5

Trigonometric
Functions
TERMINOLOGY

Amplitude: Maximum displacement from the mean or
centre position in vibrating or oscillating motion
Circular measure: The measurement of an angle as the
length of an arc cut off by an angle at the centre of a
unit circle. The units are called radians
Period: One complete cycle of a wave or other recurring
function
Radian: A unit of angular measurement defined as the
length of arc of one unit that an angle subtended at the
centre of a unit circle cuts off
Sector: Part of a circle bounded by the centre and arc of a
circle cut off by two radii
Segment: Part of a circle bounded by a chord and the
circumference of a circle
 Chapter 5 Trigonometric Functions 195

Introduction
IN THIS CHAPTER YOU will learn about circular measure, which uses radians
rather than degrees. Circular measure is very useful in solving problems
involving properties of the circle, such as arc length and areas of sectors and
segments, which you will study in this chapter.
You will also study trigonometric graphs in greater detail than in the
Preliminary course. These graphs have many applications in the movement of
such things as sound, light and waves.

Circular measure is also useful in calculus, and you will learn about
differentiation and integration of trigonometric functions in this chapter.

Circular Measure
Radians

We are used to degrees being used in geometry and trigonometry.

However, they are limited. For example, when we try to draw the graph of
a trigonometric function, it is difficult to mark degrees along the x- or y-axis as
there is no concept of how large a degree is along a straight line. This is one of
the reasons we use radians.
Other reasons for using radians are that they make solving circle problems
simple and they are used in calculus.
A radian is based on the length of an arc in a unit circle (a circle with
radius 1 unit), so we can visualise a radian as a number that can be measured
along a line.

The symbol for 1 radian is 1c

but we usually don’t use the
1 unit 1 unit
symbol as radians are simply
1c distances, or arc lengths.
196 Maths In Focus Mathematics Extension 1 HSC Course

One radian is the angle that an arc of 1 unit

subtends at the centre of a circle of radius 1 unit.

π radians = 180°

Proof
Circumference of the circle with radius 1 unit is given by:
C = 2π r
= 2π (1)
= 2π
The arc length of the whole circle is 2π.
` there are 2π radians in a whole circle.
But there are 360° in a whole circle (angle of 2π
revolution).
1 unit
So 2π = 360°
π = 180°

Examples

3π
1. Convert into degrees.
2
Solution
Since π = 180°,
3π 3 (180°)
=
2 2
= 270°

2. Change 60° to radians, leaving your answer in terms in π.

Solution
180° = π radians
π
So 1° = radians
180
π
60° = ´ 60
180
60π
=
180
π
=
3
 Chapter 5 Trigonometric Functions 197

3. Convert 50° into radians, correct to 2 decimal places.

Solution
180° = π radians
π
So 1° = radians
180
π
50° = ´ 50
180
50π
=
180
Z 0.87

4. Change 1.145 radians into degrees, to the nearest minute.

Solution
π radians = 180°
180°
` 1 radian = π
180°
1.145 radians = π ´ 1.145
= 65.6°
= 65° 36l

Press 180 ' π ´ 1.145 =

SHIFT ° , ,,

5. Convert 38° 41l into radians, correct to 3 decimal places.

Solution
180° = π radians
π
1° =
180° The calculator may give
π the answer in degrees and
38° 41l = ´ 38° 41l
180° minutes. Simply change this
into a decimal.
= 0.675

6. Evaluate cos 1.145 correct to 2 decimal places.

Solution
For cos 1.145, use radian mode on your calculator.
cos 1.145 = 0.413046135
= 0.41 correct to 2 decimal places
198 Maths In Focus Mathematics Extension 1 HSC Course

π 180
Notice from the examples that 1° = and 1 radian = π . You can use
180
these as conversions rather than starting each time from π = 180°.

180
To change from radians to degrees: Multiply by π .

π
To change from degrees to radians: Multiply by .
180

π
Notice that 1° =
180
= 0.017 radians
180
Also 1 radian = π
= 57° 18l

While we can convert between degrees and radians for any angle, there
are some special angles that we use regularly in this course. It is easier if you
know these without having to convert each time.

π
= 90°
2
π = 180°
3π
= 270°
2
2π = 360°
π
= 45°
4
π
= 60°
3
π
= 30°
6

5.1 Exercises
1. Change into degrees. 7π
π (f)
(a) 9
5 4π
2π (g)
(b) 3
3 7π
5π (h)
(c) 3
4 π
(i)
7π 9
(d)
6 5π
(j)
(e) 3π 18
 Chapter 5 Trigonometric Functions 199

2. Convert into radians in terms 5. Change these radians into

of π. degrees and minutes, to the
(a) 135° nearest minute.
(b) 30° (a) 1.09
(c) 150° (b) 0.768
(d) 240° (c) 1.16
(e) 300° (d) 0.99
(f) 63° (e) 0.32
(g) 15° (f) 3.2
(h) 450° (g) 2.7
(i) 225° (h) 4.31
(j) 120° (i) 5.6
(j) 0.11
3. Change into radians, correct to
2 decimal places. 6. Find correct to 2 decimal places.
(a) 56° (a) sin 0.342
(b) 68° (b) cos 1.5
(c) 127° (c) tan 0.056
(d) 289° (d) cos 0.589
(e) 312° (e) tan 2.29 The calculator may give the
(f) sin 2.8 answer in degrees and minutes.
4. Change into radians, to 2 decimal Simply change this into a decimal.
(g) tan 5.3
places.
(h) cos 4.77
(a) 18° 34l
(i) cos 3.9
(b) 35° 12l
(j) sin 2.98
(c) 101° 56l
(d) 88° 29l
(e) 50° 39l

Trigonometric Results
All the trigonometry that you studied in the Preliminary course can be done
using radians instead of degrees.

Special triangles

The two triangles that give exact trigonometric ratios can be drawn using
radians rather than degrees.

π
6
π
4
2 3
2 1

π π
4 3
1 1
200 Maths In Focus Mathematics Extension 1 HSC Course

Using trigonometric ratios and these special triangles gives the results:

π 1
sin =
4 2
π 1
cos =
4 2
π
tan = 1
4
π 3
sin =
3 2
π 1
cos =
3 2
π
tan = 3
3

π 1
sin =
6 2
π 3
cos =
6 2
π 1
tan =
6 3

Example

π π
Find the exact value of 3 cos − cosec .
6 4
Solution

π π
3 cos − cosec
6 4
π 1
= 3 cos −
6 sin π
4

= 3d
3n 2
−
2 1
3 3
= − 2
2
3 3 2 2
= −
2 2
3 3 −2 2
=
2

Angles of any magnitude

The results for angles of any magnitude can also be looked at using radians.
If we change degrees for radians, the ASTC rule looks like this:
 Chapter 5 Trigonometric Functions 201

y
π
2
2nd quadrant 1st quadrant

π-θ θ

S A

π 0
x
2π

T C
π+θ 2π - θ

3rd quadrant 4th quadrant

3π
2

We can summarise the trigonometric ratios for angles of any magnitude

in radians as follows:

First quadrant:
Angle θ :
sin θ is positive
cos θ is positive
tan θ is positive

Second quadrant:
Angle π − θ :
sin (π − θ ) = sin θ
cos (π − θ ) = − cos θ
tan (π − θ ) = − tan θ

Third quadrant:
Angle π + θ :
sin (π + θ ) = − sin θ
cos (π + θ ) = − cos θ
tan (π + θ ) = tan θ

Fourth quadrant:
Angle 2π − θ :
sin (2π − θ ) = − sin θ
cos (2π − θ ) = cos θ
tan (2π − θ ) = − tan θ
202 Maths In Focus Mathematics Extension 1 HSC Course

Examples

5π
1. Find the exact value of sin .
4
Solution
4π
π=
4
5π 4 π π
So = +
4 4 4
π
=π+
4
In the 3rd quadrant, angles are in the form π + θ, so the angle is in the 3rd
quadrant, and sin θ is negative in the 3rd quadrant.

sin c m = sin c π + m
5π π π
4
4 4
π
= − sin 2
1
4
1
=− π
2 4
1

11π
2. Find the exact value of cos .
6
Solution
12π
2π =
6
11π 12π π
So = −
6 6 6
π
= 2π −
6
In the 4th quadrant, angles are in the form 2π − θ, so the angle is in the
4th quadrant, and cos θ is positive.

cos c m = cos c 2π − m
11π π
π
6 6 6
π
= cos
6
2
3 3
=
2

π
3
1
 Chapter 5 Trigonometric Functions 203

3. Find the exact value of tan c − m.

4π
3
Solution

3π
π=
3
= −c + m
4π 3π π
So −
3 3 3
= − cπ + m
π
3
In the 2nd quadrant, angles are in the form − (π + θ ), so the angle is in the
2nd quadrant, and tan θ is negative in the 2nd quadrant.
π

tan c − m = − tan ; − c π + m E
4π π 6

3 3
π 2 3
= − tan
3
=− 3
π You could change the
3 radians into degrees before
1 finding these ratios.

You could solve all

equations in degrees then
We can use the ASTC rule to solve trigonometric equations. You studied
convert into radians where
these in the Preliminary course using degrees. necessary.

Examples

1. Solve cos x = 0.34 for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π .

Solution
cos is positive in the 1st and 4th quadrants.
Using a calculator (with radian mode) gives x = 1.224.
i.e. cos 1.224 = 0.34
π
This is an angle in the 1st quadrant since 1.224 < .
2
In the 4th quadrant, angles are in the form of 2π − θ.
So the angle in the 4th quadrant will be 2π − 1.224.
So x = 1.224, 2π − 1.224
= 1.224, 5.06.

1
2. Solve sin α = − in the domain 0 ≤ α ≤ 2π.
2
Solution
Here the sin of the angle is negative.
Since sin is positive in the 1st and 2nd quadrants, it is negative in the
3rd and 4th quadrants.
continued
204 Maths In Focus Mathematics Extension 1 HSC Course

π 1
sin = π
4 2 4
In the 3rd quadrant, angles are π + θ and in the 4th
2
quadrant, 2π − θ. 1

π π
So α = π + , 2π − π
4 4 4
4π π 8π π 1
= + , −
4 4 4 4
5π 7π
= ,
4 4

Further Trigonometric Equations

We can use the following results that you learned in the Preliminary Course to
solve further trigonometric equations.

sin (x + y) = sin x cos y + cos x sin y

sin (x − y) = sin x cos y − cos x sin y
cos (x + y) = cos x cos y − sin x sin y
cos (x − y) = cos x cos y + sin x sin y
tan x + tan y
tan (x + y) =
1 − tan x tan y
tan x − tan y
tan (x − y) =
1 + tan x tan y

sin 2x = 2 sin x cos x

cos 2x = cos2 x − sin2 x
2 tan x
tan 2x =
1 − tan2 x

a sin θ + b cos θ = r sin (θ + α ) where

b
r = a2 + b2 and tan α = a
 Chapter 5 Trigonometric Functions 205

The general solutions to trigonometric equations that you studied in the

Preliminary Course can be written in radians:

The solution for sin θ = sin α is given by

θ = π n + (−1) n α where n is an integer.

The solution for cos θ = cos α is given by

θ = 2π n ± α where n is an integer.

The solution for tan θ = tan α is given by

θ = π n + α where n is an integer.

Examples

1. Find the general solutions of sin 2x = cos x.

Solution

sin 2x = cos x
2 sin x cos x = cos x
2 sin x cos x − cos x = 0
cos x (2 sin x − 1) = 0
cos x = 0, 2 sin x − 1 = 0
Solving cos x = 0 gives:
π π
cos x = cos b since cos = 0l
2 2
π
` x = 2π n ±
2
Solving 2 sin x − 1 = 0 gives:
2 sin x = 1
1
sin x =
2
c since sin = m
π π 1
sin x = sin
6 6 2
x = π n + ] −1 gn
π
`
6

, x = π n + ] −1 gn .
π π
So solutions are x = 2π n ±
2 6

continued
206 Maths In Focus Mathematics Extension 1 HSC Course

2. Solve sin x + 3 cos x = 2 for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π .

Solution
sin x + 3 cos x is in the form a sin θ + b cos θ = r sin (θ + α ) where
b
r = a2 + b2 and tan α = a

r = 12 + ( 3 ) 2
= 1+3
= 4
=2
b
tan α = a
3
=
1
= 3
π
α=
3

So sin x + 3 cos x = 2 sin c x + m.

π

3
Solving 2 sin c x + m = 2 for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π
π
3
sin c x + m =
π 2

3 2
1 2 1
= f since = p
2 2 2
If 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π
π π π
≤ x + ≤ 2π +
3 3 3
There are two solutions, one in the 1st quadrant and one in the 2nd quadrant.
π 1
sin =
4 2
π π
x + = in the 1st quadrant.
3 4
But this gives
π π
x= −
4 3
3π 4π
= −
12 12
π
=−
12
π π π
This is outside the domain of ≤ x + ≤ 2π + .
3 3 3
π π
So the 1st quadrant solution is x + = 2π + .
3 4
π π
x = 2π + −
4 3
π
= 2π −
12
23π
=
12
 Chapter 5 Trigonometric Functions 207

In the 2nd quadrant:

π π
x+ =π−
3 4
π π
x=π− −
4 3
12π 3π 4π
= − −
12 12 12
5π
=
12
5π 23π
Solutions are x = , .
12 12

5.2 Exercises
1. Copy and complete the table, 3. Find the exact value, with
giving exact values. rational denominator where
relevant.
π π π
π π Remember that
3 4 6 (a) cos2 + sin2 cos 2 θ = ] cos θ g
2
6 4
sin π π π π
(b) sin cos − cos sin
cos 3 4 3 4
π π π π
tan (c) cos cos + sin sin
6 3 6 3
cosec 2 π 2 π
(d) sin + cos
sec 4 4

2 π 2 π
cot (e) sec + sin
3 6
2. Find the exact value, with rational
4. Find the exact value with rational
denominator where relevant.
denominator of
(a) c tan m
π 2 π π π π
6 (a) sin cos + sin cos
3 4 4 3
(b) c sin m
π 2 π π
4 tan − tan
4 3
(b)
(c) c cos m
π 3 π π
1 + tan tan
6 4 3
π π
(d) tan + tan
3 6 5. Show that
π π π π π π
(e) sin − cos cos cos + sin sin =
4 4 3 4 3 4
π π π π π π
(f) tan + cos sin cos + cos sin .
3 3 4 6 4 6
π π 3π π
(g) sec − tan 6. (a)  Show that =π− .
4 3 4 4
π π (b) Which quadrant is the angle
(h) cos + cot
4 4 3π
in?
4
(i) c cos − tan m
π π 2
4 4 3π
(c) Find the exact value of cos .
4
(j) c sin + cos m
π π 2
6 6
208 Maths In Focus Mathematics Extension 1 HSC Course

5π π 11π
7. (a)  Show that =π− . (iii) cos
6 6 4
(b) Which quadrant is the angle 19π
(iv) tan
5π 6
in?
6 10π
5π (v) sin
(c) Find the exact value of sin . 3
6
7π π
8. (a)  Show that = 2π − . 13. Solve for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π
4 4
(b) Which quadrant is the angle 1
(a) cos x =
7π 2
in? 1
4 (b) sin x = −
7π 2
(c) Find the exact value of tan .
4 (c) tan x = 1
4π π
9. (a)  Show that =π+ . (d) tan x = 3
3 3
(b) Which quadrant is the angle 3
(e) cos x = −
4π 2
in?
3
14. Simplify
(a) sin ] π − θ g
(c) Find the exact value of
4π
cos . (b) tan (2π − x)
3
5π π (c) cos ] π + α g
10. (a)  Show that = 2π − .
(d) cos c − x m
3 3 π
(b) Which quadrant is the angle 2
5π
(e) tan c − θ m
in? π
3 2
5π
(c) Find the exact value of sin . π π 5π
3 15. (a)  Show + = .
6 4 12
5π
11. Find the exact value of each ratio. (b) Find the exact value of cos .
12
3π
(a) tan 16. Expand and simplify
4
(a) sin c θ + m
π
11π
(b) cos 3
6
(b) cos c θ + m
π
2π
(c) tan 4
3
(c) tan c − x m
π
5π
(d) sin 4
4
(d) sin c − y m
π
7π
(e) tan 6
6
(e) cos c θ − m
π
13π π
12. (a)  (i)   Show that = 2π + . 3
6 6
(ii) Which quadrant is the 17. Simplify
(a) 1 − sin2 c − θm
13π π
angle in? 2
6
(iii) Find the exact value of (b) sin π cos α − cos π sin α
π
13π tan θ + tan
cos . 3
6 (c) π
(b) Find the exact value of 1 − tan θ tan
3
9π
(d) 2 cos c + θ m cos c − θ m
(i) sin π π
4
4 4
7π
1 − sin c − 2θ m
(ii) tan π
3 2
(e)
sin 2θ
 Chapter 5 Trigonometric Functions 209

3 π 20. Find the general solution of

18. If tan x = − and < x < π , find
4 2 1
(a) cos x =
the value of cos x and sin x. 2
(b) tan x = − 1
19. Solve for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π (c) 2 sin x = 3
(a) cos 2x = cos x (d) 3tan2 x = 1
(b) tan2 x – 1 = 0 (e) sin x + cos x = 1
(c) cos x + 3 sin x = 2 (f) sin3 x − sin x = 0
(d) cos2 x − sin x = − 1 (g) 3 cos x − sin x = 1
(e) sin 3x + sin x = 0

Circle Results
The area and circumference of a circle are useful in this section.

Area of a circle

A = π r 2 where r is the radius of the circle

Circumference of a circle

C = 2π r = π d

We use equal ratios to find the other circle results. The working out is
simpler when using radians instead of degrees.

Length of arc

l = rθ
(q is in radians)
210 Maths In Focus Mathematics Extension 1 HSC Course

Proof
arc length l angle θ
=
circumference whole revolution
l θ
=
Using 360° instead of 2p 2 π r 2π
gives a different formula.
θ 2π r
Can you find it? ` l=
2π
= rθ

Examples

π
1. Find the length of the arc formed if an angle of is subtended at the
4
centre of a circle of radius 5 m.

Solution
l = rθ

= 5c m
π
4
5π
= m
4

2. The area of a circle is 450 cm2 . Find, in degrees and minutes, the
angle subtended at the centre of the circle by a 2.7 cm arc.

Solution

A = π r2
450 = π r 2
450
π =r
2

450
π =r
11.97 = r
Now l = r θ
2.7 = 11.97θ
2.7
=θ
11.97
0.226 = θ
π radians = 180°
180°
1 radian = π
180°
0.226 radians = π ´ 0.226
= 12.93°
= 12° 56l
So θ = 12° 56l.

5.3 Exercises
1. Find the exact arc length of a
circle if
(a) radius is 4 cm and angle
subtended is π
(b) radius is 3 m and angle
π 6. The circumference of a circle is
subtended is
3
(c) radius is 10 cm and angle
5π
subtended is
6 subtended at the centre of the
(d) radius is 3 cm and angle
subtended is 30°
(e) radius is 7 mm and angle
subtended is 45°.
2. Find the arc length, correct to
2 decimal places, given
(a) radius is 1.5 m and angle
subtended is 0.43
(b) radius is 3.21 cm and angle
subtended is 1.22
(c) radius is 7.2 mm and angle
subtended is 55°
(d) radius is 5.9 cm and angle
subtended is 23° 12l
(e) radius is 2.1 m and angle
subtended is 82° 35l.
3. The angle subtended at the centre
of a circle of radius 3.4 m is
29° 51l. Find the length of the arc
cut off by this angle, correct to
1 decimal place.
4. The arc length when a sector of a
circle is subtended by an angle of
π 3π
at the centre is m. Find the
5 2
radius of the circle.
Chapter 5 Trigonometric Functions 211
5. The radius of a circle is 3 cm and
2π
an arc is  cm long. Find the
7
angle subtended at the centre of
the circle by the arc.
300 mm. Find the length of the
arc that is formed by an angle of
π
6
circle.
7. A circle with area 60 cm2 has an
arc 8 cm long. Find the angle that
is subtended at the centre of the
circle by the arc.
8. A circle with circumference
124 mm has a chord cut off it
that subtends an angle of 40° at
the centre. Find the length of the
arc cut off by the chord.
9. A circle has a chord of 25 mm
π
with an angle of subtended
6
at the centre. Find, to 1 decimal
place, the length of the arc cut off
by the chord.
10. A sector of a circle with radius
π
5 cm and an angle of
3
subtended at the centre is cut out
of cardboard. It is then curved
around to form a cone. Find its
exact surface area and volume.
212 Maths In Focus Mathematics Extension 1 HSC Course

Area of sector

1 2
A= r θ
2
(q is in radians)

Proof
area of sector A angle θ
=
area of circle whole revolution
A θ
=
π r 2 2π
θ π r2
` A=
2π
1 2
= r θ
2

Examples

π
1. Find the area of the sector formed if an angle of is subtended at the
4
centre of a circle of radius 5 m.

Solution

1 2
A= r θ
2
= ^5h c m
1 2 π

2 4
25π 2
= m
8
 Chapter 5 Trigonometric Functions 213

6π
2. The area of the sector of a circle with radius 4 cm is cm2. Find the
5
angle, in degrees, that is subtended at the centre of the circle.

Solution

1 2
A= r θ
2
6π 1 ] g 2
= 4 θ
5 2
= 8θ
6π
=θ
40
3π
=θ
20
3 ] 180° g
Remember that
=θ π = 180 °.
20
27° = θ

5.4 Exercises
1. Find the exact area of the sector
of a circle if
(a) radius is 4 cm and angle
subtended is π
(b) radius is 3 m and angle
π
subtended is
3
(c) radius is 10 cm and angle
5π
subtended is
6 at the centre of the circle by the
(d) radius is 3 cm and angle
subtended is 30°
(e) radius is 7 mm and angle
subtended is 45°.
2. Find the area of the sector, correct
to 2 decimal places, given
(a) radius is 1.5 m and angle
subtended is 0.43
(b) radius is 3.21 cm and angle
subtended is 1.22
(c) radius is 7.2 mm and angle
subtended is 55°
(d) radius is 5.9 cm and angle
subtended is 23° 12l
(e) radius is 2.1 m and angle
subtended is 82° 35l.
3. Find the area, correct to
3 significant figures, of the sector
of a circle with radius 4.3 m and
an angle of 1.8 subtended at the
centre.
4. The area of a sector of a circle is
20 cm2. If the radius of the circle
is 3 cm, find the angle subtended
sector.
5. The area of the sector of a circle
that is subtended by an angle of
π
at the centre is 6π m2. Find the
3
radius of the circle.
6. Find the
(a) arc length
(b) area of the sector of a circle
with radius 7 cm if the sector
is cut off by an angle of 30°
subtended at the centre of
the circle.
214 Maths In Focus Mathematics Extension 1 HSC Course

7. A circle has a circumference of 3π

10. The area of a sector is cm2
185 mm. Find the area of the 10
π and the arc length cut off by the
sector cut off by an angle of
5 π
sector is cm. Find the angle
subtended at the centre. 5
subtended at the centre of the
8. If the area of a circle is 200 cm2 circle and find the radius of the
and a sector is cut off by an angle circle.
3π
of at the centre, find the area
4
of the sector.

9. Find the area of the sector of a

circle with radius 5.7 cm if the
length of the arc formed by this
sector is 4.2 cm.

Area of minor segment

1 2
A= r (θ − sin θ )
2
(θ is in radians)

Proof
Area of minor segment = area of sector − area of triangle
The area of the triangle is
1 1 2 1
given by A = 2 ab sin C = r θ − r 2 sin θ
2 2
1 2
= r (θ − sin θ )
2
 Chapter 5 Trigonometric Functions 215

Examples

π
1. Find the area of the minor segment formed if an angle of is
4
subtended at the centre of a circle of radius 5 m.

Solution

1 2]
A= r θ − sin θ g
2
^ 5 h c − sin m
1 2 π π
=
2 4 4
25 π 1
= e − o
2 4 2
25π 25
= −
8 2 2
25π 25 2
= −
8 4
25π − 50 2 2
= m
8

2. An 80 cm piece of wire is bent into a circle shape, and a 10 cm piece

of wire is joined to it to form a chord. Find the area of the minor segment
cut off by the chord, correct to 2 decimal places.

Solution

C = 2 π r = 80
80
` r=
2π
40 Don’t round off the radius.
= π
Use the full value in your
Z 12.7 calculator’s display to find q.

continued
216 Maths In Focus Mathematics Extension 1 HSC Course

a2 + b2 − c2
cos C =
2ab
12.72 + 12.72 − 102
cos θ =
2 ] 12.7 g ] 12.7 g
= 0.69
` θ = 0.807

A = r 2 ] θ − sin θ g
1
2
= ] 12.7 g ] 0.807 − sin 0.807 g
1 2

2
Z 6.88 cm2

5.5 Exercises
1. Find the exact area of the minor
segment of a circle if
(a) radius is 4 cm and the angle
subtended is π
(b) radius is 3 m and the angle
π π
subtended is
3 7
(c) radius is 10 cm and the angle
5π
subtended is
6
(d) radius is 3 cm and the angle
subtended is 30°
(e) radius is 7 mm and the angle
subtended is 45°.
2. Find the area of the minor
segment correct to 2 decimal
places, given
(a) radius is 1.5 m and the angle
subtended is 0.43
(b) radius is 3.21 cm and the
angle subtended is 1.22
(c) radius is 7.2 mm and the
angle subtended is 55°
(d) radius is 5.9 cm and the angle
subtended is 23° 12l
(e) radius is 2.1 m and the angle
subtended is 82° 35l.
3. Find the area of the minor
segment formed by an angle of
40° subtended at the centre of a
circle with radius 2.82 cm, correct
to 2 significant figures.
4. Find the
(a) exact arc length
(b) exact area of the sector
(c) area of the minor segment,
to 2 decimal places
if an angle of is subtended at
the centre of a circle with radius
3 cm.
5. The area of the minor segment
2π
cut off by an angle of is
9
2
500 cm . Find the radius of the
circle, correct to 1 decimal place.
6. Find the
(a) length of the chord,
to 1 decimal place
(b) length of the arc
(c) area of the minor segment,
to 2 decimal places
π
cut off by an angle of
6
subtended at the centre of a circle
with radius 5 cm.
7. A chord 8 mm long is formed by
an angle of 45° subtended at the
centre of a circle. Find
(a) the radius of the circle
(b) the area of the minor segment
cut off by the angle, correct
to 1 decimal place.
 Chapter 5 Trigonometric Functions 217

π 11.
8. An angle of is subtended at the
8
centre of a circle. If this angle
5π
cuts off an arc of cm, find
4
(a) the exact area of the sector
(b) the area of the minor segment
formed, correct to 1 decimal
place.

9. A triangle OAB is formed where O An arc, centre C, cuts side AC

is the centre of a circle of radius in D.
12 cm, and A and B are endpoints Find the exact
of a 15 cm chord. (a) length of arc BD
(b) area of ABD
(c) perimeter of BDC

12.

(a) Find the angle (θ ) subtended

at the centre of the circle, in
degrees and minutes.
(b) Find the area of ∆OAB, correct
to 1 decimal place.
(c) Find the area of the minor
segment cut off by the chord,
correct to 2 decimal places.
(d) Find the area of the major
segment cut off by the chord,
correct to 2 decimal places.
10. The length of an arc is 8.9 cm
and the area of the sector is
24.3 cm2 when an angle of θ
is subtended at the centre of a
circle. Find the area of the minor
segment cut off by θ, correct to
1 decimal place.
The dartboard above has a radius
of 23 cm. The shaded area has a
height of 7 mm. If a player must
hit the shaded area to win, find
(a) the area of the shaded part, to
the nearest square centimetre
(b) the percentage of the
shaded part in relation to the
whole area of the dartboard, to
1 decimal place
(c) the perimeter of the
shaded area.
218 Maths In Focus Mathematics Extension 1 HSC Course

13. The hour hand of a clock is (a) the exact perimeter of

12 cm long. Find the exact sector ABC
(a) length of the arc through (b) the approximate ratio of the
which the hand would turn in area of the minor segment to the
5 hours area of the sector.
(b) area through which the hand
15. A wedge is cut so that its
would pass in 2 hours.
cross-sectional area is a sector
14. of a circle, radius 15 cm and
π
subtending an angle of at the
6
centre. Find
(a) the volume of the wedge
(b) the surface area of the wedge.

Arc BC subtends an angle of 100°

at the centre A of a circle with
radius 4 cm. Find

Small Angles
When we use radians of small angles, there are some interesting results.

Examples

1. Find sin 0.0023.

Solution
Make sure your calculator is in radian mode
sin 0.0023 = 0.002299997972

2. Find tan 0.0023.

Solution
tan 0.0023 = 0.002300004056

3. Find cos 0.0023.

Solution
cos 0.0023 = 0.999997355
 Chapter 5 Trigonometric Functions 219

Class Investigation Use radians for the small

angles. You could use a
computer spreadsheet to find
these trigonometric ratios.
Use the calculator to explore other small angles and their trigonometric
ratios. What do you notice?

B C

x
A
O 1

Can you see why?

In ∆OAC, OC Z 1 when x is small.
Arc AB = x (definition of a radian)
` AC Z x when x is small
AC
sin x =
OC
x
Z
1
=x
OA
cos x =
OC
1
Z
1
=1
AC
tan x =
OA
x
Z
1
=x

If x (radians) is a small angle then

sin x Z x
tan x Z x
cos x Z 1
and sin x < x < tan x
220 Maths In Focus Mathematics Extension 1 HSC Course

Proof
1
Area ∆OAB = ab sin C
2
1
= ´ 1 ´ 1 ´ sin x
2
1
= sin x
2
1
Area sector OAB = r2 θ
2
1
= ´ 12 ´ x
2
1
= x
2
1
Area ∆OAC = bh
2
1
= ´ 1 ´ AC
2
c tan x = m
1 AC
= ´ 1 ´ tan x
2 1
1
= tan x
2

Area ∆OAB < area sector OAB < area ∆OAC

1 1 1
` sin x < x < tan x
2 2 2
` sin x < x < tan x

Class Investigation
π
Check that sin x < x < tan x for 0 < x < by using your calculator.
2
π
Remember that x is in radians. Does this work for x > .
2

These results give the following result:

sin x
Also lim
tan x
= 1.
lim
x"0 x =1
x "0 x
Can you see why?

Proof
As x " 0, sin x " x
sin x
` x "1
 Chapter 5 Trigonometric Functions 221

Examples

sin 7x
1. Evaluate lim x .
x"0

Solution

sin 7x 7 (sin 7x)

lim
x"0 x = lim
x"0 7x
sin 7x
= 7 lim
x"0 7x
= 7 (1)
=7

2. The planet of Alpha Zeta in a faraway galaxy has a moon with a

diameter of 145 000 km. If the distance between the centre of Alpha Zeta
and the centre of its moon is 12.8 ´ 106 km, find the angle subtended by
the moon at the centre of the planet, in seconds.

Solution

1
r= ´ 145 000
2 The radius of the moon
= 72 500 is 72  500 km.

1
α= θ
2
72 500
tan α =
12.8 ´ 106
= 0.00566
` α = 0.00566
π = 180°
180°
` 1= π
180°
0.00566 = π ´ 0.00566
= 0.3245°
` θ = 0.649°
= 39l
222 Maths In Focus Mathematics Extension 1 HSC Course

5.6 Exercises
1. Evaluate, correct to 3 decimal 6. Given that the wingspan of
places. an aeroplane is 30 m, find the
(a) sin 0.045 plane’s altitude to the nearest
(b) tan 0.003 metre if the wingspan subtends
(c) cos 0.042 an angle of 14l when it is directly
(d) sin 0.065 overhead.
(e) tan 0.005
sin x
2. Evaluate lim .
x"0 4x
θ
tan
3
3. Find lim .
θ"0 θ
4. Given x is small, show that
(a) sin c + x m Z ( 3 + x)
π 1
3 2
(b) cos c − x m Z
π 2
(1 + x)
4 2
(c) tan c x + m Z
π 1+x
4 1−x
5. Find the diameter of the sun
to the nearest kilometre if
its distance from the Earth is
149000000 km and it subtends an
angle of 31l at the Earth.

Trigonometric Graphs
You drew the graphs of trigonometric functions in the Preliminary Course,
using degrees.
You can also draw these graphs using radians.
 Chapter 5 Trigonometric Functions 223

y = sin x

y = cos x

y = tan x

π 3π
y = tan x has asymptotes at x = and since tan x is undefined at those
2 2
points. By finding values for x on each side of the asymptotes, we can see
where the curve goes.
We can also sketch the graphs of the reciprocal trigonometric functions, by
finding the reciprocals of sin x, cos x and tan x at important points on the graphs.

Investigation
1 1 1
1. Use cosec x = , sec x = cos x and cot x = to complete the
sin x tan x
table below.

π 3π
x 0 2 π 2π
2
cosec x
sec x
cot x
224 Maths In Focus Mathematics Extension 1 HSC Course

π 1
e.g. cosec =
2 sin π
2
1
=
1
=1

2. Find any asymptotes

π 1
e.g. sec =
2 cos π
2
1
= (undefined)
0
Discover what the values are on either side of the asymptotes.

3. Sketch each graph of the reciprocal trigonometric functions.

Here are the graphs of the reciprocal ratios.

y = cosec x
y

1
y = sin x
x
π π 3π 2π
2 2
-1

y = sec x

1
y = cos x
x
π π 3π 2π
2 2
-1
 Chapter 5 Trigonometric Functions 225

y = tan x
y

x
π π 3π 2π
2 2

y = cot x

We have sketched these functions in the domain 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π which gives

all the angles in one revolution of a circle. However, we could turn around the
circle again and have angles greater than 2π , as well as negative angles.
These graphs all repeat at regular intervals. They are called periodic
functions.

Investigation

Here is a general sine function. Notice that the shape that occurs between
0 and 2π repeats as shown.
y

x
−4π −2π 2π 4π

−1

1. D raw a general cosine curve. How are the sine and cosine curves
related? Do these curves have symmetry?
2. Draw a general tangent curve. Does it repeat at the same intervals as
the sine and cosine curves?
3. Look at the reciprocal trigonometric curves and see if they repeat in a
similar way.

continued
226 Maths In Focus Mathematics Extension 1 HSC Course

4. U
 se a graphics calculator or a graphing computer program to draw
the graphs of trigonometric functions. Choose different values of k to
sketch these families of trig functions. (Don’t forget to look at values
where k is a fraction or negative.)
(a) f (x) = k sin x
(b) f (x) = k cos x
(c) f (x) = k tan x
(d) f (x) = sin kx
(e) f (x) = cos kx
(f) f (x) = tan kx
(g) f (x) = sin x + k
(h) f (x) = cos x + k
(i) f (x) = tan x + k
(j) f (x) = sin (x + k)
(k) f (x) = cos (x + k)
(l) f (x) = tan (x + k)

Can you see patterns in these families?

Could you predict what the graph of f (x) = a sin bx looks like?

The trig functions have period and amplitude.

The period is the distance over which the curve moves along the x-axis
before it repeats.
The amplitude is the maximum distance that the graph stretches out
from the centre of the graph on the y-axis.

y = sin x has amplitude 1 and period 2π

y = cos x has amplitude 1 and period 2π
y = tan x has no amplitude and period π

2π
y = a sin bx has amplitude a and period
b
2π
y = a cos bx has amplitude a and period
b
π
y = a tan bx has no amplitude and period
b
 Chapter 5 Trigonometric Functions 227

Examples

1. Sketch in the domain 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π.

(a) y = 5 sin x for
(b) y = sin 4x for
(c) y = 5 sin 4x for

Solution
(a) The graph of y = 5 sin x has amplitude 5 and period 2π.

5
y = 5 sin x

x
π π 3π 2π
2 2

−5

2π π
(b) The graph y = sin 4x has amplitude 1 and period or .
4 2
π
This means that the curve repeats every , so in the domain
2
0 ≤ x ≤ 2π there will be 4 repetitions.
y

1
y = sin 4x

x
π π 3π π 5π 3π 7π 2π
4 2 4 4 2 4

−1

continued
228 Maths In Focus Mathematics Extension 1 HSC Course

π
(c) The graph y = 5 sin 4x has amplitude 5 and period .
2
y

5 y = 5 sin 4x

x
π π 3π π 5π 3π 7π 2π
4 2 4 4 2 4

−5

π
2. Sketch f (x) = sin b x + l for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π.
2
Solution
Amplitude = 1
2π
Period =
1
= 2π
f (x) = sin (x + k) translates the curve k units to the left (see Investigation
on page 225–6).
So f (x) = sin c x + m will be moved units to the left. The graph is the
π π
2 2
same as f (x) = sin x but starts in a different position.
If you are not sure where the curve goes, you can draw a table of values.
π 3π
x 0 π 2π
2 2
y 1 0 −1 0 1

x
π π 3π 2π
2 2

−1

This is the same as the

graph y = cos x.
 Chapter 5 Trigonometric Functions 229

x
3. Sketch y = 2 tan for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π.
2
Solution
There is no amplitude.
π
Period =
1
2
= 2π

x
π π 3π 2π
2 2

4. (a) Sketch y = 2 cos x and y = cos 2x on the same set of axes for

0 ≤ x ≤ 2π.
     (b)  Hence or otherwise, sketch y = cos 2x + 2 cos x for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π.

Solution
(a) y = 2 cos x has amplitude 2 and period 2π
2π
y = cos 2x has amplitude 1 and period or π
2
y

y = 2 cos x

1
y = cos 2x

x
π π 3π π 5π 3π 7π 2π
4 2 4 4 2 4

−1

−2

continued
230 Maths In Focus Mathematics Extension 1 HSC Course

(b) Method 1: Use table

π π 3π 5π 3π 7π
x 0 π 2π
4 2 4 4 2 4
cos 2x 1 0 −1 0 1 0 −1 0 1
2 cos x 2 2 0 − 2 −2 − 2 0 2 2
Notice that the period of
cos 2x + 2 cos x 3 2 −1 − 2 −1 − 2 −1 2 3
this graph is 2π.

Method 2: Add y values together on the graph itself

e.g. when x = 0:
y=1+2
=3

y
3
y = cos 2x + 2 cos x

2
y = 2 cos x

1
y = cos 2x

x
π π 3π π 5π 3π 7π 2π
4 2 4 4 2 4

−1

−2
These graphs can be
sketched more accurately
on a graphics calculator
or in a computer program −3
such as Autograph.

5.7 Exercises
1. Sketch for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π 2. Sketch for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π
(a) y = cos x (a) y = cos 2x
(b) f (x) = 2 sin x (b) y = tan 2x
(c) y = 1 + sin x (c) y = sin 3x
(d) y = 2 − sin x (d) f (x) = 3 cos 4x
(e) f (x) = − 3 cos x (e) y = 6 cos 3x
(f) y = 4 sin x x
(f) y = tan
2
(g) f (x) = cos x + 3 (g) f (x) = 2 tan 3x
(h) y = 5 tan x x
(h) y = 3 cos
(i) f (x) = tan x + 3 2
x
(j) y = 1 − 2 tan x (i) y = 2 sin
2
x
(j) f (x) = 4 cos
4
 Chapter 5 Trigonometric Functions 231

3. Sketch for − π ≤ x ≤ π 6. Sketch for − 2 ≤ x ≤ 2

(a) y = sin 2x (a) y = sin π x
(b) y = 7 cos 4x (b) y = 3 cos 2π x
(c) f (x) = tan 4x
7. Sketch in the domain 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π
(d) y = 5 sin 4x
(a) y = sin x and y = sin 2x on the
(e) f (x) = 2 cos 2x
same set of axes
x
4. Sketch y = 8 sin in the domain (b) y = sin x + sin 2x
2
0 ≤ x ≤ 4π.
8. Sketch for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π
(a) y = 2 cos x and y = 3 sin x on
5. Sketch for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π
the same set of axes
(a) y = sin (x + π )
π (b) y = 2 cos x + 3 sin x
(b) y = tan b x + l
2
(c) f (x) = cos (x − π ) 9. By sketching y = cos x and
π y = cos 2x on the same set of axes
(d) y = 3 sin b x − l
2 for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π , sketch the graph of
π
(e) f (x) = 2 cos b x + l y = cos 2x − cos x.
2
π
(f) y = 4 sin b 2x + l
2 10. Sketch the graph of
π
(g) y = cos b x − l (a) y = cos x + sin x
4
(b) y = sin 2x − sin x
π
(h) y = tan b x + l (c) y = sin x + 2 cos 2x
4
π
(i) f (x) = 2 cos b x + l + 1 (d) y = 3 cos x − cos 2x
x
2 (e) y = sin x − sin
π 2
(j) y = 2 − 3 sin b x – l
2

Applications

The sine and cosine curves are used in many

applications including the study of waves. There
are many different types of waves, including
water, light and sound waves. Oscilloscopes display
patterns of electrical waves on the screen of
a cathode-ray tube.

Search waves and the oscilloscope on the Internet

You will study simple
for further information.
harmonic motion in
Chapter 6.
Simple harmonic motion (such as the movement
of a pendulum) is a wave-like or oscillatory motion
when graphed against time. In 1581, when he
was 17 years old, Gallileo noticed a lamp swinging
backwards and forwards in Pisa cathedral. He
found that the lamp took the same time to swing to and fro, no matter how
much weight it had on it. This led him to discover the pendulum.

Gallileo also invented the telescope. Find out more information about Gallileo’s
life and his other discoveries.
232 Maths In Focus Mathematics Extension 1 HSC Course

Some trigonometric equations are difficult to solve algebraically, but

can be solved graphically by finding the points of intersection between
two graphs.

Examples

1. Find approximate solutions to the equation sin x = x − 1 by sketching

the graphs y = sin x and y = x − 1 on a Cartesian plane.

Solution
When sketching the two graphs together, we use π ≈ 3.14, 2π ≈ 6.28 and
so on to label the x-axis as shown.
To sketch y = x − 1, find the gradient and y-intercept or find the x- and
y‑intercepts.
x-intercept (where y = 0) is 1 and y-intercept (where x = 0) is –1.
y

y = x −1

π π x
3π 2π
1 2 2 3 4 5 6
2

y = sin x
−1

The solution to sin x = x − 1 is at the point of intersection of the two

graphs. ` x ≈ 2.

x
2. How many solutions are there for cos 2x = in the domain 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π ?
4
Solution
x
Sketch y = cos 2x and y = on the same set of axes.
4
y = cos 2x has amplitude 1 and period π
x
y = has x-intercept 0 and y-intercept 0. We can find another point on the line
4
e.g. When x = 4
4
y=
4
=1
 Chapter 5 Trigonometric Functions 233

y
x
y=
4

π π x
3π 2π
1 2 2 3 4 5 6
2

y = cos 2x
-1

There are 3 points of intersection of the graphs, so the equation

x
cos 2x = has 3 solutions.
4

We can also look at applications of trigonometric graphs in real life

situations.

Example

The table shows the highest average monthly temperatures in Sydney.

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

°C 26.1 26.1 25.1 22.8 19.8 17.4 16.8 18.0 20.1 22.2 23.9 25.6

(a) Draw a graph of this data, by hand or on a graphics calculator

or computer.
(b) Is it periodic? Why would you expect it to be periodic?
(c) What is the period and amplitude?

Solution
(a) Temperature
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
ov er
Fe ary

M y
ch

il
ay

A ly
pt st
ne

O er

r
em r
be
D mbe
r

pr

Se ugu

N ob
Ju

b
ua

M
Ju
ar
nu

em
A

ct
br

e
Ja

ec

Months
continued
234 Maths In Focus Mathematics Extension 1 HSC Course

(b) The graph looks like it is periodic, and we would expect it to be,
since the temperature varies with the seasons. It goes up and down,
and reaches a maximum in summer and a minimum in winter.
(c) This curve is approximately a cosine curve with one full period,
so the period is 12 months.
To find the centre, find the
The maximum temperature is around 26° and the minimum is
average of 18 and 26 which
18 + 26 around 18°, so the centre of the graph is 22° with 4° either side. So the
is .
2 amplitude is 4.

5.8 Exercises
1. Show graphically that 7. The graph below show the times
x of sunsets in a city over a period
sin x =  has
2 of 2 years.
(a) 2 solutions for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π Sunsets
(b) 3 solutions for − π ≤ x ≤ π . 10
9
8
2. Solve sin x = x for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π 7
graphically by sketching y = sin x
Time (pm)

and y = x on the same number

5
4
plane. 3
2
3. Solve cos x = 2x − 3 for 1
0
0 ≤ x ≤ 2π by finding the points
Ja er
y
ch

ay

ch

ay

r
y
ov r

ov r
be
ar

N be
Se Jul

Se Jul

N be
ar
b

ar
ar

M
em
nu

nu

em
em

em
M

M
of intersection of the graphs
Ja

pt

pt
y = cos x and y = 2x − 3.

4. Solve tan x = x graphically in the

domain 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π .

5. Solve by graphical means

sin 2x = x for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π .

6. Draw the graphs of y = sin x and

y = cos x for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π on the
same set of axes. Use your graphs
to solve the equation sin x = cos x
for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π .
(a) Find the period and
amplitude of the graph.
(b) At approximately what time
would you expect the sun to set
in July?
 Chapter 5 Trigonometric Functions 235

8. The graph shows the incidence of crimes committed over 24 years in

Gotham City.
1800

1600

1400

1200

1000

800

600

400

200

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

(a) Approximately how many crimes were committed in the 10th year?
(b) What was the
(i) highest and
(ii) lowest number of crimes?
(c) Find the amplitude and the period of the graph.

9. Below is a table showing the average daylight hours over several months.

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug

Daylight hours 15.3 14.7 13.2 13.1 12.7 12.2 12.5 13.8

(a) Draw a graph to show this data.

(b) Is it periodic? If so, what is the period?
(c) Find the amplitude.

10. The table below shows the high and low tides over a three-day period.

Day Friday Saturday Sunday

Time 6.20 11.55 6.15 11.48 6.20 11.55 6.15 11.48 6.20 11.55 6.15 11.48
am am pm pm am am pm pm am am pm pm

Tide (m) 3.2 1.1 3.4 1.3 3.2 1.2 3.5 1.1 3.4 1.2 3.5 1.3

(a) Draw a sketch showing the tides.

(b) Find the period and amplitude.
(c) Estimate the height of the tide
at around 8 am on Friday.
236 Maths In Focus Mathematics Extension 1 HSC Course

Differentiation of Trigonometric Functions

Derivative of sin x

We can sketch the gradient (tangent) function of y = sin x.

The gradient function is y = cos x.

d
(sin x) = cos x
dx

Proof
Let f ] x g = sin x
Then f (x + h) = sin (x + h)
f ( x + h ) − f ( x)
f l(x) = lim
h"0 h
sin (x + h) − sin x
= lim
h"0 h
(sin x cos h + cos x sin h) − sin x
= lim
h"0 h
sin x (cos h − 1) + cos x sin h
= lim
h"0 h
= lim sin x c m + cos x c m
cos h − 1 sin h
h"0 h h
= lim sin x(0) + cos x(1) c since cos h " 1 as h " 0 and lim = 1m
sin h
h"0 h"0 h
= cos x.
sin h
Notice that the result lim = 1 only works for radians. We always use
h"0 h
radians when using calculus.
 Chapter 5 Trigonometric Functions 237

Function of a function rule

d
[sin f (x)] = f l(x) cos f (x)
dx

Proof
Let u = f (x)
Then y = sin u
du dy
= f l(x) and = cos u
dx du
dy dy du
= $
dx du dx
= cos u $ f l(x)
= f l(x) cos f (x)

Derivative of cos x

We can sketch the gradient function of y = cos x.

The gradient function is y = − sin x.

d
(cos x) = − sin x
dx

Proof

Since cos x = sin c − xm

π
2
< sin c − x m F
d d π
(cos x) =
dx dx 2
= − 1 ´ cos c − x m
π
2
= − sin x
238 Maths In Focus Mathematics Extension 1 HSC Course

Function of a function rule

d
This result can be proven [cos f (x)] = − f l(x) sin f (x)
the same way as for sin f(x). dx

Derivative of tan x

The gradient function is harder to sketch for y = tan x.

The gradient function is y = sec2 x.

sin x
It is easier to see the rule for differentiating y = tan x by using tan x = cos x
and the quotient rule.

d
(tan x) = sec2 x
dx

Proof
sin x
tan x = cos x
d d b sin x l
(tan x) =
dx dx cos x
ulv − vlu
=
v2
cos x (cos x) − (−sin x) sin x
=
cos2 x
cos2 x + sin2 x
=
cos2 x
1
=
cos2 x
= sec2 x
 Chapter 5 Trigonometric Functions 239

Function of a function rule

d
[tan f (x)] = f l(x) sec2 f (x) . This result can be proven
dx the same way as for sin f(x).

EXAMPLEs

1. Differentiate sin (5x) .

Solution
d
[sin f (x)] = f l(x) cos f (x)
dx
d
` [sin (5x)] = 5 cos (5x)
dx

2. Differentiate sin x°.

Solution

c sin m
d d πx
(sin x°) =
dx dx 180
π πx
= cos
180 180
π
= cos x°
180

3. Find the exact value of the gradient of the tangent to the curve
π
y = x2 sin x at the point where x = .
4
Solution
dy
= ulv + vlu
dx
= cos x (x2) + 2x (sin x)
= x2 cos x + 2x sin x
π
When x = ,
4
dy
= c m cos + 2 c m sin
π 2 π π π
dx 4 4 4 4
π 2
1 π 1
= ´ + ´
16 2 2 2
π 2
π
= +
16 2 2 2
π 2 + 8π
=
16 2
π 2 (π + 8 )
=
32
240 Maths In Focus Mathematics Extension 1 HSC Course

5.9 Exercises
1. Differentiate 5. Differentiate log e (cos x) .
(a) sin 4x
(b) cos 3x 6. Find the exact gradient of the
(c) tan 5x normal to the curve y = sin 3x at
π
(d) tan (3x + 1) the point where x = .
18
(e) cos (− x)
7. Differentiate etan x.
(f) 3 sin x
(g) 4 cos (5x − 3) 8. Find the equation of the normal
(h) 2 cos (x3) to the curve y = 3 sin 2x at the
(i) 7 tan (x2 + 5) π
(j) sin 3x + cos 8x point where x = , in exact form.
8
(k) tan (π + x) + x 2 d2 y
(l) x tan x 9. Show that = − 25y if
dx2
(m) sin 2x tan 3x y = 2 cos 5x.
sin x
(n)
2x 10. Given f (x) = − 2 sin x, show that
3x + 4 f m(x) = − f (x) .
(o)
sin 5x
(p) (2x + tan 7x)9 11. Show that
(q) sin2 x d
[loge (tan x)] = tan x + cot x.
(r) 3 cos3 5x dx
(s) ex − cos 2x 12. Find the coordinates of the
(t) sin (1 − loge x) stationary points on the curve
(u) sin (ex + x) y = 2 sin x − x for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π .
(v) loge (sin x)
13. Differentiate
(w) e3x cos 2x
(a) tan x°
e2x
(x) (b) 3 cos x°
tan 7x
sin x°
(c)
2. Find the derivative of cos x sin4 x. 5
14. If y = 2 sin 3x − 5 cos 3x, show
3. Find the gradient of the tangent
d2 y
to the curve y = tan 3x at the that = − 9y.
π dx2
point where x = .
9 15. Find values of a and b if
4. Find the equation of the tangent d2 y
= ae3x cos 4x + be3x sin 4x,
to the curve y = sin (π − x) at the dx2
point c , m , in exact form.
π 1 given y = e3x cos 4x.
6 2

Integration of Trigonometric Functions

The integrals of the trigonometric functions are their primitive functions.

# cos x dx = sin x + C
 Chapter 5 Trigonometric Functions 241

# − sin x dx = cos x + C Integration is the inverse of

differentiation.
` # sin x dx = − cos x + C

# sin x dx = − cos x + C

# sec2 x dx = tan x + C

Function of a function rule

# cos (ax + b) dx = 1a sin (ax + b) + C

Proof
d
[sin (ax + b)] = a cos (ax + b)
dx
` # a cos (ax + b) dx = sin (ax + b) + C
# cos (ax + b) dx = 1a # a cos (ax + b) dx
1
= a sin (ax + b) + C

Similarly,

# sin (ax + b) dx = − 1a cos (ax + b) + C

# sec2 (ax + b) dx = 1a tan(ax + b) + C

EXAMPLES

1. Find # sin (3x) dx.

Solution

# sin (3x) dx = − 13 cos (3x) + C

continued
242 Maths In Focus Mathematics Extension 1 HSC Course

π
2. Evaluate #
0
2
sin x dx.

Solution
π π

#0
2
sin x dx = ; − cos x E
2

0
π
= − cos − (− cos 0)
2
= 0 − ( − 1)
=1

3. Find # cos x° dx.

Solution
πx
# cos x° dx = # cos 180 dx
1 πx
= π sin 180 + C
180
180
= π sin x° + C

4. Find the area enclosed between the curve y = cos x, the x-axis and the
π 3π
lines x = and x = .
2 2
Solution

You studied areas in

Chapter 3. The definite
integral is negative as the
area is below the x-axis.

3π 3π

# cos x dx = ; sin x E π
2 2

π
2 2
You could use
3π π
3π = sin − sin
Area = # π
2
cos x dx
2
= −1 − 1
2
2

= −2 = −2
= 2. ` area is 2 units2.
 Chapter 5 Trigonometric Functions 243

5. Find the volume of the solid formed if the curve y = sec x is rotated
π
about the x-axis from x = 0 to x = .
4
Solution

y = sec x
` y2 = sec2 x

#
b
The volume formula comes
V=π y 2 dx from Chapter 3.
a
π
=π #
0
4
sec 2 x dx
π

= π ; tan x E
4

0
π
= π c tan − tan 0 m
4
= π ( 1 − 0)
=π
So the volume is π units 3 .

5.10 Exercises

1. Find the indefinite integral x

(n) 4 sin
(primitive function) of 2
(a) cos x x
(o) 3 sec2
(b) sin x 3
(c) sec2 x (p) − sin (3 − x)
sin x°
(d) 2. Evaluate, giving exact answers
4
(e) sin 3x where appropriate.
π
(f) − sin 7x
(g) sec2 5x
(a) #
0
2
cos x dx
π
(h) cos (x + 1)
(i) sin (2x − 3)
(b) #
π
3
sec 2 x dx
6
(j) cos (2x − 1) π

(k) sin (π − x) (c) #

π
sin
x
2
dx
(l) cos (x + π )
2
π
(m) 2 sec2 7x (d) #
0
2
cos 3x dx

ch5.indd 243 6/30/09 11:35:08 AM

244 Maths In Focus Mathematics Extension 1 HSC Course

1 10. Find the exact area enclosed by

(e) #
0
2
sin π x dx the curve y = sin x and the line
1
π y = for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π .
(f) # 0
8
sec 2 2x dx 2
11. Find the exact area bounded by
π
(g) # 12
3 cos 2x dx the curves y = sin x and y = cos x
0 in the domain 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π .
π
(h) # 10
− sin 5x dx 12. (a)  Show that the volume of
0
the solid formed by rotating
3. Find the area enclosed between the curve y = cos x about the
the curve y = sin x and the x-axis π
x axis between x = 0 and x = is
in the domain 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π . 2
π units3 .
4. Find the exact area bounded by (b)  Use the trapezoidal rule
the curve y = cos 3x, the x-axis with 4 subintervals to find an
π
and the lines x = 0 and x = . approximation to the volume of
12
the solid formed by rotating the
5. Find the area enclosed between
curve y = cos x about the x-axis
x π
the curve y = sec2 , the x-axis
4 from x = 0 to x = .
2
π π
and the lines x = and x = , 1
4 2 13. (a)  Show cos2 x = (cos 2x + 1) .
correct to 2 decimal places. 2
(b)  Hence find # cos2 x dx.
6. Find the volume, correct to
2 decimal places, of the solid 14. (a)  Find an expression for sin2 x
formed when the curve y = sec π x in terms of cos 2x.
is rotated about the x-axis from (b)  Hence find the exact volume
x = 0 to x = 0.15. of the solid if the curve y = sin x
is rotated about the x-axis from
7. Find, in exact form, the volume π
x = 0 to x = .
of the solid of revolution formed 4
by rotating the curve y = sin 2x d 2y
about the x-axis from x = 0 to 15. A curve has = 18 sin 3x and a
dx2
π
stationary point at c , − 2 m . Find
x= . π
6
6
8. Find # etan x sec2 x dx, using the the equation of the curve.
substitution u = tan x.

9. Use the substitution u = sin x to

π
evaluate #
0
6
cos x sin 2 x dx.

Integration of sin2  x and cos2  x

# cos2 x dx = 12 x + 14 sin 2x + C
 Chapter 5 Trigonometric Functions 245

Proof

cos 2x = 2 cos2 x − 1
cos 2x + 1 = 2 cos2 x
1
(cos 2x + 1) = cos2 x
2
1
` # cos2 x dx = # (cos 2x + 1) dx
2
= c sin 2x + x m + C
1 1
2 2
1 1
= sin 2x + x + C
4 2

# sin2 x dx = 12 x − 14 sin 2x + C

Proof

cos 2x = 1 − 2 sin2 x
2 sin2 x = 1 − cos 2x
1
sin2 x = (1 − cos 2x)
2
1
` # sin x dx = # (1 − cos 2x) dx
2
2
= c x − sin 2x m + C
1 1
2 2
1 1
= x − sin 2x + C
2 4

EXAMPLE

π
Evaluate #
0
8
cos 2 x dx.

Solution
π π

# cos x dx = ; x + sin 2x E
8 2 1 1 8

0 2 4 0

= c ´ + sin m − c ´ 0 + sin 0 m
1 π 1 π 1 1
2 8 4 4 2 4
π 1 1
= + ´
16 4 2
π+ 2 2
=
16
246 Maths In Focus Mathematics Extension 1 HSC Course

5.11 Exercises

1. Find the indefinite integral 6. Find the integral (primitive

(primitive function) of function) of
(a) cos2 x − 1 (a) sin2 3x
(b) sin2 x + x2 x
(b) cos2
(c) 3 cos2 x − 5 2
(d) 2 sin2 x − cos x (c) sin2 x°
(e) 7 cos2 x + sec2 7x (d) cos2 ax
2x
(f) cos2 x + cos x + 2 (e) 3 sin2
5
(g) sin 2x − sin2 x
(h) sec2 x + sin2 x 7. (a)  Write down an expression for
(i) 1 + cos 3x − sin2 x sin 3x in terms of sin x.
π
(j) cos2 2x
(b)  Hence find # 0
6
sin 3 x dx.
2. Evaluate, giving exact values.
π
8. (a) Show that sin 7x cos 3x =
(a) #
0
2 2
cos x dx
1
2
[sin (7x + 3x) + sin (7x − 3x)] .
π

(b) #
π
^ cos 2 x + 1 h dx (b)  Hence find #
0
2
sin 7x cos 3x dx.
0
9. Find
#
π
(c) (sin 2 x + x) dx
π
2
(a) # sin x cos x dx
π
(d) # 3 ^ 2 cos 2 x + 1 h dx (b) # (cos x + sin2 x) dx
π
6

π
(c) # sin2 θ cos2 θ dθ
(e) #
0
6
sin 2 x dx (d) # (cos x + sin x) 2 dx
3. Find the exact volume of the
(e) # cos3 θ dθ
solid of revolution formed if the 10. (a)  Find the area enclosed
curve y = sin x is rotated about between the curves y = sin x and
the x-axis between x = 0 and π
y = cos x and the lines x = and
6
π π
x= . x= .
4 4
4. Find the exact area bounded by (b)  This area is rotated about the
the curve y = cos2 x, the x-axis x-axis. Find the volume of the
π π
and the lines x = and x = . solid of revolution formed.
4 2
5. Find the exact volume of
the solid formed if the curve
y = cos x + 1 is rotated about the
π
x-axis from x = 0 to x = .
2
 Chapter 5 Trigonometric Functions 247

Test Yourself 5
1. A circle with radius 5 cm has an angle of 7. Evaluate
π
subtended at the centre. Find π
6
(a) the exact arc length
(a) # 0
4
cos x dx
π
(b) the exact area of the sector
(b) # 3
sec 2 x dx
(c) the area of the minor segment to π
6
3 significant figures. π

2. Find the exact value of

(c) # 0
3
2 sin 2 x dx
π
(d) #
π 3
(a) tan cos 2 x dx
3 π
π 6
(b) cos
6 8. Find the equation of the tangent to the
2π π 1
(c) sin
3 curve y = sin 3x at the point e , o.
4 2
3π
(d) cos d2 x
4 9. If x = cos 2t, show that = − 4x.
dt2
3. Solve for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π 10. Find the exact area bounded by the curve
(a) tan x = − 1 π
y = sin x, the x-axis and the lines x =
4
(b) 2 sin x = 1 π
and x = .
2
4. Sketch for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π
11. Find the volume of the solid formed if
(a) y = 3 cos 2x
the curve y = sec x is rotated about the
x
(b) y = 7 sin π
2 x-axis from x = 0 to x = .
6
5. Differentiate
(a) cos x 12. Simplify
(b) 2 sin x sin 5x
(a) lim x
x"0
(c) tan x + 1
(d) x sin x 2 tan θ
(b) lim
tan x
θ"0 θ
(e) x
13. Find the gradient of the tangent to the
(f) cos 3x
curve y = 3 cos 2x at the point where
(g) tan 5x π
x= .
6
6. Find the indefinite integral (primitive
function) of 14. A circle has a circumference of 8π cm. If
π
(a) sin 2x an angle of is subtended at the centre
7
(b) 3 cos x of the circle, find
(c) sec2 5x (a) the exact area of the sector
(d) 1 + sin x (b) the area of the minor segment, to
2 decimal places.
248 Maths In Focus Mathematics Extension 1 HSC Course

2x 18. Find the equation of the normal to the

15. (a)  Sketch y = cos 2x and y = on the
curve y = tan x at the point c , 1 m .
3 π

same set of axes for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π . 4
2x dy
(b)  Solve cos 2x = for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π . 19. A curve has = 6 sin 2x, and passes
3 dx
through the point c , 3 m . Find the
π
16. (a)  Find the exact area with rational
2
denominator bounded by the curve equation of the curve.
π
y = sin x, the x-axis and the lines x =
6 20. (a)  Sketch y = 7 sin 3x and y = 2x − 1 on
π
and x = . the same number plane for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π .
4
(b)  This area is rotated about the x-axis. (b)  Solve 7 sin 3x = 2x − 1 for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π .
Find the volume of the solid formed.

17. Find the area bounded by the curve

y = cos 2x, the x-axis and the lines x = 0
to x = π .

Challenge Exercise 5
1. Use Simpson’s rule with 5 function 6. Sketch y = 5 sin ] x + π g for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π .
values to find an approximation to
π 7. Find the derivative of tan x°.
#
π
4
tan x dx, correct to 2 decimal places.
1 − cos 2x
8
8. Find lim .
π x"0
x2
2. Evaluate #π
8
sec 2 2x dx, in exact form.
sec2 x
12 9. (a)  Show that sec x cosec x = .
tan x
3. The area of the sector of a circle is (b) Hence, or otherwise, find the exact
4π units2 and the length of the arc π

π
bounded by this sector is units. Find
value of #
π
3
cosec x sec x dx.
8 4

the radius of the circle and the angle that 10. Differentiate ex sin 2x.
is subtended at the centre. 11. (a)  Find the stationary points on the
4. If f (x) = 3 cos π x curve y = sin 2x + 3 over the domain
(a) find the period and amplitude of the 0 ≤ x ≤ π.
function (b)  What is the maximum value of the
(b) sketch f (x) for 0 ≤ x ≤ 4. curve?
d2 y (c)  What is the amplitude?
5. Given = 9 sin 3x
dx2 12. Evaluate # sin x cos2 x dx, using the
(a) find y if there is a stationary point at substitution u = cos x.
c , 1m
π

2
d2 y
(b) Show that + 9y = 0.
dx2
 Chapter 5 Trigonometric Functions 249

13. The area of a sector in a circle of radius
8π
4 cm is cm2. Find the area of the
3 4
minor segment, in exact form.
14. Find # sin x°dx.
15. Find the gradient of the normal to the
curve y = x2 + cos π x at the point where
x = 1.
16. Use the trapezoidal rule with
4 subintervals to find, correct to
3 decimal places, an approximation
to the volume of the solid formed
by rotating the curve y = sin x about
the x-axis from x = 0.2 to x = 0.6.
20. Find all the points of inflexion on the
curve y = 3 cos c 2x + m for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π .
π
21. (a)  Find the exact area bounded by the
curve y = cos x, the x-axis and the lines
π π
x = and x = .
6 4
(b)  This area is rotated about the x-axis.
Find the exact volume of the solid of
revolution formed.
22. Find the general solutions of
2 sin3 x − sin x − 2 sin2 x + 1 = 0.
23. Use the substitution
u = cos x to find # sin3 x dx.

17. Differentiate log e (sin x + cos x) . 1

24. (a)  Show sin x cos x = sin 2x.
2
18. Find the exact area of the minor segment (b) Hence, or otherwise, find the exact
π
cut off by a quarter of a circle with radius
3 cm.
value of #
0
8
sin 2 x cos 2 x dx.

25. If f (x) = 2 cos 3x, show that

19. Sketch y = tan c x − m for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π .
π
4 f m(x) = − 9 f (x) .