INGLES 4to AÑO PDF

Inglés
Cuarto Año
Nivel de Educación Media del Subsistema de Educación Básica
Hugo Rafael Chávez Frías

Comandante Supremo de la Revolución Bolivariana
Nicolás Maduro Moros

Presidente de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela Coordinación General de la Colección Bicentenario
Maryann del Carmen Hanson Flores
Jorge Alberto Arreaza Montserrat Coordinación Pedagógica de la Colección Bicentenario
Vicepresidente Ejecutivo de la República Bolivariana Maigualida del Valle Pinto Iriarte
de Venezuela
Coordinación General Logística y de Distribución de la
Colección Bicentenario
Maryann del Carmen Hanson Flores Franklin Alfredo Albarrán Sánchez
Ministra del Poder Popular para la Educación
Coordinación Logística
Deyanira D’ Jesús Urbáez Salazar
Maigualida del Valle Pinto Iriarte Jhonny José Quintero Páez
Viceministra de Programas de Desarrollo Académico Yrene Lucrecia Duarte Hurtado
Coordinación General de la serie Inglés
Trina Aracelis Manrique Rosa López de D’Amico
Viceministra de Participación y Apoyo Académico
Coordinación Editorial
Isabel C. Faneyth Serrano
Conrado Jesús Rovero Mora
Autoras y Autores
Viceministro para la Articulación de la
Educación Bolivariana
Rosa López de D’Amico
Viceministro de Desarrollo para la Integración de la
Yvemar Peraza M.
Yvonne Saulny
Educación Bolivariana
Manuel Adrián Arrioja
Maigualida del Valle Pinto Iriarte Ligia Álvarez
Isabel Carrillo
Directora General de Currículo Belkys Blanco
Gretel Hernández
Josil Jose8na Murillo
Neysa Yrama Navarro
Directora General (E) de Educación Media y Técnica Asesoría Curricular
© Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Educación Rosa López de D’Amico Diagramación
www.me.gob.ve Jorge Enrique González Kelly Gerardin Calderón Labrador
Esquina de Salas, Edi8cio Sede, parroquia Altagracia, Andrés Carmelo Algara
Caracas, Distrito Capital Ligia Álvarez Ilustración
Yvemar Peraza M. Braulio González
Isabel Carrillo José Alberto Lostalé
Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Educación, 2013
Primera edición: Mayo 2013 Corrección de Lenguaje José Ángel Díaz
Tiraje: 400.000 ejemplares
Mark Gregson Julio César Aguiar
Depósito Legal: lf51620134281791 Morelys Rivas Fonseca
ISBN: 978-980-218-364-7 Rafael Pacheco Rangel
República Bolivariana de Venezuela
Coordinación de Arte
Gilberto Abad VIvas Rosanna Galucci
Prohibida la reproducción total o parcial de este material sin
Samuel González
Diseño Grá8co Víctor Silva
autorización del Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Educación
Gilberto Abad Vivas Yassamy Moreno Pérez
DISTRIBUCIÓN GRATUITA Suministro de papel: INVEPAL
A las y los docentes
My Fourth Victory es un libro hecho con mucho amor y profesionalismo, especialmente para
nuestras y nuestros estudiantes, así como también para ustedes estimadas y estimados colegas.
Como docentes especialistas en la enseñanza de idiomas modernos, nos ha preocupado la

enseñanza del idioma inglés, en nuestros centros educativos desde hace algún tiempo. Es por esto que nos
hemos esmerado en elaborar este hermoso material para ayudarles, junto con su experiencia y su bagaje
de conocimientos, a cumplir con esta ardua tarea, como es el enseñar un idioma extranjero. Es algo que
va más allá de plani8car las actividades, dar una clase, asignar una tarea, evaluar a través de una prueba,
de reunirse con las y los representantes para conversar acerca del rendimiento estudiantil. Se trata de que
a esta persona que tendremos en nuestras manos, la ayudemos a conocer sus talentos, a desarrollar sus
habilidades, a potenciar sus conocimientos, a valorar lo suyo y a trabajar para mejorarlo y hacerlo más
grande al pasar el tiempo. En este libro, creamos diferentes actividades y temas para lograr tales objetivos,
asumiendo que nuestras y nuestros estudiantes son cada vez más exigentes y que podemos hacerlos
conocedores de sus deberes y derechos, merecedores de lo mejor.
Cada tema introductorio fue seleccionado con tópicos interesantes para ser desarrollados con
sencillez en una discusión sana y enriquecedora, en la cual se promueva la exposición de opiniones con
respeto a las opiniones de los demás. La idea es que vean el idioma inglés como un medio para adquirir
conocimientos. Que podamos transmitirles el mensaje de que al hablar, entender, leer y escribir en inglés,
aumenta su nivel de comunicación, a tal punto, que puedan estar al día con lo que ocurre a nivel mundial
y a su vez puedan transmitir lo de su entorno a personas de otros países, pues este idioma nos abre las
puertas al mundo.
Así, pues, estimadas y estimados colegas, aquí está el fruto de un gran esfuerzo para contribuir en
esta loable labor de educar y formar al ciudadano que nuestra patria necesita, los cuales sean proactivos,
comunícativos, reMexivos, que amen y de8endan la patria venezolana, para hacerlo cada vez mejor,
tomando en cuenta lo importante que es el vivir bien.
A el (la) estudiante
Querido (a) estudiante:
Bienvenido a cuarto año! Un año maravilloso donde vas a continuar aumentando tu nivel de
conocimiento, conversarás sobre las diferentes carreras que te ofrece nuestro sistema de estudios y
de otros temas que ocurren a nivel mundial que nos afectan como habitantes de este planeta.
Este libro fue especialmente diseñado para ti con mucho amor y dedicación. Contiene temas
actuales, sencillos y sobre todo de interés para ti y para todos. Cada lección tiene el propósito de mostrarte
la información de manera sencilla para que accedas a los contenidos con facilidad. Podrás notar que se
presentan varios temas con diversos tipos de ejercicios que ayudan a desarrollar y 8jar cada situación.
El idioma inglés, como ya lo sabes, tiene varias características que debes recordar siempre para facilitar
su adquisición: se escribe de una manera y se pronuncia de otra, la(s) palabra(s) que describe(n) va(n)
delante del sustantivo, y algunas otras que seguramente ya has ido descubriendo. Lo que debes tener
presente es que es un medio para comunicarte diferente al tuyo. Y que como tal, debes familiarizarte con
todos los aspectos aunque te parezcan extraños. Solo ten en cuenta que son diferentes.
Este año que ya tienes conocimiento del idioma que has adquirido en primero, segundo y tercer
año, tenemos el GLOSSARY en inglés y unas interesantes lecturas adicionales al 8nal del libro. Todo esto
para complementar tu formación integral.
Es importante que estés enterado de todas las posibilidades que tienes cuando hablas, comprendes,
lees y escribes en inglés. Además de estar en armonía con tu entorno escolar, pues es una asignatura más,
estás en contacto con el mundo entero: puedes recibir y dar información a nivel mundial. Este es el idioma
que se usa para todas las transacciones comerciales, comunicaciones en el campo aeronáutico, cientí8co
y en todas las carreras donde pueda tener inherencia la tecnología actual. Así pues, te invito a aprovechar
disfrutar esta edición y, a la vez te exhorto a que te prepares cada vez mejor para que asumas tu rol en
la sociedad que tanto te necesita y espera por ti y tu aporte para hacer de esta una PATRIA GRANDE,
segura y productiva.
Índice
Lesson 6 - I haven t / She hasn t / I hadn t 48

realidad.
la transformación de la
puedan contribuir con
presentadas que participle form)…
soluciones a situaciones happened if I… … would have +verb (past
Analizar y buscar posibles +verb (past participle form)…,
12- It wouldn’t have
Connditions…? ocurrieron Tercer condicional If …had
de modi8car pues ya Review of past participles.
4 Review of past tense verbs.
situaciones imposibles
oraciones acerca de would+verb (base form)…
Comentar y escribir If … +verb (past form)…, …
if…? Segundo condicional:
11- What would…
condiciones.
situaciones probables y
ReMexionar acerca de 10- If I…
de paz y de información), respuestas.
y respeto hacía una cultura a8rmativas. Preguntas (simples
09- Who…? Cláusulas negativas y
fortalecer valores de amor
y la comunidad para will+verb (base form)…
Who…? If I… verb (present tense) …I
comunicación en la familia condiciona:
3 Valorar la buena which, where, whose, etc. Primer
who… Pronombres relativos: who,
entre padres e hijos. 08- He is the one Adjetivos.
de conMictos comunes posesivos, objetivos, etc.
Comentar y escribir acerca Pronombres: reMexivos,
07-…by yourself.
hacer para transformarlo.
realidad y que podemos Prepositions: for since
pasado su relación con la hasn’t / I hadn’t… Adverbs: ever, always, never, etc
anymore. experiencias y eventos del 06- I haven’t / She contraste, resultado, propósito.
…but not ReMexionar acerca de según su función: adición,
Conjunciones: Conectores:
2 y efecto, experiencias. 05- Joining… perfecto. Por qué…, porque…
a cabo en el pasado, causa Presente perfecto. Pasado
eventos que solían llevarse Used to. Pasado simple.
Hablar y escribir acerca de what…?
04- Did you know
Have to…
03- My holidays… Should
Who did you… with?
I will… Futuro. What…?
1 REPASO DE 3er AÑO: Where…?I
Cláusulas with “if” and “when”
02- I’ll be…if I… Futuro “going to”. Will.
Presente continuo.
01- I’ll be a great…
UNIDAD PROPÓSITOS LECCIONES GRAMÁTICA
CONTENIDOS Y PROPÓSITOS DE 4° AÑO

tiempos verbales señalados)
(Todos los cambios en los
Voz Activa. by… Was… made by?
Asimismo, contrastar con 24- …willl be made Is … made by…?
…built by… “alguien” lleva a cabo. …willl be made by…
…has been made by…
8 para relatar hechos que …was being made by…
conversaciones y párrafos was made by…
Utilizar la Voz Pasiva en by… …is being made by…
23- …was made It is made of…
22- …is made by… …is made by…
21-…,have you? estudiados.

Todos los tiempos verbales
…,right? oración. …will you? …,won’t you?
con8rmación al 8nal de la ...haven’t you?´…,hasn’t she?
7 Usar preguntas de …,don’t you? …,do you?
20-…,do you?.. …,is she? …,isn’t she?
…,aren’t you? …,are you?
19-…,are you?
-verbo-ing
…
-nombre o pronombre 18- We enjoy reading
…mind verb-ing …
Actions -in8nitivo
…makes me to (verb)…
6 de:
escrita con verbos seguidos …o.er to (verb)…
to…
forma tanto oral como 17- He wants me
Utilizar estructuras en
16- She oWered to…
diálogos y párrafos cortos. 15- It’s sunny.

Utilizar otros usos de “it” en What is the weather like?
It… It+verb to be+adjective
arrepentimiento y acuerdo. (that).. It+verb to be+adjective/ adverb.
5 habilidad, percepción, 14- It seems to me It +verb+to me(that)
expresiones que muestran
Utilizar Valorar el uso “it” en It+verb to be+adjective to…
to…
13- It’s easy for me
CONTENIDOS Y PROPÓSITOS DE 4° AÑO

8 Unit One: I will...
6. The study opportunities information in Venezuela is restricted.

5. There is no webpage information about careers in your country.
4. There are two areas of knowledge.
3. You have to study the most common career in your country.
2. You have to ask your friends for their preferences, when choosing a career.
1. When choosing a career you should follow your abilities.
ones. Support your statements.

Based on the previous paragraph, write T (True) or F (False) in the following statements. Correct the false
B. ACTIVATING YOUR MIND
Health Science Science and Military Arts
Sea and Agro Sciences Humanities, Letters and Arts
Engineering, Architecture and Technology Social Science
Basic Sciences Education Science
AREAS OF KNOWLEDGE
http://loeu.opsu.gob.ve/
programs available in Venezuela.
the National Universities Council in which they could 8nd the universities, careers and national training
working force for the development of their country. For further information they can visit the web site of
choosing a career, they are also deciding what their future job will be and how they will be part of the
opportunities locally and nationally, motivation, awareness of the occupational world, and so on. When
or based on tradition. It must be the result of a reMection about knowing themselves, the current study
working preferences. Therefore when selecting a career, students should not choose a career at random
When choosing a career, students should consider certain aspects related to their interests, abilities, and
Read the following paragraph
A. LET’S EXPLORE!
“The future starts today, not tomorrow”.
Unit One: I will... 9
that somebody discussed with someone else.

3. ARRANGEMENTS BE + VERB-ING is used in talking about a plan for the future
the future that somebody had in mind.
2. INTENTIONS BE + GOING TO + VERB is used in talking about a plan for
about the future.
1. PREDICTIONS WILL + VERB is used for predictions or statements of facts
PURPOSE EXPLANATION
D. GRAMMAR EMPHASIS: FUTURE TENSES
webpage of the OPSU study opportunities book.

Diego Check the webpage of PDVSA and later visit the
Alicia Where can I get that information?
PDVSA.
Diego Good point! Now, there are many working areas in
Alicia Um… I am curious about oil. I’d like to work at PDVSA.
Diego Yes, where do you see yourself in the future?
Alicia You mean, where will I work?
Diego Where would you like to work?
Alicia I really don’t know what to study.
Read the dialogue. Practice it with a partner.
C. NOW LET´S PRACTICE

What does each acronym stand for?
Why do think people study short or long careers?
by the variety that you can 8nd there. CUHELAV

opportunities book. You will be surprised – UNEG – UNEARTE – IUTB – IUTET –
you can 8nd them in the OPSU study UNESR – CUC – UDO -UMBV – UNEFM
/ institutes. The list is extensive and – USB - UMC – CULTCA – UNA – UPT –
classi8ed in public and private universities – UDS – UNEY – UNEXPO – IUAC – UC
study many diWerent careers. They are - UCLA - UNES ULA – UNELLEZ – LUZ
institutes in Venezuela where you can UBV – UCV – UNERG – UPEL – UNEFA
There many universities and technical
Read the following paragraph and answer the questions. ReMect about it
F. READING AND REFLECTING
of airplanes in an airport. in the airport. of rescue after an air accident.

A person who controls the Mow They receive and send messages They organize special operations
Air tra>c controller Aeronautical Station Operator Search and Rescue O>cer
Some Technical Careers
E. VOCABULARY
- No, I’m not. I’m staying home.

3. Are you doing anything special tomorrow? morning.
- Yes I’m taking the vocational test tomorrow
- No, I am not. I’m going to study law.

2. Are you going to study engineering? - Yes. I am going to study chemical engineering.
- No, they won’t. They will do it next week.

university entry system by the end of this week? page.
1. Will all the students register at the OPSU national - Yes, they will. They will register in the OPSU web
EXAMPLES
http://venezuela-us.org/educacion-en-numeros/
29.6 percent.
average rate of enrollment for the region stands at
of developed countries like Finland (92 percent). The
higher education: 83 percent. This 8gure rivals that
Latin America’s second-highest rate of enrollment in
According to a report by UNESCO, Venezuela has
Inés We all have to take it!

Alberto That will be helpful. I’ll take it.
tendency for a speci8c area of knowledge.
Inés It is an electronic test with items that will show your
Alberto Really? How come?
Inés It is the test that helps us to identify our abilities!
Alberto Vocational test? What test is that?
Inés Will you take the vocational test?
H. DISCUSS AND REFLECT
4. Luis is checking the web page for technical careers. He’d like __________.
3. Elvis will study _______________ because __________________________.
2. Berta is going to study _______________ because she is good at_______.
1. I am going to study _______________ at __________________________.
Complete the following statements with a career and the name of the university or institute.
G. LET’S APPLY
de_Venezuela
http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anexo:Universidades_
private universities / institutes.

following link. You will 8nd a list of public and
Check about Venezuelan’s universities in the
Prediction Intention Arrangement
Listen to the teacher and identify the statements according to the purpose of the speaker.
J. ALL EARS
4. 4. They will study environmental engineering.

Academy.
3. He is going to study at the Venezuela Military 3.
2. 2. She will enroll in UNEARTE.
1. I’m going to study Chemistry. 1.
FUTURE GOING TO SIMPLE FUTURE
Complete the chart in your notebook. Write the statement in the required tense.
I. ACTIVATING YOUR MIND

4. _______________? 4. No, they won’t. They will study hospitality and tourism.
3. _______________? 3. Yes. She is going to choose accounting.
2. _______________? 2. He’s going to study to be a 8re8ghter.
1. _______________? 1. I’ll study in my hometown.
In your notebook, write questions to the following answers.
L. ASK ME...
Choose one of these careers and write about it. Then report to the class.
Agriculture Management Dentistry Music

noitacudE laicepS
ecneicS lacitiloP
retsasiD tnemeganaM
ssenisuB lanoitanretnI
yparehT lacisyhP
kroW laicoS
Nursing Accounting Nutrition Geology
gnireenignE snoitacinummoceleT
Economy Administration Mathematics Statistics
Education Biochemistry Pharmacy History

seidutS lanoitanretnI
noitacudE lacisyhP
ecneicS retupmoC
Journalism Psychology Veterinary English

gnireenignE liviC
Biology Architecture Languages Arts
Medicine Sports Science Sociology Law
K. LET S CREATE
f. Janitor g. Cook h. Tailor i. Plumber j. Farmer

a. Homemaker b. Taxi driver c. Hairdresser d. Fisherman e. Seamstress
Match the pictures with the jobs. Write the letter on the line given.
Proverb.
“Work digni8es a person’s life, or at least it should”
Martin Luther King, Jr.
living, the dead, and the unborn could do it no better”.

“Whatever your life’s work is, do it well. A man should do his job so well that the
Read the proverbs and talk about them. Support your statements.
LET´S HAVE FUN

16
2. Are you in good health?
1. What does it mean to be in good health?
Now answer these questions.
What is this reading about?
and the person’s individual characteristics and behavior.

The main determinants of health include the social and economic environment, the physical environment,
health science, but also through the eWorts and intelligent lifestyle choices of the individual and society.
or in8rmity”. Health is maintained and improved not only through the advancement and application of
sense as “a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease
or pain (as in “good health” or “healthy”). The World Health Organization (WHO) de8ned health in its broader
Health is the general condition of a person’s mind and body, usually meaning to be free from illness, injury
Virgil
“The greatest wealth is health”
Look at the mind map.
A. LET’S EXPLORE!
“Mens sana in corpore sano”.
“A sound mind in a sound body”.
If I want to lose weight very soon, I will start doing regular exercise .
2. What will you do if you want to lose weight very soon?
Yes. If my doctor asks me to go on a healthy diet I will change my eating habits.
1. Will you change your eating habits if your doctor asks you to go on a healthy diet?
EXAMPLES
Will + subject+ verb + complement if + subject + verb + complement?
QUESTION
Simple Present will-future (or Modal + verb)

if clause main clause
Type I: condition possible to ful8ll
CONDITIONAL IF CLAUSE
D. GRAMMAR EMPHASIS
Jorge You have to reduce stress and get enough sleep at night.
Josil Like what?
Jorge It does help, but there are other elements.
have good health.
Josil So if we eat healthy food and exercise regularly we will
a positive attitude.
Jorge We need to practice exercise, eat healthy food and have
Josil What do you mean?
Jorge Lifestyle is very important to have quality of life.
Read the dialogue and practice it with a partner

a balance in the activities he mentions?

What elements do you need to consider if you want to have a healthy life according to Cornelius? Is there
Aulus Cornelius Celsus
Listen to music.
Indulge in cheerful conversation and amusements
Strictly avoid frightening ideas
Change surroundings and take long journeys
Fight insomnia with gentle rocking or the sound of running water
Take massage, baths, exercise, and gymnastics
Be moderate in the drinking of wine
Avoid heavy food
Live in rooms full of light
Read the following quote.
E. VOCABULARY
statements.
Why do you think Voltaire refers to nutrition, exercise and patience as related to health? Support your
Voltaire
What will recruit strength? Sleep. What will alleviate incurable ills? Patience”.
body but what we can digest. What medicine can produce digestion? Exercise.
Eat with moderation what agrees with your constitution. Nothing is good for the
“Everyone should be his own physician. We ought to assist and not force nature.
Look at the picture. Read the following quote.
4. What leisure activity will you do

________________________?
3. If Thomas gets enough sleep every night,
________________________ .
2. Will you exercise daily
________________________ ?
1. If I want to be healthy,
________________________ .
Read the following clauses. In your notebook write the other clause to get meaningful statements.
G. LET’S APPLY
Listen to your teacher carefully and write the sentences in your notebook.
Dictation
J. ALL EARS
Thomas Edison
will cure and prevent disease with nutrition.”

“The doctor of the future will no longer treat the human frame with drugs, but rather
Plato
and methodical physical exercise save it and preserve it.”

“Lack of activity destroys the good condition of every human being, while movement
Hippocrates
too little and not too much, we would have found the safest way to health.”
“If we could give every individual the right amount of nourishment and exercise, not
advice they suggest.

Translate the following quotes into spanish. Discuss them. In your notebook, write a list of the pieces of
Buddha
mind strong and clear.
otherwise we shall not be able to keep our
To keep the body in good health is a duty,
James Leigh Hunt

The groundwork of all happiness is health.
Elbert Hubbard
happiness, you have all the wealth you need, even if it is not all you want.”
“If you have health, you probably will be happy, and if you have health and
In your notebook, write a dialogue based on the following quote.
K. LET’S CREATE
inMuenced by genetic characteristics.

and mental, developed within the human body as
Biomedical factors: all aspects of health, physical
individual has little or no control;

external to the human body and over which the
Environmental factors: all those related to health
contribute to balance, or lead to unhealthy imbalance.

Lifestyle: personal decisions that can be said to
Key determinants of an individual’s health.

Nursery rhyme quoted by Wayne Fields, What the River Knows, 1990.
And charge you not a shilling.

Your will they’ll mend
Your mind they’ll ease
If only you are willing
These six will gladly you attend
Exercise and diet.
Are sunshine, water, rest, and air
And no one can deny it
The best six doctors anywhere
of this lesson.
Read the following rhyme and practice it with your partner. Then create or 8nd a rhyme based on the topic
LET´S HAVE FUN
human being. Recreational activities are often done for amusement, or pleasure.
sleeping and, where it is compulsory, education. Recreation is an essential element of
and domestic chores). It also excludes time spent on necessary activities such as eating,
Recreation is an activity of leisure (or free time, which is spent away from business, work,
In your notebook write three questions related to the following passage.
L. ASK ME...
24
What do people do on holidays?

What was the purpose of celebrating a holiday in the past?
Who designates a holiday?
What is a holiday?
of a recreational function as anything else.

duties associated with important dates on the calendar. In most modern societies, holidays serve as much
religious observances. The intention of a holiday was typically to allow individuals to tend to religious
institutions, or other groups or organizations. The concept of holidays has most often originated as
something of cultural or religious signi8cance. Holidays may be designated by governments, religious
suspended or reduced. Generally holidays are intended to allow individuals to celebrate or commemorate
A holiday is a day set aside by custom or by law in which normal activities, especially business or work, are
Read the passage and answer the questions below
What do they suggest to you?
NOV. 18th FEB. 12th JULY 24th SLEEP CHRISTMAS

NATIONAL DAY DECEMBER 17th RELAX APRIL 22nd
JULY 5th APRIL 19th AUGUST 3rd ENJOY APRIL 23rd
TRAVEL PUBLIC HOLIDAYS SHARE DEC. 31st
MAY 1st JUNE 24th JANUARY 15th COOL MARCH 8th
EASTER MARCH 19th CARNIVAL NICE JAN 1st
RELIGIOUS CELEBRATION OCTOBER 12th FUN VACATION
Look at the following words.
A. LET’S EXPLORE!
“Actions speak louder than words”.
My holidays...
I will...
Lesson 3
WH - WORD + WILL + SUBJECT + VERB + IF CLAUSE?
INFORMATION QUESTIONS WITH IF CLAUSE TYPE I
D. GRAMMAR EMPHASIS
Ciro If I have the chance next year, I’ll go there. I love rivers.
Alex Great! You all had time to visit nice places. We went to the Capanaparo river.
Ciro How nice! We breathed pure air in Canaima.
Flor Cool! In my case I went to the Andes.
Yanire I went to Mochima National Park.
Alex Where did you go on your last vacation?
Practice the following dialogue with a partner.

remember to slow down the pace to get used to the altitude.

If he wants to get to the highest station, he will have to
station in Merida’s cable car?

3. What will Henry have to do if he wants to get to the highest
enjoy the famous carnival.

If I have the opportunity to decide, I will go to El Callao to
to decide?
2. Where will you go for carnival if you have the opportunity
Rómulo Gallegos’ novel.

fauna and the Marisela monument, the one from the famous
If you go to the Capanaparo River, you will see a very diverse
1. What will you see if you go to the Capanaparo River?
EXAMPLES
3. If people want to ________the beach for carnival, they will have to plan it in advance.
2. We will participate in La Paradura del Niño if you __________ in The Andes on February 2nd.
1. If you go to La Victoria, Aragua State on February 12th, you ________(see) the parade.
Fill in the blanks with the appropriate information.
G. LET’S APPLY
Name some other holidays in Venezuela, when and how we celebrate them.
Activity day is April 6th

is rarely given. E.g., World Physical
strictly holidays as time oW work
July 5th with military parades. organizations. But they are not
celebrate Independence Day, on often in conjunction with international ones are Easter and Christmas.
history. For example, Venezuelans and across multi-country regions, part of the liturgical year. The main
on events of signi8cance to their Day or Arbor Day, internationally, Christian holidays are de8ned as
territories observe holidays based holidays are observed, such as Earth are linked to faith and religion.
National holidays: Nations and Secular holidays: Several secular Religious holidays: Many holidays
Read the following passage about the classi8cation of holidays.
Independence day. (Christmas) December 25th

Woman’s day March 8th April 19th,1810 The Nativity scene / The Manger
Secular holiday National holiday Religious holiday
Now, let’s learn about the diWerent holidays we celebrate in our country.
E. VOCABULARY
4. Si desea acampar en nuestro hermoso país, usted encontrará magní8cos parques nacionales.
3. ¿Cuándo tomará usted sus vacaciones?
2. ¿Tomará usted un vuelo si tiene que viajar a Puerto Ayacucho?
1. ¿Dónde está el aeropuerto más grande de Venezuela?
In your notebook, translate the following statements into English.
normal days away from work or school.

day of rest or relaxation, as opposed to
days. In modern use, it means any special
It originally referred to special religious
notion of “Holy Day”.

The word holiday is derived from the
‘holiday’ Etymology:
other airports in our country.

Now it is your turn to share information about
mention but a few.

Arturo Michelena, La Chinita, Jacinto Lara, to
and national Mights such as Santiago Mariño,
But we also have others that receive international
Simón Bolívar International Airport in Maiquetía.
and international airports. Our biggest one is
modern airports very often. We have national
when they go on vacation. So they use our
Some people in Venezuela like to travel by plane

Aníbal __________________________________________
Petrica If you go there, you will _______________________.
Aníbal If I go there, what ___________________________?
Petrica It’s wonderful! ______________________________.
Aníbal Tourism? I didn’t know anything about it.
Petrica It stands for Venezuela’s International Tourism Fair!
Aníbal FITVEN? What does FITVEN stand for?
Petrica Let’s go to FITVEN this afternoon.
Read the following conversation and complete the missing information.
K. LET’S CREATE
holiday this year?.

b. ‘vacation’. Where will you go on summer
a. ‘a day oW’. July 5th is a National Holiday.
the word ‘holiday’:

In English we can 8nd two connotations of
Listen to your teacher carefully. And write the dictation in your notebook.
Dictation
J. ALL EARS
Y-
A-
D-
I-
L-
O-
H-
Write an acrostic poem.
LET´S HAVE FUN
and the warmth of our people in one place.

One of the goals of FITVEN is bringing together an exhibit of all of the Venezuelan cultural diversity
4. ___________________________________________________________ ?
No, we won’t. We will travel by bus.

3. ____________________________________________________________?
Leisure activities provide relaxation and happiness.

2. ____________________________________________________________?
Yes, it is. Recreation is very important for our health.

1. ____________________________________________________________?
L. ASK ME...
32 Unit Two: ...but not anymore.
Eleazar López Contreras was.

3. ____________________________________________________________?
We lost 108,000 km ² of land.

2. ____________________________________________________________?
Venezuela’s 8rst name was the United States of Venezuela.

1. ____________________________________________________________?
Write the questions to the following answers.
Eleazar López Contreras

Map of Venezuela of 1890
Diana: That’s a pity!

the president of Colombia and we lost 108,000 km ².
Isabel: Well, in 1941, President Eleazar López Contreras signed a land border treaty with
Diana: Really? How is that?
Isabel: Yes. And did you know that we used to have more land than what we have now?
Diana: Wow! I didn’t know that.
Isabel: Did you know that Venezuela’s 8rst name was the United States of Venezuela?
Look at the picture. Read the following dialogue.
A. LET’S EXPLORE!
“The past remembered is a good guide for the future”.

Unit Two: ...but not anymore. 33
to describe situations in the past which don’t exist now.

to talk about a habit or regular activity in the past that doesn’t happen now.
Used to:
Did + subject + use to + in8nitive

didn’t use to + in8nitive
used to + in8nitive
EXAMPLES
There used to be less trabc than today.

Our Mag and shield used to be diWerent.
He used to collect stamps.
Questions: Did we use to have another constitution?

Negative: Venezuela didn’t use to be the size it is now.
Abrmative: Venezuela used to have another name.
USED TO
D. GRAMMAR EMPHASIS
December 21 1811
Manuel: Yes, I know. First Federal Constitution
Constitution of the States of Venezuela
Daniel: Wow, that’s too many!
Manuel: We have had 20 constitutions.
Daniel: Really? How many constitutions have we had?
Manuel: Yes, but there used to be others.
Daniel: Yes, the one from 1961.

constitution?
Manuel: Did you know that Venezuela used to have a diWerent
Read the dialogue and practice it with a partner.

Caracas used to have a trolley.
Essolene used to bring gasoline to Venezuela.
This used to be the Manzanares River in the 1900s.
E. VOCABULARY
Question
3.__________________________________________________________.
Negative
2.__________________________________________________________.
Abrmative
1.____________________________________________________________.
Follow the instruccions below and write three statements in your notebook.
G. LET’S APPLY
What other things did Venezuela used to have besides a diWerent name?
ReMect about:
3. Venezuela separated from Great Colombia in_____________________.

2. The obcial name of Venezuela in 1864 used to be____________________.
1. The 8rst capital of the Republic of Venezuela was____________________.
of Hugo Chávez Frías, the name of the nation became Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela.
remained so until 1953, year in which it retook the name of Republic of Venezuela. In the government
with the triumph of Federalism, the obcial name became that of the United States of Venezuela, and
the Republic of Venezuela. Its 8rst capital was Valencia and its 8rst president, José Antonio Páez. In 1864,
and 1953. In 1830, when it is separated from Great Colombia, the country’s obcial name is identi8ed with
The United States of Venezuela was the obcial name of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela between 1864
Read the paragraph and complete the sentences.

Great Satate of Falcón Zulia (Zulia and Falcón).

Great State of Bolívar (Guayana and Apure).
Great State of Los Andes (Mérida, Tachira and Trujillo).
Zamora (Barinas).
Great State of South West (Cojedes, Portuguesa and
and Yaracuy except the department of Nirgua).
Great State of Los Andes of North West (Barquisimeto
Great Carabobo State (Carabobo and Nirgua).
Blanco and Nueva Esparta.
Great Guzmán Blanco State (Bolívar, Guárico, Guzmán
Maturin).
Great Eastern State (consisted of Barcelona, Cumaná an
1863 1905
eat now.
Roberto: I don’t know. I guess they used to eat the same food we
Susana: What about what people used to eat then?
Roberto: Yeah, I know. It didn’t use to be so noisy.
Susana: I mean, it didn’t use to have so much trabc.
Roberto: What do you mean?
Susana: Yes. Venezuela also used to be diWerent.
Roberto: I didn’t know Venezuela’s Mag used to have seven stars.

did not play the piano when you were young.

you play the piano when you were young?
used to play the piano.
Examples:
sentences, Simple Past is preferred.

hand, when asking questions or making negative
of past repetition in positive sentences. On the other
“used to” is preferred when emphasizing these forms
past habits, past facts and past generalizations; however,
Both Simple Past and “Used to” can be used to describe
“Used to” vs. Simple Past
and his wife ______ _____ them ______. That was the end of this story.
back in the drawer one day _____ ______ to put them in the scrapbook left some ordinary pieces of paper
wife ______ _____ throw them away. Mr. Sánchez _______ them out of the garbage and _______ them
Mr. Sánchez ______ ______ collect Venezuelan stamps. He _____ _____ put them in a _______, and his
Listen carefully and 8ll in the blanks.
J. ALL EARS
6. Carmen used to work in Caracas but__ f. now I’m on a diet.

5. When I lived in the city ___ e. now I eat it a lot.
4. Venezuela’s Mag used to have 7 stars but ___ d. now it has a subway.
3. When I was younger, I didn’t use to eat cheese but ___ c. I often used to go to the theater.
2. Caracas used to have a trolley but___ b. now it has 8.
1. I used to eat a lot of chocolate but ___ a. now she works in Maracay.
Match the sentences on the left with the sentences on the right. Write the letter on the line given.

But now I
I used to
But I might
I won't
But I can
I can't
But I might
I never
I would
If I could
But now I
I once
But I never
I always
But now
I used to
Write your own ‘used to’ poem
LET´S HAVE FUN
She used to work for PDVSA.

3. ___________________________________________________________?
No, she didn’t. My grandmother didn’t use to drive.

2. ___________________________________________________________?
Venezuela used to have eight major states.

1. ___________________________________________________________?
Write questions to the following answers.
L. ASK ME...
4. __________________________________________________________.
3. __________________________________________________________.
2. __________________________________________________________.
1. __________________________________________________________.
have changed.
Estefanía and Pablo used to go out together. But then Estefanía got tired of Pablo. Describe how things
K. LET S CREATE
40
4. Less than 1% of the population speaks indigenous languages.
3. Arab people, in addition to Spanish, speak Italian.
2. In addition to Spanish, the Constitution recognizes three indigenous languages.
1. Venezuela is mostly bilingual.
your ideas.
According to the reading, are the following statements True (T) or False (F)? Correct the false ones. Support
Read the f
A. LET’S EXPLORE!
“There’s no place like home.”

41
For this reason he named the region Veneziola.

Providing Reasons The stilt houses reminded Américo Vespucio of the city of Venice.
Dependencies.
Adding Further Support In addition to the 23 states, Venezuela has 12 Federal
Stating Results Venezuela is divided into 8 regions As a result, the Mag has 8 stars.
Expressing contrast Although Venezuela lost part of its border, it still has a lot of land.
EXAMPLES
Providing Reasons Because, in order to, so that, since, as, for this reason, therefore.
Adding Further Support Besides, also, moreover, in addition to.
Stating Results Thus, as a result, so.
Expressing Contrast But, however, although, though, even though, in spite of.
D. GRAMMAR EMPHASIS
4. Our country _______ experienced immigration from other Latin American countries.
3. Venezuela lost some land. _______, today’s map is diWerent.
2. We want to go around Venezuela; _______ we don’t seem to 8nd the time.
1. I would like to see an old Venezuelan map, _______ let’s go to the library.
Complete the sentences with these linking words: as a result, so, but, also.

4. In addition to the usual three powers, legislative, executive and judiciary, the new constitution adds…
3. The state is committed to not only protect, but…
2. The Constitution says that justice is important as well as…
1. President Chávez changed the Constitution although…
Complete the following sentences in your notebook..
G. LET’S APPLY
Which areas does Venezuela have as hinterlands?
____________________________________________________________.
2. How is the word hinterland used in shipping?
____________________________________________________________.
1. How is a hinterland linked to a city?
http://www.britannica.com
the backcountry or tributary region of a port was usually called its hinterland.
hinderland, and used it to refer to the backcountry of a port or coastal settlement. By the early 20th century
(Handbook of Commercial Geography, 1888) transcribed the German word hinterland (land in back of ), as
the ease, speed, and cost of transportation between the port and the hinterland. George G. Chisholm
serves, both for imports and for exports. The size of a hinterland can depend on geography, but also on
by a less dense population and infrastructure. In shipping usage, a port’s hinterland is the area that it
nearby town or city. The term is also used to refer to the rural area around a city or town. It is characterized
Hinterland is a tributary region, either rural, urban or both, that is closely linked economically with a
Read the paragraph and answer the questions below.

of Ancient Greece.
deemed similar to that of the Spartan soldiers
during the Venezuelan War of Independence,
for the heroism shown by its inhabitants
Nueva Esparta State (“New Sparta”) is named
What can you do in order to save Valencia lake?
of wildlife that remains is predominately birds due to their ability to be able to My in search of cleaner water.
wildlife of Carabobo to be transformed and mutilated, adapting itself in order to survive. The vast majority
landscapes. Though a richly inhabited land, the pollution of many of its lakes and rivers has caused the
The fauna of Carabobo state mainly inhabits the tropical forests, surrounding grassland and mountainous

State as well as Aragua State.

Example: Carabobo State is a Central
comparison, similarly.
in the same way, likewise, as well, by
as well as, both... and, compared to,
Linking words for comparison
_________________________________________________________________________.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
Listen to your teacher carefully. Write the sentences in your notebook.
Dictation
J. ALL EARS
___________________________________________________________.
3. Aunque Venezuela tiene mucha tierra desocupada, la mayoría de su gente vive en Caracas.
___________________________________________________________.
2. La gasolina en Venezuela es barata porque está subsidiada.
___________________________________________________________.
1. Además de Los Roques, Venezuela tiene otras islas.
In your notebook, translate the following sentences into English.

Venezuela changed as a result of the expansion of the colonial system.

4. ____________________________________________________________.
In the 17th century, indigenous people lived in Venezuela as well as many Europeans.
3. ____________________________________________________________.
In addition to oil, we also export plantain.

2. ____________________________________________________________.
No, I don’t. Although I live in Venezuela, I don’t know my territory well.

1. ____________________________________________________________.
L. ASK ME...
a paragraph in your notebook about Venezuela.

Use the linking words: although, therefore, because, in addition to, besides, but, as a result and so, to write
K. LET S CREATE
____________________________________________________________.
What is the main requirement to get the job?
____________________________________________________________.
Has Renato had any experience as a waiter?
____________________________________________________________.
What position does Renato want to apply for?
____________________________________________________________.
What jobs are available at the restaurant?
Answer these questions about the interview in your notebook.
Renato: Thank you.

Interviewer: soon as you do that.
Renato: Only if you have taken the course. Come back as
Interviewer: Do you mean you’ll hire me?
handling course. Then we’ll talk again.
Renato: Well, 8rst of all you need to update your food
Interviewer: No, but I’d be willing to.
Renato: Have you taken any courses related to it?
around here.
Yes. I’ve worked at some restaurants and cafes
Interviewer: Have you worked as a waiter before?
position, instead.
Renato: Actually, Mr. González, I’d prefer the waiter’s
Interviewer: So, you´re here to apply for the cashier’s position.
Renato is having an interview about a job at a restaurant.
Read the following dialogue.
A. LET’S EXPLORE!
“No bees, no honey; no work, no money”.

Renato: I made up my mind. I’d like to work in something more dynamic where I can be closer to people.
Carlos: Waiter? I thought you wanted the cashier’s position.
Renato: Not bad. But I have to do a food-handling course before applying for the waiter position.
Miguel: That’s true! We forgot that. How did it go?
Renato: Hi, Carlos. Hi, Miguel. Really? I had told you about the interview for the part-time job, guys.
Carlos: Hey! There you are. Where have you been? We’ve been looking for you high and low!
Renato is talking to a couple of friends about the job interview he had.
Read the dialogue and practice it in groups of three.

A: No, I hadn’t. I had only watched TV since I arrived.
Examples everything?
B: I had changed the beds sheets. What about you? Had you done
A: What had you done when our boss arrived?
They They they

You You you
We We we
it It it
had done it. hadn’t done it Had done it.
She She she
He He he
You You you
I I I
A>rmative form Negative form Interrogative form

Had + past participle
Past Perfect
weeks.
A: No, she hasn’t. She has only helped me at the restaurant for a couple of
Examples she ever worked?
B: I have worked in some hotels since I turned 16. What about Tina? Has
A: Where have you worked?
They They they

You have You haven’t Have you
We We we
it done it. it done it. it done it?

She has She hasn’t Has she
He He he
you
You have You haven’t Have
I
A>rmative form Negative form Interrogative form
Have / Has + past participle
Present Perfect
D. GRAMMAR EMPHASIS
4. He _________ (think) about taking a cooking course the following month.

the interview.
3. Mr. González wanted to hire him that day, but he __________ (not/take) the course when he had
2. He _______________ (study) there since Mr. González ____________ (interview) him.
1. Renato _____________ (8nish) his food handler course already.
Fill in the blanks with the appropriate tense.
G. LET’S APPLY

Hotel Venetur Alba Caracas in Distrito Capital.

Hotel Venetur Margarita in Nueva Esparta.
Hotel Venetur Puerto La Cruz in Anzoátegui.
Hotel Venetur Maracaibo in Zulia
management and operational training. CCTR oWer their courses in the following State-run hotels:
room service, marketing and sales, information management, entertainment and recreation, personnel
the country, through hands-on courses, in both operational and administrative areas, such as: cuisine,
the tourism system with the necessary improvements to achieve high quality services outside and inside
the skills and practical knowledge of the workers of the tourism and hospitality industry. They provide
CCTR are training centers created by the Bolivarian Government of Venezuela aimed at strengthening
Centros de Capacitación Turística Regionales (CCTR)
Read the following text and answer the question.
Chef F&B Supervisor Housekeeper Sales assistant
Some part hospitality time jobs
E. VOCABULARY
(Retrieved from: http://www.caterer.com/careers-advice/life-at-work)

It’s a safe bet
Great atmosphere
Explain:
work, but also the work you do during those hours.
It involves a great deal of variety, not only in terms of the hours you
Not 9-5
a senior position managing people and projects.
and colleagues, and show initiative, very soon you’ll 8nd yourself in
If you work hard, acquire your quali8cations, get on with customers
You can take on early responsibility
could you get that sort of variety?
jobs, reservations manager to concierge and beyond. Where else
In the space of a few years, you may move between receptionist
There’s no need to get stuck
culture and new people.
can very easily be the key to discovering new countries, new
here are readily transferable, meaning that a career in hospitality
Every country has a hospitality industry, and the skills you learn
It opens a door to the world
it more enjoyable for your customers.
drink, or an experience — and there’s always new ways of making
Hospitality is creative. You are creating a product — be that food,
It’s creative
Your business is all about people. It’s about making people happy.
You make people’s day
Reasons why hospitality jobs are great
what the last two refer to.

Here are some of the reasons why a career in hospitality is great. Read the six ones that are given and say

Chef
Sales Assistant
F&B manager
Housekeeper
Listen to the order in the description of these jobs and number them.
J. ALL EARS
___________________________________________________________.
4. ¿Qué hace un camarero?
___________________________________________________________.
3. Él ha contratado tres personas a medio tiempo.
___________________________________________________________.
2. Reina había decidido optar por el cargo de Gerente de Mercadeo y Ventas.
___________________________________________________________.
1. ¿Dónde has trabajado?
In your notebook, translate the following statements into English.
country, too.
two of the world’s major rivers, are in our blessed
and coastal reefs. The Amazon and the Orinoco,
that encompass mountains, rain forests, savanna
countries, featuring 25 diWerent eco-systems
Venezuela is one of South America’s most diverse
5. ___________________? I like the marketing and sales area.
4. ___________________? Because he hadn’t taken the food-handling course.
3. ___________________? No, she has never worked.
2. ___________________? He’d like to apply for the cashier’s position.
1. ___________________? Yes. I have taken some hospitality training courses.
Write questions to the following answers in your notebook.
L. ASK ME...
star hotel.
In pairs, write your own conversation in your notebook. You are in a job interview for a F&B position at a 5
K. LET’S CREATE
computer on the night before.

This morning, I discovered that I had left my
An action that happened before a time in the past
Past perfect:
I have been to Japan twice.
time)
An action that happened before now (unspeci8ed
I have lived in this city for six months.
the present:
An action that started in the past and continues to
Present perfect:
56 Unit Three: Who?
http://whatafy.com/conMicts-between-parents-and-children.html
violence with violence.
respect the rules. Today, physical punishment causes the exact opposite eWect and children respond to
prohibition. In the past, punishing children with physical punishment for fear leads them to know and
inMuenced by the methods of education such as shouting, physical punishment, humiliation, shame and
more sensitive than the previous generations were as they are capable of more, but they are negatively
ConMicts between parents and children can have diWerent side eWects and the children of today are much
of the parents’ hands.

their children do not oWer the parental control that they need. When children have the control they get out
methods of punishment based on fear, domination and guilt do not work. Parents who allow too much to
ConMicts between parents and children are dibcult to control. Many parents recognize that the old
But today things have changed. Nowadays, communication can help us to solve conMicts.
years ago children who are now parents were mastered, controlled and manipulated by a punitive force.
Problems between parents and children education begins at home and all the family can solve them. Some
Who? By yourself
Lesson 7
Unit Three: Who? 57
MOTHER Thank you very much, Mr. Rondón. I am really worried about him.
him. He needs help. Let me talk to him.
COUNSELOR First of all, it is necessary to speak to him. Don’t either scold or punish
day. He isn’t getting enough sleep, either.
changed his behavior. He is at the computer until late at night every
MOTHER I don’t know what to do. I have scolded and punished him but he hasn’t
doing his homework.
He has gotten bad grades during this term. He is neither studying nor
COUNSELOR Yes, Mrs. Mijares. We have to talk about your son’s school performance.
MOTHER Good morning, Mr. Rondón. I have an appointment with you today.
Read the following dialogue. Then practice it with a partner.
D. GRAMMAR EMPHASIS
6. What kind of eWects can physical punishment have?

5. What are the methods of punishment mentioned in the text?
4. Is there any diWerence between children’s control today and yesterday?
3. Who can solve such problems?
2. Where must these problems be solved?
1. Where do problems of parents and children begin?
Answer the following questions related to the text above.

58 Unit Three: Who?
5. This is Roberto and Christian´s house. This is their house.
4. The house is Carlos and Miriam´s. This house is theirs.
3. Loida is doing her homework. She is doing it.
2. Rodolfo looks at Betty with love. He looks at her with love
1. Juan gave the pen to Paola. He gave it to her.
EXAMPLES
THEY THEM THEIRS THEMSELVES

LARULP
YOU YOU YOURS YOURSELVES

WE US OURS OURSELVES
IT IT ITS( UNUSUAL) ITSELF
SHE HER HER HERSELF
RALUGNIS
HE HIM HIS HIMSELF

YOU YOU YOURS YOURSELF
I ME MINE MYSELF
PERSONAL OBJECT POSSESSIVE REFLEXIVE
PRONOUNS
D. GRAMMAR EMPHASIS
Unit Three: Who? 59
shift.
is helping. a schedule showing each
family, including the dog, why the parents are writing
to a new house. All the help with the chores. That’s
The Moras are moving The children don’t want to
household. lose concentration.

going to help with the homework in order not to
work, so all of us are when we are doing our
My mother has too much We have to turn oW the TV
E. VOCABULARY
9. Whose pencil is this? It´s mine.
8. This is her dictionary. This is hers.
7. Give the piece of paper to Pedro and me. Give it to us.
before leaving home. mirror before leaving home.

6. Emilia and I look at ourselves in the mirror We look at ourselves in the
60 Unit Three: Who?
These clothes are my mother´s

Manuel feeds and walks the dog.
Pedro folds clean clothes.
Mildred sets and clears the table at dinner time.
María always helps her parents in the housework.
Substitute the underlined words for the corresponding pronouns.
G. LET’S APPLY
What can you do to improve family life?

What speci8c tasks do you do?
Do you help at home?
and putting away the dishes, feeding and walking family pets, etc.
Going to the grocery store, folding and putting away clean clothes, setting and clearing the table, washing
home:
in order to have it run well, it is necessary that all its members help. You can help in the following tasks at
Helping out at home is a way of contributing to improve our family union. Our home is like a team, and
Read the following paragraph.
the yard
Rake the leaves in Water the plants
Set the table Clear the table
Chores
Unit Three: Who? 61
Add three more of your own.
4. Los problemas de mis hermanos y hermanas son míos también.

3. La comunicación familiar es realmente importante para nosotros.
2. Después de estudiar y hacer mis tareas tengo un poco de diversión.
1. Usualmente ayudo a mis padres en los quehaceres del hogar.
weekend / once a month)

Does your family eat together? When? (every day/on the
communicate with each other.
sacred ritual and in this way, parents and children will
talk and enjoy the conversation. This must become a
turn oW the TV and enjoy the meal. If schedule permits,
conversation and sharing. While eating, it is advisable to
less heavy if it is shared. Eating together sets the stage for
If one of the members has a problem, this problem will be
Communication among family members is really important.
Having lunch

62 Unit Three: Who?
3. No, it’s not yours. It’s mine.

of our tasks.
2. Going to the grocery store, taking out the garbage, and setting and clearing the table are some
1. Yes, communication among family members is really important.
L. ASK ME...
parents are trying to convince them that they won’t lose friends but will make new ones.
aged 15 and 16 respectively, who don’t want to move, because they think they will lose their friends. Their
to move out next week. Mr. Peña got a new job in another city. Ramón and Blanca are brother and sister,
With your teacher, write a dialogue in your notebook about the following situation: The Peñas are going
K. LET’S CREATE
Communicate ____________.
Listen to ____________and try to understand what they mean.
Don’t _______the other person while he / she is speaking.
Put _____aside.
Try to_______.
attention to these suggestions:
To avoid that a ______gets worse when people are too ____to listen to one another, it’s necessary to pay
you hear.
Write these sentences in your notebooks. Listen to your teacher and 8ll in the blanks with the word(s)
J. ALL EARS
64 Unit Three: Who?
5 Solving problems in a community will make its people get along well.
4 Problems never begin at home.
3 To solve a problem we have to identify why they exist.
2 A 8rst step to solve problems is to identify how they are solved.
1 Problems don’t have solutions.
T F
Circle true (T) or false (F). Correct the false ones
lead to community coexistence.

plan for improvement. These are the actions which will
they exist and then identify possible solutions and a
problems means to think carefully about reasons why
ones who will face the problem. Analyzing community
come from an organized group of people. They are the
these problems aWect a community, solutions have to
their solution has to come from home too. But when
troubles. Dibculties sometimes begin at home and
want to 8nd a good solution, it is necessary to analyze
Having problems is part of the community. If you
A Problem is something which is dibcult to deal with.
A. LET’S EXPLORE!
“A trouble shared is a trouble halved”.
Who? He is the one who...?

Lesson 8
Unit Three: Who? 65
Mother Oh! I’m very sorry. I didn’t know anything. I will talk to him right away.
have to talk to him because he is the person that is disturbing the community.
Neighbor Yes, it’s your son’s music. When he returns from school he plays it too loud. You
Mother From my house?
Neighbor But the music comes from your house.
Mother Really? Fortunately, they haven’t bothered me because I’m always out.
Neighbor We have loud neighbors.
Mother Yes? Well, you know, I work all day. What is happening?
Neighbor Oh, Yes! We are having some trouble in the community!
Mother Do you want to talk to me?
Read the following dialogue. Then practice it with your partner.

66 Unit Three: Who?
reasonable volume level. elderly on the bus. on the sidewalk.

When playing music, I use a He gives her seat to the He doesn’t park his motorcycle
The following actions lead to a better community coexistence.
E. VOCABULARY
Were these chairs the ones which / that I brought for the meeting?
That is the house whose residents play music with loud bass.
She is the mother who / that works all day.
EXAMPLES
Whose is used to indicate possession
That is used for people, animals and things
Who is used for people Which is used for animals or things
Relative pronouns
RELATIVE CLAUSES give additional information by using relative pronouns
RELATIVE CLAUSES
D. GRAMMAR EMPHASIS
Unit Three: Who? 67
What’s your opinion about this reading?

What’s important about them?
Are conMicts necessary?
John Lyons http://www.newfoundations.com/GALLERY/Freire.html

Adapted from: (pages 50-51) Paulo Freire’s Educational Theory. Analyst:
how to 8ght politically with tactics adequate to our strategic dreams.

to know how to want, to learn how to want, which implies learning
world. Desire is fundamental, but it is not enough. It is also necessary
readers with the impression that wanting is enough to change the
None of this is easily accomplished, and I would not like to leave
experience. Trying to escape conMict, we preserve the status quo.
ignore even the most common aspects of our vital and social
conMict. ConMict is part of our conscience. Denying conMict, we
There cannot be life or human existence without struggle and
5. Those were the colors _________ we used to paint the classrooms last year.
4. Are these the people ________ are going to be responsible for applying the project?
3. That’s the leading group __________works for our community.
2. That’s the teacher ___________started the Conversation Group Match in fourth year.
1. This is the girl ____________speaks English very well.
Fill in the blanks with who / whose / which.
G. LET’S APPLY
What’s your opinion about the topic of this text?
it is convenient that adults give their children good examples.

Sometimes, the youth of today think that if adults misbehave, then they have the right to imitate them, so
home.
The teacher in school is his / her second teacher. Mom and Dad are primary 8gures in the children’s life at
Education begins and ends at home. A child’s 8rst teachers and guidance-counselors are his / her parents.
Read the following text and think about it.

68 Unit Three: Who?
3. Esta es la comunidad que da el ejemplo de buen comportamiento.
2. Aquellos son los jóvenes que protegen a los animales en este lugar..
1. Aquellas son las personas que saben convivir en su comunidad.

Unit Three: Who? 69
oWers to spend more time with him.

bass at home while he’s absent. He talks to him to make him understand that his behavior is not correct. He
works all day long. His neighbors are complaining about his son because the boy plays music with loud
In your notebook, write your own conversation based on the following situation: Pedro is a widower who
K. LET’S CREATE
Dictation
J. ALL EARS
70 Unit Three: Who?
c. What’s the message of the poem?
b. Translate the poem.
a. Find a sentence with a relative pronoun.
I cultivate a white rose.

I cultivate neither nettles nor thorns:
the heart with which I live,
And for the cruel person who tears out
who gives me his hand frankly.
For the sincere friend
In July as in January
I cultivate a white rose
By Jose Marti
I Cultivate a White Rose
Read and enjoy the following poem.
LET´S HAVE FUN
Add three more on your own.
3. Yes, this parrot is the one which sings songs.
2. She is the one who gave her seat to that old woman.
1. No, he’s not the one that makes too much noise.
L. ASK ME...
72 Unit Three: Who?
4 She can go to the movies with her friend.

3 The mother says that she can go to the movies any day.
2 The girl is old enough to go to the movies by herself.
1 The girl asks her mother if she can go to the movies by herself.
Read the following sentences and select T for True and F for False. Correct the false ones. Use your notebook.
Mother: Don’t push it, my dear. Today is Thursday and you have a math test tomorrow morning.
Tina: Really? That’s great! Then, if I 8nish my homework, can we go today after class?
Mother: No, dear. I will be busy. But I think you are old enough to go to the movies by yourselves.
Tina: Can you take William and me to the movies on Saturday?
A. LET’S EXPLORE!
“No man is an island”.
Who? Who...?
Lesson 9
Unit Three: Who? 73
Interrogative sentence: What can you do, if you want to improve your English?
Negative sentence: If I don’t go to the game, I will have to wait for one year.
Declarative sentence: If you pass the subject, we will go to the baseball game.
Conditional sentences can be declarative, negative and interrogative.
It is used when a situation is real or when it can be possible.
If + present tense + will / can / may / must + verb
The if- clause and the main clause
A conditional sentence type 1 has two clauses:
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES TYPE 1
D. GRAMMAR EMPHASIS
your studies are your priorities.

Father I am already proud of you. I just want you to be aware that your family and
Teenage boy I see, dad. I’ll do my best. You’ll be proud of me.
and pass the test and 8nish your work here, we’ll go to the game.
Father I am worried because your grades are very low this term. So, if you work hard
Teenage boy Why are you concerned? I know I will pass the test.
Father Maybe, if you pass your English test and 8nish all your work at home.
Teenage boy Dad, are we going to go to the baseball game next week?
Read the following dialogue in pairs. Practice it with a partner.

74 Unit Three: Who?
Tidy / Neat Messy
SatisRed Worried / Concerned Proud
E. VOCABULARY
Will you come back tomorrow if he is busy now?

If it rains, we must wear our raincoats and boots and take our umbrellas.
If you practice a lot, you may become a member of the team.
If Leo doesn’t call you, you can call him.
If I have money, I’ll visit my grandparents next week.
EXAMPLES
Unit Three: Who? 75
Mother: Thanks for asking and considering my opinion.

Girl: Really? I didn’t know that. I will 8nd out a little bit more before making a decision.
there are some other things.
donate organs, if you want to. Besides, some academies don’t accept people with tattoos. And
dangerous for your health. Tattoos can cause problems in your future: you will never be able to
Mother: A tattoo? This is a very important decision. You have to consider that it will be permanent and
Girl: Nothing really. If I get a tattoo, will you get mad at me?
Mother: I’m worried. What happened?
Girl: Mom, I want to talk about a very important thing.
If we respect our friends, we will be respected too.

If you have positive relationships with your parents, you will be successful.
If she works hard, she will pass the English test.
In your notebook, change the following sentences into the negative form.
G. LET’S APPLY
What kind of relationships are you in, good or bad?

will 8nd bullying, pressure, lack of con8dence, and abuse.
good relationship, you will have respect, care, support and trust. If you are in a negative relationship, you
Some relationships are good and positive; others, unfortunately, are negative or dibcult. If you have a
You have a mother and a father, brothers and sisters, neighbors, teachers, classmates and many others.
If you think about relationships in your life, you will realize that you don’t just have a boyfriend / girlfriend.
Read the following text and think about it.

76 Unit Three: Who?
Listen to your teacher and write the sentences in your notebook.
Dictation
J. ALL EARS
4. Arranged neatly and in order. _______
3. Thinking about unpleasant things that have happened or that might happen. _______
2. Feeling pleased and satis8ed about something that you own or have done. _______
1. Pleased because you have achieved something. _______
a) tidy - b) satisRed - c) worried - d ) proud
Match the de8nition with the appropriate word. Write the letter of the word on the line given.

Unit Three: Who? 77
Add two more of your own.
3. If parents and children communicate, they will have good relationships.
2. No, parents should not abuse their adolescent children.
1. Teenagers ask their parent if they can get home late.
L. ASK ME...
b. Write four sentences on your own: two with zero conditional and two with conditional type 1.
3. If I want to learn about technology I will read more research papers.
2. You will be respected if you show respect for the people here.
1. She’ll be grounded for a month if she gets bad grades this term.
a. Change the following sentences to zero conditional.
In your notebook,
K. LET’S CREATE
As well as if a promontory were. It tolls for thee.
Europe is the less. For whom the bell tolls,
If a clod be washed away by the sea, Therefore, send not to know
A part of the main. For I am involved in mankind.
Each is a piece of the continent, Each man’s death diminishes me,
Entire of itself. Or of thine friend’s were.
No man is an island, As well as if a manner of thine own
John Donne
For Whom The Bell Tolls
Read and enjoy the following poem.
LET´S HAVE FUN

80 Unit Four: Conditions...?
2. Why is it important to know about the melting polar Ice-caps?
1. What consequences of climate change do you know?

Answer the following questions:
Growth.
diversity; e) Melting Polar Ice-Caps and Rising Sea Levels; f ) Oceanic Dead Zones; g) Explosive Population
Earth and consequently society is facing: a) Climate Change; b) Deforestation; c) Pollution; d) Loss of
see and feel the eWects so close to us. These are some of the biggest environmental threats that Mother
getting increasingly dibcult to ignore the damage we are doing to the environment, especially when we
eWects on the planet. There are serious environmental issues we are facing. Ignorance may be bliss, but it’s
perspective. This is reMected in a growing environmental movement that is concerned about humankind’s
aWects everything. The human perspective regarding the Earth is widely viewed from a globally integrated
planet is home to millions of species of life, including humans. It means that the damage they cause
Planet Earth is our home, and people are damaging it, ignoring the consequences of their actions. The
Look at the pictures. Describe them.
A. LET’S EXPLORE!
“We do not inherit the earth from our ancestors; we borrow it from our children”.
If I...
Conditions...? Lesson 10
Unit Four: Conditions...? 81
might
Simple past form + could + verb (base form)
would
If clause Main clause
IF CONDITIONAL TYPE II
D. GRAMMAR EMPHASIS
resources.
Lina If we knew about this issue, we would be more careful on how to use our
César The sea level gets higher and impacts the coastal area.
Lina How does it impact us in Venezuela?
César Besides, ice is melting worldwide.
Lina Yes, precipitation increased across the globe, on average.
César Now I know why we had such heavy rains.
Lina Yes, I did. I was surprised to know about that phenomenon.
César Did you watch the news about global warming?
Read the following dialog and practice it.

Compact Muorescent light bulb Fossil fuels
derivative of methane and ethane.

the thermal infrared range. and Muorine, produced as a volatile
absorbs and emits radiation within contains carbon, chlorine, hydrogen than 50,000 km² of land area.
It is a gas in an atmosphere that It is an organic compound that It is an ice mass that covers less
Greenhouse gasses CFC - ChloroMuorocarbon Ice-cap
E. VOCABULARY
Might diversity loss decrease If people stopped throwing trash in the sea?
3. Yes. If people stopped throwing trash in the sea, diversity loss might decrease.
When could the teacher explain about global warming to the class?
2. The teacher could explain about global warming this week to the class if she had time.
What would you do if you knew about climate change?

1. If we knew about climate change, we would make a campaign about it.
EXAMPLES
emissions.
4. If you drove less, you ______ _______ (crate) fewer
possibilities of breathing clean oxygen.
3. If we _______ (plant) more trees, we might have better
watching it?
2. Would you ________ (turn oW ) the TV if you were not
compact Muorescent light bulbs, they would save energy.
1. If people _______ (replace) regular light bulbs with
Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verb given in parenthesis.
G. LET’S APPLY
Now that you know about global warming, please 8nd out about its eWects.
climate system.
Climate Change. The 8nal objective of the Convention is to prevent dangerous human interference of the
fossil fuels and deforestation. Most countries are Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on
increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases produced by human activities such as the burning of
of the climate system is unequivocal, and scientists are almost 95% certain that it is primarily caused by
Global warming is the increase in the average temperature of Earth’s atmosphere and oceans. Warming
Look at the picture. Read the passage and discuss it with your partners.

b. List recommendations to avoid the eWects of the environmental threats.
a. Based on the readings, debate the topics in small groups.
conference
http://www.globalissues.org/article/801/cop18-doha-climate-
Doha 2012. 18th annual United Nations Climate Change Conference
nations will pick up the burden of addressing emission rises.

emissions. But ignoring that makes it easier to hope these emerging
and other emerging nations despite the historical inequality of those
accept. It is easier, therefore, to stall and keep blaming China, India
for something that seems to be a problem in the future is hard to
or more (even when their economies were doing well) paying now
Furthermore, as the West has generally shown in the past decade
most responsible for the crises are bailed out by ordinary citizens).
and imaginary), or economic crises (where banks and other elites
to push through, such as wars based on geopolitical threats (real
more focused and limited interests of elites, however, are easier
on tackling climate change seems to be futile. By comparison,
As the past two decades have shown, trying to get global agreement
Read the passage, discuss with your partner

Indian Proverb
been caught will we realise we cannot eat money.

Only when the last tree has died and the last river been poisoned and the last 8sh
Mahatma Gandhi
“Earth provides enough to satisfy every man’s needs, but not every man’s greed.”
Discuss the meaning of the following proverbs. Then write your own reMection
K. LET’S CREATE
4.
3.
2.
1.
notebook.
Listen to your teacher carefully and mark T (true) or F (false). Correct the false ones. Remember to use your
J. ALL EARS
“Modern technology owes ecology an apology”.

“Green revolution a best solution to arrest pollution”.
Read and discuss the following sayings. Practice them. Then, write one of your own.
LET´S HAVE FUN
5. El objetivo de la convención es prevenir la contaminación del planeta.

4. Si. El aumento de los gases causa incremento en la temperatura.
3. En la convención del cambio climático las naciones toman decisiones.
2. Si, estamos sufriendo el aumento de la temperatura en el planeta.
1. Muchas personas están preocupadas por los daños al ambiente.
In your notebook translate the following answers in English. Then write the questions.
L. ASK ME...
Were you aware of this situation?
Taken from Water Policy Reform Program, 1999
millions of children each year.

safe water, and three billion lack sanitation; eighty per cent of infectious diseases are waterborne, killing
and agriculture. Ecosystems are being destroyed, sometimes permanently. Over one billion people lack
underground has deteriorated, due to the pollution by waste and contaminants from cities, industry
will double. The costs of water infrastructure have risen dramatically. The quality of water in rivers and
of the world’s population, are already facing water shortages, while by year 2020 the world’s population
in many places water availability is falling into crisis levels. More than eighty countries, with forty percent
Water is essential for all dimensions of life. Over the past few decades, the use of water has increased, and
Read the following passage.
A. LET’S EXPLORE!
“We never know the worth of water till the well is dry”.
Conditions...? What would...if...?

Lesson 11
might
form)… + form)
could
If …had +verb (past participle have + verb (past participle
would
If clause Main clause
IF CONDITIONAL TYPE III
D. GRAMMAR EMPHASIS
Antonio So we’d better start taking care of it as we do with our plan

Yanire Of course, it is a serious concern.
Antonio So, it is something to worry about, because we live in it
aWected by human beings wrong doings.
Yanire Well, the crisis is not just with water, our planet Earth has been
Antonio But I watch TV and I haven’t seen anything about tha
Yanire How come? It has been on TV.
Antonio I didn’t know that there was a global water crisis.
Read and practice the following dialogue
4. The quality of water in river has got better.

3. Millions of children die because of poor sanitation.
2. The world water crisis just started.
1. Water is an essential element for human survival.
Please write (T) for true or (F) false to the following statements.

What would have happened in the world if we hadn’t had sanitation service?
int/topics/sanitation/en/ wastewater, industrial wastes and agricultural wastes.

(Adapted from WHO) http://www.who. include human and animal feces, solid wastes, domestic
agents of disease. Wastes that can cause health problems
collection and wastewater disposal. can be physical, microbiological, biological or chemical
through services such as garbage service, we would have been openly exposed to risks that
maintenance of hygienic conditions, If we hadn’t had the appropriate care with the sanitation
urine and feces. It also refers to the as the treatment and proper disposal of sewage wastewater.
services for the safe disposal of human prevention of human contact with the risks of wastes as well
It refers to the provision of facilities and These are systems that protect human health, through
SANITATION
E. VOCABULARY
Might sanitation have been improved if people had had better living conditions?
3. Yes. If people had had better living conditions, sanitation might have been improved.
What could governments have done to prevent water pollution?

industries’ waste disposals long ago.
2. Governments worldwide could have prevented water pollution if they had controlled
What would you have done if you had known about the water crisis before?
1. If we had known about the water crisis, we would have made a campaign at school.
EXAMPLES
service in your neighborhood?

What does the article say about drinking water and sanitation facilities in our planet? Do you have this
http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/environ.shtml
Taken from United Nations report (2015)
- ,.+

.
developing regions as a whole. The greatest progress was achieved in Eastern and Southern Asia.
&

%'
())*+'
,*(*
source of drinking water and, at the current pace, 605 million people will still lack coverage in 2015.
!
"#$% "

basic sanitation.
Halve, by 2015, the proportion of the population without sustainable access to safe drinking water and
Target 7.C: (Millennium Development Goals)

Read the following facts.

Write two conclusions. Report to the class.
Water for the 21st Century - (1999)

Serageldin - Chairman of the World Commission on
them for irrigation, drinking and industrial water”

the health and livelihood of people who depend upon
poisoning the surrounding ecosystems, thus threatening
being seriously depleted and polluted, degrading and
“More than one-half of the world’s major rivers are
water, which serves most of life’s needs).”

Freshwater is only 2.5%. Out of it just 1.3% is surface
of. (There is so much salt water that you can’t drink.
We are surrounded by things you cannot make use
1. “Water, water everywhere and not a drop to drink”.
Discuss the following two ideas.
atmosphere.
Less than 0.3% of all freshwater _____(be) in rivers, lakes, and the
and 98.8% of that water is _______(locate) in ice and groundwater.

Only 2.5% of the Earth’s water is _________ (consider) freshwater,
bodies, and 0.001% in the air and precipitation.

Antarctica and Greenland, a small fraction in other large water
1.7% in groundwater, 1.7% in glaciers and in the ice caps of
On Earth, 96.5% of the planet’s water is _______ (8nd) in oceans,
Water ________ (cover) 71% of the Earth’s surface.
Complete with the appropriate verb form.
G. LET’S APPLY
4.
3.
2.
1.
Listen to your teacher carefully and mark T (true) or F (false). Correct the false ones.
J. ALL EARS
b. List recommendations to have a rational use of water.

a. Based on the readings debate the topics in small groups.

(These two people are absolutely contrasting). It is raining heavily.

“They are like water and 8re/ They are like devil and holy water”. “It is raining cats and dogs”.
Translate these sayings. Can you 8nd a similar one in your own language?
LET´S HAVE FUN
(To be in a dibcult position). (To have few chances to succeed).

To be in troubled waters. To have water up to the throat.
(He still has a lot to learn about life). (Something that is very obvious).
He is wet behind the ears. To discover warm water.
else).
(Family is more important than anyone or anything (In a place you are not feeling comfortable).
In deep water.
Blood is thicker than water.
Translate the proverbs and its meanings. Then write a question to each one.
L. ASK ME...
What can we do?
“Water is too precious to be wasted” (41”)
Write a short dialog based on the video suggested below.
K. LET’S CREATE
4 Recycling is a way to cut down pollution.

3 Natural resources are limited.
2 There is not much waste.
1 The world population is getting smaller
statements.
Please write (T) for true or (F) false to the following statements. Correct the false ones. Support your
Do you recycle?
Are you familiar with the term recycling?
http://www.earthsfriends.com/why-recycling-important
Adapted from
around the world.

targets for recycling are also being set by governments
phenomenon. In view of this serious situation, necessary
to slow down since we haven’t been able to eradicate this
to take drastic measures to cut down on pollution levels
The danger of global climate change has forced people
harm the planet today, but future generations as well.
signi8cantly reduce additional waste that will not only
natural resources limited, but recycling eWorts can
recycle and reuse whenever possible. Not only are
earth are limited so we must do our best to conserve,
his or her lifetime. The natural resources on our planet
human being adds signi8cant waste to the planet over
The world population is growing, and currently each
Look at the pictures and read the passage.
A. LET’S EXPLORE!
“I make green look good because I recycle, reduce & reuse.”

will be ful8lled. because it refers to the past.

It is possible but very unlikely, that the condition It is impossible that the condition will be ful8lled
all the material I have at home. would have recycled all the material I had at home.
Example: If I knew about recycling, I would recycle Example: If I had had known about recycling, I
(= would + In8nitive) Past Participle)
if + Simple Past, main clause with Conditional I if + Past Perfect, Conditional II (= would + have +
“IF” CONDITIONAL TYPE 2 “IF” CONDITIONAL TYPE 3
D. GRAMMAR EMPHASIS
have been in better conditions.

Alex If everybody had participated in recycling activities and programs, our planet would
Luisy I understand, so recycling could be done at home but also industries could do it.
Aless If we wanted we could recycle materials made of glass, paper, metal, plastic, textiles.
Lina No, it isn’t. Anybody can recycle.
Luisy But it is something very complex.
potentially useful materials
Aless Well, it is a process to change materials into new products to prevent waste of
Lina Recycling is to reduce trash?
Luisy What is recycling?
Read and practice the following dialogue.

more passed the test.

past Past Perfect Conditional III …she would have
If Ann had studied
past Past Perfect If I had had them, … Conditional III handed them out.
…I would have
Condition refers to: IF Clause Main Clause
Conditional Sentences Type III (impossible)
past
Simple Past If I saw her, … Conditional II …I would greet her.
consequence in the
time, …
past Simple Past Conditional I …I would help him.
If I had a lot of
Conditional Sentences Type II (unlikely)
present facts Simple Present If I get a good grade, Simple Present …I am happy.
Modal Auxiliary …we can help him
math this term, …
improbable action should + InRnitive Imperative …help him
Should Henry pass
Future I …I will help him.
Modal Auxiliary …we can call her.
new job,
8nished action Present Perfect Imperative …call her.
If Laura has got a
Future I …I will call her
Modal Auxiliary him now.
…you cannot talk to
Progressive rest, … now
action going on now Imperative …don’t talk to him
Present If Felix is taking a
Future I now.
…I won’t talk to him
Modal Auxiliary …they can get it.
future action Simple Present If they want paper… Imperative …get it.
Future I …they will get it.
Conditional Sentences Type I (likely)

EXAMPLES
Exceptions for Conditional Sentences
reuse wrapping paper.

of Styrofoam. utensils. wrapping paper - or maybe even
in cardboard or paper board instead such as paper plates, cups, and for reusable gift bags instead of
4. Buy products that are packaged 5. Try to avoid disposable items, 6. When wrapping presents, opt
possible. instead.
as many goods in one bag as newsletters, etc, e-mailed to you,
forget it, insist on paper, and pack products in bulk. such as bills, 8nancial statements,
bag to purchase groceries. If you packaging you purchase by buying that are normally mailed to you
1. Bring your own reusable cloth 2. Try to reduce the amount of 3. Have any paper statements
Ways to reduce the amount of trash we create
use, wear, or decay —often used in plural.

Uncultivated land Gradual loss or decrease by Garbage, rubbish, excrement
The word WASTE

E. VOCABULARY
Man’s Treasure”.
“One Man’s Waste Can be Another
the earth we’re nothing.

We are just mankind…without
Be Green
Love green
Live green
Read the poem. Talk about it.
4 If I had known that so many tress were being cut I …

3 I would have bought just recycle products if I…
2 If I had known about the damage caused by plastic bags, I …
1 They are ecologists, so if they sent you a present, they …
In your notebook, complete the sentences using “If” conditional II or III, according to the situation.
G. LET’S APPLY
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wU94rL6M-Cs
1000 creative ideas to recycle plastic bottles
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W_XUJwINdLw
method (14’56”)
How To Recycle HDPE Plastic (High Density Polyethylene) - a simple
There are many things we can recycle. Look at the following videos:
Write your own conversation
K. LET’S CREATE
Listen to your teacher carefully. And write the dictation in your notebook.
Dictation
J. ALL EARS
What do you think about the story of things?

What did you know about the story of things?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TgAU6ZdK4hU
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dHIO0in4vtg
The origin of stuW (9’13”) Part 2 & 3
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LgZY78uwvxk
The origin of stuW (7’35”) Part 1
Watch the following videos and write your impressions.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_MF9xu1UbFw
You can listen to the whole version in the following link:

The world that we created.
Is this what we’re all living for today
So it seems in the end
Against the law
Is this the world we invaded
What did we do it for
Is this the world we created
& Brian May. What do you think it is about?
The following stanza belongs to the song ‘Is this the world we created...?’ It was written by Freddie Mercury
LET´S HAVE FUN
,6
.
3 4.1

5
.
1

(**2 .
/ 0 .

.&

.
In your notebooks, write questions to the following answers. Then translate them into Spanish.
L. ASK ME...
104 Unit Five: It...
4. Skills are not important to practice a sport.
3. There are no disciplines in gymnastics.
2. Gymnasts do Mic-Mac.
1. Children begin to practice gymnastics at the age of 2
for False. Correct the false ones. Support your answers.

Read the following sentences about the previous paragraph and write in your notebooks “T” for True or “F”
gob.ve
For more information check http.//www.mindeporte.
was the only Venezuelan gymnast in this event.

Games in London 2012, Jessica Lopez, from Venezuela,
interesting history since the 1960s. In the last Olympic
Mic-Mac, and so on. In our country gymnastics has had an
wonderful exercises for example: cartwheel, round oW,
In artistic gymnastics it’s easy for a gymnast to do
gymnastics, trampoline, aerobics, and acrobatics.
such as: artistic gymnastics (men & women), rhythmic
years. There are diWerent disciplines within this sport
4 or 5 years old and practice it for about ten or more
gymnastics is a sport that girls begin when they are
competitive sports begin at early ages. For instance,
sport for recreational or competitive purposes. Many
evaluate what kind of skills you possess. You can practice
When you decide to practice a sport you have to
Read the following passage …
A. LET’S EXPLORE!
“Step by step, one goes a long way.”

Unit Five: It... 105
4. No, it`s not easy for him to play table tennis.
3. Is it easy for a fencer to play table tennis?
2. It`s not easy for me to practice gymnastics. It`s dibcult.
1. Is it easy for you to practice gymnastics?
EXAMPLES
NO, IT IS NOT EASY FOR ME TO PRACTICE GYMNASTICS.
NO+ IT+VERB TO BE+ NOT+ADJECTIVE+FOR+PRONOUN / NOUN+ TO
IS IT EASY FOR YOU TO PRACTICE GYMNASTICS?
VERB TO BE+ IT+ FOR+ PRONOUN/NOUN+TO+?
IT+VERB TO BE + ADJECTIVE + FOR +PRONOUN / NOUN+ TO+
USE OF “IT” IN IMPERSONAL STATEMENTS
D. GRAMMAR EMPHASIS
Games in 2012. She is from ________________.

, _____________________ and ___________________. Jessica participated in ____________ Olympic
________________________. Some exercises in artistic gymnastics are: ___________________________
____________________, ________________________, ________________, _________________ and
Jessica López practices _______________. Gymnastics is divided in diWerent disciplines such as:
Complete the following paragraph.

Paralympic runner
Angel Aponte - Karateka Oscar Monterola - Paralympic athletes
Daniela Larreal - Cyclist Alejandra Benítez - Fencer Leidys Brito - Archer
Dalia Contreras - Taekwondoist Andreina Pinto - Swimmer Fabiola Ramos - Table tennis player
E. VOCABULARY
Valeria Ha, ha, ha! For me too.

archery.
Juan José Ha, ha, ha. It’s easy for me to swim, but it’s dibcult for me to practice
me to play volleyball.
Valeria Well, It’s easy for me to train gymnastics every day, but it`s dibcult for
Juan José Really? You are a talented girl.
next month.
Valeria I practice gymnastics. I’m training hard because I have a competition
Juan José Yes, I love swimming. And you?
Valeria Do you practice a sport?
4. - ______ easy for Dalia to practice taekwon do, but it`s ______________for her to swim.
3. - It`s easy for a _______________ to use a sword, but it`s ______________ for her to practice archery.
2. - It`s ______for a swimmer to train every day.
1. – It’s _______for Jessica to take a 4 hour gymnastics training a day.
G. LET’S APPLY
4. Would you like to become an Olympic athlete?
3. Are you interested in practicing a sport that includes trainings six days a week?
2. Do you think that practicing a competitive sport is easy?
1. Is it easy to practice an Olympic or a Paralympic sport?
when representing his/her country is unique!

to do their trainings but it’s dibcult for their friends to understand it. But the satisfaction the athlete feels
holidays you are training in the morning and in the afternoon. It’s normal for high performance athletes
cycling, and so on. To practice a sport you need skills and dedication. Sometimes when friends are having
gymnastics (rhythmic and artistic), archery, swimming, fencing, table tennis, tae kwon do, boxing, athletics,
to get to international level competitions or even the Olympic or Paralympic Games. Some sports are:
popular than others; they could be practiced for recreational purposes or competitive ones if you want
In our country there are several sports that athletes are practicing in all states. Some sports are more
Read the following paragraph and answer the questions

3. Cyclist _____ Archer___ Taekwondoist___
2 Fencing_____ Cycling ____ Wrestling_____
1 Swimmer ____ Player ____ Judoka _____
Listen to your teacher and the select the appropriate option.
J. ALL EARS
b. a short paragraph about the athletes who participated in the Olympics.
a. questions with “what”, “when”, “where”.
Read the information above again and then, in your notebook, write:
Beijing 2008
won a gold medal at the Paralympic Games.

She is so far the only Venezuelan, in any sport, to have
blind.
competed in judo events for the visually impaired and
in the Paralympic Games and win a Gold medal! She
Naomi Soazo is the 8rst Venezuelan woman to compete
1 Gold Rubén Limardo 2012 London Fencing Men’s épée
3 Bronze Dalia Contreras 2008 Beijing Taekwondo Women −49 kg
3 Bronze Israel Jose Rubio 2004 Athens Weightlifting Men’s featherweight
3 Bronze Adriana Carmona 2004 Athens Taekwondo Women +67 kg
3 Bronze Rafael Vidal 1984 Los Angeles Swimming Men’s 200m butterMy
3 Bronze Omar Catari 1984 Los Angeles Boxing Men’s featherweight
3 Bronze Marcelino Bolivar 1984 Los Angeles Boxing Men’s light Myweight
2 Silver Bernardo Piñango 1980 Moscow Boxing Men’s bantamweight
2 Silver Pedro Gamarro 1976 Montreal Boxing Men’s welterweight
1 Gold Francisco Rodriguez 1968 Mexico City Boxing Men’s light Myweight
Bronze Enrico Forcella prone

3 1960 Rome Shooting
Men’s 50 metre riMe
3 Bronze Arnoldo Devonish 1952 Helsinki Athletics Men’s triple jump
Medal Name Games Sport Event
Write about any of these athletes.
K. LET’S CREATE
competition winning Venezuela’s 8rst ever fencing medal.

in the Olympic Games. He competed in the individual épée
Rubén Limardo in 2012 won Venezuela’s second gold medal
P H G S X C L S N V
G Y H N J O T I C S
X T A E K W O N D O
L Y C Y I S T N F R
L Q W R B G G E L E
A C J E N N N T P T
B Z S H I I I E Y J
T L P C K M L L I L
O B N R U M C B Z U
O E K A Y I Y A Q O
F H T V P W C T E I
G Y M N A S T I C S
do in the alphabet soup. Good luck.

Find the following sports: fencing, cycling, football, swimming, gymnastics, table tennis, archery, tae kwon
LET´S HAVE FUN
4. _______________? 4. He won a Gold medal.
3. _______________? 3. Fencing.
2. _______________? 2. Judo.
1. _______________? 1. Noemi Soazo.
L. ASK ME...
__________________________________________________________
2. Is mathematics just a subject?
__________________________________________________________
1. Why is mathematics important?
Based on the previous reading, answer the following questions.
a survival skill to understand the issues that we face in daily life.

without mathematics, none of these areas would exist. We all have to know that we need mathematics as
telecommunications, aeronautics or medicine is much more obvious to them. But many are unaware that
seems to them that mathematics is only for mathematicians. The importance of computers, biotechnology,
is what they were taught at school and do not have any idea of its true depth. Some people say that it
end of this chain, though its importance is not always appreciated. Many people think that mathematics
on engineering, which depends on science, which 8nally depends on mathematics. Mathematics is at the
Mathematics is vital for any modern country. Economic success depends on technology, which depends
Read the following passage.
A. LET’S EXPLORE!
“Great minds think alike.”
It... It seems to me...

Lesson 14
4. It seems to me that these mathematics problems are longer.
3. It seems to me that there is a mistake.
2. It seems to me that they are correct.
1. It seems to me that mathematics is simple.
EXAMPLES
IT+SEEMS + TO+ ME (THAT)
Use of “it” as a subject
D. GRAMMAR EMPHASIS
Paola Oh, my God. It seems to me that it is very dibcult to learn.
Pedro Yes, It seems to me that this subject is easy to learn.
Paola Congratulations! Do you think math is easy?
Pedro I am taking some extra classes.

that they are very demanding.
Paola Really? What are you doing to join them? It seems to me
Pedro I want to register in the mathematics society.
Read the dialog. Practice it with a partner.

4. __________________________ that mathematics is boring.

3. It appears to me that the exercises are _______________________.
2. ________________________________ that you are right.
1. It seems to me that _______________ is _____________________.
Fill in the blanks with the missing words to complete the following statements.
G. LET’S APPLY
__________________________________________________
Does mathematics seem to be complicated to you?
__________________________________________________
Does an equation seem to be confusing to you?
__________________________________________________
Does logarithms seem to be dibcult you?
because it seems to you that it is dibcult, but if you practice it frequently you will realize that it’s not.
numbers, real numbers, equations, probability, and so on. Sometimes you have to practice it several times,
In Venezuela according to the national curriculum, mathematics is focused on: logarithms, complex
Read the following paragraph and answer the questions. ReMect about it.
Physics
BIOTECHNOLOGY AERONAUTICS TELECOMMUNICATIONS
E. VOCABULARY
In your notebook, write a paragraph about it. Support your ideas.
“Mathematics is everywhere, in every single thing”.
Read the following statement.
mathematics teachers but among the general public as well.

immensely popular in Brazil and abroad, not only among
Tahan. Since its 8rst publication in 1938, the book has been
de Mello e Souza, published under the pen name Malba
and curious word problems by Brazilian writer Júlio César
The Man Who Counted is a book on recreational mathematics
Valentina Uhm Ok. I’ll give it a try.

be easy for you. I’ll help you.
Marialaura Maybe you think it is hard, but if you practice daily, it’ll
Valentina Oh, my God! It seems so confusing to me!
Marialaura Well, not for me! I really enjoy it.
Valentina Wow. It seems to me that it is dibcult.
Marialaura Three: the preliminary, intermediate and the 8nal.
Valentina Really? How many exercises do you have to do?
Marialaura Yes, the preliminary exercise was last week.
Valentina Are you participating in the mathematics society?
Read the following dialog.

In your notebook, write a short dialog using the vocabulary of the lesson. Then practice it with a partner.
K. LET’S CREATE
Albert Einstein
I can assure you mine are still greater”

“Do not worry about your dibculties in mathematics.
Dictation
J. ALL EARS
In y
L. ASK ME...
http://www.google.co.ve/
[Repeat]
Sorry seems to be the hardest word.

Oh, it seems to me that
Why can’t we talk it over?
It’s sad, so sad.
And it’s getting more and more absurd.
It’s a sad, sad situation.
It’s sad, so sad.
by Elton John
SORRY SEEMS TO BE
Read the song and talk about it.
LET´S HAVE FUN

5. When is the rainy season in Venezuela?

4. When is the dry season in Venezuela?
3. How many seasons are there in Venezuela?
2. What’s the weather like in Venezuela?
1. Is Venezuela located in the North of South America?
According to the reading, answer the following questions in your notebook.
mixed ethnic heritage.

The majority of the population is of mestizo, or
of Venezuela come from a variety of heritages.
into over one thousand parishes. The people
into 335 municipalities; these are subdivided
dependencies. Venezuela is further subdivided
into 23 states, a capital district, and the federal
crude oil producers. Our country is divided
and consistently ranks among the top ten world
largest oil and natural gas reserves in the world,
April to September. Venezuela has some of the
October to March and a rainy season from
only two seasons, a dry season that runs from
in the east. The climate is warm and rainy. With
coast in the center and the Orinoco River Delta
in the south, extensive plains and Caribbean
in the west to the Amazon Basin rainforest
with habitat ranging from the Andes Mountains
considered a country with high biodiversity,
Venezuela is located in South America. It is
Read the following information.
A. LET’S EXPLORE!
“We will be known by the tracks we leave”.
IT+IS SUNNY / RAINY / CLOUDY / WINDY

IT+VERB TO BE+ ADJECTIVE
WHAT IS THE WEATHER LIKE?

WHAT+ VERB TO BE+ THE+ WEATHER+ LIKE?
IT+VERB TO BE + ADJECTIVE
D. GRAMMAR EMPHASIS
Now, write a postcard from any other special place in the country.
in Venezuela. I will never forget it.

is considered one of the most important _____________parks. For me it was the most exciting experience
in Falcón state. It is located on the way to Peninsula de Paraguana. These hills are of sweet and soft sand. It
This is a postcard of ________________ in Venezuela. It’s one of the most beautiful __________ in Venezuela
Dear________________.
Fill in the blanks with the appropriate words to complete the postcard.

Cloudy Freezing
Windy Sunny
E. VOCABULARY
2. It’s ______________ in La Colonia Tovar. 4. It`s _____________ in the Dunes.
1. It ‘s _______________ in Los Roques Archipelago. 3. It`s ________________ in Los Andes.
According to the pictures select: sunny, cloudy, windy and freezing.
EXAMPLES
4. Is it windy in Los Medanos?
3. Is it cloudy in Morrocoy?
2. Is it cold in the plains?
1. Is it sunny in Los Roques?
notebooks. Correct the false ones.

According to the previous paragraph, answer the following questions by writing (T) True or (F) False in your
G. LET’S APPLY
________________________________________________________.
What’s the weather like in Colonia Tovar?
________________________________________________________.
What’s the weather like in los Andes?
________________________________________________________.
How many types of climate can we 8nd in Venezuela?
various types of weather and beautiful landscapes that do not exist elsewhere.
the mountains to spend a fresh and cool day visit La Colonia Tovar. We have a country where you can enjoy
horseback riding you can visit the plains and enjoy an unforgettable experience. If you also want to go to
visit the beautiful beaches of Morrocoy National Park. If you are planning to have contact with nature and
the mountain range called the Andes. If you want to spend a sunny weekend, you can go to the coast and
Venezuela is a place where you can 8nd diWerent climates. If you want to enjoy cold weather, you can visit
Read the following paragraph and answer the questions.

5. Where / cable car / is / the / longest /? __________________________
4. is /Venezuela/ located/ Where ?________________________________
3. Venezuela /in/ it / March / in /Does / rain /? ______________________
2. Los Roques/ is / freezing/ ? _________________________
1. Margarita/sunny/ is / place /a? ________________________________
In your notebook, unscramble the words to write questions. Then answer the questions.
http://www.telefericoenmerida.com/
Nevada National Park.
of Pico Espejo within the Sierra
car runs from Merida to the top
cable car of the world. Our cable
In Merida we have the longest
Gabriel I agree with you. It‘s one of the most beautiful places in the world.
So8a Yes. We are lucky because all Venezuela is fantastic.
Gabriel Fantastic! The beaches are wonderful there.
Sofía La Gran Sabana? That place is amazing! We are going to Margarita.
Gabriel We are planning to go to La Gran Sabana. And you?
Sofía Where are you going on vacation?

Write a paragraph according to a place that you frequently visit in our country.
Write a short conversation about this wonderful place, it is a Tepuy.
K. LET’S CREATE
Primary industries are _____________________, 8shing and construction.

Nueva Esparta ____________La Asuncion and ____________ located in a beautiful place in the island.
oW the northeastern coast of the ________________, in the Caribbean Sea. The _________________ of
Margarita Island ___________ the largest island in Nueva Esparta________________. It`s ________________
Listen to your teacher and 8ll in the blanks.
J. ALL EARS
In pairs, write the names of the states and their capitals, in competition time. Do it in your notebook.
LET´S HAVE FUN
It´s sunny.
4. _______________________________________________________
Yes, I know San Fernando de Apure.

3. _______________________________________________________
My favorite place in my country is La Gran Sabana.

2. _______________________________________________________
Yes, it is.
1. _______________________________________________________
L. ASK ME...
128
deserve it. I suggest… a couple of places.

La madre: I hope so. We all Perhaps we can visit
they have to oWer.

able to aWord a trip like that? travel agency and see what
Do you really think we’ll be We’ve decided to go to a Cool!
Some minutes later…
expensive. let mom and I talk for a while.

Do you have any ideas? Wow! That sounds great but Oh, I see. Listen; why don’t you
this year. and jungle. raise your salary.

to you about our vacation the desert, mountain, beach when your boss oWered to
Mom, dad, we want to talk Well, you promised us a trip to Oh, you’re right. I planned that
Listen and read the following dialogue.
A. LET’S EXPLORE!
“A rolling stone gathers no moss”.
She oWered to...

Lesson 16
Unit Six: Actions... 129
able to resist…
Mom Wow, guys. You have already _________me. And I think your dad won’t be
Raquel And the landscapes are also unique in both!

as the cold
José And the weather is pretty diWerent in both cities. We’ll enjoy the heat as well
can visit there.
Raquel Yes! They_________ us some brochures of many interesting places that we
José Well, they ____________us to go to a couple of places: Mérida and Coro.

_______?
Mom Oh, nice! Dad and I haven’t had the time to go there. What did they
VENETUR Travel Agency.
Raquel Mom, José and I ________ you some information about packages at a
Raquel and José got information at a travel agency. They’re telling their parents about it.
get/ persuade / oWer / show / convince
Fill in the blanks with the right form of the verbs on the list and practice in pairs.
Raquel Great!
José Ok. Moreover, they never tell us lies. Now we can be sure that we’ll travel on vacation.
Raquel You’re right. Let’s go to the travel agency.
José Maybe we can help them 8nd information about trip oWers.
Raquel I think they had already decided where to go but made us believe they hadn’t.
José If they said that, we can take it for granted.
Raquel I’m so happy that we talked to them!
Raquel and José had a conversation after talking to their parents.
Organize the exchanges and then practice it. The 8rst one was done for you.
130 Unit Six: Actions...
*Both forms are correct.
promise They promised us a great vacation.

tell They never tell us lies.
get We got them the information about the trips.
show A nice girl showed me the brochures.
verb + indir obj + dir obj
help My brother helped me pack.*

make Our parents made us decide at once.
verb + object + to - verb
tell Mom told us to talk to our father about our decision.*

help My brother helped me to pack *
persuade They persuaded us to go on that Might.
verb + object + to-verb
promise Dad promised to buy the tickets soon.

plan His family planned to stay for a month.
seek Travellers seek to obtain a discount.
decide Raquel and José decided to go to Coro and Mérida.
oWer His boss oWered to increase his salary.
want She wanted to buy a round trip ticket.
verb + to-verb
Verbs Examples
Observe the diWerent ways to express actions.

5. (The hotel manager / make / my dad / sign a form)

4. (She / oWer / watch our house)
3. (He / tell / them / the secret)
2. (My friend / persuade / me / drive there)
1. (They / want / buy some souvenirs)
In your notebook, write sentences in the past tense using the words given.
F. LET’S APPLY
What do you think is the main attraction that Merida oWers to tourists?
(Adapted from: http://gosouthamerica.about.com)
plenty of cultural activities.

and wars of independence have taken a heavy toll on the city, but it cultivates a pleasant, quiet grace with
glacier lakes, and moors, or highland moors reaching from about 3300 m to the snowline. Earthquakes
of scenery from lush rainforest, abundant waterfalls to mountain peaks permanently covered with snow,
region is popular with climbers, backpackers, wildlife lovers, birders, and sightseers who enjoy the variety
Bompland Peak, form part of the Sierra Nevada National Park, where there are also 12 state parks. The
world. Its mountains, including the snow-capped peaks of Bolívar Peak, Humboldt Peak, Espejo Peak and
university, the University of the Andes founded in 1785 and the longest and highest cable car in the
Founded as Santiago de los Caballeros de Mérida in 1560, Mérida is the home of Venezuela’s second oldest
Mérida city, in the state of Mérida, lies in the midst of two of Venezuela’s Andean mountain chains.
Read this information about Mérida.

are black beans, shrimp, sausage, onion, and garlic.

have to oWer (about 900). Among the strangest ones
Record holder for the number of ice creams they
Heladería Coromoto in Mérida is a Guinness World
3. Be ready to talk about it in class.

2. Why is it important?
1. De8ne tourism.
Get information about this.
What is MINTUR doing about tourism in Venezuela?
(Retrieved from:http://venezuela-us.org/tourism)
the well-being of the population.

the endogenous development of the country and promote
tourist destination through mechanisms that contribute to
position Venezuela nationally and internationally as a
With this Ministry, the Bolivarian government seeks to
tourist industry and promote tourism in Venezuela.

created in 2005 to facilitate the development of a national
The Ministry of People’s Power for Tourism (MINTUR) was
Tourism Policy
Read this information. Discuss it with your partners.
G. DISCUSS AND REFLECT

of cultures that great places own.

Then we’ll get that marvelous exchange
and its people with respect and honor.
Show them the greatness of your town
honesty diligence, ebciency and respect.
Remember: treat tourists with courtesy,
4. It is one of the most religious centers in the country.

3. It is a World Heritage Site because of its colorful houses.
2. Its cathedral was the 8rst one built in the country.
1. Coro was founded in 1726.
Listen to the information and answer true (T) or false (F) in your notebook.
I. ALL EARS
4. El Ministro prometió aumentar el número de turistas este año.

3. ¿Puedes ayudarme a buscar información sobre sitios turísticos?
2. Mi mamá nos hizo decidir a dónde ir.
1. La agencia de viajes nos ofreció un tour excelente.
H. ACTIVATING YOUR MIND

5. ____________________? He oWered to feed my dog while I’m abroad.

4. ____________________? We’re planning to go there next August.
3. ____________________? I got it at a Venetur agency.
2. ____________________? I think those landscapes are unique.
1. ____________________? My niece bought me the tickets.
What, How.
In your notebook, write information questions to the following answers. Use Where, Who, When,
K. ASK ME...
Write the conversation that Raquel and José had at the travel agency.
J. LET’S CREATE
____________________________________________________________
4. What’s your opinion about it?
____________________________________________________________
3. What did Rider’s friends agree to do?
____________________________________________________________
2. What do you think about it?
____________________________________________________________
1. Why did Rider refuse the invitation?
Answer the following questions about the dialog in your notebook.
you so much. You’re the best friends ever.

Rider: Fantastic! We’re going to work on the roof. Thank
Friends: Cool!
too? It would be fun. Right, guys?
Alcibiades: Hey, I have an idea. Would you mind If we helped
help on Saturdays. You know, volunteer work.
Rider: Yes, they are. The thing is that we promised to
your house.
Alcibiades: But I thought the government was building
wants me to help him build the house.
Rider: Gee, I’d loved to join you, but I can’t. My father
on Saturday. Why don’t you join us?
Alcibiades: Hey, Rider, we’re planning to go some fun place
Read the following conversation. Then answer the questions.
A. LET’S EXPLORE!
“Home is where the heart is”.
Actions... He wants me to...

Lesson 17
5. Rider’s father wanted him to help build the house.
4. Rider’s mom asked his friends to eat.
3. Alcibiades begged her to forget about the lunch.
2. Rider asked his friend to get him a hammer.
1. Rider’s friend invited him to go some fun place.

Examples
encourage order warn

command oblige want
beg invite tell
ask instruct remind
allow force persuade
advise forbid permit
Verb + object + to + in8nitive
D. GRAMMAR EMPHASIS
Rider: OK. We’ll have more to eat then.

stubborn she is.
Alcibiades: I ______ (tell) her, but she _______ (insist). Let me remind you how
Rider: Oh, she shouldn’t bother. My mom is making sancocho.
you, and she _______ (oWer) to _______(bring) us lunch.
Alcibiades: Ok. By the way, I _______ (tell) my sister that we were coming to help
_______ (ask) my father to_________ (tell) you what to do.
Rider: Oh, yes. Get me a hammer, please. I think I left it in the driveway. And
Alcibiades: Sure. Do you ________ (want) me to ________ (get) you anything else?
(get) the tools in the backyard?
Rider: Oh! There you are. It’s OK. We’ve just started. Would you mind _________
Alcibiades: Good morning. Sorry for being late. How can we help?
verbs in parentheses.
Rider’s friends have arrived to help him build his house. Complete the dialog with the correct form of the
Adapted from: http://venezuelanalysis.com/news/6956

people deserve,” said Interior and Justice Minister at a handover ceremony in the Western Táchira State.
“Thanks to socialism and the [Bolivarian] Revolution, these families will sleep under a digni8ed roof as our
family income.
across Venezuela yesterday. Families pay for the houses through government subsidized loans based on
April’s housing body report came as the Venezuelan government handed over 2,351 new houses to families
goal of 350,000 new homes.

constructed since the Great Housing Mission (GMVV) began in 2011, 53% of the combined 2011 – 2012
Housing minister Ricardo Molina con8rmed that with the new 8gures, 188,851 houses have been
report from the government’s housing body.

construction program, equating to 21% of the 2012 aim of 200,000 new houses, according to the latest
41,863 houses have been built so far this year as part of the Venezuelan government’s mass house
Mérida, 27th April 2012 (Venezuelanalysis.com) –
By EWAN ROBERTSON
Venezuela’s Housing Mission on Track for 2012 Construction Target
Read the text below. Then answer the questions.
What parts can you add?

What are these parts of the house?
Retrieved: Grammar Challenge bbclearningenglish.com © BBC Learning English 2008
look to me encourage encouraged look for

Jack ................................................................................ ... ... ... ... a new job.
8. “Come on, it’s about time you looked for a new job, you know!”
reminded visited has enabled him visit to

Buying a car ………………………………………….... ... ... ... ... her any time.
7. “He’s just bought a car, so I can visit her any time”
drove warn not to warned drive him

He ……………………………………………………….... ... ... ... ... too fast.
6. “Don’t drive too fast. The police are cracking down on speeding.”
started me advised advise start he to

…………………………………………... ... ... ... ... saving up for my retirement.
5. “Well, if I were you I’d start saving up for my retirement.”
warned their reminded to invited friends all

They ……………………………………... ... ... ... ... attend the reception.
4. “We’d be glad if you could all be with us at the reception”
invited persuaded commanded have them to lunch.

He ………………………………………... ... ... ... ... with them on Friday.
3. “Would you like to have lunch with us on Sunday?
he asked begged her ordered open to

………………………………………... ... ... ... ... the window.
2. “It’s really cold in here. Would you mind closing the window?”
to warned she me ordered reminded go

... ... ... ... ............................................................... to the dry cleaner’s.
1. “Remember you have to pick your sweater up from the dry cleaner’s.”
For each sentence, there are 2 words that you do not need to use.
Read the 8rst sentence. Then rearrange the words and phrases in the box to complete the second sentence.
G. LET’S APPLY
3. How would you compare this policy to those in other countries?

2. What’s your opinion about the housing projects in Venezuela?
2. What does a digni8ed roof mean?
1. How does the government expect the families to pay for their houses?
er the questions
5. We showed them __________________________________________ (use)
4. I asked her ________________________________________________(call)
3. Nobody wanted to go to the conference but our boss______________(force)
2. Marta didn’t feel too good but we persuaded ____________________(come)
1. Please tell _____________________________________________ (smoke)

Complete the sentences with your own ideas and the verbs in parentheses.
present times in which we live.

to describe the former communist era and the
The house was created by Daniel Czapiewski
The Upside-Down House, in Szymbark (Poland).
4. What do you think about this policy?

3. Who builds the houses of the people in your neighborhood?
2. What are the advantages of this type of policy?
1. What do you think “with their own eWort” means?
Now answer these questions.
reported Tuesday.
other areas included in the new resolution, state-run Radio Rebelde
Housing Institute for people who are the owners of land, homes or
The granting of the permits was recently approved by the National
initiative approved last year.

to people to build homes “with their own eWort” on the island, an
HAVANA – The Cuban government in April began granting licenses
Cuba Allowing Some to Build Their Own Homes
Read the following news

________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
grammar and vocabulary practiced in this lesson.

The friends are commenting on what they did that Saturday. Write your own conversation using the
K. LET’S CREATE
I promise you (that) I will be careful. (right)

I promise that I will be careful. (right)
I promise to be careful. (right)
I promise you to be careful. (wrong)
Adapted from: Grammar Challenge bbclearningenglish.com © BBC Learning English 2008
7. Ellie’s mom advised / warned / encouraged her not to forget to clean under the bed.
6. Ellie’s mom reminded / begged / instructed her to tidy her room.
5. Ellie’s mom advised / trained / ordered her to go upstairs and do her homework.
4. Ellie’s mom forbade / forced / allowed her to go to the party.
3. She forced / begged / persuaded her mother to let her go to the party.
2. Ellie encouraged / begged / asked her mom to let her go to the party.
1. Ellie’s friend invited / instructed / obliged her to go to the party.
Listen to your teacher and choose the most suitable verb to complete the sentences.
“It’s not right to write Wright ‘Rite’, please try to write Wright right!”
There was a writer called Wright; he taught his son to write Wright right:
Read the tongue twister.
LET´S HAVE FUN
I warned him not to drive too quickly because of the bad weather.

4. _____________________________________________________
Tomás wanted me to help him prepare his presentation.

3. _____________________________________________________
My colleague asked me to send a fax to the customer.

2. _____________________________________________________
My boss told me to do the reports before Friday.

1. _____________________________________________________
Write questions to underlined words of the following answers.

Amaleki: I’m kidding. I have to return it next week.

Yannireth: That would be a wrong thing to do. That’s stealing.
Amaleki: It was due last week, but I’m going to keep it.
Yannireth: When do you have to return it? I want to borrow it, too.
Amaleki: I didn’t. I borrowed it from the library.
Yannireth: I enjoy reading about that. Where did you buy it?
Amaleki: Yes. It’s by Noam Chomsky. Hegemony or Survival.
Yannireth: Hey, that seems to be an interesting book.
Read the following dialog and practice it.
A. LET’S EXPLORE!
“Being honest never hurts anyone; being a liar hurts only you”.
Actions... He is the one who..?

Lesson 18
Meaning change She stopped smoking.

Stop, remember, continue…
Verb+gerund / in8nitive She stopped to smoke.
No meaning change Start, like, love, hate… I started talking / to talk.
Verb+gerund/in8nitive
Verb+in8nitive Decide, promise, hope, want… I decided to study harder.
Verb+gerund Avoid, dislike, enjoy, 8nish… I enjoy helping my friends.
Verb+to / ing
D. GRAMMAR EMPHASIS
those who cannot aWord a lawyer. She hopes 6_________________ (be) useful for her country in that way.
(do) after university. She’s thinking of 4__________________ (open) an obce and 5_______________ (help)
like 2_________________ (work) for the government. She’s sure about what she wants 3_____________
Alicia is studying law at university. She enjoys 1____________ (solve) people’s problems, and would probably
Complete the text with the in8nitive (with or without to) or gerund (-ing) form of the verbs in brackets.
5. Yannireth thinks stealing is wrong. ______
4. Amaliki stole the book. ______
3. Amaleki bought the book. ______
2. The author of the book is Noam Chomsky. ______
1. Yannireth likes the book that Amaleki is reading.______
Correct the false ones.

Are the following sentences true or false? In your notebook, write T for true or F for false in the blank.
excellent police obcer.

guys” Sebastián has decided to study at Universidad de la Seguridad, where he hopes to learn how to be an
very dibcult ones. I have over a hundred stories. It’s so good to read when the honest cop catches the bad
is the library, where he spends most of the day. “I love predicting the solution to the cases, especially the
Sebastián likes to read detective stories and wants to be a police obcer. His favorite room in the house
his interests? Support your opinion.
Read the paragraph below. How would you compare Sebastian’s interests and yours? What do you think of
What does the last symbol represent?
Values:
Read the text below. What are the social-cultural values of our society?
Retrieved: http://signi8canceofvalues.com/types/index.html
goal is peace.
justify violence, intolerance, and lies while claiming that their true
the means”. With this as a pretext, terrorists and arbitrary leaders
may pose is when they promote the idea that “the end justi8es
Another example of the dilemmas that social-cultural values
dishonesty, irresponsibility, or crime.

ful8llment, then the society is indirectly fostering “anti-values” like
For example, if work isn’t valued socially as a means of personal
and at times they contradict one another, or pose a dilemma.

personal values. They constitute a complex mix of diWerent values,
change with time, and either coincide or not with our family or
Social-cultural values are the prevailing values of our society, which
Social-cultural values
11. Has the secretary 8nished… walking on the beach in the afternoon.
10. Most students hope… typing the report yet?
9. Andrés is looking forward to… to watch the football game on TV tonight.
8. Would you like… to go to Sharon’s house next Saturday?
7. My roommate is thinking of… collecting ideas for his new novel.
6. Angela and I continued… to graduate from university with a good degree.
5. The baby hates… to talk for several hours.
4. I love… applying for a position in a computer company.
3. Whenever I wash my car, it starts... hearing from her brother who went to England.
2. Dan has already begun… to rain.
1. I want… taking a bath and cries a lot.
A B
Match the sentence pairs. You may have more than one choice.
__________, together with our own individual ones, according to our experiences.
relate with other _________. __________ are ___________ a blend of _______ ________ and __________
These __________ considered essential principles on ________ we build our _________ and guide us to
Personal values
Listen and complete the paragraph in your notebook.
J. ALL EARS
Adapted from: http://kuzeyhazirliksa.yeditepe.edu.tr/B%20web/in8nitive%20or%20gerund.htm
How many cachapas can you ____________ at one meal?

We can continue _______________ the questions after the lunch break.
B: Well, I want _________ an accountant. So I have to_________ math a lot.
A: What job would you like _________________ after you leave school?
B: Oh, no. I only know how to make arepas.
A: Do you like ______________?
some peaceful time by the sea.
We’ve decided __________________ to Margarita for a relaxing holiday. We really need _________________
cook / become / have / eat / study / go / answer / do
or gerund (-ing).
Complete each sentence with a verb from the list, using the verb with an in8nitive (to + verb or without to)
peace/
president-thanks-venezuelan-mediation-to-promote-
Source: http://venezuela-us.org/2012/09/05/colombian-
dark period of nearly half a century of violence.

Santos said that and end is approaching in the country’s
in his country. During a speech to the Colombian people,
its willingness to help at any time with the peace process
government of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela for
Colombian President Juan Manuel Santos thanked the
Venezuelan values.
_______________________________________________________________
5) I enjoy writing picture postcards.
_______________________________________________________________
4) He’d like to My an airplane.
_______________________________________________________________
3) Peter gave up smoking.
_______________________________________________________________
2) They’ve got some work to do.
_______________________________________________________________
1) We decided to buy a new car.
L. ASK ME...
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
There is another type of value, spiritual values. In your notebook, write a paragraph about them.
K. LET’S CREATE
among others.
dishonesty, anger, frivolity, greed, hate, hypocrisy,
have to stay away from. These are, for example,
Contrary to values, there are anti-values that we
152 Unit Seven: ...,right?
shops, local sweets…

proud of it. There are restaurants, to have a delicious dessert!
Oh, yes. All Caraqueños are really No, dear. I’m not. We’re going
few years ago to make it more about the sweets, are you?
This cable car was restored a It’s amazing, mommy, isn’t it? Way to go! You’re not kidding
in Waraira Repano mountain. Come on. Let’s take a ride!

Repano cable car. mountain. There’s plenty of fun You’re surprised, aren’t you?
No, honey. It s our Waraira ight up ther op of the
saucer! That’s a Mying saucer A cable car? Where does it go?

Wow! Look, mommy. A Mying No way!
Listen and read the following conversation.
A. LET’S EXPLORE!
“There’s no time like the present”.

Unit Seven: ...,right? 153
d. Ice skating is probably dibcult for some people.
c. There is a restaurant inside the Hotel Humboldt.
b. The starting point is in Maripérez.
a. There is room enough for ten people in each car.
True False
Check the sentences True or False. Find supporting evidence in the text.
Waraira Repano Cable Car
It’s something you won’t regret!

So, what are you waiting for? Get to know all the natural beauty that our Waraira Repano is keeping for you.
balance at the 470-square-meter ice skating rink. A great experience!
the top, visit the famous Humboldt Hotel, have a delicious meal at the local restaurant or defy your own
people of all ages. You can enjoy the beautiful view of the city and the Caribbean while walking along
top in a cosy, 8-passenger car. Sit back and relax. Once there, there are lots of fun activities waiting for
The main station is located in Maripérez, at the end of the Boyacá Avenue. It’s a 20-minute journey to the
take a ride on the Waraira Repano cable car.

But hey, you are probably wondering how to get there, aren’t you? Well, in case you are, here is a good tip:
magni8cent Waraira Repano. The view from the top of this fabulous mountain is just unbelievable!
If you happen to visit Caracas, the capital city of Venezuela, there is one attraction you can’t miss, our
Read the text.

They won’t be there tomorrow, will they? He’ll be at work today, won’t he?
Negative statement, WILL+ SUBJECT +? Abrmative statement, WON’T + SUBJECT +?
TAG QUESTIONS WITH “WILL”
She wasn’t here yesterday, was she? They were coming with us, weren’t they?
You’re not kidding, are you? That’s a Mying saucer, isn’t it?
EXAMPLES (simple present, past and future)
Negative statement, BE + SUBJECT +? Abrmative statement, BE + NOT + SUBJECT + ?
AFFIRMATIVE FORM NEGATIVE FORM

We usually use tag questions when we want to con8rm information.
TAG QUESTIONS WITH “BE”
D. GRAMMAR EMPHASIS
Pedro: No, it’s not. Let’s leave tomorrow morning.

Luis: Sounds good. But it’s not sunny today, is it?
for a change? We can camp at La Silla.
Pedro: Not this time. How about hiking in the Waraira Repano
Luis: You’re asking me to go 8shing again, aren’t you?
Pedro: Hi, buddy. It’s me, Luis. Any plans for the weekend?
Luis: Hello?
Pedro loves adventure. Today, he’s inviting his friend, Luis, to go hiking.
Read and listen to the conversation.

of advice for hikers?

c. Think of non-natural causes of forest 8res. Any piece
b. How do they happen?
a. When do forest 8res occur most frequently?
result in serious forest damage.

the Waraira Repano paths, to avoid accidental 8res that could
we must pay attention to all safety measures displayed along
Even though forest 8res are mostly natural, inevitable events,
uncontrollable and spreads very quickly though the area.

start when heat waves dry out the plants; the 8re becomes
during the hottest periods of the year. Normally, forest 8res
wild, forested habitats, like our Waraira Repano, especially
A forest Rre is a destructive phenomenon that occurs in
Read the following text and answer the questions in your notebook.
d. Our_____________ journey covers 3.5 kilometers.
c. Wow, learning to skate on the _________________ was hard, wasn’t it?
b. Looking at the city from the _________________ is really delightful.
a. The ______________, built in 1956, is an exotic piece of architecture.
cable car mountain top ice skating rink Humboldt Hotel
Complete the sentences with the words from the box.
E. VOCABULARY
above Caracas.
year to experience the 1.100-meter ascent
attractions. Thousands of tourists come every
car system is one of the city’s most popular
facilities was accomplished. Today, our cable-
the restoration and modernization of all these
until the administration of Hugo Chávez that
was closed because of deterioration. It wasn’t
Jiménez. It worked until the late 70s, when it
in 1955, during the rule of Marcos Pérez
The Waraira Repano cable car was built
and what all of them have in common.

explaining what each institution is responsible for,
In your notebook, write a short paragraph
Student B: No, it isn’t.

is it?
Student A: It’s not an international institution,
as in the example:
corresponding institution. Use tag questions
2. Try to 8gure out the name of their
carefully.
1. Get in pairs and look at the images
d. They’re not going on that expedition, _______________
c. We won’t be staying at a hotel in Galipán, _______________
b. Forest 8res are not that common in cold countries, _______________
a. She was a famous mountain hiker, _______________
Complete with the correct tag question.
G. LET’S APPLY
I am coming next, aren’t I?
Watch out for the following tag question:
clauses are always separated by a coma (,).

question will be negative, and vice versa. These
If the 8rst clause is abrmative, then the tag
Tag questions depend on their previous clause:
Student B: No, they’re probably not.

Student A: Prices at Waraira Inn aren’t cheap, are they?
Follow the example:

b. Get in pairs. In your notebook, write tag questions and answers using the information above.
Sauna
Outdoor activities
Relax and fun
Ideal weekends for couples
Light food
Beautiful natural views
Live shows
Gourmet meals
Low costs
Waraira Inn Repano Hostel
a. Look at the chart below. Check the information in the correct space.
Look at the chart below. Then, listen to two radio commercials about hotels in Waraira Repano Mountain.
J. ALL EARS
d. ________________________________________________, won’t he?

c. _________________________________________________, are you?
b. ______________________________________________, were they?
a. _________________________________________________, isn’t she?
Create a possible statement for each tag question.

J S N Y G M M E F V
Q W A I H C K L O U
R F D X A O Y A R N
Forest
A D V E N T U R E Z
Adventure
T A E V B X N W S F
Hiking
Cablecar D H I K I N G U T A
Mountain G H C U K I P L O N
R A C E L B A C Z M
Find the words in the word search puzzle
LET´S HAVE FUN
d. They aren’t at the coWee shop.____________?
c. It is called Waraira Repano now, ___________?
b. You are at the ice rink, __________?
a. It isn’t located at the beginning of the La Costa mountain range,________?.
In your notebook, write tag questions to the following answers.
L. ASK ME...
excellent idea: Going to Waraira Repano!

You and your best friend want to do something diWerent and fun next Saturday. You come up with an
idea to begin your text.

Repano Mountain that you learned during the unit. Include as many tag questions as you can. Here is an
Get in pairs. In your notebook, write a conversation using the information and vocabulary about Waraira
G. LET’S APPLY
Music players! smart phone II! No, we don’t.

Computers! is Venezuelan. It’s a ZTE those things anymore, do we?
Cars! Yes, Mr. Guevara. My mobile So, we don’t need to import
Can you think of some others? technologies in our country? conditioners, TVs, stoves…
the past: mobiles, calculators... we’re producing some of those machines, refrigerators, air
bigger and less functional in this, don’t you? But did you know household appliances: washing
Hahaha… All machines were Wow! You guys know a lot about Good. We’re also producing
back then, did they? were this size!

Way to go! People didn’t have mobiles
Yes! They say the 8rst mobiles
there is today. Only a few people had them.

interesting topic: Technology. wasn’t as much technology as exclusive, expensive devices.
OK. Let’s start today with an When I was your age, there in the 80s, but were very
That’s the spirit! You know? You’re right, Juan. They appeared
A. LET’S EXPLORE!
“Nobody can do everything, but everyone can do something”.

Ana: Well, that’s good news!

Juan: Not at all. National products are always cheaper.
Ana: Wow. But I bet they cost a lot, don’t they?
my laptop… I’m all equipped!
Juan: Oh yes. And I’m fan number one. Look: my cell phone,
here.
the way, I didn’t know we were producing computers
Ana: I’ll say! He knows a lot about everything, doesn’t he? By
Juan: I really enjoyed Mr. Guevara’s class today.
The class just 8nished. Manuel and Ana are leaving the classroom. They are still talking about local technology
Read and listen to the following conversation.
d. In the past, technological devices were more practical.

c. Venezuela manufactures several electronic products.
b. The teacher had a mobile phone when he was a teen.
a. The students are in touch with technology.
True False
Read again and check True or False. Find supporting evidence in the text.

4. Communications changed dramatically when the __________ showed up.
3. The __________ at mom’s was broken, so I went to the Laundromat.
2. We redesigned our kitchen, and bought a brand new __________.
1. There’s too much noise at home. I’ll take my __________ and work at school.
washing machine stove mobile laptop
E. VOCABULARY
They didn’t come yesterday, did they? It rained all night, didn’t it?
You don’t work at MAP, do you? She knows a lot about this, doesn’t she?
EXAMPLES (simple present, past )
Negative statement, DO + SUBJECT +? Abrmative statement, DO + NOT + SUBJECT +?
We use tag questions when we need to con8rm information.
TAG QUESTIONS WITH THE AUXILIARY “DO”
D. GRAMMAR EMPHASIS
We won’t have classes on May 1st , won’t you?

Natalia works for Orinokia, does it?
You’ll buy a new car this year, will we?
Juan and Ana came early in the morning, doesn’t she?
Your computer doesn’t work, didn’t they?
Column A Column B
Match each clause in Column A with one in Column B to make tag questions.
G. LET’S APPLY
to buy it, instead of one made in Venezuela.

2. Group work. Think of one expensive, imported product. Discuss the reasons why people prefer
1. How does local manufacture protect our economy?
factories will need active workers to maintain production levels.

of demand for those goods, then the production will increase, and that helps to protect local jobs, because
ted ones. For that reason, many people will prefer to buy them. Here comes the key factor: If there is a lot
Local manufacture is a central issue in our country’s economy. National products are cheaper than impor-
Read the following passage and answer the questions in your notebook.

through Infocentros spread all over our national territory.

technological platform to provide broadcasting services
thanks to our Simón Bolívar Satellite, which serves as the
areas of the country. This is now possible in Venezuela
and is designed especially for people who live in remote
attend to school. The system is also called e-learning,
and chat-rooms. In other words, students don’t need to
instruction via internet by using video-conferences
Tele-education refers to a system in which students receive
Minister: Young lady: that future you’re talking about is now.

Juan: Wow! So, in the future we will enjoy the bene8ts of tele-education, won’t we?
Minister: No. We are providing access to internet through our Simón Bolívar satellite.
Ana: You mean 8ber-optic cable, don’t you, Minister?
Minister: Absolutely. All our language labs are well equipped with cutting-edge technology.
Juan: Minister, the lab has an internet connection, doesn’t it?
Juan and Ana are in the event.
The Minister of Science, Technology and Innovation is at a Bolivarian School, opening a new English Lab.
Read and listen to the following conversation.

You worked in a hospital, didn’t you?
construct the rest. Look:

And then the auxiliary shows. Now you know how to
You didn’t work in a hospital,
8rst clause looks in negative form:

there is one simple solution: Just ask yourself how the
construct the second clause of this tag question. But
Since there is no auxiliary, you might wonder how to
simple past
a>rmative statement
You worked in a hospital,
What is the verb tense?
Is it abrmative or negative?
Look carefully at the 8rst clause.
tricky. Here are some tips to help you out:
Sometimes the construction of a tag question can be
Venezuelans eat three meals a day.

According to the National Institute of Statistics, 75% of
Commerce Minister included in his working group.

Surgical equipment and medical supplies are areas that the
not to invest any money in urban projects.

The committee of 8nance and economic development decided
PetroVictoria is the name of a Russian-Venezuelan joint venture.

It’s Friday evening. We are watching “The Week’s Progress Review”. True False
Look at the chart below. Then, check the statements True or False.
J. ALL EARS
d. __________________________________________________, do you?
c. _______________________________________________, didn’t they?
b. _________________________________________________, will you?
a. _______________________________________________, doesn’t he?
Create a possible statement for each Tag Question.

An appliance for cooking food.

A
A portable computer.
Something national or regional.

P
The result of manufacture.
Complete the crossword puzzle. There are some letters to help out.
LET´S HAVE FUN
e. The technicians worked hard to make all the appliances we needed.
d. People buy these cell phones because they are good and inexpensive.
c. They are all about telecommunications.
b. Orinoquia is a China – Venezuela joint venture.
a. The CANTV was nationalized in 2007.
In your notebook, write tag questions to the following sentences.
L. ASK ME...
illustrate the contrast between Venezuela before and Venezuela after the Bolivarian Revolution.
progress in your country have changed your personal life. If possible, include a couple of examples to
In your notebook, write a short text explaining in what way technological development and general
K. LET’S CREATE
haven’t you? explains it. photography.

about dancing since forever, you guys since kindergarten What I’m totally into is
Lucía, you’ve been crazy Maybe going to school with Girls, I’m disappointed.
to take it up again. us both 8gured out. like skateboarding!

much lately, though. I’d love Unbelievable! You have OK. Our turn. I know: You
Yeah, I do. I haven’t painted
our spare time. liked painting, haven’t you?

we? Something to do in the net? the search. Gaby, you’ve always
We need a hobby don’t How about searching in Thanks, Gaby. Now, let’s start
It’s so boring. do we do?

I’m tired of watching TV. You’re right, but what You’re a genius, Manuel!
A. LET’S EXPLORE!
“Leisure and pleasure with measure in all directions”.

Lucía: Manuel, we haven’t told you you’re a genius, have we?

have fun!
courses open, and a bunch more. Ladies, set out to
cool! There are painting, dancing and photography
Manuel: Here it is. Look, this is the closest Arts Centre. Oh,
types cultural activities to the people.
Lucía: There are plenty of them in the city. They oWer all
Gaby: Of course, the Arts Centre!
have you?
Manuel: Dear Gaby, you haven’t heard about the Arts Center,
together?
totally diWerent activities. What can we do to stay
Gaby: So, we have decided what to do. But, hey! They’re
Manuel, Gaby and Lucía are searching for a place to carry out their favorite pastimes.
Read and listen to the conversation.

all your life from time to time
e. Lucía, you’ve been crazy about dancing since forever, haven’t you?
well.
You don’t understand us. You like our 8gures.
d. Unbelievable! You have us both 8gured out.

am really tired of really enjoy
c. What I’m totally into is photography.
school days bed time
b. Something to do in our spare time.
7
dull fun
a. I’m tired of watching TV. It’s so boring.

camera.
d. _____________ is my passion. I can spend hours waiting for a good image to capture with my
landing over a 4-wheel board.
c. Some people recognize _____________ as the street surf. It consists of jumping, doing tricks and
an image.
b. For me, _____________ is more than putting color on the canvas. It’s expressing myself through
interaction. Moving your body to the music is also good exercise. Try it!
a. When I started _____________ professionally, I discovered a non-verbal way of emotional
painting skateboarding dancing photography
E. VOCABULARY
You had never been here, had you? We had seen that before, hadn’t we?
They haven’t arrived yet, have they? It has rained a lot lately, hasn’t it?
EXAMPLES (present perfect and past perfect)
PRONOUN? PRONOUN?
Negative statement, + HAVE + SUBJECT Abrmative statement, HAVEN’T + SUBJECT
We usually use tag questions when we want to con8rm information.
TAG QUESTIONS WITH THE AUXILIARY “HAVE”
D. GRAMMAR EMPHASIS
d. We haven’t 8nished packing, _______________
c. You’d eaten by the time he arrived, _______________
b. She’s been a great tour-guide, _______________
a. They’ve had a good time here in Morrocoy, _______________
accordingly.
Complete with the correct tag question. In your notebook, write them in the negative/abrmative from
G. LET’S APPLY
classmates.
c. Think of the activities you would like to participate in, and discuss your reasons with your
b. Why are sport and cultural activities important for people?
a. What does the expression “there is no excuse for more boring weekends, watching TV” mean?
to enjoy.
weekends, watching TV. We have a beautiful country, full of interesting places to visit and fun activities
all of this healthy recreation is also more aWordable to people now. So, there is no excuse for more boring
spaces, public bathrooms, trash cans, coWee shops and, of course, areperas. And if that weren’t enough,
Our most popular touristic spots are way more attractive, since they are provided with proper children
variety of choices that Venezuelans have now.

of all ages, sport and social sessions every weekend, among others, are just a few examples of the huge
conducting. A great display of arts centers around our country, holiday outdoor activities open to people
indefatigable work that our Sports, Culture, Environment and Tourism Ministries have been successfully
Leisure time activities in Venezuela are becoming more and more diverse, thanks to the intense,
Read the following text and answer the questions in your notebook.

d. ______________________________________________, haven’t they?
c. _________________________________________________, have we?
b. ______________________________________________, had you?
a. ________________________________________________, hasn’t he?
Create a possible statement for each tag question.
Find examples of both cases on exercise G.

hours.
He has been here for two He is a good teacher.
hours. He’s a good teacher.

He’s been here for two
’s
times. Margarita.
I had eaten there many I would like to go to
I’d eaten there many times. I’d like to go to Margarita.
’d
contexts. Watch out for’ d and’ s. They can be tricky!

English contractions are very frequent in informal
Morrocoy, Falcón State Sierra Nevada, Mérida State Las Aguas de Moisés, Sucre State

He can do something to change that situation.

Manuel is bored of watching TV.
To be bored is a state of the mind:
That situation might not change.

Some TV shows are really boring.
To be boring is a condition:
There is a big diWerence between boring and bored.
not available. Saturdays at 2:00 Wednesdays at 3:00

d. Photography courses are
in the morning. for advanced students. for beginners.
c. The only painting course available is
Mondays at 2:00. Fridays at 5:00. Mondays at 4:30.
b. There are dancing classes on
the information desk a poster on the wall a bulletin board
a. They get the information from
It’s Saturday morning. Lucía, Manuel and Gaby are in the Arts Center.
Listen to the conversation and circle the correct option.
J. ALL EARS
CERTIRAEON ________________ MOSRITU _____________

TESKADARBOING ________________ SELEIUR _____________
Get in pairs. Unscramble the letters in order to discover the word. Do it faster than your partner and win!
LET´S HAVE FUN
c. In your town, people have helped the tourists a lot.
b. National parks’ facilities are no longer privatized.
a. Venezuela’s touristic potential has increased since the last decade.
In your notebook, write tag questions to the following answers.
L. ASK ME...
Student B: Yes, I have. / No, I haven’t.

Student A: You’ve been there recently, haven’t you?
Try to guess your partner’s secret. Take turns asking tag questions as in the example:
Get in pairs. In your notebooks, write the name of a secret touristic destination, or a cultural/sport activity.
K. LET’S CREATE
176 Unit Eight: ...built by...
impact?
3. What are the strategies used in your community to reduce levels of pollution and environmental
2. Which strategies are put into practice to reduce levels of pollution in Venezuela?
1. How many strategies against global warming are mentioned in the previous text?
After reading the paragraph above, answer the following questions:
Correo del Orinoco, March 1st, 2013)

being organized by the community councils. School and community working together.(Adapted from
pollution and environmental impact. That’s why, in some community centers, some of these activities are
the population, stabilizing the supply of services, meeting the demand for power and reducing levels of
use of energy and natural resources. This change is being generated by raising the consciousness of
Revolución Energética to change their behavior and habits to bring about a more ebcient and rational
Another strategy consists of incentives that are oWered to Venezuelans by a program called Misión
each neighborhood is one of the strategies that are put into practice to 8ght global warming.
and also some new strategies are carried out related to the neighborhood. For instance, planting trees in
In Venezuela many schools are repaired at the end of the school year. Their yards and gardens are renewed
A. LET’S EXPLORE!
“Together we are stronger”.
Unit Eight: ...built by... 177
Are our parents repairing our school now? Is our school being repaired by our parents now?
Question
Our parents aren’t repairing our school now Our school isn’t being repaired by our parents now.
Negative form
Our parents are repairing our school now. Our school is being repaired by our parents now.
A>rmative sentence
verb+ by + object
subject+ be +main verb-ing+ direct object.
subject + be+ being+past participle of main
PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE
Do our parents repair our school every year? Is our school repaired every year by our parents?
Question
parents.
Our parents don’t repair our school every year.
Our school isn´t repaired every year by our
Negative form
Our parents repair our school every year. Our school is repaired by our parents every year.
A>rmative sentence
SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE
object
subject+ main verb+ direct object subject + be+ past participle of main verb+ by +
ACTIVE VOICE PRESENT PASSIVE VOICE
D. GRAMMAR EMPHASIS
land ______ reforested regularly. CO2 emissions ______ _______ reduced by the program these days.
Misión Árbol ______ promoted throughout the country since 2006. So far, more than 34,000 hectares of
Fill in the blanks with the correct form of verb to be.

5. _________________________________________________________
4. _________________________________________________________
3. _________________________________________________________
2. _________________________________________________________
1._________________________________________________________
In your notebook, write 5 sentences about what is being done in your community.
G. LET’S APPLY
ReMect about these questions: What is being done in your community? Are you participating in any activity?
week. This event is an important step towards the building of a better life for our community.
A new project is being implemented by our community now: a radio station is being inaugurated this
Read the paragraph and answer the questions about it.
now.
FILVEN is organized every year by the Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Cultura. FITVEN is being organized
Guided visits to the Polvorín river are being organized by the biology teacher.
New Venezuelan 8lms are being shown in the Casa de la Cultura.
E. VOCABULARY
what is performing the action.

It is not necessary to mention who or
focus is on the action of the sentence.
The passive voice is used when the
Juana Great! Let´s go!

being performed by the high school theater group.
Ramón Lo que dejó la tempestad by César Rengifo. And it is
Juana Of course! What play is being performed?

like to go?
Ramón Because a play is being performed there. Would you
Juana Why are people gathered in the square?
Listen to the following dialogue and after discussing about popular theater, practice it with a partner.

both forms: regular or irregular).

Show-Showed - Showed / Shown (it can take
There are some exceptions, for example:
Take-took-taken
There are others that take a diWerent form, e.g.
Lose- lost- lost /hear- heard- heard
and past participle, e.g.,

Some irregular verbs have the same form in past
past participle e.g. clean-cleaned-cleaned.

All regular verbs have the same form in past and
3.- _____roofs ________________________________________
2.- The walls _________________________________________
1. - Some activities _________________ to take care of our school.
Listen to the paragraph. Then, 8ll in the blanks with the appropriate information.
J. ALL EARS
5. Cell phones with digital TV capabilities are being sold by Movilnet.
4. National and international TV channels are provided by digital TV.
3. Digital TV receivers are being produced by Movilnet.
2. The game on channel 4 is being watched by the students using their android cell phones.
1. The new android phone is produced by Orinoquia.

In your notebook, change these sentences into active voice.

5. Catia TV is programmed by a community group.
4. No, they aren´t. Community radio stations aren’t being operated in our community yet.
3. El Caracazo is directed by Román Chalbaud.
2. Libertador Morales, el justiciero is produced by La Villa del cine.
1. Yes, it is. A Román Chalbaud´s 8lm is being exhibited in our community.

Write questions to the following answers
L. ASK ME...
Milagros Yes, they´re very _______. They´re only 20 Bs.
Carmela Tickets are ________sold right now.
Milagros Miranda Regresa ____ _____ exhibited at La Cinemateca Nacional.
Carmela Which movie ______ _______ _______(perform)?
Milagros Let´s see a movie!

Nacional. Use the passive voice.
Write your own conversation out of this situation: Carmela and Milagros are in front of La Cinemateca
K. LET’S CREATE
For your father or your name?

How do you want to be remembered?
For your passion or your faith?
How do you want to be remembered?...
For your beauty or your blood?...

For your anger or your love?
For your body or your mind...

For your honor or your pride?
“How do you want to be remembered?
How do you want to be remembered? B´BOSS
visit this site: ww.michellehenry.fr/passif.htm#song

Read an extract of the song: How do you want to be remembered? To read and listen to the whole song,
LET´S HAVE FUN

4. What was destroyed in 2010?
3. Where is El Valle de Mocotíes located? What happened there in 2005?
2. Name some adverse events occurred in the country or in your state.
1. What is the de8nition of an adverse event?

After reading the paragraph above, answer the following questions:
in your community?
Do you remember any adverse event that occurred
destroyed by wild8res during 2010.

Nacional Henry Pittier and the Waraira Repano were
great extensions of national forests such as Parque
the El Niño phenomenon and climatic change,
Due to extreme droughts that were caused by
of Mucuchíes and San Francisco rivers.

de Mocotíes, Estado Mérida, was Zooded by the rise
aWected by some of these events. In 2005, El Valle
During the last twenty years, Venezuela was
are Moods, earthquakes, tsunamis, 8res, or droughts.

neighbors and friends. Some serious adverse events
the Earth that can aWect the lives of our families,
An adverse event is de8ned as a natural process of
Natural disasters
A. LET’S EXPLORE!
“Every cloud has a silver lining”

land? by tsunamis?
Were tsunamis destroying great extensions of Were great extensions of land being destroyed
Question
land. by tsunamis.
Tsunamis weren’t destroying great extensions of Great extensions of land weren’t being destroyed
Negative form
land. by tsunamis.
Tsunamis were destroying great extensions of Great extensions of land were being destroyed
A>rmative sentence
verb+ by + object
subject+ be +main verb-ing+ direct object. subject + be+ being + past participle of main
PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE
earthquake?
Did the earthquake aWect the oldest buildings?
Were the oldest buildings aWected by the
Question
The earthquake didn’t aWect some areas. Some areas weren’t aWected by the earthquake.
Negative form
that occurred in La Guaira in 1799. were reported by Alexander von Humboldt.
Alexander Von Humboldt reported heavy rains Heavy rains that occurred in La Guaira in 1799
A>rmative sentence
SIMPLE PAST TENSE
+ object
subject+ main verb+ direct object
subject + be+ past participle of main verb+ by
ACTIVE VOICE PAST PASSIVE VOICE
D. GRAMMAR EMPHASIS
3. La Fortaleza de Fuente de Jacomé ___ ________ (destroy) by a tsunami in the Cumaná area in 1530.
2. Unprecedented rains occurred in 2010 ____ ______ (cause) by La Niña.
1. Cariaco ___ _______ (aWect) by an intense earthquake in 1997.

Fill in the blanks with to be in the past tense and the correct form of the verb.

What kind of damage was caused by the seismic storm registered by FUNVISIS?
(Taken from FUNVISIS site)
great alarm were caused by this last event.

4.4 Richter scale event. And 8nally, the last event on September 12th in Falcón State. Material damage and
4th, a 5.4 Richter scale earthquake in Miranda State. The second event was recorded in Carabobo State, a
On April 5th, 2009 according to FUNVISIS, a seismic storm was registered. The 8rst event occurred on May
Read the following paragraph and answer the question.
years ago community

included in our schools in 2011. trained in seismic events two by our families, school and
Education for prevention was Children in our school were Our risk map was designed
E. VOCABULARY
2009. nation in 2009.

Integral de Riesgos socio-naturales y tecnológicos in y tecnológicos was passed by the Venezuelan
Venezuelan nation passed the Ley de Gestión The Ley de Gestión Integral de Riesgos socio-naturales
Vivienda Venezuela in 2011. 2011 by the Bolivarian Government.

The Bolivarian Government created La Gran Misión La Gran Misión Vivienda Venezuela was created in
ACTIVE VOICE PASSIVE VOICE
MORE EXAMPLES
Mom Fortunately, our house was not damaged!

Esteban What happened with our house?
Mom Terrible! Some houses were destroyed completely.
Esteban What was it like?
Mom Of course, I have.
Esteban Mom, have you experienced an earthquake?
Listen to the following dialogue and afterwards discuss its content.
4. An important bridge was__________________________.
3. Some buildings were____________________ afterwards.
2. Many structures were____________________________.
west of Caracas.
1. The epicenter of the 1967 Caracas earthquake was __________ near the coast about 30 miles
– raze - rebuild
Complete the following sentences in passive voice, using the correct form of these verbs: locate – damage
G. LET’S APPLY
the earthquake.
Cranes ___________ _________by rescue workers to search through the debris for survivors or victims of
Listen and complete the following sentence.
J. ALL EARS
4. A high percentage of homes were simply swept away to the ocean by the tragedy.
3. The neighborhood of Los Corales was buried under 3 meters of mud.
2. Thousands of homes were destroyed by the mudslides.
1. Thousands of people were killed by the 1999 Vargas Tragedy.

Change these sentences into active voice.
S0013795203001704
h t t p : / / w w w. s c i e n c e d i r e c t . c o m / s c i e n c e / a r t i c l e / p i i /
Taken from
buildings collapsed.
in the downtown area, but also three rather modern
essentially restricted to one-century-old dwellings
the most aWected places. The damage in Cariaco was
town of Cariaco and the capital city, Cumaná were
During the July 9th, 1997 Cariaco earthquake, the small
5. Death and destruction are caused by natural disasters.
4. Climate is the regular pattern of weather conditions.
3. A tsunami was caused by an earthquake in the sea.
2. The earth’s surface was shaken by a quake in Venezuela.

1. A dry area was covered by a Mood in 1900.
L. ASK ME...
some years ago, an earthquake, a tsunami, a Zood, happened, occurred.
Write a brief paragraph in passive voice in your notebook. Use some the following words or expressions:
K. LET’S CREATE
event, at the time.

A great extension of land was destroyed by a seismic
An earthquake was felt near the country yesterday.
Some years ago, this area was aWected by a tsunami.
tense
Some time expressions used in passive voice in past
an earthquake
a drought
a tsunami
a wild8re
a Mood
a storm
Enjoy your performance!

announcer commenting on breaking news / a newsMash, interviewing the victim (s)and the witness (es).
In small groups, search for information about one of the events below and do a role play the situation is an
LET´S HAVE FUN

3. Are MDGs one of Venezuela international agreements?
2. Is Venezuela represented in the United Nations?
1. What do INE, MDG and UN stand for?
Answer the following questions.
be achieved by our country before 2015.

Economic and Social Council of the UN, and announced that the UN Millennium Development Goals will
2012, The president of National Institute of Statistics (INE by its Spanish initials), Elias Eljuri, addressed the
be the ensured. And, 8nally, eighth goal: a global partnership for development will be established. In July
AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis will be reduced and reversed. Seventh, environmental sustainability will
reduced by one third (1/3). Fifth, maternal health will be improved reducing maternal mortality. Sixth,
will be promoted by raising women’s education and political power. Fourth, infant mortality will be
will be achieved by securing enrolment and completion. Third, gender equality and woman empowerment
eradicated. This will be achieved 8rst by improving people’s income. Second, universal primary education
countries in the Millennium Summit of the United Nations in 2000. By 2015, poverty and hunger will be
The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are eight international goals that were established by 193
Read the following text.
A. LET’S EXPLORE!
“With my resources and your resources everybody will bene8t”.

solidarity. darity is required.

We will not achieve MDGs individually, we require The MDGs will not be achieved individually, soli-
Will Venezuela achieve the MDGs? Will the MDGs be achieved Venezuela?
Education will promote gender equality. Gender equality will be promoted by education.
EXAMPLES
Goals before 2015 ved in our country before 2015.

Our country will achieve the UN Millennium The UN Millennium Development Goals will be achie-
subject + will + verb + direct object subject + will + be + past participle + direct object
Future tense
D. GRAMMAR EMPHASIS
Dates Percentages Initials
Fill in the following chart with the information from the text.

What programs are currently being used to achieve them?

Which ones are being carried out by our government?
Answer the following questions in your notebook.
tuberculosis, partnership for development, AIDS, environmental sustainability.

Nouns: education, income, maternal mortality, health, gender equality, malaria,
Verbs: Increase, promote, ensure, establish, reduce, achieve, reverse.
Use the following words to write the eight MDGs (you may repeat words). Use your notebook.
environment, infant mortality

Match the following words with the images below: education, maternal health, hunger, gender, solidarity,
E. VOCABULARY
What activities will be held at the end of the year?
The school will be decorated with images related to these events by 5th year students.
presented by 8rst, second and third year students. A musical concert will be performed by 4th year students.
Advances in social policies and MDGs in our country will be discussed in a students’ forum. A play will be
reMection and solidarity.

These activities will be oriented to increase students and community participation and to promote
To celebrate the end of the school year and the important dates in July, four activities will be organized.
3. Our community will be invited to participate in all these activities by the organizing team.
2. A play will be shown by 8rst, second and third year students.
organized by the students.

1. To celebrate the end of the school year and the important dates in July four activities will be
Change the following sentences into active voice.
G. LET’S APPLY
The play won’t be performed today.
act it out.
They will write a script for the play. They won’t
The teacher will not review the script today.
The contraction of “will not” is “won’t”, e.g.,
The negative form of “will” is “will not”.
Listen to your teacher and write the dictation in your notebook.
Dictation
J. ALL EARS
3. Seremos informados de los avances del país por el SIBCI.
2. Las ventanas serán instaladas en los salones por la comunidad.
1. El liceo será ampliado durante las vacaciones.

Translate the following sentences into English.
science and technology.

social development, culture, communications,
food, education, housing, social security, labor,
providing assistance in areas such as health,
bene8t all Venezuelans specially the poor by
missions. They include programs created to
The MGDs will be achieved through the social
2. Then we will march majestically towards that great prosperity for which South America is destined.
1. Poverty and hunger will be eradicated from the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela by 2019.
Read the following sentences and write as many questions as you can. Use yes/no and Wh-questions.
L. ASK ME...
What happens after they write the sentences
next four years. And remember, don’t set limits to your dreams.
In your notebook, write four sentences about the goals that will be achieved by your community in the
K. LET’S CREATE
b. Select the rhyming words.
a. Talk about the message of the song.
Then,
That gives me the power to keep up the 8ght…

No longer can I resist your guiding light
I can no longer run
I can no longer hide
Love, thy will be done
By Prince Rogers Nelson Marta Marrero
www.songs.net/m/songs/View/52043
Read a fragment of the following song. Afterwards, visit this site to read the whole song:
LET´S HAVE FUN

pro8t-seeking enterprise or concern. being used once or for a short time.
engaged in commerce, manufacturing, or a service; disposable (adj) intended to be thrown away after
business (n) a person, partnership, or corporation or plants.
worry. disease (n) an illness of the body in humans, animals
responsibility or dibcult task that causes a lot of disappointed (adj.) frustrated or disillusioned.
burden (n) a heavy load that is dibcult to carry; a device (n) a machine or tool used for a speci8c task.
bunch (n.) a lot of something. so that it becomes more advanced, stronger, etc.
separate parcels. development (n) the gradual growth of something
bulk (n) not divided into parts, not packed in develop (v) to grow, increase or become larger.
buddy (n) informal way to address a friend. etc.
cross from one side to the other. design (v) to decide how something will look, work,
railway, river, etc. so that people or vehicles can book, machine, etc.
bridge (n) a structure that is built over a road, parts of something that is made, such as a building,
lungs design (n) the general arrangement of the diWerent
breath (n) air taking in to and breathed out of the deplete (v) to reduce the amount of something.
to somebody else. surface to the bottom.
borrow (v) to take and use something that belongs deep (adj). Having a large distance from the top or
or states has a particular quality.
border (n) the obcial line separating two countries deem (v) to consider that someone or something
bliss (n) perfect happiness. fact of somebody dying or being killed.
responsible for something bad. death (n) the end of life, the state of being dead, the
blaming (v) to consider or say that somebody is unpleasant may happen.
languages extremely well. might be hurt, killed or damaged or that something
bilingual: (adj) someone who is able to speak two danger (n) the chance that a person or something
one’s best manners which makes it less attractive, useful or valuable.
behavior (n) the way of behaving. To try to show damage (n) a physical harm caused to something
Junior level. cyclist (n) a person who rides a bicycle.
beginner (adj.) someone new at doing something. cycling (n) the sport or activity of riding a bicycle.
be interested in something in an active way. technology.
be into (v.) to enjoy an activity that you practice. To available. Modern and sophisticated piece of
average rate (n) a moderate value. cutting-edge technology: the latest technology
equipment such as arrows and a bow. showing an event in the media.
archery (n) sport practiced that uses special coverage (n) the act or amount of reporting on or
approve (v) to authorize. couple (n) a pair. Two people or things together.
especially about decisions, plans, etc. cosy (adj) warm and comfortable.
announce (v) to tell people something obcially, do something.
to pass in an enjoyable way commit (v) to make someone agree or promise to
amusement (n) something that causes one’s time comfy mattress: comfortable situation.
contract made with someone. closest (adj.) the nearest in space or time.
agreement (n) an arrangement, a promise or a of a particular place.
adverse (adj) negative and unpleasant. climate (n) the regular pattern of weather conditions
written statement to somebody. choose (v) select.
addressing (n) the act of directing a remark or choice (n) selection.
achieve (v) to succeed in reaching a particular goal. plan.
from a study of its sales, purchases, overhead, etc carry out (n) to conduct or perform a project or
position and operating results of a business house normally used for painting.
accounting (n) art of analyzing the 8nancial canvas (n.) a piece of cotton-made heavy fabric
Glosario
G
writing for the media.
away. journalism (n) the work or profession of producing
garbage (n) waste material that you are throwing partners.
further (adj) additional, more joint venture (n) a business shared by two or more
frightening (adj) to be afraid or fearful. argument.
frighten (v) to 8ll with fear. issue (n) an important topic for discussion or
not salty or of the sea. project.
freshwater (adj) living in or containing fresh water, invest (v) to devote money or eWort in a plan or
with trees. who has died.
forest (n) a large area of land that is thickly covered inherit (v) to receive a property left by someone
come from outer space. someone
(unidenti8ed Mying objects), and they’re said to indulge (v) to yield too much to the desires of
Zying saucer (n) they’re also usually called UFOS increasingly (adv) more and more.
Zow (v) to move along in a stream; to circulate. money, from business, etc.
that is usually dry. a country, etc. earns from work, from investing
Zood (n) a large amount of water covering an area income (n) the money that a person, a region,
that are produced when something burns. something/somebody better than before.
Rre (n) the Mames, light and heat, and often smoke, improve (v) to become better than before, to make
with precision. obcially decided start to happen or be used.
Rgure out (v.) to decipher someone or something implement (v) to make something that has been
a sport that needs swords and a special out8t. women.
fencer (n) an athlete who practices fencing which is humankind (n) refers to everybody, men and
do what has been promised. human frame (n) human body.
knowledge; trust that somebody or something will exercise.
faith (n) strong belief. Trust in somebody´s ability or hike (v) to walk along sloping 8elds, for pleasure or
something or somebody. heavy (adj) weighing a lot, dibcult to lift or move.
facing (v) To have or turn the face or front towards healthy (adj) having good health.
important. health (n) the condition of a person´s body or mind.
event (n) a thing that happens, especially something capacity.
completely. develop physical strength and agility or mental
eradicate (v) to destroy or get rid of something gymnastics (n) practice or training in exercises that
in which people, animals, and plants live. guy (n) an informal way to address young people.
environment; connected with the natural condition without being certain about it.
environmental (adj) of or relating to the natural guess (v) to say or decide what you think is true,
in which people, animal and plants live. growth (n) the process of development, increasing.
live, work, etc / natural world such as water, air, land the part on which something stands or rests.
environment (n) the conditions in which people groundwork (n) the bottom or base of anything;
happens or is de8nite. and wells.
ensure (insure) (v) to make sure that something has seeped down: the source of water in springs
member of a group the ground, consisting largely of surface water that
enrollment (n) to make somebody obcially a groundwater (n) the water beneath the surface of
something as necessary. Subciently. size or quantity.
enough (pron) (adv) as much or as many of great (adj) very large, much bigger than average in
commemoration of the resurrection of Jesus Christ. gourmet (adj): 8nest quality food.
Easter (n) an annual Christian festival in sells.
the earth´s surface. goods (n) products or services that a given company
earthquake (noun) a sudden, violent shaking of goal (n) something that you hope to achieve.
earth (n) the world, the planet we live on. the earth’s atmosphere.
become dry. global warming (n) the increase in temperature of
dry (adj) (v) without liquid in or on it, not wet. To genius: (adj.) someone with extreme intelligence.
no rain. together, in one place to form a group.
draught (n) a long period of time when is little or gather (v) to come together, or bring people
action of people walking. sewage (n) refuse liquids or waste matter usually
path (n) a way or track that is built or is made by the set out (v) get ready for some activity.
pastime (n) a hobby. something or someone by looking carefully.
business. search (v) to look for, to investigate. To try to 8nd
partnership (n) the state of being a partner in sewing.
use in the open air. seamstress (n) a woman whose occupation is
outdoor (adj) that occurs, exists or is intended for articles, or other material.
underground. scrap-book (n) a book in which you save pictures,
animals, plants or minerals. Petroleum found in rock running water (n) tap water.
with water and usually burn easily, obtained from with excitement, emotion.
oil (n) any of various thick liquids that do not mix rocking (adj) to be moved or swayed powerfully
nutriment, or sustenance. higher level or position.
nourishment (n) something that nourishes; food, rise (v) to come or go upward, to reach a high or
neighborhood (n) an area where people live. especially to increase their wealth.
be done, a necessity. an organization or a person has and can use,
lacking or necessary, or which require something to resource (n) a supply of something that a country,
needs (n) circumstances in which something is something from a dangerous or harmful situation.
something, not far away. violence, danger, or evil. To save somebody or
nearby (adv) a short distance from somebody or rescue (v) (n) to free or deliver from con8nement,
that reasons, thinks, feels, wills, perceives, judges. or condition.
mind (n) the element, part, substance, or process remain (v) to continue to be in a particular situation
calculated before or after the birth of Christ. relish (v) to enjoy or get pleasure from something.
millennium (n) a period of 1000 years, especially as name on an obcial list.
liquid through heating. register (v) to record something or somebody’s
melting (v) to melt, to become or make something contains such a list.
meal (n) another word for food. register (n) list of names, items, etc, a book that
art of managing business or money. redesign (v) make a new design.
management (n) skill in dealing with a person; the member of a group, organization, or the like.
low cost(adj) cheap, not expensive. recruit (v) (n) to raise (a force) by enlistment. A new
live (adj) with people present. them in a computer, etc.
group. events by writing them down, 8lming them, storing
constitute the mode of living of an individual or record (v) to keep a permanent account of facts or
standards, economic level, etc., that together so that it can be looked at and used in the future.
lifestyle (n) the habits, attitudes, tastes, moral record (n) written account of something that is kept
lifestyle. again.
lifestyle (adj) pertaining to or catering to a certain rebuild (v) to build or put something together
etc. something happens.
duty, when one can rest; enjoy hobbies or sports, rate (n) a measurement of the speed at which
leisure (n) time free from the demands of work or raise (v) to lift or move something to a higher level.
lead (v) to go before or with to show the way. etc. dirty; the state of being dirty.
automatic machines. pollution (n) the process of making air, water, soil,
wash and dry their clothes using coin-operated pure.
laundromat (n) a commercial facility where people pollute (v) to make something dirty or no longer
country. taking poison.
look across a large area of land, especially in the poisoning (n) an action or instance of giving or
landscape (n) everything you can see when you taken into the body or absorbed.
buried under layers of earth poison (n) a substance causing death or harm if
landRll (n) an area of land where waste material is water pipes.
enough of something that is needed. plumber (n) a man whose job is to 8t and repair
lack (n) a state of being without or not having cooking Caribbean foods.
or education. plantain (n) a type of banana used as a vegetable in
skills that a person has acquired through experience work, task or duty.
teen (n) the short form for “teenager”, an adolescent.
target (n) a goal to be reached.
take up (v) to adopt the practice of an activity.
others, especially for men.
tailor (n) a person who makes outer garments for packing something.
weapons, similar to karate wrapping (n) a material used for covering or
tae kwon do (n) a Korean system of 8ghting without a ceremony for this.
some problem, issue, etc. o a god, by saying prayers, singing with others, etc;
tackling (v) to tackle. To deal with (a person) on worship (v) the practice of showing respect for God
net and also a ball and a racket. willing (adj) disposed or consenting; inclined.
table tennis (n) sport practiced using a table with a wildRre (n) a 8re that is out of control.
swimmer (n) athlete who practices swimming widely (adv) to a large extent or degree.
survival (v) to continue to live or exist. and healthy and prosperous.
somebody especially from a distance. well-being (n) a contented state of being happy
survey (v) to look carefully at all of something or well (adv) in a good, right or satisfactory way.
orally or in writing. mass; amount a thing weighs.
an investigation. The information can be obtained weight (n) the amount or quantity of heaviness or
survey (n) a formal inspection aimed at supporting and if there is wind, rain, sun, etc.
surroundings (n) the place and conditions of life. particular place and time, such as the temperature,
surgical (adj) related to surgery; medicinal operation. weather (n) the condition of the atmosphere at a
surface (n) the outside or top layer of something. disease spread by water.
large quantities. waterborne (adj) of goods carried by water, of
something that they need or want, especially in moderate or gentle heat.
supply (v) to provide somebody or something with warmth (n) the quality or state of being warm;
or available to be used provisions. of becoming warm or warmer.
supply (n) an amount of something that is provided warming (n) the process of making something, or
at which they discuss important matters. been done or been known before.
between the leaders of two or more governments unprecedented (adj) that has never happened,
especially the top of a mountain/ an obcial meeting ground.
more governments. The highest point of something underground (adv) (adj) under the surface of the
summit (n) a meeting between the heads of two or unborn (adj) not yet born; yet to come; future.
styrofoam (n) polystyrene. unbelievable (adj.) very dibcult to believe.
particular purpose. earthquake.
strategy (n) a plan that is intended to achieve a wave in the sea caused, for example, by an
rain, and often thunder and lightning. tsunami (n) (from Japanese) an extremely large
storm (n) a very bad weather with strong winds and tricky (adj) that involves tricks or dibculties.
use. two or more countries.
store (v) to collect and keep something for future treaty (n) an obcial written agreement between
on to raise it above the ground or water. trash (n) objects of poor quality, garbage.
stilt (n) one of the set of posts that a house is built something.
of facts, views, problems, etc. throughout (prep) in or into every part of
statement (n) a thing that is stated; a formal account or among the individual members or parts of.
stand for (v) support or defend through (prep) from one to the other of; between
trees, etc grow. food and air are taken into the body.
soil (n) the upper layer of earth in which plants, throat (n) a passage in the neck through which
sharply raised or lower places course; menace.
smooth (adj): having an even surface without retaliation for, or conditionally upon, some action or
show up (v): to appear in a sudden way. determination to inMict punishment, injury, etc., in
shortage (n) a de8ciency in quantity. threat (n) a declaration of an intention or
especially in a ship. surface or side to the opposite; not thin.
shipping (n) the business of carrying goods, thicker (n) having a relatively great extent from one
shilling (n) amount of money equal to 12 pennies consequently.
carried oW by sewers. therefore (adv) a consequence of; as a result;
to share, why are we who have everything still so greedy?
food, clothes, medicine, shelter and love and aWection.” If a child on the street who has nothing, is willing
streets. And this is what one child told us: “I wish I was rich and if I were, I would give all the street children
Two days ago here in Brazil, we were shocked when we spent some time with some children living on the
go on for two days.

plenty of food, water and shelter - we have watches, bicycles, computers and television sets. The list could
afraid to share, we are afraid to let go of some of our wealth. In Canada, we live the privileged life, with
and yet northern countries will not share with the needy. Even when we have more than enough, we are
In my country, we make so much waste, we buy and throw away, buy and throw away, buy and throw away,
goal. In my anger, I am not blind, and in my fear, I am not afraid to tell the world how I feel.
only a child yet I know we are all in this together and should act as one single world towards one single
strong and we all share the same air, water and soil - borders and governments will never change that. I’m
child. I’m only a child yet I know we are all part of a family, 8ve billion strong, in fact, 30 million species
really you are mothers and fathers, brothers and sister, aunts and uncles - and all of you are somebody’s
Here, you may be delegates of your governments, business people, organisers, reporters or politicians - but
that once grew where there is now desert. If you don’t know how to 8x it, please stop breaking it!
dead stream. You don’t know how to bring back an animal now extinct. And you can’t bring back forests
You don’t know how to 8x the holes in our ozone layer. You don’t know how to bring salmon back up a
but I want you to realise, neither do you!

as if we have all the time we want and all the solutions. I’m only a child and I don’t have all the solutions,
worry about these little things when you were my age? All this is happening before our eyes and yet we act
full of birds and butterMies, but now I wonder if they will even exist for my children to see. Did you have to
vanishing forever. In my life, I have dreamt of seeing the great herds of wild animals, jungles and rainforests
ago we found the 8sh full of cancers. And now we hear about animals and plants going extinct every day -
se I don’t know what chemicals are in it. I used to go 8shing in Vancouver with my dad until just a few years
I am afraid to go out in the sun now because of the holes in the ozone. I am afraid to breathe the air becau-
left to go. We cannot aWord to be not heard.

unheard. I am here to speak for the countless animals dying across this planet because they have nowhere
generations to come. I am here to speak on behalf of the starving children around the world whose cries go
Losing my future is not like losing an election or a few points on the stock market. I am here to speak for all
you must change your ways. Coming here today, I have no hidden agenda. I am 8ghting for my future.
Michelle Quigg and me. We raised all the money ourselves to come six thousand miles to tell you adults
of twelve and thirteen-year-olds from Canada trying to make a diWerence: Vanessa Suttie, Morgan Geisler,
Hello, I’m Severn Suzuki speaking for E.C.O. - The Environmental Children’s Organisation. We are a group
Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro 1992.
Severn Suzuki’s speech

love us. I challenge you, please make your actions reMect your words. Thank you for listening.
“You are what you do, not what you say.” Well, what you do makes me cry at night. You grown ups say you
But I don’t think you can say that to us anymore. Are we even on your list of priorities? My father always says
going to be alright’, “we’re doing the best we can” and “it’s not the end of the world”.
kind of world we will grow up in. Parents should be able to comfort their children by saying “everything’s
attending these conferences, who you’re doing this for - we are your own children. You are deciding what
not be greedy. Then why do you go out and do the things you tell us not to do? Do not forget why you’re
others, to work things out, to respect others, to clean up our mess, not to hurt other creatures to share -
At school, even in kindergarten, you teach us how to behave in the world. You teach us: not to 8ght with
would be!
war was spent on ending poverty and 8nding environmental answers, what a wonderful place this earth
a victim of war in the Middle East or a beggar in India. I’m only a child yet I know if all the money spent on
born, that I could be one of those children living in the Favellas of Rio; I could be a child starving in Somalia;
I can’t stop thinking that these children are my age, that it makes a tremendous diWerence where you are

INGLES 4to AÑO PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

INGLES 4to AÑO PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Inglés

Hugo Rafael Chávez Frías

Nicolás Maduro Moros

Como docentes especialistas en la enseñanza de idiomas modernos, nos ha preocupado la

Querido (a) estudiante:

Lesson 6 - I haven t / She hasn t / I hadn t 48

CONTENIDOS Y PROPÓSITOS DE 4° AÑO

21-…,have you? estudiados.

diálogos y párrafos cortos. 15- It’s sunny.

CONTENIDOS Y PROPÓSITOS DE 4° AÑO

6. The study opportunities information in Venezuela is restricted.

ones. Support your statements.

B. ACTIVATING YOUR MIND

Health Science Science and Military Arts

Sea and Agro Sciences Humanities, Letters and Arts

Engineering, Architecture and Technology Social Science

Basic Sciences Education Science

Read the following paragraph

that somebody discussed with someone else.

D. GRAMMAR EMPHASIS: FUTURE TENSES

webpage of the OPSU study opportunities book.

Read the dialogue. Practice it with a partner.

C. NOW LET´S PRACTICE

by the variety that you can 8nd there. CUHELAV

F. READING AND REFLECTING

of airplanes in an airport. in the airport. of rescue after an air accident.

Some Technical Careers

- No, I’m not. I’m staying home.

- No, I am not. I’m going to study law.

- No, they won’t. They will do it next week.

Inés We all have to take it!

H. DISCUSS AND REFLECT

3. Elvis will study _______________ because __________________________.

2. Berta is going to study _______________ because she is good at_______.

1. I am going to study _______________ at __________________________.

private universities / institutes.

Prediction Intention Arrangement

4. 4. They will study environmental engineering.

1. I’m going to study Chemistry. 1.

FUTURE GOING TO SIMPLE FUTURE

I. ACTIVATING YOUR MIND

3. _______________? 3. Yes. She is going to choose accounting.

2. _______________? 2. He’s going to study to be a 8re8ghter.

1. _______________? 1. I’ll study in my hometown.

In your notebook, write questions to the following answers.

Agriculture Management Dentistry Music

Economy Administration Mathematics Statistics

Education Biochemistry Pharmacy History

Journalism Psychology Veterinary English

Biology Architecture Languages Arts

Medicine Sports Science Sociology Law

f. Janitor g. Cook h. Tailor i. Plumber j. Farmer

“Work digni8es a person’s life, or at least it should”

Martin Luther King, Jr.

living, the dead, and the unborn could do it no better”.

LET´S HAVE FUN

1. What does it mean to be in good health?

Now answer these questions.

B. ACTIVATING YOUR MIND

What is this reading about?

and the person’s individual characteristics and behavior.

Look at the mind map.

Will + subject+ verb + complement if + subject + verb + complement?

3. Elvis will study _ because ____________.

2. Berta is going to study _________ because she is good at_.

1. I am going to study _ at ____________.