GlobaLeaks has

been built on top of the Tor technology in order to incentivize and simplify its
adoption for secure whistleblowing.[113][114]

In popular culture
In 2016, the rock band Thrice released a song titled "Whistleblower" off of the
album To Be Everywhere Is to Be Nowhere. The song is written from the perspective
of Snowden.[115]

In July 2018, CBS will debut a new reality television show entitled
"Whistleblower", hosted by lawyer, former judge and police officer Alex Ferrer
which will cover qui tam suits under the False Claims Act against companies that
have allegedly defrauded the federal government.[116]

See also: Daniel Ellsberg-related films

See also
Informant
Supergrass (informer)
Benetech Martus
Complaint system
Conflict of interest
ECC: Leniency policy
False Claims Act
Nuclear whistleblowers
List of nuclear whistleblowers
List of whistleblowers
Misplaced loyalty
Organizational retaliatory behavior
SEC Office of the Whistleblower
Shooting the messenger
Whistleblower Office
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External links
Look up whistle-blower in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Look up whistleblower in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Whistleblowers.
Library resources about
Whistleblower
Resources in your library
Resources in other libraries
Ed Yong (28 November 2013). "3 ways to blow the whistle" (PDF). Nature Vol 503.
Public Interest Disclosure Act 1998 from Her Majesty's Stationery Office
National Security Whistleblowers, a Congressional Research Service (CRS) Report
Survey of Federal Whistleblower and Anti-Retaliation Laws, a Congressional Research
Service (CRS) Report
Whistleblower Protection Program & information at U.S. Department of Labor
Read v. Canada (Attorney General) Canadian legal framework regarding whistleblowing
defence
Patients First
Whistleblowers UK
Why be a whistleblower?
Author Eyal Press discusses whistleblowers and heroism on Conversations from Penn
State
"Digital Dissidents: What it Means to be a Whistleblower". Al Jazeera English.
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Categories: WhistleblowersWhistleblowingAnti-corporate activismDissentFreedom of
expressionFreedom of speechGrounds for termination of employmentLabour lawPolitical
terminologyUnited States federal labor legislationWorkplace bullyingWords coined in
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