Dip. SoM Lab Manual

DME2001L Strength of Materials Lab Manual
DME2001L STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

Laboratory Manual
School of Engineering
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Name:
Roll Number:
Section/Group:
Department:
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G D Goenka University Gurgaon,

Haryana
The document is for internal circulation only.
Copyright © 2013 G D Goenka University. All rights reserved.

All materials on these pages are copyrighted by the G D Goenka University. All rights reserved.
Reproduction, modification, retransmission, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical or
otherwise, for reasons other than personal use, is strictly prohibited without prior written permission.
First Edition
August, 2018
Published by:
SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING
Department of Mechanical Engineering
G D Goenka University
Gurgaon, Haryana
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PREPARED BY- ANIL CHAUDHARY
PREFACE
The School of Engineering (SoE), GDGU has prepared this laboratory manual. It is designed as an
instruction book for purposes listed in order of importance as follows:
1. To provide techniques, procedures and precautions related to the experiments.
2. To provide the laboratory safety and general rules and instructions.
3. To provide a general reference book that will give information which will assist in the
understanding of details about the laboratory and the experiment to be performed.
The manual is prepared with the idea that the revisions must be made periodically in order to have the
available text that represents the experiments. It has been tried to maintain the format with diagrams,
tables and illustrations.
It is believed that the information in the manual will enhance the practical skills of the students along
with developing the base of the subject.
Any suggestions and comments for further improvement of this manual will be gratefully
acknowledged.
Authors
G D Goenka University, Gurgaon
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COURSE OVERVIEW
INTRODUCTION
Material behaves differently under different loading conditions. This lab conducts experiments that
would describe the behavior of material under tensile, compressive, shear, bending and torsion loading.
The experiments further involves calculating of material constants like young’s modulus, shear
modulus, poisons ration and bulk modulus. The course also include the calculation of fatigue strength
of material.
The Objective of the Course is:

1. To help the students gain experience in the determination of Mechanical Property of material.
2. To impart knowledge on various Mechanical testing Methods.
Learning Outcomes:
Student will be able to
1. Interpret Stress strain curve measured after Tensile/Compressive Test.
2. Find correlation between material structure and its Property.
3. Know how to determine Mechanical Property by Testing Methods.
Mode of Evaluation
Internal ESE
Viva- Carrying Analysis Viva-
Components Record Voce/Quizzes/ Planning the Out of Voce
Marks Assignment/ Experiment Experiment/ Results
Mini-project calculations
Marks 20 30 10 10 10 20
Total Marks 50 50
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INSTRUCTIONS FOR STUDENTS

To complete all the experiments within time, to understand them completely and to make
laboratory experiments safe and effective, each student must obey the following points: General
discipline in the Lab
• Students must turn up in time and contact concerned faculty for the experiment they are
supposed to perform.
• Students will not be allowed after ten minutes from the scheduled time
• Students will not leave the lab till the period is over
• Attendance in the lab class is compulsory. As an incentive, certain percentage of lab marks is
allotted for attendance in the internal evaluation of lab performance.
• Each students must write a satisfactory report for each lab experiments in order to pass the
course
• Students should come prepared for their experiment with lab manual
• Experimental results should be entered in the lab manual and certified/signed by concerned
faculty
• After the experiment is over, all the tools issued for the experiments should be returned to the
lab instructor
• Violating the above code of conduct may attract disciplinary act.
Preparations and Performance

• Students should come to the lab thoroughly prepared on the experiments they are assigned to
perform on that day
• Faculty may check their preparation and understanding of the experiments. If not found
satisfactory, students may be debarred from doing the experiments
• Students should record the experimental results and observation in the lab manual
• Students must bring the lab manual on each practical class with written records of the last
experiments performed complete in all respect
• Students without lab manual will not be allowed to do the experiments and hence lose their
attendance
• Any instrument damaged or tools lost during experiments may attract punishment in the form
of fine or suspension from the class Lab Report
• Each student is required to write a complete report of the experiment he has performed and
bring to lab class for evaluation in the next working lab
• Report should be written very clearly and lab record should be maintained neatly The lab
report must contain the following:
1. Duly completed title page

2. Drawings/Pictures
3. Observation Table
4. Result
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SAFETY RULES
The following is a list of some basic safety rules that must be followed while you are in the Strength of
Materials Laboratory.
Half pants, loosely hanging garments and slippers are not allowed. People with long hair must
tie it back. Do not wear any loose clothing or jewelry, which may be caught in moving
machinery.
• Always use a guard when working on a machine.

• Students must ensure that their work areas are clean and dry to avoid slipping.
• To avoid injury, the student must take the permission of the laboratory staff before handling any
machine.
• Do not place tools and materials on the machine table, use a bench near the machine.
•
•
• Always stop a machine before measuring, cleaning or making any adjustment.
• Do not leave machines unattended while running.
• Keep your hands away from moving machinery and cutters.
• If you are uncertain about any aspect of a machining operation you wish to perform then please
ask the person in charge before proceeding.
• Report any damage to machines/equipment, as this could cause an accident.
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List of Experiments
Exp. Name of Experiment Page
No. No.
1 Evaluation of engineering stress / strain diagram on mild steel rod, 08
under tension on UTM
2 Estimation of notch toughness of a material using Charpy impact test 15

on impact tasting machine.
3 Estimation of notch toughness of a material using Izod impact test on 19

impact tasting machine.
4 Torsion testing of a rod on Torsion Testing Machine. 24
5 Estimation of spring constant under tension. 30
6 Estimation of spring constant under compression. 34
7 Verification of Maxwell’s reciprocation theorem. 38
8 Compression test of brittle material on Universal Testing Machine. 40
9 Strain measurement using Strain Gauge. 44
10 Load measurement using Load indicator, Load coils. 49
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Experiment: 1
Aim: Evaluation of engineering stress / strain diagram on mild steel rod, under
tension.
Objective: To study the behavior of the given material under tensile load and to
determine the following:
1. Percentage elongation in length
2. Percentage reduction in area
3. Working stress or permissible stress or safe stress
4. Young’s modulus
5. Yield stress
6. Ultimate stress or Maximum tensile stress
7. Breaking stress or Failure stress.
Apparatus Required:
Universal Testing machine, Dial gauge, Vernier caliper and scale.
Practical importance: while designing a component, selection of metals for different
applications is based on salient points such as limit of proportionality or elastic limit,
yield strength, ultimate strength, and breaking strength. Therefore, from this tension test
above said salient points can be calculated.
Theory:
In engineering, tension test is widely used to provide basic design information on the
strength of the materials. In the tension test a specimen is subjected to a continually
increasing uniaxial tensile force while simultaneous observations are made of the
elongation of the specimen. A stress-strain curve is plotted from the load-elongation
Measurements.
The parameters which are used to describe the stress-strain curve of a material are the
tensile strength, yield strength or yield point, percent elongation and reduction of area.
The first two are strength parameters; the last two indicate ductility.
Definitions:
Limit of proportionality (A): It is the limiting value of the stress up to which stress is
proportional to strain.
Elastic limit: This is the limiting value of stress up to which if the material is stressed
and then released (unloaded), Strain disappears completely and the original length is
regained.
Upper Yield Point (B): This is the stress at which, the load starts reducing and the
extension increases. This phenomenon is called yielding of material.
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Lower Yield Point (C): At this stage the stress remains same but strain increases for
some time.
Ultimate Stress (D): This is the maximum stress the material can resist. At this stage
cross sectional area at a particular section starts reducing very fast (fig.1). This is called
neck formation.
Breaking Point (E): The stress at which finally the specimen fails is called breaking
point.
Hooks law: Within the elastic limit, the stress is proportional to the strain for an
isentropic material.
Fig.1: Linear stress - strain Curve
A - Elastic Limit
B - Upper Yield Stress
C - Lower Yield Stress
D -Ultimate Stress
E -Breaking Stress
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Universal Testing Machine
The Universal Testing Machine consists of two units:

1) Loading unit,
2) Control panel.
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lg = gauge length
I.e. length of the specimen on which we want to determine the mechanical properties.
L= Total length of the specimen
Procedure:
 The original dimensions of the specimen like original diameter, gauge length etc.
is to be measured.
 The specimen is mounted on the Universal Testing machine between the fixed
and movable jaws.
 The load range in the machine is adjusted to its maximum capacity.
 The dial gauge is mounted on the machine at the appropriate positions and
adjusted to zero.
 The machine is switched on and the tensile load is applied gradually.
 For every 5 KN of load, the readings of dial gauge is noted and tabulated.
 Remove the dial gauge at slightly below the expected load at yield point.
 Record the load at yield point, at the yield point the pointer on load scale will
remain stationary for small interval of time and blue needle will come back by 2
or 3 divisions that point is lower yield point.
 The specimen is loaded continuously up to the ultimate load (red needle will
stops) where there is formation of cup and cone at neck in the specimen, which
is to be noted.
 With further loading the specimen breaks, and breaking load is noted.
The specimen is removed and final dimensions are measured.
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Observations:
Specimen Material = …………………
A) Original dimensions:
Gauge Length = ------------
Diameter = ---------
Area = --------------
B) Final Dimensions:
Gauge Length = -------------------
Diameter = -----------------
Area = ----------------------
OBSERVATUION TABLE:
Sl. Load in Elongation Stress Strain Young’s

No. N (δl ) in modulus
in mm N/mm2 N/mm
1 Result
2 from
3 the graph
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
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Calculations:
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Results and Conclusions:

1. Yield stress =
2. Working stress =
3. Ultimate stress =
4. Breaking stress =
5. % Elongation=
6. % reduction in Area =
7. Young’s Modulus of specimen =
Graph: Stress v/s Strain
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Experiment: 2
Charpy Impact Test

Aim: Estimation of notch toughness of steel using impact tasting machine.
Objective: To determine the Impact strength (Specific impact factor) through
Charpy test.
Equipment:
1. Charpy Impact testing machine
3. Vernier caliper, Scale.
Principle:
The Charpy Impact Test is similar in principle to the Izod, but the notched specimen is
supported at each end as a beam and struck by the hammer in the centre.
Theory:
In an impact test a specially prepared notched specimen is fractured by a single blow
from a heavy hammer and energy required being a measure of resistance to Impact.
Impact load is produced by a swinging of an impact weight (hammer) from a height.
Release of the weight from the height swings the weight through the arc of a circle, which
strikes the specimen to fracture at the notch. Here it is interesting to note that height
through which hammer drops determines the velocity and height and mass of a hammer
combined determine the energy. Energy used can be measured from the scale given. The
difference between potential energies is the fracture energy. In test machine this value
indicated by the pointer on the scale. This energy value called impact toughness or
impact value, which will be measured, per unit area at the notch.
Notch: A slot or groove of specified characteristics intentionally cut in a test piece so as

to concentrate the stress localizing the rupture.
Notch Toughness: The high resistance of the material to fracture under suddenly applied
loads at any Stress raiser such as notch.
Toughness: The ability of the material to absorb energy and deform plastically before
fracture. It is usually measured by the energy absorbed in a notched impact test like
Charpy and Izod tests. The area under the stress -strain curve in a tensile test is also a
measure of toughness and as such is proportional to the combined effects of tensile
strength and ductility.
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FORMULA USED:
1. The Charpy Impact Energy (I):
The energy required to break the specimen is obtained directly from the test.
2. The effective cross-sectional area (A):
The depth below the notch and the breadth of the specimen is measured (i.e. d
and b). The effective cross-sectional area below the notch is obtained
Effective X-Sec. Area, A = b × d mm2
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3. Specific Impact factor (If)
𝐼
If = Joules / mm2
𝐴
OBESERVATIONS:
1. Material f Specimen …………………………………
2. Specimen size = ………………………………..
3. Type of notch = ………………………………..
4. Angle of notch = ………………………………..
5. Depth of notch, d = …………………………………
Observation cum calculation Table:
S. Charpy Impact Energy Effective X-Sec. Area Specific Impact factor

No. (I) Joules (A) mm2 (If) Joules / mm2
1.
2.
Procedure
1. Fix the charpy striker in its respective position; place the charpy test specimen on
supports.
2. Align the centre at the specimen notch with respect to centre of support by means
of setting gauge.
3. Touch the striker to the test specimen and adjust the indicating pointer to 170J.
4. Lift the pendulum till it gets latched in its position at 900 from its vertical axis.
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5. Allow the pendulum to swing freely and break the specimen.
6. After rupture apply the break to the pendulum slowly by operating break lever.
7. Note down the reading at observed energy directly on the dial as indicated by the
indicating pointer
8. Before proceeding for next test, remove the broken piece of the tested specimen and
bring indicating pointer, striker to its original position at 170J.
Results and Conclusion:
Average impact value of Mild Steel = ------------Joules
Average impact strength = ------------Joules/cm2
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Experiment: 3
Izod Impact Test
Aim: Estimation of notch toughness of steel using impact tasting machine.
Objective: To determine the Impact strength (Specific impact factor) through

Izod test.
Equipment:
1. Izod Impact testing machine
3. Vernier caliper, Scale.
Principle:
The Izod Impact Test is similar in principle to the Charpy, but the notched specimen is
supported at each end as a beam and struck by the hammer in the center.
Theory:
In an impact test a specially prepared notched specimen is fractured by a single blow
from a heavy hammer and energy required being a measure of resistance to Impact.
Impact load is produced by a swinging of an impact weight (hammer) from a height.
Release of the weight from the height swings the weight through the arc of a circle, which
strikes the specimen to fracture at the notch. Here it is interesting to note that height
through which hammer drops determines the velocity and height and mass of a hammer
combined determine the energy. Energy used can be measured from the scale given. The
difference between potential energies is the fracture energy. In test machine this value
indicated by the pointer on the scale. This energy value called impact toughness or
impact value, which will be measured, per unit area at the notch.
Notch: A slot or groove of specified characteristics intentionally cut in a test piece so as

to concentrate the stress localizing the rupture.
Notch Toughness: The high resistance of the material to fracture under suddenly applied
loads at any Stress raiser such as notch.
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Toughness: The ability of the material to absorb energy and deform plastically before
fracture. It is usually measured by the energy absorbed in a notched impact test like
Charpy and Izod tests. The area under the stress -strain curve in a tensile test is also a
measure of toughness and as such is proportional to the combined effects of tensile
strength and ductility.
Fig. Izod Impact Testing Machine
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Fig. Position of Specimen for Izod Test

FORMULA USED:
4. The Izod Impact Energy (I):
The energy required to break the specimen is obtained directly from the test.
5. The effective cross-sectional area (A):
The depth below the notch and the breadth of the specimen is measured (i.e. d
and b). The effective cross-sectional area below the notch is obtained
Effective X-Sec. Area, A = b × d mm2
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6. Specific Impact factor (If)
𝐼
If = Joules / mm2
𝐴
OBESERVATIONS:
6. Material f Specimen …………………………………
7. Specimen size = ………………………………..
8. Type of notch = ………………………………..
9. Angle of notch = ………………………………..
10.Depth of notch, d = …………………………………
S. Izod Impact Energy Effective X-Sec. Area Specific Impact factor

No. (I) Joules (A) mm2 (If) Joules / mm2
1.
2.
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Procedure
1. Fix the Izod striker in its respective position; place the Izod test specimen on
supports.
2. Align the Centre at the specimen notch with respect to Centre of support by
means of setting gauge.
3. Touch the striker to the test specimen and adjust the indicating pointer to 170J
4. Lift the pendulum till it gets latched in its position at 900 from its vertical axis
5. Allow the pendulum to swing freely and break the specimen.
6. After rupture apply the break to the pendulum slowly by operating break lever.
7. Note down the reading at observed energy directly on the dial as indicated by
the indicating pointer
8. Before proceeding for next test, remove the broken piece of the tested specimen
and bring indicating pointer, striker to its original position at 170J.
Results and Conclusion:
Average impact value of Mild Steel = ------------Joules
Average impact strength = ------------Joules/cm2
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Experiment: 4
TORSION TEST
AIM: Torsion testing of a rod on Torsion Testing Machine.
OBJECTIVE: To determine the modulus of rigidity and torsional shear stresses

developed in standard specimen, and draw the graph, Torque vs Angle of Twist
APPARATUS:
1. A torsion test machine along with angle of twist measuring attachment.

2. Standard specimen of mild steel or cast iron.
3. Steel rule.
4. Vernier caliper or a micrometer.
THEORY: For transmitting power through a rotating shaft it is necessary to apply a

turning force. The force is applied tangentially and in the plane of transverse cross
section. The torque or twisting moment may be calculated by multiplying two opposite
turning moments. It is said to be in pure torsion and it will exhibit the tendency of
shearing off at every cross section which is perpendicular to the longitudinal axis.
Torsion equation: Torsion equation is given below
𝑇 𝜏 𝐺𝜃
= =
𝐽 𝑟 𝐿
𝑇𝐿
𝐺= N/mm2
𝐽𝜃
T= maximum twisting torque in N/mm2
J = polar moment of inertia
𝜋𝑑 4
𝐽= mm4
32
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τ = shear stress in N/mm2

G = modulus of rigidity in N/mm2
θ = angle of twist in radians
L= length of shaft under in mm
r = Distance from neutral axis in mm
Assumptions made for getting torsion equation
1. The material of the shaft is uniform throughout.

2. The shaft, circular in section remain circular after loading.
3. Plane sections of shaft normal to its axis before loading remain plane after the torque
have been applied.
4. The twist along the length of the shaft is uniform throughout.
5. The distance between any two normal-sections remains the same after the application
of torque.
6. Maximum shear stress induced in the shaft due to application of torque does not
exceed its elastic limit.
OBESERVATIONS:-
Gauge length of the specimen, L = …………. mm
Diameter of the specimen, d = …………… mm
𝜋𝑑4
Polar moment of inertia, 𝐽= = …………..mm4
32
25 | P a g e
S. Angle of Twist Torque Angle of Modulus of Average

No. 𝜽 𝒊𝒏 °𝒅𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒆𝒆 T in N-mm Twist rigidity Modulus
𝜽 𝒊𝒏 𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒏 𝑮 = 𝑻𝑳 of
𝝅 𝑱𝜽 rigidity
𝟏° = N/mm2
𝟏𝟖𝟎
1. 5
2. 10
3. 15
4. 20
5. 25
6. 30
7. 35
8. 40
9. 45
10. 50
11. 55
12. 60
13. 65
14. 70
15. 75
16. 80
17. 85
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RESULT:-
Thus the torsion test on given mild steel specimen is done and the modulus of rigidity is
-------N/mm2
. GRAPH:
Torque vs. Angle of Twist
PRECAUTIONS:-
1) Measure the dimensions of the specimen carefully

2) Measure the Angle of twist accurately for the corresponding value of Torque.
3) The specimen should be properly to get between the jaws.
4) After breaking specimen stop to m/c.
Viva Questions
1. Define torque.
2. Give the expression for torque.
3. Define modulus of rigidity.
4. Give the values of G for different materials.
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Torsion testing machine:
PROCEDURE:
1. Measure the Dia of the test piece at three different places and note the Average dia.(
D)
2. Measure its gauge length
3. Fix the specimen in the chucks and adjust the load range real and start the motors
4. Take readings of torsion and twist until failure occurs
5. Plot the graph T v/s θ
6. Calculate modulus of rigidity and torsional shear stress.
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Experiment: 5
SPRING TEST – 1 spring in Tension
AIM: Estimation of spring constant under tension.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the stiffness and modulus of rigidity of the spring wire.
APPARATUS: -
1. Spring testing machine.
2. A Tension and Compression spring
3. Vernier calliper, Scale.
4. Micro meter.
THEORY: -
Springs are elastic member which distort under load and regain their original shape when
load is removed. They are used in railway carriages, motor cars, scooters, motorcycles,
rickshaws, governors etc. According to their uses the springs perform the following
Functions:
1) To absorb shock or impact loading as in carriage springs.
2) To store energy as in clock springs.
3) To apply forces to and to control motions as in brakes and clutches.
4) To measure forces as in spring balances.
To change the variations characteristic of a member as in flexible mounting of motors.

The spring is usually made of either high carbon steel (0.7 to 1.0%) or medium carbon
alloy steels. Phosphor bronze, brass, 18/8 stainless steel and Monel and other metal
alloys are used for corrosion resistance spring. Several types of spring are available for
different application. Springs may classified as helical springs, leaf springs and flat
spring depending upon their shape. They are fabricated of high shear strength materials
such as high carbon alloy steels spring form elements of not only mechanical system but
also structural system. In several cases it is essential to idealize complex structural
systems by suitable spring.
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FORMULA USED:
Modulus of rigidity,
64 𝑛 𝑤 𝑅 3
𝐺= N/mm2
δ 𝑑4
Stiffness of spring,
S = Load per unit deflection
𝑤 G 𝑑4
𝑠= = N/mm
δ 64 𝑛 𝑅3
Where
1. W = Load in N
2. d = Diameter of the spring coil wire in mm
3. δ = Deflection of the spring in mm
4. D = Outer diameter of the spring in mm.
5. n = Number of turns in spring ,
6. R = Mean radius of the spring in mm
𝑑
𝐷−( )
2
𝑅=
2
PROCEDURE:
1. Measure the outer diameter (D) and diameter of the spring coil (d) for the given tension
spring.
2. Count the number of turns i.e. coils (n) in the given compression specimen.
3. Place the compression spring at the canter of the bottom beam of the spring testing
machine.
4. Insert the spring in the spring testing machine and load the spring by a suitable weight
and note the corresponding axial deflection in tension or compression.
5. Note down the initial reading from the scale in the machine.
6. Increase the load and take the corresponding axial deflection readings.
7. Find the actual deflection of the spring for each load by deducting the initial scale
reading from the corresponding scale reading.
30 | P a g e
8. Calculate the modulus of rigidity for each load applied.

9. Plot a curve between load and deflection. The shape of the curve gives the stiffness of
the spring.
OBESERVATIONS:
CASE 1 – spring in Tension
1. Material of the spring specimen =

2. Diameter of the spring coil wire, d = …………… mm (Mean of three readings)
3. Diameter of the spring coil, D = …….........mm (Mean of three readings)
4. Number of turns, n=
5. Initial scale reading, ICR = ……...mm
Observation cum calculation Table: For Tension Test
S. Applied Scale Actual Modulus of Stiffness of

No. Load W Reading(SR) Difflection rigidity G Spring
Kg mm δ = ( SR – 64 𝑛 𝑤 𝑅3
𝒘
ICR) 𝒔=
δ𝑑
4 𝛅
mm N/mm
N/mm2
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
31 | P a g e
RESULT:
The modulus of rigidity of the given spring = ------------------- N/mm2
The stiffness of the given spring = ------------------- N/mm
GRAPH:
Load vs. Deflection
32 | P a g e
Experiment: 6
SPRING TEST – 2 spring in Compression
AIM: Estimation of spring constant under compression

OBJECTIVE: To determine the stiffness and modulus of rigidity of the spring wire.
APPARATUS: -
1. Spring testing machine.
2. A Tension and Compression spring
3. Vernier calliper, Scale.
4. Micrometre.
THEORY: -
Springs are elastic member which distort under load and regain their original shape when
load is removed. They are used in railway carriages, motor cars, scooters, motorcycles,
rickshaws, governors etc. According to their uses the springs perform the following
Functions:
1) To absorb shock or impact loading as in carriage springs.
2) To store energy as in clock springs.
3) To apply forces to and to control motions as in brakes and clutches.
4) To measure forces as in spring balances.
FORMULA USED:
Modulus of rigidity,
64 𝑛 𝑤 𝑅 3
𝐺= N/mm2
δ 𝑑4
Stiffness of spring,
S = Load per unit deflection
𝑤 G 𝑑4
𝑠= = N/mm
δ 64 𝑛 𝑅3
33 | P a g e
Where
1. W = Load in N
2. d = Diameter of the spring coil wire in mm
3. δ = Deflection of the spring in mm
4. D = Outer diameter of the spring in mm.
5. n = Number of turns in spring ,
6. R = Mean radius of the spring in mm
𝑑
𝐷−( )
2
𝑅=
2
PROCEDURE:
1. Measure the outer diameter (D) and diameter of the spring coil (d) for the given
compression spring.
2. Count the number of turns i.e. coils (n) in the given compression specimen.
3. Place the compression spring at the centre of the bottom beam of the spring testing
machine.
4. Insert the spring in the spring testing machine and load the spring by a suitable weight
and note the corresponding axial deflection in tension or compression.
5. Note down the initial reading from the scale in the machine.
6. Increase the load and take the corresponding axial deflection readings.
7. Find the actual deflection of the spring for each load by deducting the initial scale
reading from the corresponding scale reading.
8. Calculate the modulus of rigidity for each load applied.
9. Plot a curve between load and deflection. The shape of the curve gives the stiffness of
the spring.
34 | P a g e
OBESERVATIONS:
CASE 2 – spring in Compression
1. Material of the spring specimen =

2. Diameter of the spring coil wire, d = …………… mm (Mean of three readings)
3. Diameter of the spring coil, D = …….........mm (Mean of three readings)
4. Initial scale reading, ICR = ……...mm
5. Number of turns, n=
Observation cum calculation Table: For Compression Test
S. Applied Scale Actual Modulus of Stiffness of

No. Load W Reading(SR) Difflection rigidity G Spring
Kg mm δ = ( SR – 64 𝑛 𝑤 𝑅3
𝒘
ICR) 𝒔=
δ𝑑
4 𝛅
mm N/mm
N/mm2
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
35 | P a g e
RESULT:
The modulus of rigidity of the given spring = ------------------- N/mm2
The stiffness of the given spring = ------------------- N/mm
GRAPH:
Load vs. Deflection
36 | P a g e
Experiment: 7
AIM: The verification of Maxwell’s reciprocal theorem.
THEORY:
Maxwell theorem in its simplest form states that deflection of any point A of any elastic
structure due to load P at any point B is same as the deflection of beam due to same load
applied at A. It is, therefore easily derived that the deflection curve for a point in a
structure is the same as the deflected curve of the structure when unit load is applied at
the point for which the influence curve was obtained.
PROCEDURE:
1. Apply a load either at the centre of the simply supported span or at the free end of
the beam, the deflected form can be obtained.
2. Measure the height of the beam at certain distance by means of a dial gauge
before and after loading and determine the deflection before and after at each
point separately.
3. Now move a load along the beam at certain distance and for each positions of the
load deflection at point was noted where the load is applied at step this deflection
should be measured at each such point before and after the loading, separately.
4. Plot the graph between deflection as ordinate and position of point on abscissa the
plot for graph drawn in step 2 and 3. These are the influence line ordinates for
deflection of the beam.
37 | P a g e
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Distance from Load at A Deflection at Load at B Deflection at
pinned end (Kg) B (mm) (Kg) A (mm)
RESULT:
Compare and study both the cases. A graph can also be plotted for both the points.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Apply the loads without any jerk.
2. Gently tap the dial gauge before observing the readings.
3. The load applied should be within the allowed limits for the apparatus.
38 | P a g e
Experiment: 8
COMPRESSION TEST
Aim: Evaluation of engineering stress / strain diagram on cast iron specimen,

under compression.
Objective: To study the behavior of the given material under compressive load and to
determine the following:
1. Percentage elongation in length

2. Percentage reduction in area
3. Working stress or permissible stress or safe stress
4. Young’s modulus
5. Yield stress
6. Ultimate stress or Maximum compressive stress
7. Breaking stress or Failure stress.
Apparatus Required:
Universal Testing machine, Dial gauge, Vernier caliper and scale.
Principle: Ductile materials attain a Bulge or a Barrel shape after reaching the maximum
compression load. No fracture takes place and there is change in cross-section and
compression value remains the same on reaching the maximum load. For brittle
materials, there will be no change in the cross-sections or height of the specimen due to
the compression load. On reaching the maximum compression load, the specimen
suddenly fractures as shown in the Fig.
39 | P a g e
Fig. Brittle Material (Cast Iron)
Theory:
The compression test is just opposite to tension test, with regard to direction. However,
there are certain practical difficulties which may induce error in this test.
They are:
 Difficulty in applying truly axial load.
 There is always a tendency of the specimen to bend in addition to Contraction.
To avoid these errors, usually the specimen for this test shall be short in length (not more
than 2 time the diameter)
In a compression test, stress – strain curve is drawn up to the elastic limit of

Proportionality. Metals have approximately the same modulus of elasticity as in tension
test. The curve, for ductile materials, continues almost without limit as there is no
fracture of the material due to its ductility and cross sectional area increases continuously
with increase in load. The specimen will shorten and bulge out. Compression test is
mainly used for testing brittle materials such as cast iron, concrete etc. Brittle materials
commonly fail along a diagonal plane due to shearing.
40 | P a g e
Observations:
Specimen Material = …………………
B) Original dimensions:
Gauge Length = ------------
Diameter = ---------
Area = --------------
B) Final Dimensions:
Gauge Length = -------------------
Diameter = -----------------
Area = ----------------------
41 | P a g e
OBSERVATUION TABLE:
Sl. Load in Elongation Stress Strain Young’s

No. N (δl ) in modulus
in mm N/mm2 N/mm
1 Result
from
2
the graph
3
10
11
12
13
14
15
42 | P a g e
Results and Conclusions:

1. Yield stress =
2. Working stress =
3. Ultimate stress =
4. Breaking stress =
5. % Elongation=
6. % reduction in Area =
7. Young’s Modulus of specimen =
Graph: Stress v/s Strain
43 | P a g e
Experiment: 9
AIM: Strain measurement using Strain Gauge.

APPARATUS:
Digital panel meter, cantilever beam, weights.
THEORY:
Strain gauges are devices used to measure the dimensional change of components
under test. These are used in many applications like force measuring devices,
measurement of vibration, measurement of pressure etc. In this experiment bonded
strain gauges are used. These gauges are directly bonded (that is pasted) on the surface
of the structure under study. In this fine wire strain gauges are used. A fine resistance
wire of diameter of 0.025mm, which is bent again and again as shown in figure. This is
due to increase the length of the wire so that it permits a uniform distribution of stress.
This resistance wire is placed between the two carrier bases (paper, Bakelite or
Teflon), which are cemented to each other. The carrier base protects the gauge from
damages. Loads are provided for electrically.
44 | P a g e
PROCEDURE:
1. Ensure that the instrument is switched off.

2. Connect the flexible wires provided with the strain gauge cantilever beam between the
terminals 1-1, 2-2, 3-3 &4-4.
3. Keep switch S1 to right position marked.
4. Turn ‘ON’ the main supply by gently moving the balance. Put p1 and p2 obtain initial
balance on the meter and wait for 5 minutes to allow the strain gauge temperature to
stabilize.
5. Now apply a gentle pressure with hand on the end of the cantilever beam, the
45 | P a g e
Digital Panel Meter (DPM) should indicate some change in reading. This indicates the
strain gauge setup is ready for experiment dial.
6. Now keep p3 pot in minimum clock-wise position corresponding to position of gain
=100. Check for null balance again.
7. Now apply weight of 1kg, 2kg etc., and note down the DPM reading, neglecting the
decimal point.
CALCULATIONS:
E0= Ei*ΔR/R (Ei =5V)
E = Stress/Strain = 6Wl/bt2 (E= 200Gpa)
W= Applied Load,
l= Length of Cantilever Beam,
b= Breadth of Cantilever Beam
t= Thickness of Cantilever Beam.
GAUGE FACTOR
(Strain sensitivity factor)
The fractional change in resistance due to a unit change in length (unit strain) is called
as gauge factor.
Gauge factor = (ΔR/R)/ (ΔL/L)
Where
R= Resistance
L=Length
46 | P a g e
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Practical strain = (ΔL/L)

= (Δ R/R)/ (G) [G=2]
ΔR/R= E out / Excitations [excitations= 5V]
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Make the connection to the binding posts and terminals very carefully.
2. Provide a warm up time of about 10 to 15 minutes before taking readings.
3. Ensure that the cantilever beam arrangement is fixed to the table.
RESULT:
GRAPHS:
Load vs. DPM reading
Load vs. practical strain
Theoretical strain vs. practical strain
47 | P a g e
48 | P a g e
Experiment: 9
Aim: Load measurement using Load indicator, Load coils.
Objective: To measure load (tensile/compressive) using load cell on a tutor.
Apparatus used: Load cell on a tutor.
Theory: A Load Cell is defined as a transducer that converts an input mechanical force
into an electrical output signal. Load Cells are also commonly known as Load
Transducers or Load Sensors.
Load cell designs can be distinguished according to the type of output signal
generated (pneumatic, hydraulic, electric) or according to the way they detect
weight (bending, shear, compression, tension, etc.)
Hydraulic load cells are force -balance devices, measuring weight as a change in pressure
of the internal filling fluid. In a rolling diaphragm type hydraulic load cell, a load or
force acting on a loading head is transferred to a piston that in turn compresses a filling
fluid confined within an elastomeric diaphragm chamber. As force increases, the
pressure of the hydraulic fluid rises. This pressure can be locally indicated or transmitted
for remote indication or control. Output is linear and relatively unaffected by the amount
of the filling fluid or by its temperature. If the load cells have been properly installed and
calibrated, accuracy can be within 0.25% full scale or better, acceptable for most process
weighing applications. Because this sensor has no electric components, it is ideal for use
in hazardous areas. Typical hydraulic load cell applications include tank, bin, and hopper
weighing. For maximum accuracy, the weight of the tank should be obtained by locating
one load cell at each point of support and summing their outputs.
Pneumatic load cells also operate on the force-balance principle. These devices use
multiple dampener chambers to provide higher accuracy than can a hydraulic device. In
some designs, the first dampener chamber is used as a tare weight chamber. Pneumatic
load cells are often used to measure relatively small weights in industries where
cleanliness and safety are of prime concern. The advantages of this type of load cell
include their being inherently explosion proof and insensitive to temperature variations.
49 | P a g e
Additionally, they contain no fluids that might contaminate the process if the diaphragm
ruptures. Disadvantages include relatively slow speed of response and the need for clean,
dry, regulated air or nitrogen.
Strain-gage load cells convert the load acting on them into electrical signals. The gauges
themselves are bonded onto a beam or structural member that deforms when weight is
applied. In most cases, four strain gages are used to obtain maximum sensitivity and
temperature compensation. Two of the gauges are usually in tension, and two in
compression, and are wired with compensation. When weight is applied, the strain
changes the electrical resistance of the gauges in proportion to the load. Other load cells
are fading into obscurity, as strain gage load cells continue to increase their accuracy and
lower their unit costs.
The following figure is used for compression and tension load measuring on load cell.
50 | P a g e
Procedure:
1. Make setup of load cell and tutor.
2. Place weight on the load cell.
3. Note down the reading given by tutor separately for compression and tension.
4. Take 8-10 readings by increasing weight.
5. Compare actual weight & weight given by tutor.
Conclusion: Actual tensile & compression loads are _______ & _________.
Tutor tensile & compression loads are _______ & _________.
51 | P a g e

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DME2001L Strength of Materials Lab Manual

DME2001L STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

G D Goenka University Gurgaon,

Copyright © 2013 G D Goenka University. All rights reserved.

The Objective of the Course is:

INSTRUCTIONS FOR STUDENTS

Preparations and Performance

1. Duly completed title page

• Always use a guard when working on a machine.

2 Estimation of notch toughness of a material using Charpy impact test 15

3 Estimation of notch toughness of a material using Izod impact test on 19

4 Torsion testing of a rod on Torsion Testing Machine. 24

5 Estimation of spring constant under tension. 30

6 Estimation of spring constant under compression. 34

7 Verification of Maxwell’s reciprocation theorem. 38

8 Compression test of brittle material on Universal Testing Machine. 40

9 Strain measurement using Strain Gauge. 44

10 Load measurement using Load indicator, Load coils. 49

Fig.1: Linear stress - strain Curve

Universal Testing Machine

The Universal Testing Machine consists of two units:

L= Total length of the specimen

Sl. Load in Elongation Stress Strain Young’s

Results and Conclusions:

Graph: Stress v/s Strain

Charpy Impact Test

Notch: A slot or groove of specified characteristics intentionally cut in a test piece so as

1. The Charpy Impact Energy (I):

2. The effective cross-sectional area (A):

Effective X-Sec. Area, A = b × d mm2

3. Specific Impact factor (If)

1. Material f Specimen …………………………………

2. Specimen size = ………………………………..

3. Type of notch = ………………………………..

4. Angle of notch = ………………………………..

5. Depth of notch, d = …………………………………

Observation cum calculation Table:

S. Charpy Impact Energy Effective X-Sec. Area Specific Impact factor

5. Allow the pendulum to swing freely and break the specimen.

Results and Conclusion:

Average impact value of Mild Steel = ------------Joules

Average impact strength = ------------Joules/cm2

Izod Impact Test

Aim: Estimation of notch toughness of steel using impact tasting machine.

Objective: To determine the Impact strength (Specific impact factor) through

Notch: A slot or groove of specified characteristics intentionally cut in a test piece so as

Fig. Izod Impact Testing Machine

Fig. Position of Specimen for Izod Test

4. The Izod Impact Energy (I):

5. The effective cross-sectional area (A):

Effective X-Sec. Area, A = b × d mm2

6. Specific Impact factor (If)

6. Material f Specimen …………………………………

7. Specimen size = ………………………………..

8. Type of notch = ………………………………..

9. Angle of notch = ………………………………..

10.Depth of notch, d = …………………………………

Observation cum calculation Table:

S. Izod Impact Energy Effective X-Sec. Area Specific Impact factor

5. Allow the pendulum to swing freely and break the specimen.

Results and Conclusion:

Average impact value of Mild Steel = ------------Joules

Average impact strength = ------------Joules/cm2

AIM: Torsion testing of a rod on Torsion Testing Machine.

Tutor tensile & compression loads are _ & ___.