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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
In this chapter, the researcher presents the background of the research, problem
a religious faith, having political ideas, or taking political action, without using
words. So, there are important activities which do seem to exist without language
(Cook, 2003:2).
Language functions to transfer information (transactional) and to establish
a hearer. In order to have smooth conversation, the speaker and the hearer have to be
cooperative and have to give contributions that are needed in the conversation. The
interaction. The way in which people try to make conversations work is called the
2012:91).
Grice (1975:173), in Yule (1996:37) states that people have a successful
conversation if they fulfill the cooperative principle that is elaborated in four sub-
principles or maxims. The four maxims are maxim of quantity, quality, relevance,
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and manner. Those maxims make a conversation going smoothly and effectively to
conversation that is not fulfilling maxim. That is flouting maxim that becomes an
hearer that the speaker is not following the cooperative principle. By flouting
principle. Behind the utterances in which flouting maxim occurs, there are some
hidden meanings that is tried to be conveyed by the speaker. Everyone indeed has the
possibility to flout the maxim of cooperative principle. Then, it can be assumed that
whether the conversation is in the real life or even in a movie or in a novel that the
human being. It can be the most suitable media for understanding human’s
made by human, and played by human. In its best value, a movie or film has the
ability to record people and the events around them (Graham, 2005:117). It differs
from a novel which only provides narrations and conversations without performing it
in reality.
In the movie, most of utterances of the characters make the audiences think
for a moment to understand what the meaning of the spoken, it is because the
what is spoken. Many of the characters in the movie deliberately flouted the
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cooperative principle. So that, for more enjoying the movie, we have to know what is
Transylvania 2”, which released on September, 25th 2015. The researcher chooses
humor. Beside that, language used by the characters contains many flouting maxim.
In communication people tent to speak what is in their mind, they never think
about the rules. So, the writer interested in flouting maxim as the result of the natural
conversation based on the context and also wants to apply this theory toward the
maxim.
2. Practically
The result of this research are useful for teachers/lectures, students
They can play more attention toward the flouting maxim to make people
principle.
b. For students, it can be used the references in learning and comprehending
adding her knowledge, understand how to analyze flouting maxim and can
This chapter presents the reviews of the theories that are relevant to the topic of
the study and related pevious study. It discusses the concept of pragmatics, concept of
of floating maxim. Beside that, related previous study discusses the similarities and the
somewhat more complicated phrasing, the study of linguistic phenomena from the
point of view of their usage, properties and processes (Verschueren, 1999:14). The
theorists see it as the study of language use in general, some as the study of
pragmatic theorists have same purpose. So, there are several definitions of
pragmatics.
Pragmatics as the study of the way human use their language in
communcation, bases itself on a study of those premises and determines how they
affect and effectualize, human language use (Mey, 2001:6). According to Fromkin
Two kinds of contexts are relevant. The first is linguistic context-the discourse that
pragmatics is about can summed up in two phrases: meaning in use and meaning in
context. There are two different scholarly camps that divide up the field of
interpretation. The term speaker meaning is often used by scholars who study
social factors in the field, i.e the focus is on the producers of the utterances and the
interpretation, is often used among scholars who study the cognitive processes
by which the receivers of the utterances interpret the meaning of the utterances.
In addition, pragmatics is the study of language in use (taking into account
elements which are not covered by grammar and semantics), it is understandable that
stylistic has become increasingly interested in using the insights it can offer (Black,
that,”Pragmatics is the study of language from the point of view of users, especially
of the choices they make, the constraints they encounter in using language in social
interaction and the effects their use of language has on other participants in the act of
communication.”
Furthermore, pragmatics studies how utterances communicate meaning in
context. The study of meaning commonly known as semantics, but in semantics type
separated from that expression. And there is a second kind of meaning, one which is
not intrinsic to the linguistic expression carrying it, but which rather results from the
interaction of the linguistic expression with the context in which is it used. And to
relationship between language use and language form. It deals with various aspects
of non-literal meaning, aspects of meaning which are not taken into account by the
or how we recognize what is meant even when it isn’t actually said or written. In
order for that to happen, speakers (or writers) must be able to depend on a lot of
into how more is always being communicated than is said. Brown and Yule
(1983:26) said that any analytic approach in linguistics which involves contextual
study of the effect of context in meaning.” It studies the practical use of language to
obtain certain purposes. Then, the meaning of a speaker can be interpreted more
from a functional perspective, that is, that it attempts to explain facets of linguistic
(1983:6) states that pragmatics concerns with meaning as a triadic relation. It means
analysis of what people mean by their utterance not only recognizing the meaning of
general linguistic knowledge like grammar and lexicon but also depend on the
context. Pragmatics refers to the social language skills we use in our daily
interactions with others. They include what we say, how we say it, our body
semiotics which is concerned only with the study of signs or syntax that deals with
the study of the formal relation of signs to one another or semantics which is the
study of the relation of signs to the objects to which the signs apply (Al-Qaderi,
2015:54).
In addition, Kreidler (1998:19) states that the main focus of pragmatics is
speaker is referring to, to relate new information to what has gone before, to interpret
what is being said from background knowledge about the speaker and the topic, and
to infer information that the speaker takes for granted and does not bother to say.
Pragmatics, as a vast field of study, provides us with insights on how to make
communication among speakers efficient. One of the ways by which speakers can
pragmatics is a branch of linguistics which is study about aspects of meaning and the
use of language in social context and the ways in which people understand meanings
through language.
2.2 Concept of Cooperative Principles
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purpose of the ‘talk exchange’ that they are engaged in: that is, they cooperate with
each other in the strong sense that they have a shared goal beyond understanding and
being understood. The cooperative principle plays a key role in Grice’s theory of
with the purpose of the conversation (Yule, 1996:37). According to Zhou (2009:42),
stating that cooperative principle is considered one of the prime principles that guide
people's communication.
Essentially, this principle holds that people in a conversation normally
cooperate with one another, and, crucially, that they assume that the others are
cooperating. Note that this term is not used in an ideological sense: participants in
arguments, deliberate deception, lying, fiction, hypothesizing and making errors are
contribution such as required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose
mood has led some casual reader of his work to believe that Grice was telling
speakers how they ought to behave. What he was actually doing was suggesting that
rules is in operation, unless they receive indications to the contrary. Grice proposed
four maxims, the maxims of quantity, quality, relation and manner (Hu, 2012:1186).
Levinson (1985:101) states, “The Gricean cooperative principle is
provides an account of how more can be communicated, in his rather strict sense of
principles, called maxims (Brown & Yule, 1983:36). This principle results from the
understand each other. The cooperative principle and the maxims of conversation
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were defined by Grice as the principles that people abide by for successful
the participants are co-operating with each other. This principle, together with four
maxims that we expect our conversational partners to obey. Supporting this principle
are four maxims, often called the ‘Gricean maxims’ (Yule, 2006:129). The maxims
were intended to explain how speakers can mean more than they say, or even
something different from it, and how hearers can work out what was meant beyond
maxim of quality (try to make your contribution one that is true), (2) maxim of
quantity (say as much as is required), (3) maxim of relation (be relevant), and (4)
maxim of manner (be brief and avoid ambiguity). Grice hopes the four maxims will
be obeyed so that it can give a relevant contribution. But there is a time when a
speaker and a listener cannot follow the rules and showing non-observance.
governed by certain rules and principles, and that hearers understand speakers
on the assumption that they are either conforming with these rules, or that if
they are not they have a good reason. Specifically, Grice proposed a
cooperative principle (CP) and several conversational maxims. The idea is that
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a rational speaker will try to be helpful and therefore she will generally aim to
manner. The followings are the types and examples of observance of maxims
the truth. This maxim leads the speakers to avoid saying what they
believe to be false and for which they lack adequate evidence. Honesty
For example:
Andi’s mom expect a truthful answer from his son, after she
account for the fact. This maxim says that speaker has to make the
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seen as follows:
Siti : How do I get to Yogyakarta State University?
Nabila : Go straight ahead, turn right at the intersection,
then turn left at the T-junction, and in front of the
bus station turn right.
as is required. Nabila does not give too much information and too little
Although actually Nabila can give more information than the above
quantity.
2.2.1.3 Maxim of Relation
The third cooperative principle is the maxim of relation. This
is asking about ‘where’, and B answer about the place that is ‘your
where Alfred was. The theory of maxims can give benefit for the
Cooperative Principle. There are five ways of failing to observe the maxims
(Thomas 1995:64), citied in Andresen (2013:4). They are opting out, violating,
the maxims and it often takes place in public life. Opting out a maxim
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occurs when the speaker cannot reply in normal way that is expected
2.2.2.2 Violating
According to Thomas (1995:73), citied in Chaipreukkul
that a speaker who violates the maxims actually knows that the hearer
does not know the truth and he/she will only understand the
violation is as follow.
A: Does your dog bite?
B: No.
A: Ow! You said your dog doesn’t bite!
B: That isn’t my dog.
was asking about the dog in front of her, not her own dog at home. Yet,
are things the speaker ought not to say such as taboo words. “...they
voice. She cleared her throat, whipped the back of her hand across her
the speaker does not know the name of the mentioned person
(Chaipreukkul, 2013:232).
According to Thomas (1995:76), citied in Triatun (2013:7)
not opt out of observing the maxim because there is no expectation for
is not only about the maxims that are broken down but that the speaker
communication.
In line with Black, Cruse (2006:64) states that a speaker
obeying the cooperative principles since he/she breaks the rules for
the hearer that the speaker is not following the cooperative principle.
According to Grice’s theory in Thomas (1995:65), citied in
on the other hand, then this is on another level and is classed as a flout
(Flowedew, 2013:97).
- Types of Flouting Maxim
The types of flouting maxim are divided into the same
theory that is used as the basic notion. Therefore, there are four
follow:
1. Flouting maxim of quality
According to Cutting (2002:37), citied in Hidayati
the recipient in any way, which leads the listener to look for
(Flowerdew, 2013:98).
A speaker seems to flout the maxim of quality when
says,”I’m really proud that you love other girl behind me”.
ridicule.
The using of methapor is also example of flouting
like a market.
flouting:
below:
imagine what the utterance did not say and make the
relevance maxim:
word sex.
ambiguous.
2013:99).
wife .
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become excited and want to eat the ice cream before the
cream.
nearby).
because her sister will get too excited if she hears them.
The researcher includes some related studies based on Grice‘s maxims and
by Tety Ratna Artanti (2006), in her thesis entitled “An Analysis of the Flouting
between this research with the researcher’s research. The other similarity is the
The result of the study shows that there are flouting maxims in Princess
Diaries 2: Royal Engagement film. Based on the analysis of flouting maxim, there
The first is that the most of flouted maxims in the data have low information
content and high affective content. It shows that the characters tend to express the
affective (the implicatures of their utterances) rather than the information of their
utterances (what is actually said by the characters). The second, the researcher also
finds overlapping incidences which there are two or more maxims flouted in one
utterance.
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The differencies between this research with the researcher’s research are in
this research discuss how the cooperative principle employed by the characters
and kinds of the flouting maxims are employed by the characters in “Princess
Diaries 2: Royal Engagement” film but in the researcher’s research only focused on
Beside that in this research only found 3 flouting maxim employed by the
characters, they are floating maxim of quality, floating maxim of quantity and
floating maxim of manner, but in researcher’s research there were found 4 types of
floating maxim, they are floating maxim of quality, floating maxim of quantity,
floating maxim of relation and floating maxim of manner. Moreover, the film in this
research used romantic comedy film, but in the researcher’s research used a 3D
Another similar research was done by Siti Nur Khasanah Fatmawati (2016)
Grice‘s theory. It consists of cooperative principles and the flouting of maxims. The
similarities between this research and the researcher’s research are using pargmatics
as approach based on Grice’s theory and the object of the research which using a
movie.
In her research, she focused on what strategies and the reasons why the
characters use flouting maxims in that film. The result of the study shows that
relevance, and manner maxim flouting. Then, in terms of strategy, Solomon Northup
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understatement, metaphor, and irony. One strategy from rhetorical strategies that is
not used by Solomon Northup is rhetorical question which allows a speaker to make
a statement through question. Lastly, dealing with the reasons for maxim flouting,
there are four reasons that lead Solomon Northup to flout the maxims; competitive,
The differencies between this research and the researcher’s research are in
Fatmawati’s thesis analyzed types, strategies, and reasons of using flouting maxim in
the movie, but in the researcher’s research only focused on analyzed types of floating
maxim found in the movie and the film in this research used period drama film, but
The last researcher was done by Lut Husaini Widi Hidayati (2015) entitled
Devil Wears Prada”. In this research presents three objectives, they are: the types of
maxim flouting, the strategies that are used to flout the maxim, and the
describe the four types of maxim flouting, she uses cooperative principles theory
proposed by Grice and she uses Cutting’s theory of strategies of maxim flouting to
Devil Wears Prada, it can be concluded that Miranda and Andrea as the main
characters in the movie flout all types of maxim. There are four types of maxim
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flouting. They are maxim of quantity, maxim of quality, maxim of manner, and
Devil Wears Prada, it can be concluded that all the strategies to flout the maxim are
done by the main characters in the movie. They are giving too little information,
giving too much information, using hyperbole, metaphor, irony, and banter, being
Devil Wears Prada, it can be concluded that only nine functions appear in the
alarming, getting the hearer to do something, and getting the hearer to realize
something.
This research have some differencies with the researcher’s research. In this
research presents three objectives, they are: the types of maxim flouting, the
strategies that are used to flout the maxim, and the functions of maxim flouting
research only presents one objective, the types of maxim flouting performed by all
the characters in the movie. In Hidayati’s thesis using Cutting’s theory of strategies
also identify the function of maxim flouting using Austin’s theory of perlocutionary
effects. Moreover, the film in this research used comedy-drama film, but in the
of movie and cooperative principles theory proposed by Grice are the similarity
stated that descriptive research is a research which controls and interprets about
condition and phenomena such as relation, point of view, attitudes, process, and
describe situation while the research is done to examine the reason of certain
phenomenon.
This research employed a descriptive method because it described and
analyzed the phenomena of the study in narrative description. Hence, it was not
simply analyzing and describing the data but also interpreting the data to get a rich
source.
a. Primary data source is the play of Hotel Transylvania 2 movie (2015)
Animation.
b. The secondary data source consists of other data related to the research
The researcher used other pragmatics theory related to the movie to increase
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and add to the theory of floating maxim. It helps the researcher to find out
this object because it is famous movie, many people watch this. Hotel Transylvania 2
contains various elements of surprise, conflict, humor, and the language used by the
characters contains many flouting maxim. It makes us to think for a while what is the
strategic step in the research, because the main goal of the research is to get the data.
The descriptive data was gotten from words, sentences, or picture in every action of
Hotel Transylvania 2 movie. Beside that, the researcher use other relevant
information, such as: internet, movie script, ebook, journal, and books of pragmatics
theory. So, it will help the researcher found out the floating maxim of Hotel
Transylvania 2 movie.
3.5 Technique for Analysis Data
In data analysis, the researcher tried to analyze the movie in order to
know the flouting maxim which flouted by the characters in Hotel Transylvania 2
movie.
2. Watching and understanding the movie.
3. The researcher looked for the script.
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4. The researcher watched the movie again and read the transcript of the dialogue
to check whether what was spoken is the same as what was written.
5. The researcher selected and classified the utterances performing maxim flouting
in the movie.
6. The researcher put all the data into a data sheet.