GEOKIMIA FLUIDA GEOTERMAL DI SEKITAR MESO-STRUKTUR VARROUND THE

CENTRAL JAVA AND YOGYAKARTA MESO-STRUCTUR VULCANO

Ardani Patanduk

Teknik Geologi, Fakultas Teknologi Mineral, Universitas Pembangunan Nasional “Veteran” Yogyakarta
Jl. SWK 104 (Lingkar Utara), Condongcatur, Yogyakarta 55283
e-mail: ardanipatanduk2@gmail.com

The most important factor in the formation of

SARI geothermal systems is the source of heat and water
sources. In high-temperature geothermal systems (>
This research was conducted in four places around
150ºC) it is usually necessary to have a magmatic
the meso-structure area of Central Java-Yogyakarta,
heat source. This geothermal system is usually
namely Gedongsongo, Diwak, Candi Umbul, Dukuh
located around volcanoes where high heat flows are
temple, and Parang Wedang area. The geothermal produced by subsurface arc magma (Tian et al.,
manifestations found in the four regions were 2018). The heat energy produced by mechanical
carried out by examining the geochemistry of the
friction along faults during transpressional
water and its relationship with the heat source in
deformation can also function as a heat source for
each of these geothermal manifestations. This study
high-temperature geothermal systems. Therefore,
is intended to determine the water characteristics of tectonic friction heat characterized by many faults
geothermal manifestations of the system in this can also be recognized as an additional heat source
meso-structure of volcanoes to determine the heat
for geothermal systems (Mase and Smith, 1987;
source and water source of geothermal systems in
Zhu, 2016; Tian, 21018).
these five regions and their relationships. The results
of the study show that the types of water sources and
Therefore a study was conducted to determine the
heat sources in these four regions have different water characteristics of geothermal manifestations
characteristics. And also, geothermal fluids show from a system in volcanic meso-structures in
variations in the chemical components of each
Yogyakarta-Central Java to determine the heat
research site, which means that each place has a
source and source of water from geothermal systems
different water source, one of the geothermal
in these five regions and how they are related (Fig.
systems in the five regions has a high enough
2).
enthalphy.

Kata kunci: Geotermal, chemical, source,

manifestation

PENDAHULUAN
Panas bumi merupakan sember energy alternative
terbarukan. Sumber energy panas bumi Geothermal
energy has the potential to be produced in Indonesia.
This is because Indonesia is located on an active
volcano lane which has a large geothermal potential.
Volcanoes in Indonesia are 129 volcanoes (Firdaus,
2014).
Figure 1: The Research Location Map (Google
The research area is located in five places (Fig. 1), Earth)
namely: Parangwedang, Umbul Temple, Dukuh
Temple, Diwak and Kedongsongo. Litology in the GEOLOGICAL SETTING
study area consists of quarterly volcanic rocks. At
Java, an island in the Indonesian archipelago is a part
the place where the geothermal manifestations
of a long volcanic arc that extends from Sumatera to
appear in the form of hot springs. Every place must
have a hot fluid that has a different chemical content. Nusa Tenggara (Fig. 3). The volcanic arc is due to
subduction of the Indo-Australian plate be- neath the

Figure 2: cross-section of the location of the study and its topography

1

Eurasian plate, with a rate of about 6 to 7 cm/a
(Hamilton, 1979; Simandjuntak and Barber, 1996;
Purnomo, 2014). The subduction started in the
middle Paleogene (Hall, 2002; Purnomo, 2014) and
produced the east–west trending Southern Mountain
volcanic arc (Soeria-Atmadja et al., 1994; Purnomo,
2014). Later, in the magmatic periods of the
Neogene and the Quaterna- ry, additional volcanic
arcs were formed to the north, also trending from
east to west (Van Bemellen, 1949; Hamilton, 1979;
Purnomo, 2014). The older rocks (Tertiary) are
andesitic, while the younger (Quarternary) rocks are
more alkaline (Soeria-Atmadja et al., 1994;
Purnomo, 2014). Clements et al. (2009) noted that
subduction caused lifting and erosion in the southern
part of the island, as indicated by the exposure of
Cretaceous basement (Purnomo, 2014).
Java Island is located in the subduction zone
between the Eurasian plate and the Indo-Australian
plate. This makes the island of Java has considerable
geothermal potential. The research area is located in
the area of Central Java and D.I. Yogyakarta. The
morphology of the study area is a volcanic plateau.
In general, the study area is composed of volcanic
rocks that are quarter-old. Geothermal
manifestations found in the study area were hot
springs, fumaroles, and warm ground. The tectonic
activities that occur on the island of Java have
resulted in the development of varied geological
structures. The structural pattern of the research area
is generally Southwest-Northeast, Northeast-
Southeast. The structure pattern that is formed is a
reflection of the pattern of strictness of the island of
Java which is generally north-south.
Figure 3: Tectonic regime of collisions between
Asian Continent plates and Indian-
Australian oceanic plates that influence
structural patterns formed in the study
area (Purnomo, 2014).
2
METHODS AND DATA
In this study the authors used the method of
collecting data from previous researchers or
secondary data. The data used in the form of water
geochemical data on geothermal manifestations that
are at the location to be studied. Analysis of
geochemical data using RockWorks16, and
Microsoft Excel software. After that an
interpretation is made. List of data can be seen in
Table 1.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Hydrochemistry and geothermometry
The results of hydrochemical analysis for
Gedongsongo, Diwak, Umbul, and Parangwedang
water samples show different types of water. Based
on the plot in the piper diagram (Fig. 4), the
Gedongsongo water sample (G code in red) and
Diwak (code D in purple) has the dominant cation
content in the form of Ca-Mg ion and the dominant
anion is CO3-HCO3 ion or in other words this water
is called calcium water magnesium-bicarbonate.
This shows that Gedongsongo and Diwak water
samples are shallow groundwater and fresh
groundwater, and there are also samples in Diwak
which contain dominant ions in the form of Na ions
and HCO3 ions or in other words this water is called
Sodium-Bicarbonate water (Fig. 4). The high
sodium ion content indicates that this water is deep
groundwater and may be classified as old
groundwater. While the high content of bicarbonate
ions indicates that this water is affected by meteoric
water. That way, both of these points show that this
Diwak water is mixed water, which is between deep
groundwater which mixes with surface groundwater
(meteroric water).
For the Parangwedang water sample (code P in
green) it has a very dominant Ca and Mg and Cl and
SO4 anions (Fig. 4). The high content of Na and Cl
ions indicates that the water comes from very deep
groundwater which is in the deep aquifer and is
probably old. While the high SO4 ion content
indicates that the water is affected by magmatic
solutions which have high H2S and / or SO2 content.
While the content of Ca and Mg ions that are high is
likely to come from volcanic rocks that are rich in
the composition of calcium and magnesium. That
way, it can be concluded that this Parangwedang
sample is water originating from deep ground water
which rises to the surface due to the presence of hot
Table 1: Chemical composition (in mg/L), (n: data not available: data source 1. Phuong et al., 2012; 2. Phuong
et al., 2005; 3. Hutami et al., 2014, 4. Purnomo et al, 2014; 5. Juliarka et al., 2016).
Location Code Temp ( C ) pH SiO2 HCO3 Cl SO4 Na K Mg Ca Paper Reference
Gedongsongo UW-1 21.9 3,45 58 50 1.8 247 34.3 15.0 13.4 42.5
Gedongsongo UW-2 40 5,36 109 59 1.2 136 25.3 8.6 10.3 32.6
Gedongsongo UW-3 56 6,1 86 200 0.8 31.8 14.1 7.9 15.1 37.1
Gedongsongo UW-4 32.2 6 82 465 0.8 2.6 10.7 5.5 14.7 35.9
Gedongsongo UW-5a n 6,31 23 100 0.7 3.5 2.3 1.2 0.7 3.5
Phuong
Gedongsongo UW-6 18 5,42 51 107 0.7 50.3 6.8 3.1 5.6 18.2
et.al.(2012)
Gedongsongo UW-7A 50 6,1 93 501 0.8 3.4 11.8 6.4 19.8 38.9
Gedongsongo UW-7B 25 5,9 89 496 0.8 2.9 12.3 6.0 17.6 40.7
Gedongsongo UW-8A 35.2 6,84 92 1732 998 0.2 700 44.2 117.7 217.3
Gedongsongo UW-8B 38.1 6,78 95 1824 1088 0.1 746 47.1 126.0 278.4
Gedongsongo UW-9a 23,8 7,87 51 351 7.2 4.4 23.2 2.4 26.9 62.1
Diwak UGW-17 A 39,5 6.80 n 1435 111,4 0,8 128 1,90 30,4 134,5
Diwak UGW-17 B 27,5 7.40 n 292 19,21 1,4 46,2 0,60 6,92 19,37 Phuong
Derekan UGW-20 25,8 7 n 145 1,48 1,03 69,5 0,20 3,66 6,01 et.al.(2005)
Derekan UGW-21 38,5 6,9 n 1560 119 0,31 131 2,20 31,3 144,3
Candi Umbul MCU 36 7.3 0.020 21,08 17,43 26,755 20 3,45 n n Hutami et. al.
Candi Dukuh MCD 36 7.3 0.130 36,34 40,13 43,198 28 7,45 n n (2014)
Parangwedang J58 39.2 7.6 26.2 43.96184.5 477.0 1640.0 21.4 8.7 2047.6 Purnomo (2014)
Parangwedang PRWD 1A 47 n n 0 7177 315 1284 32,00 3 n
Parangwedang PRWD 2A 47 n n 0 7124 312 1303 33,00 3 n Juliarka
Parangwedang PRWD 1B 49 n n 76 6750 78 334 7,00 766 n et.al.(2016)
Parangwedang PRWB 2B 49 n n 4 7550 142 876 6,00 730 n

Figure 4: Piper diagram of samples of all the water sample

3
convection flow and mixes with magmatic water, Umbul Temple and Hamlet Temple are included in
and this water is in contact with volcanic rocks. the type of water sulphate. This type of water is
formed by condensation of the geothermal gas
As for the Umbul Temple water sample, Dukuh towards the surface, so that it is generally formed at
Temple (code C in blue) has the dominant content of shallow depths.
Na and K cations and Cl and SO4 anions (Fig. 4).
The high content of Na and Cl ions indicates that the
water comes from very deep groundwater which is
in the deep aquifer and is probably old. While the
high SO4 ion content indicates that the water is
affected by magmatic solutions which have high
H2S and / or SO2 content.

Figure 6: Triangular diagram Na-K-Mg1/2(from

Giggenbach, 1988) for the water
samples from the study area.

Based on the results of the plot on the

geotermometer diagram Na-K-Mg (Fig. 6), water
samples from Gedongsongo, Diwak and Umbul
Figure 5: Cl-SO4-HCO3 ternary diagram of the Temple are in the form of "immature water" so that
geothermal water samples they cannot use the geothermoter to estimate
reservoir temperature. While the results of the
sample plot, Parangwedang water lies in "partial
Geothermal fluid type can be known based on the equilibration", with an estimated temperature of
ratio Cl-SO4-HCO3 anion concentration in fluid around 100ºC to 160ºC.
using a plot on the Giggenbach ternary diagram, Table 2: Quantitative analysis of the
1991 (Fig. 5). Based on the results of the plot in the geothermometer
Cl-SO4-HCO3, diagram, water samples from
Gedongsongo and Diwak are included in the
Bicarbonate type of water (except UW-1 and UW-2
samples). The element of bicarbonate in water will
move to follow the gradient of groundwater, the
farther away the influence of groundwater will be
even greater. The plot results on the Giggenbach
diagram show that all Diwak samples have high
HCO3 concentrations compared to Gedongsongo.
This represents that Diwak experienced an increase
in bicarbonate concentration because it was located
further.

The Giggenbach ternary diagram shows that the

Parangwedang water sample has a high Cl
concentration, but a small concentration of HCO3
and SO4. So that the Parangwedang water sample is
included in the water chloride type. This is likely to
be influenced by seawater, where the Na / Cl ratio is
less than 0.86 which is between 0.05 and 0.18.

4

From the list of data in Table 2, we can know the
value of the Na-K-Ca geothermometer in the
Gedongsongo area between 22.19-12°C. For the
Diwak area the value is 13.7-18.11°C. For Candi
Umbul, the value is 54.80. Whereas there is no Ca
data in the Dukuh and Parangwedang Temple
regions, so there is no geothermometer for Na-K-Ca.
Based on Corney 1990's Classification in Lee 1996,
the Gedongsongo area included enthalpy low-
intermediates. Diwak area includes low enthalpy,
Umbul Temple including low enthalpy.
For the geothermometer value of Na / K in the
Gedongsongo area the value ranges from 180.49-
428.46°C. for the Diwak area the value is 88.03-
94.36°C. for the value of the area 29.29-100.41°C.
For Umbul Temple 267.07°C and Candi Dukuh
319.66°C. Whereas for the Parangwedang area the
value ranges from 60.52-122.05°C. Based on
Corney 1990's Classification in Lee 1996 the
Gedongsongo area included enthalpy high-
intermediates, including enthalpy low-
intermediates, Umbul temples including enthalpy
highs, and Parangwedang including low-
intermediates.
For the K/Mg geothermometer value in the
Gedongsongo area the value ranges from 28.51-
73.98°C. for the diwak area the value is 16.34-
23.32°C. For Derekan area there is no Mg data so
there is no Geothermometer value K / Mg. For Candi
Umbul, the value is 87.78°C and Candi Dukuh is
worth 113.12°C. For the Parangwedang area the
value ranges from 15.90 - 114.03°C. Based on
Classification Corney, Gedongsongo included
enthalpy low, Diwak including low, Umbul Temple
including enthalpy low-intermediate, and
Parangwedang including low-intermediate enthalpy.
CONCLUSION
Based on the results of observations and analyzes,
the conclusions are as follows:
1. Gedongsongo and Diwak springs are included in
the type of bicarbonate water (except UW-1 and
UW-2 samples). The Parwangwedang spring
fluid is included in the water chloride type.
Umbul Temple and Hamlet Temple are included
in the type of water sulphate.
2. Geothermometer Na-K-Mg, water samples from
Gedongsongo, Diwak and Umbul Temple in the
form of "immature water" and Parangwedang in
the form of "partial equilibirium" with
temperatures around 100 C to 160 C.
3. Na-K-Ca geothermometer, water samples from
Gedongsongo, Diwak, Umbul Temple, and
classified as low-intermediate, low, and low
enthalpy, consecutive.
4. Geothermometer Na / K, water samples from
Gedongsongo, Diwak, Umbul, and
Parangwedang temples belong to intermediate-
high, low-intermediate, high, low-intermediate
enthalpy, consecutive.
5. K / Mg geothermometers, water samples from
Gedongsongo, Diwak, Umbul, and
Parangwedang temples are classified as low
enthalpy low, low, and low-intermediate.
6. Based on geothermometer analysis, the
Gedongsongo area is the highest enthalpy area
compared to other regions.
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