STUDY NOTES FOR SSC AND OTHER EXAMS

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 STUDY NOTES FOR SSC AND OTHER EXAMS
GEOMETRY
Geometry: The branch of mathematics concerned
with the properties and relations of points, lines,
surfaces, solids, and higher dimensional analogues.
GEOMETRY WHAT TO STUDY?
CLASSIFICATION OF ANGLES
CLASSIFICATION OF TRIANGLES
TRIANGLES & THEIR PROPERTIES
CIRCLES & THEIR PROPERTIES
Basic definitions of some important term:
Point: A dimension less figure used to
define any location in a
Cartesian system is known as
the point.
Line: Two or more Points connected
by a locus is known as a line.
Straight Line: Shortest distance between two
points covered by a locus is
known as straight line.
Line Segment: A straight line fixed by two
points at both its ends is known
as line segments.
Ray: A straight line fixed at one end
only is known as ray.
Concurrent Line: Number of lines passing from a
same point are known as
concurrent line.
Intersection Line: Intersecting lines are two lines
that share exactly one point.
This shared point is called the
point of intersection.
Parallel Line: Parallel lines are two lines that
are always the same distance
apart and never touch. In order
for two lines to be parallel, they
must be drawn in the same
plane, a perfectly flat surface
like a wall or sheet of paper.
Transversal Line: In geometry, a transversal is a
line that passes through two
lines in the same plane at two
distinct points.
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Angle: The space (usually measured in
degrees) between two
intersecting lines or surfaces at
or close to the point where they
meet.
Perpendicular: At an angle of 90° to a given
line, plane, or surface or to the
ground.
Angle Bisector: An angle bisector is a line or
ray that divides an angle into
two congruent angles.
Median: Lines passing from the
midpoint of a line is known
median for that line.
Perpendicular Bisector:
The perpendicular bisector is a
line that divides a line segment
into two equal parts. It also
makes a right angle with the
line segment.
Acute Angle: An angle that measures less
than ninety degrees, but more
than zero degrees.
Straight Angle: At angle of 180°.
Right Angle: At angle of 90°.
Reflex Angle: The reflex angle is the larger
angle. It is more than 180° but
less than 360°
Obtuse Angle: An obtuse angle is a form of
angle that measures more than
90° and less than 180°.
SOME MORE IMPORTANT TERMS USED IN
GEOMETRY
2
1
3 4
5 6
7 8
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 STUDY NOTES FOR SSC AND OTHER EXAMS
Vertical opposite Angle Sine Rule:
∠1= ∠𝟒 ; ∠1= ∠𝟒 𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝑨
=
𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝑩
=
𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝑪
𝒂 𝒃 𝒄
∠𝟐 = ∠𝟑 ; ∠𝟓 = ∠𝟖
Corresponding Angle
COSINE RULE:
∠1= ∠𝟓 ; ∠2= ∠𝟔
𝑏2 +𝑐2 −𝑎2
∠𝟑 = ∠𝟕 ; ∠𝟒 = ∠𝟖 Cos A = 2bc
Alternate Angle 𝑎2 +𝑐 2 −𝑏2
Cos B =
∠𝟑 = ∠6; ∠𝟒 = ∠𝟓 (Interior alternate angle) 2ac
𝑎2 +𝑏2−𝑐 2
∠𝟏 = ∠𝟖; ∠𝟐 = ∠7 (Exterior alternate angle) Cos C = 2ab
The sum of the angles formed by joining angle
bisector of interior angles of parallel is 180 o. PYTHAGORAS THEOREM
LINEAR PAIR OF ANGLES In a right triangle, the square of the hypotenuse is
equal to the sum of the squares of the other two
sides
A

B C
∠𝐴𝑂𝐶 and ∠COB are adjacent angles and AOB is a
AC2 = AB2 + BC2
straight line. Such angles is called linear pair angles.
GEOMETRY LINE ANGLES
CLASSIFICATION OF TRIANGLES
In Triangles ABC, the sides AB and AC are
If c is the longest side then-
produced to points E and D respectively. OB and
 a2+b2 > c2 (Acute angled Triangle)
OC are the bisectors of  EBC and DCB
 a2+b2 = c2 (Right angled Triangle)
respectively meet at point O, then
 a2+b2 < c2(Obtuse Angled Triangle)

 The sum of angles of a triangle is 1800. 1

 The exterior angle is equal to the sum of the
BOC  900  BAC
2
two interior opposite angles.
 The two sides are equal, then corresponding
A
angles are equal.
A

B C
c b

O
D
E

B a C

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 STUDY NOTES FOR SSC AND OTHER EXAMS
In Triangles ABC, OB and OC is the internal Here  QPL +  PLS =1800
bisectors of ABC and ACB respectively  PLS = 1800 –  QPL
meet at point O, then 1800 –1150 =650
1  SLP =  LRT +  RTL
BOC  900  BAC  LRT =  RLP−  LTR
2 = 650− 200 = 450
A  SRT = 1800−450
= 1350
Ex: In the given figure PQ || RS, then find the
value 𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾 ?
O
Sol.

S V
B
R 𝜶
C
M 𝜸
EX If three lines X,Y,Z are parallel lines then O
find ∠AFB in the given figure : 𝜷 T
Sol: P Q
o
D E
80 PQ || OM
X
∠MOQ = 180 - 𝛽
o
o
125 C 30 F RS || OM
Y ∠MOS = 180 - 𝛼
A B
∠MOS = ∠VOT = 180 - 𝛽 +180 - 𝛼
= 180 - 𝛽 +180 - 𝛼
Z
𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾 = 3600
Ex: In ∆ ABC, AB = AC, ∠BAC = 400 .Then
0
Ex: In the given figure. If PQ || RS, ∠QPT = 115 the external angle at B is
and ∠PTR = 200, then ∠SRT is equal to: Sol:
Sol. A
S
Q 0
40

R
D B C

In ∆ ABC, AB = AC , So ∠ ABC = ∠ ABC

400 + ∠ ABC + ∠ ACB = 1800
P T 2 ∠ ABC = 180 – 40
L = 1400

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 STUDY NOTES FOR SSC AND OTHER EXAMS
∠ ABC = 700
700 + ∠ ABD = 1800
MEDIAN:

IMPORTANT PROPERTIES
 A Median divides triangles into two equal
areas-
The medians of a triangle bisect the opposite sides.
In this case BD = DC. Where D is the midpoint of  Area of ∆ ABD = Area of ∆ ACD
BC. 1
= Area of ∆ ABC
2
𝟏
BD = CD = 𝟐 BC

MEDIANS OF A TRIANGLE

 If G is the centroid

 Area of ∆ ABG = Area of ∆ ACG

= Area of ∆ BCG
The intersection point of the medians is called the 1
= 3 Area of ∆ ABC
CENTROID.
𝐴𝐺 𝐵𝐺 𝐶𝐺 2
= = 𝐺𝐹 = 1
𝐺𝐷 𝐺𝐸

The medians of a triangle intersect at a point

that is two-thirds of the distance from each

vertex to the midpoint of the opposite side.

 G is the Centroid
 Area of ∆ AFG = Area of ∆ BFG

= Area of ∆ BDG = Area of ∆ CDG

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 STUDY NOTES FOR SSC AND OTHER EXAMS
= Area of ∆ CEG = Area of ∆ AEG
1
= 6 Area of ∆ ABC

 Area of qua. BDGF = Area of qua. CDGE =

Area of qua. AEGF
1
= 3 Area of ∆ ABC
 The midpoint of the hypotenuse of a right
 G is the Centroid angled

 Area of ∆ DFG = Area of ∆ EFG triangle is equidistant from its vertices.

= Area of ∆ DEG  AM = BM = CM

=
1
Area of ∆ ABC  If the midpoint of any side in a triangle is
12
equidistant

from all the three vertices, the angle

opposite to the side will be 900 .
 If AM = BM = CM

Then, ∠BAC = 900

 BL and CM are medians of a triangle ABC,

right angled at A.
Then,
APOLLONIUS THEOREM
4 (BL2+CM2)=5 BC2
 In a triangle, the sum of the squares of any
two sides of a triangle is equal to twice the sum of
the square of the median to the third side and square
of half the third side.

 AB2 + AC2 = 2 (AD2 + BD2)

RELATION BETWEEN SIDES AND MEDIANS

OF A TRIANGLE

THEOREM

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 STUDY NOTES FOR SSC AND OTHER EXAMS
4
Area of ∆ ABC = 3 × (Area formed by taking AD,

BE and CF as sides of a triangle)

3(AB2 + BC2 + CA2) = 4(AD2 + BE2 + CF2)

ORTHOCENTER
Vertex to opposite side & Perpendicular
PERPENDICULAR BISECTOR

ALTITUDE OF A RIGHT TRIANGLE

Mid Point and Perpendicular
 If  ABC is a right triangle, identify its
altitudes. CIRCUMCENTRE

 BG, AB and BC are its altitudes. Where the perpendicular bisectors meet.

 B is orthocenter

REVIEW
 Altitude = Orthocenter

 Perpendicular Bisector = Circumcentre

INCENTRE  Angle Bisector = Incentre

Angle bisector of a triangle: Is the bisector of each

angle of the triangle SOME PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS
Incentre: Ex: If G is the centroid and AD, BE and CF
Where the angle bisectors meet. are three medians of ∆ ABC with area 72
cm2, then find the area of ∆ BDG ?

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 STUDY NOTES FOR SSC AND OTHER EXAMS
1 Sol:
Sol: Area of ∆ BDG = Area of ∆ ABC
6
Given, AD = 9 cm and G is centroid
1
= 6
× 72 ∴ AG:GD=2:1
1
Now, GD= 3 × 9 = 3cm
= 12 Sq. cm
BE = 6 cm
2
⇒ BG = × 6 = 4cm
3
In right ΔBGD,
BD = √32 + 42 = √9 + 16
= 5 cm

Ex: In triangle ABC, G is the centroid and

AD, BE, CF are three medians and
the area of triangle is 15 cm2, then
find the area of quadrilateral BDGF.
Sol:

Ex: In ∆ ABC, M is the mid-point of BC.

Length of AM is 9. N is a point on AM
such that MN = 1. Distance of N from the
centroid of ∆ABC is equal to -

Sol:

We have
Ar(BDGF)  Ar( BDG)  Ar(FBG)
 Ar(BDGF)  Ar( AGE)  Ar(AGE)
 Ar(BDGF)  2  Ar( AGE)
 Ar(BDGF)  2  15  30 cm2
Given, AM = 9 and MN = 1
∴ AG : GM = 2 : 1 ( ∵ AM is the median)
Ex: Two medians AD and BE of ∆ ABC
intersect at G at right angle. x : (9 - x) = 2 : 1
⇒ x = 2 (9 - x) ⇒ 3x=18
If AD = 9 cm and BE = 6 cm, then the
length of BD (in cm) is ⇒x=6
∴ GM = GN + NM
⇒ GN = 3 - 1 = 2

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 STUDY NOTES FOR SSC AND OTHER EXAMS
Sol:
Ex: In a triangle, distances from centroid to
vertices are respectively 4 cm,
6 cm and 8 cm. find the length of medians.
Sol: 𝐴𝑂=4 cm ,BO = 6 cm, CO = 8 cm

O is centroid "(intersection point of median)

Then ,
𝐴𝑂
=1
2 APQ  ABC  AA Similarity 
𝑂𝐹
ABC is an equilateral triangle
𝐴𝑂
⇒ = 𝑂𝐹  APQ would also be equilateral
2

4 Hence
⇒ OF= = 2𝑐𝑚
2
3 25 3
Ar( APQ)   52  cm 2
Similarly, OD = 3 cm 4 4
And OE = 4 cm Ex: In a parallelogram ABCD, AC = 14 cm, BC
AF = (AO + OF = 18 cm and AB = 16 cm.

AF = (4 + 2) = 6 cm Find the length of the other diagonal.

BD = (6 + 3) = 9 cm Sol:

And CE = (CO + OE) = (8+4) = 12 cm

AE is the median of ΔACB

 By Appolinius Theorem

16 2  14 2  2 x 2  9 2 
 x  145
 AD  2 145 cm
Ex: ABC is an equilateral triangle. P and Q are
two points on AB and AC respectively such Ex: A straight line parallel to the base BC of the
that PQ is parallel to BC. If PQ = 5 cm, then triangle ABC intersects AB and
find area of triangle APQ.
AC at the points D and E respectively. if the
area of triangle ABE be 36 cm2,

then find the area of triangle ACD.

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 STUDY NOTES FOR SSC AND OTHER EXAMS
1
Sol: And GD = 3 AD
2
GD = 3 √86 cm

Area( BDE)  Area( CED)

Triangles between the same parallels
and on the same base Ex: If G is the centroid of ∆ ABC and AG = BC,
Now then find the ∠BGC?
Area( ABE)  36cm2
Sol: ∠BGD = ∠DBG …….(i)
 Area( ADE)  Area( BDE)  36cm2
 Area( ADE)  Area( CED)  36cm2 ∠CGD = ∠GCD ……..(ii)
 Area( ACD)  36cm 2
In ∆ BCG,
Ex: In triangle ABC, ∠B = 900, ∠C = 450 and D ∠BGC + ∠GBC+ ∠GCB = 1800
is the mid-point of AC. If AC
∠BGC + ∠BGD + ∠CGD = 1800 (By i, ii)
= 4√𝟐 cm, then find BD.
∠BGC + ∠BGC = 1800
Sol:
2∠BGC = 1800

∠BGC = 900

Ex: ∆ ABC is right triangle, if ∠B = 900, AD and

CE are two medians drawn from A &C
3√5
respectively. If AC = 5 cm and AD = cm.
ΔABC is an isosceles right angle triangle 2
and D is the mid point of AC. Find the length of CE?
 BD  AC and also AD  CD
 BD is a median
hypotenuse 4 2
 BD    2 2 cm
2 2

Ex: In ∆ ABC, G is the centroid, AB =15cm, BC

= 18 cm and AC = 25cm,
Sol: According to property-
find GD, where D is the midpoint of BC?
4 (AD2 + CE2) = 5 AC2
Sol: AB2 + AC2 = 2(AD2 +BD2)
4 × 45/4 CE2 + 4CE2 = 5 × 25
225 +625 = 2(AD2 + 81)
45 + 4CE2 = 125
425 - 81 = AD2
CE2 = 20
AD =2√86

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 STUDY NOTES FOR SSC AND OTHER EXAMS

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